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The impact of climate change on plant growth and productivity is profound, resulting in significant stresses such as biotic and abiotic factors. Among the abiotic stresses, temperature extremes, nutrient imbalances, heavy metals, drought, and salinity stand out as prominent contributors to substantial crop yield losses globally, exacerbating food insecurity concerns. Various methods are currently being explored to enhance plants' resilience to these stresses. We undertook an extensive literature review to assess the current landscape of knowledge in Nano biotechnology and identify areas where existing research is deficient or underexplored. This examination focused on identifying gaps related to methodology, scope, applications, and specific challenges within nanobiotechnology. We also evaluated recent developments and emerging trends in the field, identifying areas where research interest is expanding but remains relatively uncharted. By narrowing our research scope, we aimed to pinpoint specific aspects of Nano biotechnology requiring further investigation or that have not been sufficiently addressed. One promising approach involves the use of nanoparticles, which have shown to positively influence plant performance under stressful conditions. Nanoparticles facilitate nutrient uptake by plants, combat plant diseases and pathogens, and enable the detection and monitoring of trace components in soil through signal absorption. Understanding the mechanisms by which nanoparticles assist plants in mitigating abiotic challenges holds great promise for developing enduring solutions. However, urgent action is needed to implement rapid strategies that alleviate abiotic stress and enhance agricultural productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 100 years, the rapid growth in population from 2 billion to 8 billion has significantly impacted the environment and climate change. In addition, food consumption has skyrocketed, and there are widespread worries about global food security. Due to inadequate soil and plant management techniques, including high soil tillage, chemical fertilizers, inappropriate irrigation, and genetically engineered crops, this spike has made it more difficult to guarantee food security for everyone on the planet. These actions have resulted in societal unrest, climatic change, and land degradation. With organic carbon mineralization, more CO2 is released into the atmosphere because of atmospheric heating and climate change. Long-term greenhouse gasses released into the atmosphere cause global climate change. Increasing climate changes and the inefficiency of soil productivity result in the natural effects of the rhizosphere on plant growth and food security. One of the most effective mechanisms of the rhizosphere is mycorrhizal fungi, which are injured microorganisms. Frequently disregarded mycorrhizal fungi present a potential solution. While sequestering carbon from the atmosphere, they can increase agricultural yields, plant health, and soil fertility. For sustainable agriculture and environmental preservation, it is essential to understand and take advantage of the potential of mycorrhizal fungi. A crucial area for study and practical application is the function of mycorrhizal fungi in reducing these difficulties and enhancing food security. Considering rising environmental challenges, understanding their contributions and researching their relationships may help create a more stable and secure global food system.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycorrhizae Applications in Horticultural Production on Plant growth and Nutrient Uptake Under Field Conditions Ibrahim ORTAS Department of Soil Science, University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Adana, Turkey iortas@cu.edu.trMycorrhiza application in horticultural production in East Mediterranean region was tested under field conditions for several years. At field conditions, effect of several mycorrhizal species inoculation on seedling survive and plant growth along has been studied. Mycorrhizal dependency of several plants and effect of mycorrhiza on plant growth and root infection also has been studied. The field experiments were set up on Arık soil series (Entic Chromoxerert), located in the Agricultural Faculty Research Farm, University of Çukurova, in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey to determine the effects of several mycorrhizal inoculation on nutrient uptake and yield increases of cucumber, melon, watermelon and pumpkin. Several experiments were performed under filed condition for several years with several plant and mycorrhizae species. Control, Indigenous Mycorrhizae, G. Mosseae, G. Etunicatum, G.Clarum, G.Caledonium and Cocktail mycorrhizae were applied. Mainly seedling quality, seedling survives under filed conditions, and yield response to mycorrhizae was tested. In another experiment with and without P application were used with and without mycorrhizal inoculation. Fruits of plant were collected several times and plant leaves and root samples were taken for nutrient content and mycorrhizal colonization respectively in the blossoming period. After several years under field experiments, mycorrhizal inoculation effectively infected plant root and increased plant yield. So far results revealed that also indigenous mycorrhiza successfully infected plant roots resulting to a better plant growth. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth is changed by effectiveness of inoculum and time. For horticultural seedling quality and surviving it is very important. In all experiments first seedlings were produced for several reasons. In general horticultural fruits plants such as melon, watermelon, cucumber and pumpkin are mycorrhizal dependent plants. Usually plant P and Zn concentration were determined. Mycorrhiza inoculated plant have high P and Zn uptake. After several years’ field experiment, it has been concluded that for horticultural fruits plants significantly response to mycorrhizal species.

Several experiments were set up to see the effects of several mycorrhiza species and compost treatments on horticultural seedling quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various compost (14 different composts) material applications on tomato and pepper seedling quality, growth and nutrient uptake. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Adana, Turkey. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design in three replications. Ground (< 1mm) basaltic tuff (18%), andesitic tuff (10%) and rock phosphate (2%) were added to compost (70%) used as organic fertilizer. Two growth media (organic fertilizer:soil:sand at 1:1:1 V/V and andesitic tuff:soil:organic fertilizer at 6:3:1 V/V) were used for seedling production. Plants were inoculated with G. caledonium; a level of 1000-spores per pot was placed 3 cm below the seeds. Non-mycorrhizal plants also received the same amount of mycorrhizal spore free medium. The result showed that compost materials contained different amounts of nutrients. Tomato and pepper seedlings showed different responses to each compost material. The results also showed that the mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant length and diameter. Plants had better growth and responded to the mycorrhizal inoculation in 6:3:1 (v/v) more than in 1:1:1 (v/v) growth media. Mycorrhizal inoculation also increased root colonization depending on compost materials. Mycorrhizal inoculation had different effects on plant growth and nutrient uptake depending on compost material. Domestic waste, animal fertilizers (cows and sheep), chicken manure, different plant materials and mushroom waste were determined to be the most suitable compost material for plant growth.

Mycorrhizae improve the efficiency of mineral intake in soils where such minerals may be poor or otherwise less accessible. In particular, immobile elements like phosphorus, zinc, and copper are supported by the symbiotic relationship between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, but under certain conditions, more mobile ions like sulfur, calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, magnesium, manganese, chloride, and nitrogen are also taken up by the plant roots from the soil. Mycorrhizae promotes plant growth, development, stress tolerance, soil remediation, carbon sequestration, food safety, and agricultural sustainability. Our findings revealed that AMF significantly improved the growth mediated by drought and other environmental factors by enhancing photosynthesis, mineral nutrients, the glomalin content of the soil, the content of essential oils, and chemical composition, in addition to upregulating antioxidant systems and the enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and lipoxygenase. AMF enhanced soil quality and crop production, which was particularly evident in the increase of crop biomass and soil nutrients availability. The present outcomes suggested that the symbiotic association between AMF and crop plants may help to strengthen the fabrication of defensive compounds that ultimately help to relieve abiotic and biotic stresses and may also act as biological control of crop production constraints. Mycorrhizal inoculation greatly improves the root's ability to absorb nutrients and water under changing environments. Consequently, in this work, the role of mycorrhizal inoculation in nutrient absorption, as well as its important contribution to plant greater biomass and food security, are discussed in relation to mycorrhizal and plant symbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term agricultural research with annual and perennial cropping systems provides significant insight into the carbon sequestration potential of agriculture in the East Mediterranean region of Anatolia. This study explored the effect of different application rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on the storage and quality of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil CO2 flux to assess the relationship between SOC and P application. The study was based on the hypothesis that long-term P fertilization can affect carbon sequestration in soil and impact soil CO2 flux. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) analyze the effect of long-term inorganic chemical P fertilization on SOC content and (ii) estimate the effect of long-term P fertilization on CO2 flux. Under crop rotation, corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (CW system) were exposed to four fertilizer doses (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha−1), which were repeated annually over 20 years. During plant growth, bare soil and treated soil CO2 fluxes were determined several times. The results demonstrated that P fertilizer did not have a direct impact on the SOC of the summer-maize growing season and had a positive impact on SOC during the winter-wheat growing season. P fertilization levels have positive impact on atmospheric CO2 capture and increased SOC content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organic matter (SOM) management to sustain soil quality requires integrated management practices. The goal of our study was to evaluate the long-term (1996 to 2012) effects of annual chemical fertilization and various organic amendments on soil biological and chemical properties and lability of carbon and nitrogen as indicator of SOM management. Treatments including the control, chemical fertilization, compost, cow manure, and mycor-rhizal inoculated compost amendments were established for a corn (Zea mays L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L) rotation in a randomized complete block design. Composite soils were randomly collected from 0 to 20 cm depth and analyzed for soil biological and chemical properties. Besides, carbon and nitrogen lability as well as management indices were calculated from measured carbon and nitrogen fractions. Results showed that both compost and cow manure amendments significantly increased total microbial biomass (by 1.8 to 2.2 fold). basal respiration (by 1.3 to 1.9 fold), potentially mineralizable carbon (by 1.1 to 1.4 fold), total organic carbon (6 to 11%), oxidizable carbon (28 to 33%), particulate organic cabon (4.2 to 4.5 fold). soluble carbon (1.3 to 1.7 fold), extractable carbon (1.7 to 1.9 fold), total nitrogen (10 to 12%), available nitrogen (2.8 fold), and PON (4.5 to 4.7 fold) with a significant decrease in qC02 (20 to 23%), as compared with the control. Moreover, both compost- and cow manure-amended soils had significantly higher values of basal respiration, soluble carbon, extractable carbon, oxidizable carbon, particulate organic cabon, and particulate organic nitrogen than the chemically fertilized soils. The POC and PON lability and management indices consistently accounted and predicted the management-induced qualitative and quantitative changes in TOC and TO, over other C and N fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]