Search

Proteins are macronutrients with multiple health benefits, but excessive consumption can negatively affect health. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of a sample of high-protein processed foods (HPPFs), describe how their consumption affects dietary balance, and acquire knowledge of the consumption patterns of these products in a Spanish population. A sample of HPPFs available in supermarkets and on websites was collected. The contribution to recommended protein intakes was calculated using national and international references and considering the single consumption of the HPPFs and the product plus 150 g of meat. Furthermore, an online survey was conducted among a convenience sample. A total of 36 enriched protein products were evaluated. The percentage of proteins in these products ranges from 10 to 88%. The contribution of the protein recommended intake was within a range of 87.4–306.6% and 66.4–232.8% (women and men, respectively), only considering the additional proteins from 150 g of meat. One hundred thirty-nine participants completed the survey; 67.6% affirmed that they had consumed HPPFs, and half consumed them without following any consumption control. Since these products are accessible to everyone in supermarkets and protein intake is generally higher than the recommended limits, regulating the mass sale of HPPFs is essential to ensure they do not lead to protein overconsumption., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub, Descuento UCM

Yogurt has been valued very positively for centuries, but the concern for food sustainability and the fact that it is a food of animal origin has raised doubts about the consumption that may be convenient. The objective of this work is to deepen the topic and establish recommendations for the population. From the nutritional point of view, yogurt is a valuable food, for its high content, quality and bioavailability of its nutrients, in a low energy content, its components together with probiotic microorganisms are provided in a matrix that helps achieve greater nutritional and health benefit. Regular consumption of yogurt has been linked to cardiovascular protection, against diabetes, excess weight, cancer, bone health. Thinking about environmental sustainability, yogurt production is not particularly dangerous, as the kg of CO2 eq (greenhouse gases) associated with their production are the lowest obtained compared to other animal foods and even lower than those associated with the production of some plant foods and the supply of nutrients per 1000 kcal, per 100 g, or per euro is one of the highest available. There is the possibility to further improve sustainability with improvements in animal feed, packaging, transport, etc. Considering this evidence, the daily consumption of yogurt / fermented milk should be included in the food guidelines, not only as one more milk option, but specifying a specific consumption such as a ration / day, this pattern can be useful from the nutritional point of view and for the improvement of public health., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Energy Balance (EB) is an important topic to understand how an imbalance in its main determinants (energy intake and consumption) may lead to inappropriate weight gain, considered to be “dynamic” and not “static”. There are no studies to evaluate EB in Spain, and new technologies reveal themselves as key tools to solve common problems to precisely quantify energy consumption and expenditure at population level. The overall purpose of the ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance”) Study was to carry out an accurate updating of food and beverage intake, dietary habits/behaviour and anthropometric data of the Spanish population (9–75 years, n = 2009), as well as the energy expenditure and physical activity patterns. Anthropometry measurements (weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, % body fat, % body water) were obtained; diet was evaluated throughout a three-day dietary record (tablet device) accompanied by a 24 h-dietary recall; physical activity was quantified by questionnaire and accelerometers were also employed. Finally, information about perception and understanding of several issues related to EB was also obtained. The ANIBES study will contribute to provide valuable useful data to inform food policy planning, food based dietary guidelines development and other health oriented actions in Spain., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Introducción: la actividad física moderada o vigorosa, la limitación de los comportamientos sedentarios y el descanso adecuado son factores del estilo de vida que ayudan a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos que relacionen el conjunto de estos factores con la situación ponderal, la composición corporal y la calidad de la dieta en escolares. Objetivo: conocer las diferencias en cuanto a situación antropométrica y calidad de la dieta de un grupo de escolares españoles en función del nivel de adherencia a las guías de movimiento de 24 horas. Métodos: se han estudiado 367 escolares de 7-11 años de edad. Se recogieron datos antropométricos, dietéticos y de comportamientos de movimiento. Posteriormente se dividieron en tres grupos sobre la base de su adherencia a las guías: baja adherencia (BA), adherencia media (AM) y alta adherencia (AA). Resultados: solo un 15 % de los escolares cumplía con las guías. El porcentaje de sobrepeso era mayor en el grupo BA que en el AM y el AA. El grupo BA también presentaba una menor ingesta de fibra; una menor contribución a las recomendaciones de vitaminas B6, B12 y C, selenio y magnesio; y una mayor ingesta de ácidos grasos saturados. Los escolares que incumplían la recomendación referente al tiempo de pantalla tenían mayor riesgo de desarrollar sobrepeso u obesidad (OR = 1,92 (1,10-3,36); p = 0,022). Conclusión: los escolares que se adhieren a 2 o más recomendaciones de las guías de movimiento presentan menos sobrepeso y una mejor calidad nutricional de la dieta. El incumplimiento de la recomendación de tiempo de pantalla supone un mayor riesgo de sobrepeso u obesidad, Grupo de Investigación UCM VALORNUT-920030 mediante el FEI16/127, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Our aim was to analyze dietary macronutrient intake and its main sources according to sex and age. Results were derived from the ANIBES ("Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain") cross-sectional study using a nationally-representative sample of the Spanish population (9-75 years old). Mean dietary protein intake was 74.5 ± 22.4 g/day, with meat and meat products as the main sources (33.0%). Mean carbohydrate intake was 185.4 ± 60.9 g/day and was higher in children and adolescents; grains (49%), mainly bread, were the main contributor. Milk and dairy products (23%) ranked first for sugar intake. Mean lipid intake was 78.1 ± 26.1 g/day and was higher in younger age groups; contributions were mainly from oils and fats (32.5%; olive oil 25.6%) and meat and meat products (22.0%). Lipid profiles showed relatively high monounsaturated fatty acid intake, of which olive oil contributed 38.8%. Saturated fatty acids were mainly (>70%) combined from meat and meat products, milk and dairy products and oils and fats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly from oils and fats (31.5%). The macronutrient intake and distribution in the Spanish population is far from population reference intakes and nutritional goals, especially for children and adolescents., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Background: Breakfast has traditionally been considered one of the most important meals of the day; however, there is little evidence for the influence of breakfast quality and insulin resistance (IR). This study aimed to assess the quality of breakfast in a group of schoolchildren, and its association with IR. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 852 children (8–13 years) was carried out. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin and anthropometric parameters were measured. A three-day dietary record was used to assess their diet and to calculate the Breakfast Quality Index (BQI). The sample was divided into tertiles according to the BQI (tertile 3: better breakfast quality). The homeostatic model was used to assess insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and IR was defined as HOMA-IR > 3.16. Results: The prevalence of IR was 5.2%. The mean BQI score was 4.50 ± 1.25, and boys had lower scores than girls. Children in the BQI tertile 3 had a better global diet quality. In boys, being in the BQI tertile 3 was associated with a lower risk of IR (OR [95% CI]: 0.10 [0.01–0.77], p < 0.05). Conclusions: A higher-quality breakfast was associated with better overall diet quality and a lower risk of IR, especially in boys., FISS project PI060318, INCERHPAN-UCM contract 210/2008, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub, Descuento UCM

Background: Diet quality patterns are associated with a lower incidence of insulin resistance (IR) in adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between two diet quality indices and IR in schoolchildren and to identify the best diet quality index associated with a lower risk of IR. Methods: A total of 854 schoolchildren (8–13 years) were included in a cross-sectional study, who completed a three-day dietary record to assess their diet. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin were also measured, and anthropometric data were collected. Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and adjusted DASH (aDASH) were calculated as diet quality indices. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used, and IR was defined as HOMA-IR > 3.16. Results: The prevalence of IR was 5.5%, and it was higher in girls. The mean HEI-2015 and DASH scores were 59.3 and 23.4, respectively, and boys scored lower in both indices. In girls, having a HEI-2015 score above the 33rd percentile was associated with a lower risk of IR (odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.43 [0.19–0.96], p = 0.020). Conclusion: Greater adherence to a healthy dietary pattern, as assessed by a higher HEI-2015 score, was associated with a lower risk of IR in schoolchildren, especially in girls., Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Banco de Santander, INCERHPAN, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, TRUE, pub, Descuento UCM

Currently, in Spain there are no studies assessing the intakes and sources of intrinsic and added sugars by both children consuming standard milks and children regularly consuming adapted milk formulas. Our goal was to evaluate current sugar intake levels (intrinsic and added) and their major dietary sources within the EsNuPI study participants by applying two 24-h dietary recalls that were completed by 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two subsamples: One “Spanish Reference Sample” (SRS) of the general population (n = 707) and another sample which included children consuming adapted milks including follow-on milk, toddler’s or growing up milk and fortified and enriched milks, here called “Adapted Milk Consumers Sample” (AMS) (n = 741). Estimates of intrinsic and added sugar intakes from the Spanish EsNuPI population as well as the adherence to recommendations varied notably according to age segment, but no major differences between subsamples were found. Younger children (1 to <3 years) showed the highest added sugar contribution to total energy intake (TEI) (SRS: 12.5% for boys and 11.7% for girls; AMS: 12.2% for boys and 11.3% for girls) and the lowest adherence to recommendations set at <10% TEI (SRS: 27.4% for boys and 37.2% for girls; AMS: 31.3% for boys and 34.7% for girls). Adherence increased with age but remains inadequate, with approximately one in two children from the older age segment (6 to <10 years) exceeding the recommendations. Main food sources of intrinsic sugars for both subsamples were milk and dairy products, fruits, vegetables and cereals, while for added sugars, these were milk and dairy products (mainly yogurts), sugars and sweets (mainly sugary cocoa and nougat), bakery products (mainly cookies) and cereals (mainly bread and wheat flour). However, for the AMS, the groups milk and dairy products and cereals showed a significantly lower contribution to intrinsic sugar intake but a significantly higher contribution to that of added, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Las metodologías activas permiten al docente desempeñar su labor de manera más efectiva y, a los alumnos, facilitan el estudio, ejerciendo de constructores del conocimiento y gestores de su propio aprendizaje. Desde el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) se promueve el desarrollo de metodologías basadas en el aprendizaje activo, con un modelo educativo basado en el trabajo de los alumnos, que integren, dentro de las clases de teoría, otras técnicas de enseñanza que faciliten el aprendizaje en el aula universitaria, lográndose así una clase más dinámica y participativa. El 11 de marzo de 2020 la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró que la infección por el coronavirus SARS Cov2 se había convertido en una pandemia global. Desde ese momento se ha vivido una de las situaciones más críticas en la historia de la humanidad. Las condiciones de confinamiento forzoso, distanciamiento social y paralización de actividades en mayor o menor medida en prácticamente la totalidad de las naciones han afectado severamente la vida cotidiana de las personas en todo el planeta. La educación superior, por supuesto, no ha sido una excepción. A nivel global, nacional y local, el impacto ha sido similar al de otras actividades humanas y también asume formas particulares por las características específicas de las actividades docentes, de investigación y de extensión de este nivel educativo. Los actores sociales que la conforman (estudiantes, académicos, trabajadores administrativos, autoridades, etc.), así como otros sectores de la sociedad que interactúan con universidades, colegios e institutos superiores y centros de investigación, han tenido que hacer frente con premura y creatividad al reto de reorganizar sus actividades para dar continuidad al ejercicio de sus funciones educativas y seguir atendiendo los retos y problemas que enfrentaban antes de la pandemia. Tras más de dos año conviviendo con las restricciones de movilidad y de reunión debido a la pandemia por el SARS-Cov2

Background: Lockdown due to COVID-19 influenced food habits and lifestyles with potential negative health impact. This study aims to identify patterns of change in eating habits and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain and to identify associations with sociodemographic factors and usual habits. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1155 adults recruited online to answer a 10-section questionnaire. The protocol assessed usual diet by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, usual physical activity (PA) and supplement use, dietary changes, sedentary time, PA, exposure to sunlight, sleep quality, and smoking during confinement. Patterns of dietary change were identified by factor analysis. Factor scores were included in cluster analysis together with change in PA. Results: Six patterns of dietary change were identified that together with PA changes during lockdown defined three clusters of lifestyle change: a cluster less active, a more active cluster, and a third cluster as active as usual. People who were usually less active were more likely to be classified in the cluster that increased physical activity in confinement. Scores of the Healthy Mediterranean-Style dietary pattern were higher in this group. Conclusions: Different patterns of change in lifestyles in confinement suggest the need to tailor support and advice to different population groups., Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)/ FEDER, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Diet in the first years of life is an important factor in growth and development. Dietary protein is a critical macronutrient that provides both essential and nonessential amino acids required for sustaining all body functions and procedures, providing the structural basis to maintain life and healthy development and growth in children. In this study, our aim was to describe the total protein intake, type and food sources of protein, the adequacy to the Population Reference Intake (PRI) for protein by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) by the Institute of Medicine (IoM). Furthermore, we analyzed whether the consumption of dairy products (including regular milk, dairy products, or adapted milk formulas) is associated with nutrient adequacy and the contribution of protein to diet and whole dietary profile in the two cohorts of the EsNuPI (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population) study; one cohort was representative of the Spanish population from one to <10 years old (n = 707) (Spanish reference cohort, SRS) who reported consuming all kinds of milk and one was a cohort of the same age who reported consuming adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, growing up milk, toddler’s milk, and enriched and fortified milks) (n = 741) (adapted milk consumers cohort, AMS). The children of both cohorts had a high contribution from protein to total energy intake (16.79% SRS and 15.63% AMS) and a high total protein intake (60.89 g/day SRS and 53.43 g/day AMS). We observed that protein intake in Spanish children aged one to <10 years old was above the European and international recommendations, as well as the recommended percentages for energy intakes. The main protein sources were milk and dairy products (28% SRS and 29% AMS) and meat and meat products (27% SRS and 26% AMS), followed by cereals (16% SRS and 15% AMS), fish and shellfish (8% in both cohorts), eggs (5% SRS and 6% AMS), and, Instituto Puleva de Nutrición (IPN), Research Plan of the Vice-Rectorate of Research and Transfer of the University of Granada, Spain., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Uno de los factores determinantes de la salud, tanto en población adulta como infantil es el estilo de vida, que puede definirse como un patrón colectivo de comportamientos relacionados con la salud. Para que un estilo de vida pueda considerarse saludable debe mantener un equilibrio entre la alimentación, actividad y ejercicio físico, descanso, higiene, factores psicológicos como el manejo del estrés, tiempo recreacional (especialmente al aire libre), relaciones sociales y relación con el entorno. Tradicionalmente, los distintos factores del estilo de vida se han relacionado de manera independiente con la situación nutricional, pero los últimos estudios apuntan a que es la combinación de estos factores la que determina la presencia o no de problemas nutricionales. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios realizados con población escolar española que analizan la relación de los distintos factores del estilo de vida entre sí y con la situación nutricional. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar los diferentes componentes del estilo de vida, analizando la adherencia a las actuales guías de movimiento, detectando posibles condicionantes del estilo de vida de los escolares y estudiando la relación de estos comportamientos con la ingesta dietética y otros indicadores del estado de salud. METODOLOGÍA: Se diseñó un estudio observacional transversal en un colectivo de escolares entre 7 y 11 años, pertenecientes a diferentes puntos geográficos de España, tomando muestras de núcleos rurales/semiurbanos y urbanos. Finalmente, para el presente trabajo se incluyó una muestra de 364 niños y niñas pertenecientes a 6provincias españolas diferentes...

El "INSTrumento de Apoyo infoGRAFico (InstaGRAF)" es una actividad docente basada en la creación de un recurso educativo innovador en abierto y virtual que utiliza infografías y redes sociales para motivar, apoyar e incentivar el aprendizaje activo de los estudiantes aplicando de forma integradora los diferentes conocimientos teóricos impartidos en clases teóricas de los Grados de Farmacia y Nutrición Humana y Dietética durante el curso academico 2020/2021. Los resultados de la implantación de InstaGRAF durante el curso académico ponen de manifiesto que La elaboración de infografías y su difusión a través de redes sociales constituyen un método didáctico original y creativo bien aceptado y valorado por los estudiantes que les ha permitido comprender mejor los conceptos explicados en clase y ha contribuido a obtener un mejor rendimiento académico de los estudiantes participantes. La plataforma InstaGRAF podría ser una herramienta útil y sencilla con gran versatilidad que podría ser utilizada en cualquier asignatura y grado académico.

Uno de los factores determinantes de la salud, tanto en población adulta como infantil es el estilo de vida, que puede definirse como un patrón colectivo de comportamientos relacionados con la salud. Para que un estilo de vida pueda considerarse saludable debe mantener un equilibrio entre la alimentación, actividad y ejercicio físico, descanso, higiene, factores psicológicos como el manejo del estrés, tiempo recreacional (especialmente al aire libre), relaciones sociales y relación con el entorno. Tradicionalmente, los distintos factores del estilo de vida se han relacionado de manera independiente con la situación nutricional, pero los últimos estudios apuntan a que es la combinación de estos factores la que determina la presencia o no de problemas nutricionales. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios realizados con población escolar española que analizan la relación de los distintos factores del estilo de vida entre sí y con la situación nutricional. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar los diferentes componentes del estilo de vida, analizando la adherencia a las actuales guías de movimiento, detectando posibles condicionantes del estilo de vida de los escolares y estudiando la relación de estos comportamientos con la ingesta dietética y otros indicadores del estado de salud. METODOLOGÍA: Se diseñó un estudio observacional transversal en un colectivo de escolares entre 7 y 11 años, pertenecientes a diferentes puntos geográficos de España, tomando muestras de núcleos rurales/semiurbanos y urbanos. Finalmente, para el presente trabajo se incluyó una muestra de 364 niños y niñas pertenecientes a 6provincias españolas diferentes..., One of the determinants of health in both adult and child populations is lifestyle, which can be defined as a collective pattern of health-related behaviours. To be considered healthy, a lifestyle must maintain a balance between diet, physical activity and exercise, rest, hygiene, psychological factors such as stress management, recreational time (especially outdoors), social relationships and relationship with the environment. Traditionally, different lifestyle factors have been independently related to nutritional status, but recent studies suggest that it is the combination of these factors which determines the presence or absence of nutritional problems. However,there are few studies carried out in the Spanish school population that analyse the relationship of the different lifestyle factors with each other and with nutritional status. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the different lifestyle components, analysing adherence to current movement guidelines, detecting possible lifestyle determinants in schoolchildren and analysing the relationship of these behaviours with dietary intake and other indicators of health status. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was designed in a group of schoolchildren between 7 and 11 years of age, belonging to different geographical areas of Spain, taking samples from rural/semi-urban and urban areas. Finally, a sample of 364 boys and girls from 6 different Spanish provinces was included in this study...

The present study aimed to assess energy intake, nutrient profile and food sources in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (“Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española”) study. Plausibility of energy intake and adequacy of nutrient intakes to international recommendations were analyzed in a final sample of 1448 subjects (728 boys and 720 girls) and one group representative of the 1 to <10 years old urban Spanish children (reference sample (n = 707)) who consumed milk and one of the same age who consumed adapted milk over the last year (adapted milk consumers sample (n = 741)) were compared. Both groups completed data of a face-to-face and a telephone 24-h dietary recalls. Both the reference and the adapted milk consumers samples reported an adequate daily energy intake (1503 kcal/day and 1404 kcal/day); and a high contribution to total energy from protein (16.5% and 15.6%) and fat (36.5% and 35.9%). Also, a high percentage of children from both samples were below the lower limit of the recommendations for carbohydrates (47.8% and 39.3%). As the percentage of plausible energy reporters was high for both groups (84.7% and 83.5%, respectively), data for the whole sample were analyzed. Milk and dairy, cereals, meat and derived products, fats and oils, bakery and pastry, fruits and vegetables contributed to about 80% of the total energy intake in both groups. However, the reference sample reported significantly more contribution to energy from cereals, meat and meat products, bakery and pastry and ready to cook/eat foods; meanwhile, the adapted milk consumers sample reported significantly more energy from milk and dairy products, fruits and eggs. Those results suggest that adapted milk consumers have better adherence to the food-based dietary guidelines. Further analyses are warranted to characterize food patterns and the quality of the diet in the EsNuPI study population., Instituto Puleva de Nutrición, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Food waste is a major environmental issue that must be tackled in order to achieve a sustainable food supply chain. Currently, in Spain there are no studies that examine the amounts and sources of plate waste (PW) produced by both household and out-of-home consumption. The present study aims to provide this information from a representative sample from the Spanish population. A total of 2009 individuals aged 9–75 years, from the ANIBES study (“anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles in Spain”), completed a three-day dietary record, collected by a tablet device. Photographs of all foods and beverages consumed both at home and outside were taken before and after meals. Median PW across the total population was 7.3 (0.0–37.3) g/day and was significantly higher in females than males (p < 0.05) and in children vs. adolescents, adults, and elderly (p < 0.01). Regarding meals, PW across all age groups was higher at lunch (40%), dinner (27%), and breakfast (11%). The highest PW was observed for bread (25%) main courses (16%), first and second courses (15%), vegetables and fruits (12%), ready-to-eat meals (10%), cereals and grains (10%), oils and fats (10%), pulses (10%), meat products (8%), sauces and condiments (8%), and starters (8%). Our results reinforce the need for new strategies to focus on reducing plate leftovers, which are crucial from a nutritional, economic, and environmental point of view. Additionally, this evidence is important for relying on more accurate information on actual intakes when using dietary surveys., Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

To reduce the sugar content of processed foods through reformulation, the first step is to determine the content of the largest sources of sugars in each country’s diet. The aim of this work was to describe the sugar content in the most commonly consumed processed foods in Spain and to compare that sugar’s labelling and laboratory analysis values (LVs and AVs, respectively) to confirm its adequacy. A sample of the 1173 most commonly consumed processed foods in Spain (28 groups; 77 subcategories) was collected. For each product, the total sugar content was compared according to its AV and LV. The median (25th –75th percentiles, interquartile range) sugar content by group was calculated for the total sample, and the groups were classified as “high sugar content” when this value was above 22.5 g/100g of product. The adequacy of the LV, according to the European Union (EU) tolerance requirements, was then evaluated, and each subcategory median was compared with the AV to determine its appropriateness via a median test for independent samples (p < 0.05). In total, 10 out of 28 groups presented high sugar content. Moreover, 98.4% of the products met the EU tolerance ranges. Finally, only one subcategory (“cured ham”) presented significant differences between the AV and LV median values (0.4 g vs. 0.1 g sugar/100g, p < 0.05). The groups of food products whose sugar content reduction could have the greatest impact on public health were identified. In addition, our study showed the high adequacy of LV with the EU labeling tolerance requirements, as well as the LV’s appropriateness as a tool to implement actions aimed at reducing sugar consumption., Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [n = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called “adapted milks” (AMS) [n = 741]. Estimation of the usual intake shows that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except vitamin D. Using as reference the Dietary Reference Values from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), calcium and magnesium intakes were found to be below the average requirement (AR) and adequate intake (AI), respectively, in a considerable percentage of children. Furthermore, phosphorus exceeded the AI in 100% of individuals and vitamin D was lower than the AI in almost all children studied. The results were very similar when considering only plausible reporters. When analyzing the food sources of the nutrients studied, milk and dairy products contributed the most to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D. Other sources of calcium were cereals and vegetables; for phosphorus: meat, meat products, and cereals; for magnesium: cereals and fruits; and, for vitamin D: fish and eggs. These results highlight the desirability of improving the intake concerning these nutrients, which are involved in bone and metabolic health in children. The AMS group appeared to contribute better to the adequacy of those nutrients than the RS group, but both still need further improvement. Of special interest are the results of vitamin D intakes, which were significantly higher in the AMS group (although still below the AI), independent of age., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Excessive sodium consumption is associated with adverse health effects. An elevated dietary intake of salt (sodium chloride) has been related to high blood pressure or hypertension, a major but modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, as well as to other ill health conditions. In the present work, our aim was to describe the contribution of foods to sodium consumption within the Spanish population in a representative sample from the “anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles in Spain” (ANIBES) study (9–75 years), to identify high consumer groups, as well as the major food groups that contribute to sodium intake in the Spanish diet. Intakes were assessed by 3-day food records collected on a tablet device. Sodium intakes across the ANIBES study population exceeded recommendations, as total intakes reached 2025 ± 805 mg of sodium per day, that is approximately 5.06 g/day of salt (excluding discretionary salt, added at the table or during cooking). Sodium intakes were higher in males than in females and within the youngest groups. Main dietary sources of sodium were meat and meat products (27%), cereals and grains (26%), milk and dairy products (14%) and ready-to-eat meals (13%). Given the established health benefits of dietary salt reduction, it would be advisable to continue and even improve the current national initiatives of awareness and educational campaigns and particularly food reformulation to decrease overall salt intakes across the Spanish population., Coca-Cola Iberia, Spanish Nutrition Foundation (Fundación Española de la Nutrición (FEN), Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Dietary habits amongst the Spanish population are currently a relevant cause for concern, as macronutrient profiles and micronutrient intakes seem to be inadequate and globally moving away from the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern. However, recent food consumption patterns have not been fully assessed. In the present study, our aim was therefore to describe the current food consumption from the “anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles in Spain” (ANIBES) study population by assessing data defined by age and gender. The ANIBES study is a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of the Spanish population. A three-day dietary record was used to obtain information about food and beverage consumption. The sample comprised 2009 individuals aged 9–75 years, plus a boost sample for the youngest age groups (9–12, 13–17, and 18–24 years, n = 200 per age group). The most consumed food group across all age segments were non-alcoholic beverages followed by milk and dairy products and vegetables. Consumption of cereals and derivatives, milk and dairy products, sugars and sweets, and ready-to-eat meals by children was significantly higher than those by the adult and older adult populations (p ≤ 0.05). Conversely, intakes of vegetables, fruits, and fish and shellfish were significantly higher in adults and older adults (p ≤ 0.05). In order to comply with recommendations, adherence to the Mediterranean dietary patterns should be strengthened, especially amongst younger population groups. Therefore, substantial nutritional interventions may be targeted to improve the Spanish population’s dietary patterns nowadays., Coca-Cola Iberia, Spanish Nutrition Foundation (Fundación Española de la Nutrición (FEN), Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

The interest in a healthy diet and lifestyle during the early stages of life increased, pointing out its role in the development of noncommunicable chronic diseases throughout adult life. Dietary habits and dietary patterns begin to be established in early childhood and persist during adulthood. Therefore, the EsNuPI (“Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population”) study aims to depict the dietary patterns, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors in Spanish children aged from one to <10 years old. This prospective, cross-sectional, observational study recruited a total of 1514 children from Spanish cities with >50,000 inhabitants, stratified by Nielsen areas. Participants were involved in one face-to-face survey, followed by a telephone survey after at least one week. Information about dietary intake and habits was obtained using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire and two 24-h dietary recalls. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors were registered using a specific questionnaire based on a seven-day record. Data were processed and stratified by categorical variables to be statistically analyzed in order to meet the study objectives. This study is the firs of its kind in a Spanish reference population of this age range and the first to evaluate whether the consumption of adapted milk formulas and dairy products is associated with healthier dietary patterns and better diet quality and lifestyles in this group., Instituto Puleva de Nutrición (IPN), Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Diet is one of the key modifiable behaviors that can help to control and prevent non-communicable chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the overall diet composition of the population through non-invasive and independent indexes or scores as diet quality indexes (DQIs). The primary aim of the present work was to estimate the adequacy of the intake of critical nutrients in the Spanish “Anthropometry, Intake, and Energy Balance Study” (ANIBES) (n = 2285; 9–75 years), considering, as a reference, the European Food Scientific Authority (EFSA) values for nutrients for the European Union. We also assessed the quality of the diet for adults and older adults using four internationally accepted DQIs, namely the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), the Mediterranean Diet Score-modified (MDS-mod), and the Mediterranean-Diet Quality Index (MED-DQI), as well as the ANIBES-DQI, stratified by education and income. The ANIBES DQI was based on compliance with EFSA and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations for a selected group of nutrients (i.e., total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), simple sugars, fiber, calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin A), with a total range of 0–7. Misreporting was assessed according to the EFSA protocol, which allowed us to assess the DQIs for both the general population and plausible reporters. The majority of the Spanish population had high intakes of SFAs and sugars and low intakes of fiber, folate, and vitamins A and C. In addition, about half of the population had low DQI scores and exhibited low adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern. Overall, older adults (>65–75 years) showed better DQIs than adults (18–64 years), without major differences between men and women. Moreover, primary education and low income were associated with low MDS and ANIBES-DQI scores. For the ANIBES-DQI, the percentage of the population with low scores was higher in the whole population (69.5%) compared with the plausib, Spanish Nutrition Foundation, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Diet-related risk factors and physical inactivity are among the leading risk factors for disability and are responsible for a large proportion of the burden of chronic non-communicable diseases. Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are useful tools for nutrition policies and public health strategies to promote healthier eating and physical activity. In this paper, we discuss the process followed in developing the dietary guidelines for the Spanish population by the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC) and further explain the collaboration with primary healthcare practitioners as presented in the context of the NUTRIMAD 2018 international congress of SENC. From a health in all policies approach, SENC convened a group of experts in nutrition and public health to review the evidence on diet-health, nutrient intake and food consumption in the Spanish population, as well as food preparation, determinants and impact of diet on environmental sustainability. The collaborative group drafted the document and designed the graphic icon, which was then subject to a consultation process, discussion, and qualitative evaluation. Next, a collaborative group was established to plan a dissemination strategy, involving delegates from all the primary healthcare scientific societies in Spain. A product of this collaboration was the release of an attractive, easy-to-understand publication., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

A día de hoy, la hidratación es un pilar clave en la epidemiología nutricional, esto ha traído consigo la consideración del agua como un nutriente esencial y por todo ello, se ha comenzado a introducir como una parte clave en las políticas de salud pública. Uno de los grandes referentes en el estudio de la hidratación en población infantil es el estudio DONALD, el cual hace una revisión exhaustiva sobre cómo evaluar el estado de hidratación y qué factores pueden influir en él. Pese a la gran importancia de este estudio, no existen otros grandes estudios que repliquen su metodología en ambiente mediterráneo y en poblaciones con estilos de vida diferentes...

Objetivos: La Unión Europea sugiere, entre otros puntos, que la formación universitaria sea complementada con los avances que se vayan produciendo en la investigación científica y, además, pone un especial énfasis en la digitalización de contenidos y en la difusión a través de internet en la Educación Superior. Por ello, el objetivo del proyecto llevado a cabo fue realizar una actividad en la que los alumnos entrevistaran a una mujer científica española que trabajara en alguno de los temas estudiados en clases e ir creando un blog, vinculado a Facebook, con las entrevistas realizadas. De esta forma, además de dar visibilidad a las científicas de nuestro país, ya que en muchos casos la mujer está infravalorada por la sociedad en el ámbito científico, se pretendía conseguir la participación activa del alumnado y favorecer y fomentar su aprendizaje activo, desarrollar la capacidad del alumno de profundizar en un tema de investigación y de plantearse y de que tomaran conciencia del relevante nivel científico que existe en nuestro país y, en concreto, de la importancia que tienen las mujeres. Metodología: Se propuso la actividad a alumnos de 5 Grados diferentes (Farmacia, Doble Grado de Nutrición y Dietética, Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Terapia Ocupacional y Óptica y Optometría). Los alumnos interesados en participar formaron grupos de trabajo y eligieron el tema sobre el que querían trabajar del listado propuesto por los profesores. Buscaron una mujer científica española de reconocido prestigio que trabajara en el tema elegido y, después de comunicárselo al profesor, se pusieron en contacto con ella para solicitarles la realización de la entrevista. Una vez que esta accedía a su realización, los alumnos prepararon un dossier de preguntas basándose en los trabajos publicados de la misma, y, tras ser supervisado y corregido por el profesor, eran formuladas a la científica elegida. Una vez realizada la entrevista, los alumnos redactaron un artículo y tras su re

A día de hoy, la hidratación es un pilar clave en la epidemiología nutricional, esto ha traído consigo la consideración del agua como un nutriente esencial y por todo ello, se ha comenzado a introducir como una parte clave en las políticas de salud pública. Uno de los grandes referentes en el estudio de la hidratación en población infantil es el estudio DONALD, el cual hace una revisión exhaustiva sobre cómo evaluar el estado de hidratación y qué factores pueden influir en él. Pese a la gran importancia de este estudio, no existen otros grandes estudios que repliquen su metodología en ambiente mediterráneo y en poblaciones con estilos de vida diferentes..., Nowadays hydration plays a key role in nutritional epidemiology; this fact has led to water being defined as an essential nutrient and, as a consequence, hydration has begun to be introduced into current public health policies. The DONALD study introduces the need to evaluate, in addition to hydration status, different lifestyles and dietary factors that play a role in regulating the hydration balance and must be taken into consideration. This interaction of lifestyle factors with hydration status is not frequently assessed in studies of hydration status in children...

Low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS), intensely sweet compounds that virtually contain no calories, are used to replace added sugars in food and drinks. Knowledge about different LNCS data in Spanish foods and added sugar sources in Spain is limited, therefore our aim was to identify and compare their presence across main food groups consumed. Food and beverage products (n = 434) were obtained from the ANIBES Study (anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles), a cross sectional study of a representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years old; n = 2009) carried out in 2013. Food records were obtained from a three-day dietary record using a tablet device. Label data from 1,164 products of different brands were collected and reviewed for content of added sugars and LNCS. LNCS were present in diet soft drinks (100%), “other sweets” (89%), soya drinks (45%), and yogurt and fermented milks (18%). Added sugars were present mainly in sugar soft drinks (100%), energy drinks (96%), sports drinks (96%), bakery and pastry (100%), chocolates (100%), ice cream (100%), breakfast cereals/bars (96%) and jams (89%). Main LNCS were acesulfame K, aspartame, cyclamate and sucralose. Sucrose, dextrose, glucose-fructose syrup, caramel and honey were the main added sugars. Our results show the diversity of foods groups including these ingredients. These data are not compiled in food composition databases, which should be periodically updated to include LNCS and added sugars to facilitate their assessment and monitoring in nutritional surveys., Coca-Cola Iberia, Spanish Nutrition Foundation, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Excessive salt intake has negative effects on health and persists as a dietary problem in Spanish children. However, the analysis of dietary sodium sources has not been extensively studied. A group of 321 children between 7 and 11 years old from five Spanish regional communities was studied. A three-day dietary record was used to determine the contribution of food and beverages to dietary sodium intake. The food consumed was classified based on the level of processing (NOVA classification) and the nutritional profile. Boys consumed more dietary sodium and sodium from ultra-processed food (UPF) than girls (p < 0.05). The main sources of dietary sodium from discretionary food were meat and meat products (25.1%), some ready-to-eat and pre-cooked dishes (7.4%) and sugars and sweets (6.3%). More than 4/5 of the total dietary sodium consumed came from processed foods (PF) and UPF. Ready-to-eat and pre-cooked dishes (14.4%), meat and meat products (10.6%), and cereals (10.2%) were the most relevant UPF. These results demonstrate that a key point for Spanish children is a reduction in the sodium content in PF and UPF, whether these foods are for basic or discretionary consumption. Furthermore, a decrease in the frequency and the quantity of discretionary food consumption should be encouraged., Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Socioeconomic factors (SEF) can exert a great impact on food choices. However, limited data are available from the Spanish population. Our aim was to describe the influence of place of residence and habitat size on food group intakes. Data were obtained from the ANIBES study. A 3-day dietary record provided information on food and beverage consumption. Data analysis compared gender, age, Nielsen geographic areas, and habitat population size (urban, semi urban, and rural). Place of residence did not appear to be a determinant for specific food group consumption during childhood and adolescence, as only higher intakes of non alcoholic beverages were observed among children aged 9 to 12 years living in the East, when compared to those from the Northwest of Spain (p < 0.05). Food choices within adults (18 to 64 years) and seniors (65 to 75 years) were conditioned: sugar and sweets intake was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for adult men living in the Northwest than those from the South, and senior males from North Central areas had significantly higher consumption of eggs (p < 0.05) compared to the Northeast. Basic food group consumption was only affected during childhood and aging. Adults who inhabited rural areas consumed greater quantities of fats and oils than those from higher population densities (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that place of residence and habitat size have a limited influence on food choices, regardless of age and gender in the ANIBES study population. It is fundamental to acknowledge that other SEF variables are important and further studies are needed to monitor and assess these influences are warranted., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B6 are essential micronutrients that are mainly involved in energy metabolism; they may prevent the occurrence of developmental abnormalities and chronic degenerative and neoplastic diseases. The aim was to analyze dietary intake and food sources of those four nutrients in subjects (n = 2009) aged 9–75 years old from the Spanish ANIBES (Anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles in Spain) study. Dietary data were collected by means of a validated, photo-based three-day dietary food record. Underreporting was analysed according to the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA, Parma, Italy) protocol. Mean (max–min) reported intake for the whole population of thiamin was 1.17 ± 0.02 mg/day, (0.30 3.44 mg/day), riboflavin 1.44 ± 0.02 mg/day, (0.37–3.54 mg/day), niacin 29.1 ± 0.2 mg/day (6.7–109 mg/day), and vitamin B6 1.54 ± 0.01 mg/day (0.28–9.30 mg/day). The main sources of intake for thiamin, niacin, and vitamin B6 were meat and meat products, and for riboflavin were milk and dairy products. An elevated percentage of the Spanish ANIBES population meets the EFSA recommended intakes for thiamin (71.2%), riboflavin (72.0%), niacin (99.0%), and vitamin B6 (77.2%)., Coca-Cola Iberia, Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS), intensely sweet compounds that virtually contain no calories, are used to replace added sugars in food and drinks. Knowledge about different LNCS data in Spanish foods and added sugar sources in Spain is limited, therefore our aim was to identify and compare their presence across main food groups consumed. Food and beverage products (n = 434) were obtained from the ANIBES Study (anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles), a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the Spanish population (9-75 years old; n = 2009) carried out in 2013. Food records were obtained from a three-day dietary record using a tablet device. Label data from 1,164 products of different brands were collected and reviewed for content of added sugars and LNCS. LNCS were present in diet soft drinks (100%), other sweets (89%), soya drinks (45%), and yogurt and fermented milks (18%). Added sugars were present mainly in sugar soft drinks (100%), energy drinks (96%), sports drinks (96%), bakery and pastry (100%), chocolates (100%), ice cream (100%), breakfast cereals/bars (96%) and jams (89%). Main LNCS were acesulfame K, aspartame, cyclamate and sucralose. Sucrose, dextrose, glucose-fructose syrup, caramel and honey were the main added sugars. Our results show the diversity of foods groups including these ingredients. These data are not compiled in food composition databases, which should be periodically updated to include LNCS and added sugars to facilitate their assessment and monitoring in nutritional surveys.

La alergia y el asma son afecciones crónicas con una prevalencia creciente en la población mundial. En España se estima que sólo la cuantía de alérgicos alimentarios alcanza el millón y que el 10% de la población infantil presenta asma, lo que convierte esta última afección en una de las patologías más frecuentes en el país y la segunda de naturaleza crónica en la etapa de los 0 a 14 años. Las alergias respiratorias pueden crear, entre otras patologías atópicas, el asma. En su etiología multifactorial se ven implicados elementos de diversa índole, entre los que se encuentran algunos de carácter inmunitario, genético y ambiental. La confirmación del padecimiento de alergia y asma implica la identificación de los alérgenos y el control de las exacerbaciones y la obstrucción crónica al flujo aéreo, por lo que se hace necesaria la educación tanto de los afectados como de sus familiares, la prevención y control ambiental de sustancias alérgenas, la individualización de la pauta farmacológica y medidas de supervisión. La severidad y persistencia dependen de muchos factores e influyen directamente sobre la calidad de vida del paciente y la de su familia, la tolerancia a la práctica de ejercicio físico, el absentismo y el rendimiento escolar, con la subsiguiente repercusión sobre los gastos sanitarios y, por tanto, económicos del país. Los procesos inflamatorios de la vía respiratoria y la respuesta inmunitaria podrían verse influenciados por la epigenética alimentaria y la alteración de la actividad antioxidante. Son numerosas las hipótesis que se barajan acerca de la relación existente entre la alimentación (lípidos, sustancias antioxidantes como vitamina A, C, E, D, Se y Zn o donantes dietéticos de grupos metilo) y la enfermedad alérgica y asmática, pues la dieta podría funcionar como un factor de modulación de la patogenia, aunque los resultados continúan siendo controvertidos. Es difícil establecer una relación por la naturaleza multifactorial del asma y su dificultad, Allergy and asthma are chronic conditions with an increasing prevalence in the world population. In Spain it is estimated that only the amount of food allergy reaches one million and that 10% of the child population has asthma, which makes this last condition one of the most frequent pathologies in the country and the second of chronic nature in the stage from 0 to 14 years. Respiratory allergies can create, among other atopic pathologies, asthma. Elements of different types are involved in its multifactorial etiology, among which are some of immunological, genetic and environmental character. The diagnosis of the allergies and asthma involves the identification of allergens and the control of exacerbations and chronic airflow obstruction, so that it is necessary to educate the person affected and their relatives, prevention and environmental control of allergenic substances, the individualization of the pharmacological guideline and supervisory measures. The severity and persistency depend on many factors and directly influence the quality of life of the patients and their family, their tolerance to physical exercise, their absenteeism and school performance, with the subsequent impact on health expenses and, therefore, economics of the country. Inflammatory processes of the airway and immune response may be influenced by dietary epigenetics and altered antioxidant activity. There are many hypotheses about the relationship between diet (lipids, antioxidants such as vitamin A, C, E, D, Se and Zn or dietary donors of methyl groups) and allergic and asthmatic diseases, since diet could function as a factor modulating pathogenesis, although the results remain controversial. It is difficult to establish a relationship due to the multifactorial nature of asthma and its difficulty in diagnosing the pediatric age and the high number of self-reported cases of asthma that appear in epidemiological studies in children. There are also several limitations in assessing the impli

La gestación es el periodo en el que tiene lugar el desarrollo del embrión hasta la formación completa del feto. En la segunda mitad del embarazo las necesidades nutricionales de las madres se ven incrementadas para cubrir las demandas del feto en crecimiento, lo que resulta de especial interés a nivel nutricional. Además, la etapa preconcepcional y las medidas adoptadas para la preparación al embarazo, condicionan las primeras etapas de la formación del feto. La dieta y los hábitos de vida durante el embarazo, influyen en el peso ganado por las gestantes, en el peso al nacer del neonato, y la salud de la madre y el descendiente (en el presente y en el futuro). La situación nutricional de la madre en la etapa pre-concepcional y durante el embarazo condicionan una programación metabólica que determina el control de peso y el riesgo de aparición de enfermedades futuras en el descendiente. Aunque durante el embarazo hay una concienciación mayor sobre la importancia de una correcta alimentación en las mujeres, tal vez los conocimientos y las pautas seguidas no sean las adecuadas. El objetivo de esta tesis es conocer el estado con el que las mujeres afrontan el embarazo y la situación que mantienen durante el mismo en cuanto hábitos alimentarios y estilos de vida, analizando cómo pueden influir en la ganancia de peso de la embarazada según su estado ponderal inicial, el peso del neonato y el desarrollo de posibles enfermedades en la descendencia..., Pregnancy is the period in which the development of the embryo to the complete formation of the fetus takes place. During the second half of pregnaancy, nutritional needs of women are increased during this period in order to meet the demands of the growing fetus, which is of special nutritional interest. In addition, the first stages of the formation of the fetus are determined by the preconceptional period and the measures taken during the preparation of pregnancy. Diet and life habits during pregnancy influence on the weight gained by the pregnant, on the birthweight of the newborn, and on the health of the mother and the offspring (now and in the future). Metabolic programming, that determines weight control and the risk of suffering future diseases on the offspring, is conditioned by the nutritional status of the mother at the preconceptional stage and during pregnancy. Although during pregnancy there is a greater awareness about the importance of proper nutrition in women, perhaps the knowledge and the guidelines followed are not adequate. The objective of this thesis is to identify the conditions in which women face pregnancy and the status maintained through it, in regards of dietary habits and lifestyles, analyzing how they can influence on the weight gained by the pregnant woman according to their pre-pregnancy weight status, birthweight and the development of diseases in the offspring...

Limited knowledge is available on lifestyle patterns in Spanish adults. We investigated dietary patterns and possible meaningful clustering of physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep time, and smoking in Spanish adults aged 18–64 years and their association with obesity. Analysis was based on a subsample (n = 1617) of the cross sectional ANIBES study in Spain. We performed exploratory factor analysis and subsequent cluster analysis of dietary patterns, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep time, and smoking. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between the cluster solutions and obesity. Factor analysis identified four dietary patterns, “Traditional DP”, “Mediterranean DP”, “Snack DP” and “Dairy sweet DP”. Dietary patterns, physical activity behaviors, sedentary behaviors, sleep time, and smoking in Spanish adults aggregated into three different clusters of lifestyle patterns: “Mixed diet-physically active-low sedentary lifestyle pattern”, “Not poor diet-low physical activity-low sedentary lifestyle pattern” and “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. A higher proportion of people aged 18–30 years was classified into the “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. The prevalence odds ratio for obesity in men in the “Mixed diet physically active-low sedentary lifestyle pattern” was significantly lower compared to those in the “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. Those behavior patterns are helpful to identify specific issues in population subgroups and inform intervention strategies. The findings in this study underline the importance of designing and implementing interventions that address multiple health risk practices, considering lifestyle patterns and associated determinants., Coca-Cola Iberia, Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

The consumption of total and individual sugars is controversial and little is known about consumption and dietary sources in Spain. The purpose was to examine free and intrinsic sugar intake and food and beverage sources. The ANIBES Study (Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain), a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years old; n = 2009) carried out in 2013, was used. Food and beverage records were obtained by a three-day dietary record by using a tablet device. The median total sugar intake was 71.5 g/day (17% Total Energy, TE), the intrinsic sugar intake was 38.3 g/day (9.6% TE), and the free sugar was 28.8 g/day (7.3% TE). Total sugar intake (free and intrinsic) was higher in men than in women for all age groups, although in terms of the contribution to total energy intake, the opposite was observed. Differences were observed for free sugar consumption dependent on age and marked differences (up to two-fold) were observed when considering the percent TE, which was much higher in children and adolescents. For the intrinsic sugar, however, a higher contribution to TE was observed in the elderly. The major sources of intrinsic sugars were fruits (31.8%), milks (19.6%), juices and nectars (11.1%), vegetables (9.89%), yogurt and fermented milk (7.18%), low-alcohol-content beverages (4,94%), bread (2.91%), and sugar soft drinks (2.24%), greater than 90% from diet contribution. As for free sugars, sources were sugar soft drinks (25.5%), sugar (17.8%), bakery and pastry items (15.2%), chocolates (11.4%), yogurt and fermented milk (6.44%), other dairy products (5.99%), jams (3.58%), juices and nectars (2.91%), and breakfast cereals and cereal bars (2.78%), summing up to 90% of the contribution. The present study demonstrates that only a moderate percentage of the Spanish population adhered to the present recommendations for total sugar intake, and urgent efforts are needed to improve diet quality in the youngest popu, Coca-Cola Iberia, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Background: The National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population in Spain (ENALIA) provides data to assess the usual micronutrient intake among Spanish infants, children, and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional survey (November 2012–July 2014) of a representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents (six months–17 years) (n = 1862). Dietary information was collected using two non consecutive one-day food diaries (six months–10 years old) or two 24 h dietary recalls (11 years and older) separated by at least 14 days. Estimates were calculated using the Iowa State University method and PC-SIDE software (version 1.0, department of statistics, center for agricultural and rural development, Ames, IA, USA) to account for within- and between-person variation. Results: Usual intake of vitamin D was insufficient in practically all individuals. Vitamin E, folate, and calcium were insufficient, especially from nine years of age, and magnesium and iodine from 14 years of age. The percentage of subjects with insufficient intakes was higher among females. Sodium intake was excessive in a considerable percentage of the population, especially in males, and it increased with age. Finally, over half of children under four years of age had zinc usual intakes that exceeded the Tolerable Upper Level. Conclusion: Vitamin and mineral intake in Spain should be improved, especially in late childhood and adolescence. Nutritional intervention and educational strategies are needed to promote healthy eating habits and correct micronutrient inadequacies in Spanish children and adolescents., Agencia Española de Consumo, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

The aim was to study the intake and food sources of fibre in a representative sample of Spanish adults and to analyse its association with excess body weight and abdominal obesity. A sample of 1655 adults (18–64 years) from the ANIBES (“Anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles”) cross-sectional study was analysed. Fibre intake and dietary food sources were determined by using a three-day dietary record. Misreporters were identified using the protocol of the European Food Safety Authority. Mean (standard deviation) fibre intake was 12.59 (5.66) g/day in the whole sample and 15.88 (6.29) g/day in the plausible reporters. Mean fibre intake, both in the whole sample and the plausible reporters, was below the adequate intake established by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Institute of Medicine of the United States (IOM). Main fibre dietary food sources were grains, followed by vegetables, fruits, and pulses. In the whole sample, considering sex, and after adjusting for age and physical activity, mean (standard error) fibre intake (adjusted by energy intake) was higher in subjects who had normal weight (NW) 13.40 (0.184) g/day, without abdominal obesity 13.56 (0.192) g/day or without excess body weight and/or abdominal obesity 13.56 (0.207) g/day compared to those who were overweight (OW) 12.31 (0.195) g/day, p < 0.001 or obese (OB) 11.83 (0.266) g/day, p < 0.001, with abdominal obesity 12.09 (0.157) g/day, p < 0.001 or with excess body weight and/or abdominal obesity 12.22 (0.148) g/day, p < 0.001. There were no significant differences in relation with the fibre intake according to the body mass index (BMI), presence or absence of abdominal obesity or excess body weight and/or abdominal obesity in the plausible reporters. Fibre from afternoon snacks was higher in subjects with NW (6.92%) and without abdominal obesity (6.97%) or without excess body weight and/or abdominal o, k Coca-Cola Iberia, IPSOS, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub