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Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. Vitreorana sp. nov. — Rojas-Padilla et al. (2020: Table 1, Fig. 3G, Appendix 1). Holotype. MZUESC 18530 (Figs. 1, 2), adult male collected by I.R. Dias and E. Santos on 11 December, 2014, near the base camp (-15.182533, -39.345388, 450 m a.s.l.) in Serra das Lontras National Park, municipality of Arataca, state of Bahia, Brazil. Paratopotype. MZUESC 21044 (Figs. 1, 2), adult female collected on 01 March, 2018 by O. Rojas-Padilla, V.Q. Menezes, and I. R. Dias. Generic placement. The new species is assigned to the genus Vitreorana based on the presence of a completely translucent parietal peritoneum, white hepatic peritoneum covering a bulbous liver, gastrointestinal peritoneum translucent, and urinary bladder, kidneys, and gonads with white peritonea (Fig. 3F). This combination of characters is only known for all species of glassfrogs from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado— V. eurygnatha, V. franciscana, V. parvula, and V. uranoscopa (Guayasamin et al. 2009; Santana et al. 2015)—except for V. baliomma (Pontes et al. 2014). Etymology. The specific epithet assuh comes from the word açu of the Tupi linguistic trunk, which is an adjective, meaning “large” or “elongated”. Tupi was the main language used by native people on the Atlantic Forest coast before European contact. By naming this species using a Tupi word, we want to pay homage to these residents of the Atlantic Forest and their contribution to shaping current Brazilian culture. Characterization. (1) dentigerous process of vomer with four to five teeth; (2) snout subovoid in dorsal view and sloping in profile view; (3) tympanum visible, directed upward, rounded, diameter 28.9–34.3% the diameter of eye, tympanic annulus visible except for upper border covered by weak supratympanic fold extending from behind the eye until the shoulder; tympanic membrane differentiated and partially translucent, lower portion enameled with a thick layer of iridophores and upper portion pigmented as surrounding skin; (4) dorsal skin texture shagreen; small spicules present; (5) ventral surface areolate; cloacal ornamentation consisting of a fold above the cloaca, an aggregation of small and thickened tubercles, spiculated, and a pair of tubercular prominences in each side of cloacal opening, giving an aspect of a fold in ventral view; subcloacal warts absent; (6) parietal peritoneum translucent (condition P0), pericardium and hepatic, urinary bladder, kidneys, and gonads peritonea white; gastrointestinal peritoneum translucent (condition V4); (7) bulbous liver, covered by white peritoneum (condition H2); (8) humeral spine absent; (9) webbing absent between fingers II and III, reduced between fingers III and IV, and moderate between fingers IV and V, webbing formula: III (2 –– 2) (32/3) IV (11/4 –2) (2 –) V; (10) webbing between toes moderate, webbing formula: I (1 –– 1) (1 + – 11/3) II (1 –– 1 +) (11/3 – 11/2) III (0 + –1 +) (2 –– 2 +) IV (2 –– 2) (1–1 +) V; (11) low and hardly appreciable outer ulnar and tarsal folds, extending to the base of the Finger V and Toe V, respectively, formed by a thin line of enameled skin visible under magnification; inner tarsal fold present; (12) concealed prepollex; in male, nuptial pad formed by densely packed glands, forming a defined pad, pale colored, on dorsomedial surface of Finger I (Type I); (13) Finger II shorter than Finger III (Finger II length 90.5–90.9% of Finger III); (14) disc of Finger IV moderate, its width 47.4–57.1% of eye diameter; (15) in life, dorsum leaf green with yellow hues and reticulated with dark green punctuations and flecks; bones green (16) in preservative, background coloration cream with melanophores of two types, minute and star-shaped, the latter may be occasional clustered forming larger dark spots; (17) in life, iris light brown with thin golden encircling reticulations and some thick black reticulations, light brown circumpupillary ring, in preservative, silvery white with lavender encircling reticulations; (18) hands and feet yellowish; melanophores present in dorsal side of fingers III, IV, and V and toes III, IV, V, but at lower density in Finger III and Toe III; (19) large body size; adult male SVL 30.9 mm; adult female SVL 34.1 mm. The following traits commonly used to characterize species of glassfrogs are unknown: advertisement call, position of calling males, male fighting behavior, oviposition site, parental care, and tadpole. Description of the holotype. A well-preserved adult male, with a sample of muscle tissue removed from the right thigh and preserved in 96% ethanol (Fig. 1). Body slender; head distinct, wider than long; HL 33.3% and HW 35.6% of SVL; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region slightly concave; upper lip with supralabial line; nostrils ovoid and protuberant, closer to tip of snout than to eye, directed dorsolaterally; internarial area barely depressed; moderate-sized eyes, ED 11% of SVL, directed anterolaterally at an angle of 45°; ED narrower than IOD (Fig. 3A– B); transverse diameter of disc of Finger IV 57.1% of eye diameter. Tympanum of moderate size (TD 35.3% of ED), with tympanic membrane enameled in the lower border (Fig. 3B). Vomerine teeth small, four on both right and left sides; choanae large, around three times the size of the dentigerous process of the vomers, rounded; tongue ovoid, ventral posterior half not attached to floor of mouth; vocal slits extending posterolaterally from the lateral edge of the tongue to the angle of jaws; single median subgular vocal sac. Arm slender, forearms slightly thicker and with minute and star-shaped melanophores; relative finger lengths II Color of the holotype in preservative. Dorsal background surfaces of body, head, and limbs cream and decorated densely by minute and star-shaped melanophores with occasional clusters forming a slightly reticulated pattern (Fig. 5A–D). Ventral portion and flanks cream, immaculate. Iris background silvery-white with lavender thin and thick encircling reticulations. Parietal peritoneum translucent, peritonea of heart, liver, and urogenital tract (kidneys, urinary bladder, and tests) with white iridophores; peritonea of stomach, intestines, and gall bladder translucent. Color in life. Based on digital photographs of both specimens (Fig. 2). Dorsal surfaces of body, head, arms, and legs leaf green with yellow hues; male with dark green punctuations and female with dark punctuations and flecks dispersed across dorsal surfaces; flanks, hands, and feet yellowish green. Ventral skin translucent, allowing the visualization of internal organs. Heart, liver, and urinary bladder covered by white iridophores. Green bones. Upper lip, tympanic membrane lower half, ulnar and tarsal folds, cloacal ornamentation, and distal edge of the gular region white due to a layer of iridophores. Iris background light brown, with thin concentric golden reticulations and few thick black reticulations, circumpupillary ring light brown, small evagination in the superior part of the pupil. Measurements of the holotype (and paratopotype) in mm. SVL 30.9 (34.1); HL 10.3 (11.0); HW 11.0 (11.7); IOD 3.4 (3.5); UE 2.2 (2.4); IN 2.2 (2.1); EN 2.9 (2.7); SE 4.5 (4.8); ED 3.5 (3.8); TD 1.2 (1.1); ET 2.1 (2.1); RUL 7.1 (6.9); HDL 10.4 (10.0); F2L 6.0 (5.7); F3L 6.6 (6.3); 4DW 2.0 (1.8); F4 W 1.1 (1.1); TL 19.0 (18.6); THL 17.9 (17.7); FL 15.2 (14.7). Variation. The male specimen presents a dorsal coloration pattern with smaller and less clustered melanophores forming punctuations, which creates a less reticulated pattern than in the female, where melanophores form a dorsal pattern of punctuations and flecks (Fig. 5A–D). The male has more prominent and abundant spicules along the body. The female is also larger than the male.

Scinax tropicalia sp. nov. Scinax x-signatus — Dias et al. (2014a: Table 1), Mira-Mendes et al. (2018: Table 1, Fig. 4). Scinax cf. x-signatus — Dias et al. (2014b: Table 2), Rojas-Padilla et al. (in press: Table 1, Fig. 4G, Appendix 1). Scinax sp. aff. hayii — Roberto & Loebmann (2016: 136, 146, Tables 1 and 3, Supplementary Table 1 and Fig. 11), Araujo-Vieira et al. (2020: 18). Generic and phylogenetic placements. The new species is assigned to Scinax based on the three synapomorphies of the genus: webbing between toes I and II not extending beyond the subarticular tubercle of Toe I; origin of the m. pectoralis abdominalis through well-defined tendons; and m. pectoralis abdominalis overlapping the m. obliquus externus (da Silva 1998; Faivovich 2002; Faivovich et al. 2005). The new species is a member of the S. ruber clade (Faivovich 2002; Faivovich et al. 2005) by having a combination of pectoral fold present, external vocal sac, and medial slip of the m. extensor digitorum comunis longus of the hand with a single insertion on the dorsum of metacarpal IV, which differentiate adults of species of the S. ruber clade from all those of the S. catharinae clade. Holotype. MZUESC 20440, adult male, campus of the Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), municipality of Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Brazil [datum WGS84; -14.795694°, -39.172645°, about 30 m above sea level (a.s.l.)], collected 18 July 2018 by G. Novaes-e-Fagundes. Paratypes. A total of 65 adults (47 males and 18 females). Nineteen specimens from the type locality. MZU- ESC 20420, 20436, 20438 (females), 20324, 20413–20419, 20421–20425, 20437, 20439, CFBH 44691 (males), collected on different dates between 25 March and 17 July 2018 by G. Novaes-e-Fagundes. Two specimens from the state of Ceará, Brazil. CFBH 25423, 25425 (males) from Parque das Trilhas (-4.265833°, -38.935278°), Serra de Baturité, municipality of Guaramiranga, collected 23 January 2009 by D. Loebmann. Forty-four specimens from other localities in the state of Bahia, Brazil. MHNJCH 1258, 1260, 1373, 1522 (females), 1257, 1418 (males), Morro do Mara (-13.899639°, -39.952515°), between municipalities of Jequié and Jitaúna, collected on different dates in August, October, and December 2018 and April 2019 by Deivson F. O. Bastos. MZUESC 9176 (male), RPPN Fazenda Capit„o (-14.323356°, -39.076132°), municipality of Itacaré, collected 29 November 2010 by Tadeu Medeiros. MZUESC 10214 (male), Fazenda Santo Antônio, municipality of Ibicaraí (-14.857932°, -39.59182°), collected 4 February 2012, unknown collector. MZUESC 10330 (male), Reserva Serra Bonita (-15.383°, -39.550°), municipality of Camacan, collected 1 December 2010 by Iuri R. Dias. MZUESC 17933 (male), Parque Estadual Serra do Conduru (-14.493444°, -39.135833°), municipality of Uruçuca, collected 16 November 2016 by Débora Cruz. MZUESC 20449, 20453 (females), 20450 (male), Fazenda Bonfim (-14.610685°, -39.356982°), municipality of Uruçuca, collected 29 October 2018 by V. G. D. Orrico, Omar Rojas-Padilla, and Vinícius Q. Menezes. MZUESC 20193–20195, 20197–20201, (males), 20427 (female), Ilha Pequena (-13.939611°, -39.015778°), MZUESC 20208, 20209, 20228 (males), 20243 (female), CFBH 44689, 44690 (males), Ilha Grande (-13.912077°, -39.002759°), municipality of Camamu, collected on different dates in November 2016, 2017, March and May 2017, and July 2018 by G. Novaes-e-Fagundes, Leildo Carilo-Filho, and César Alexandre. MZUESC 20311 (male), Piracanga (-14.215941°, -38.99201°), municipality of Maraú, collected 20 April 2018 by G. Novaese-Fagundes. MZUESC 20408, 20409 (females), 20410 (male), CFBH 44693 (male), Parque Nacional Serra das Lontras (-15.17961°, -39.34554°), municipality of Arataca, collected 19 and 21 February 2018 and 11 and 12 April 2018 by Omar Rojas-Padilla. MZUESC 20411 (female), 20412 (male), CFBH 44692 (female), Estaç„o Ecológica Wenceslau Guimar„es (-13.595717°, -39.719767°), municipality of Wenceslau Guimar„es, collected 29 and 30 April 2018 by Marcos Vila-Nova. MZUESC 20433, 20435 (males), Fazenda Bom Pastor (-14.683556°, -39.1714°), municipality of Ilhéus, collected 8 July 2018 by Renan N. Costa. MZUESC 16647, 20443, 20444 (females), 20445, 20446 (males), Fazenda Provis„o (-14.650479°, -39.21483°), municipality of Ilhéus, collected 7 August 2016 by un-known collector or 18 July 2018 by Iuri R. Dias and Caio V. Mira-Mendes, MZUESC 21756 (male), Serra da Jibóia (-12.871967°, -39.48164°), municipality of Elísio Medrado, collected between 23 February and 3 March 2015 by Iuri R. Dias. Referred specimens. Three adult specimens. CFBH 27973, route to Piraí do Norte, municipality of Gandu, state of Bahia, Brazil, collected 25 January 2011 by Tuliana Brunes, Michele Gonçalves, and Nelson Rodrigues. CFBH 25880, Parque das Trilhas, Serra de Baturité, municipality of Guaramiranga, state of Ceará, Brazil, collected 21 March 2010 by I. J. Roberto and Paulo T. Brito. MNRJ 55443, Sítio Horizonte Belo, Serra de Baturité, municipality of Pacoti, state of Ceará collected 31 January 2007 by I. J. Roberto. Description of the holotype. Adult male (SVL = 34.8 mm) in a good state of preservation, with a muscle sample tissue (TUESC 1411) removed from the right shank and preserved in 96% ethanol and frozen prior to fixing the voucher specimen in formalin (Fig. 1). Head as wide as long, HL 32.8%, and HW 33.1% of SVL. Snout slightly protruding in profile (Fig. 2A), nearly rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 2B). Nostrils dorsolateral, elliptical, protruded; IND 22.9% of HW. Canthus rostralis marked and convex. Loreal region concave. Eyes large and protuberant, ED 36.3% of HW, and 12.0% of SVL. Pupil horizontal and subelliptical. Palpebral membrane translucent, not reticulat-ed, its margin with a thin dark rim. Tympanum distinct, round, small, TD 40.4% of ED. Tympanic annulus rounded, with upper portion hidden by the supratympanic fold. Supratympanic fold barely evident, from the upper portion of the tympanum to the insertion of the arm. Tongue ovoid, free laterally and posteriorly, shallowly notched posteriorly. Vomerine teeth in two barely separated transverse series, each bearing five (right) and six (left) teeth, between choanae. Choanae oval. Vocal slits present, nearly parallel to mandible. Vocal sac subgular, median, ventrally not reaching pectoral region and not occupying space between head and body, with a slight medial constriction in the posterior portion, which gives it a bilobate shape when inflated and deflated (Figs. 1B and 2C). Pectoral fold present, with pre- and postaxillar elements. Axillary membrane absent. Forelimbs not hypertrophied, upper arm thinner than forearm, hands proportionally large, HAL 30.8% of SVL. Small, round, ulnar tubercles on ventrolateral margin of forearms. Fingers not swelled (Fig. 3A, B). Relative finger length II Cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs. Skin texture areolate on abdomen, flanks, and posterior and ventral surface of thighs; granular to tubercular on region between tympanum and arm insertion, lateral margin of forearms and tarsi, subcloacal region, and heels; shagreened to granular on dorsum of head, trunk, and limbs; smooth on throat, groin, and hidden parts of limbs. There is no evidence of any thickened or glandular area in pectoral region and forelimbs. Measurements (mm). SVL 34.8; HL 11.4; HW 11.5; SL 6.1; IND 2.6; IOD 7.6; ED 4.2; EN 4.0; TD 1.7; HAL 10.7; FL 15.5; TL 18.3; 3FD 1.9; 4TD 1.7. Coloration in life. Dorsal color pattern brown with small, irregular, dark brown blotches and two larger longitudinal ones, extending from the posterior corner of the eyes to the sacral region (Fig. 5). Several scattered light brown or yellow small spots present on dorsum. On dorsum of head, at the level of eyes, a dark brown fragmented marking resembling the outline of a duck´s foot (Fig. 5A, B). Dorsolateral, longitudinal, dark brown blotches from the posterior corner of the eyes, through upper margin of tympanum, to the anterior portion of the flanks, near the axillae. Dark brown blotches on upper lip, near the infra-orbital margin of the eye, and on snout covering the nostrils. Canthus rostralis covered by dark brown irregular blotches. Iris bronze with black thin reticulations, golden thin halo bordering the pupil, short vertical black marking below the posterior fold of the pupil, and horizontal black band in its central portion. Dark brown transverse bars on dorsal surfaces of fingers, toes, forelimbs, and thighs, and large blotches on shanks and tarsus. Nuptial pads light-colored. Discs brown dorsally and translucent bluish gray ventrally. Toe webbing covered by brown melanophores. Ulnar and tarsal tubercles light brown or gray. White bones. When calling at night, the holotype presented a general brighter and yellow coloration than that on the inactivity call period described above (compare Fig. 5A, B). The following description is based on the freshly euthanized individual (Fig. 5 C–E). Chest and belly yellow with scattered small brown spots. Throat orange yellow, also finely pigmented with brown spots on anterior portion. Thighs light brown pigmented with darker brown spots. Axillae, inguinal region, and hidden surfaces of thighs, shanks, and tarsi light yellowish green, with medium to large size, rounded and irregular, black blotches. Flanks light yellow. Palms and soles brown. Coloration in preservative. Coloration pattern is similar but paler than that of the living specimen. Light yellow or green coloration on flanks, throat, chest, belly, axillae, inguinal region, and hidden surfaces of thighs, shanks, and tarsi faded and became light beige or cream white after two years in ethanol 70%. Iris coloration became pale blue. Variation. Morphometric variation of specimens of the type series is in Table 1. In dorsal view (Fig. 6A), snout rounded, nearly rounded, or semi-circular; some of the rounded or nearly rounded snouts are also slightly mucronate or slightly truncate. In lateral view, snout rounded or slightly protruding. Vomerine teeth in two fairly separated, barely separated or juxtaposed transverse or oblique series. Number of vomerine teeth ranges between 3–9 on right and 4–8 on left processes. Tongue shape ovoid, lanceolate (MZUESC 20410), or cordiform (MZUESC 20422). Tongue texture granular or smooth. The degree of the medial constriction in males’ vocal sacs varies from slight to conspicuously evident among specimens (Fig. 6B). Overall skin texture similar to holotype, with some variation concerning the development and density of dorsal granules and tubercles, which are more (e.g., MZUESC 10214) or less (e.g., MZUESC 20417) protuberant in some specimens. Ulnar and tarsal tubercles protuberant (e.g., MHNJCH 1257, MZUESC 17933, 20412, 20450) or inconspicuous (e.g., MZUESC 20194, 20417, 20421). In preservative, dorsal color pattern varies from a gray to brown background, with small, irregular, dark blotches and a pair of continuous or discontinuous longitudinal ones (Fig. 6A). In most specimens, both or, at least, one of the longitudinal blotches extending continuously from the post-orbital to sacral regions; both blotches are discontinu-ous in some specimens; when discontinuous, the anterior portion is longer than the posterior one. Male specimens from Bahia usually have longer, continuous, or discontinuous dorsal blotches, whereas specimens from Ceará have shorter and discontinuous dorsal blotches. Dorsal longitudinal blotches also can vary in width and outline, being straight or sinuous, with lateral projections (e.g., MHNJCH 1257) and coalescing with the interocular mark in some specimens. When present, small light spots on dorsum vary in number and size and are usually coincident with the skin granules and tubercles. Other dark brown smaller blotches on dorsum are present in some specimens (e.g., MZUESC 20437, 20450). Interocular marking can be inverted triangle, trapezium, pentagon (MZUESC 20438), T-shaped (MHNJCH 1257, MZUESC 20409), V-shaped (MZUESC 20439), W-shaped (MZUESC 10214), or irregular (MZUESC 20193). Most of inverted triangle and trapezium markings are anteriorly mucronate, resembling the outline of a duck’s foot; the mucronate projection’s length varies from short (not surpassing the anterior edge of the eyes) to long (almost reaching the nostrils). Posterior projection of the triangle, T-, and V-shaped markings varies in length, reaching the level of tympanum, arms insertion, or posterior edge of eyes. Interocular markings sometimes coalesce with one or both dorsal longitudinal blotches. Canthal dark stripe is present in almost all specimens but can be inconspicuous (MZUESC 10214, 20450) in some individuals. Dorsolateral and post-orbital longitudinal blotches are poorly defined in one specimen (MZUESC 20450). Infra-orbital blotch is inconspicuous or diffuse in three specimens (MZUESC 10214, 20419, 20450). Dark brown oblique bars on dorsal surface of shanks (e.g., MZUESC 20234, 20408, 20433) and transversal bars on tarsi (e.g., MZUESC 20410, 20414, 20435) are present in some specimens. In some individuals, dark coloration predominates on posterior portion of thighs, with small light blotches generally present (e.g., MZUESC 20414, 20433, 20436, 20443). Palms, soles, gular region, chest, and belly cream white to light beige, immaculate, or finely or conspicuously covered with brown pigmented spots (Fig. 6B). Mental region finely pigmented. Gular region (vocal sac) lacks pigmentation in some individuals. Chest and belly conspicuously pigmented in most specimens (e.g., MZUESC 20412, 20435), finely pigmented (MZUESC 20421), or immaculate in some specimens (CFBH 25423, 25425, MZUESC 20437). Webbing formulae in males varies as follows: I (21/2 –2 -)–(21/2 –2 -) II (11/2 –1)–(2 + –2 -) III (11/2 –1)–(21/2 –2) IV (21/2 –2 -)–(11/2 –1) V. Females are larger than males (Fig. 6; Table 1) and lack vocal slits, vocal sacs, and nuptial pads. Dorsal color pattern varies from gray to brown, being usually grayish than males—that is specially noticed when they are in amplexus. Gular region, chest, and belly are white or light gray, conspicuously covered with brown spots. Axillae, inguinal region, and hidden surfaces of thighs and shanks have light blue or purple background. Webbing is slightly more developed in females than males (with exception of webbing between toes II and III) and varies as follows: I (2 + –2 -)–(2 + –2) II (2–1)–(2–2 -) III (1 + –1)–(2 + –2) IV (2 + –2)–(1 + –1) V. In life, paratypes’ dorsal color pattern is generally similar to that of holotype but varies from gray to brown, with light to dark blotches (Fig. 7). Throat region and abdomen of males vary from light yellow to beige (Fig. 7 A–C), while in females they are whitish (Fig. 7D). Axillae, inguinal region, and hidden surfaces of hindlimbs are colored with light tones of blue, green, yellowish-green, and dark brown to black blotches; flanks are light yellow (Fig. 7 A–C). Females are usually more grayish than males (Fig. 7D), and background coloration of axillae, inguinal region, and hidden surfaces of hindlimbs are white, light blue, or light purple. There are no photos of living paratype specimens (CFBH 25423, 25425) from municipality of Guaramiranga, state of Ceará. We included some photos of unvouchered specimens from Pacoti and Guaramiranga in Fig. 8. In general, the pattern of coloration of these specimens agrees with that of paratypes, as described above. Bioacoustic repertoire. The vocal repertoire of Scinax tropicalia is composed of at least three types of calls. The advertisement call (sensu Wells 2007) is the most commonly emitted by males (Fig. 9, Table 3). It consists of a single stereotyped pulsed short note (i.e., amplitude-modulated; 0.114 –0.310 s) emitted repeatedly at irregular intervals (0.291 –1.336 s), not forming a coherent series (Fig. 9, Table 3). Notes begin with one or two initial pulses with lower amplitude frequency and duration than the following pulses; from the second or third pulse, the maximum amplitude is similar (Figs. 9, 10). The number of pulses per note ranges from 8–20, which are emitted at a rate of 56–71 pulses/s with a pulse period of 0.014 –0.016 s (Table 3). The pulse with maximum amplitude frequency is at the middle or at the ending of the note (see “Note shape” column in Table 3), and in the second pulse in one single call. Pulses are amplitude-modulated with five pulse sub-units of discrete amplitude, except for the first pulse with fewer, inconspicuous sub-units (Figs. 9, 10). Pulses increase in amplitude from beginning to the end, with the pulse sub-unit of maximum amplitude at the end of the pulse (Figs. 9B, 10). Note energy is distributed through a broad spectrum of frequencies, from 1.51–1.77 kHz at the bottom (frequency 5%) up to 3.06–5.12 kHz at the top (frequency 95%), comprising a mean bandwidth of 2.44 kHz (Table 3). The frequency 75% is the most variable spectral parameter ranging from 1.76–4.56 kHz. The dominant frequency varies between 1.59–1.85 kHz (Figs. 9, 10, Table 3), near or equal to the frequency 25% (1.59–1.89 kHz). A second energy peak around 3.0–4.0 kHz that corresponds to the frequency 75%

Scinax x���signatus (Spix, 1824) Hyla x���signata Spix, 1824. Hyla affinis Spix, 1824 ��� Considered a synonym of Hyla x���signata by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983). Sturaro & Peloso (2014) questioned this association based on the description and figure provided by Spix (1824). Our study of photographs of the holotype (ZSM 2945) indicates that the situation is uncertain. Only a study of the taxonomy of amazonian populations associated with Scinax x���signatus would allow to clarify the status of this nomen. Hyla coerulea Spix, 1824 ��� Considered a synonym of Hyla x���signata by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983). Sturaro & Peloso (2014) questioned this association based on the description and figure provided by Spix (1824). Our study of photographs of the lectotype designated by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983) (ZSM 2710-0-1) indicates that the situation is uncertain. Only a study of the taxonomy of amazonian populations associated with Scinax x���signatus would allow to clarify the status of this nomen. Hyla rubra Daudin, 1802 (part) ��� Dum��ril & Bibron, 1841. First treatment as a synonym of Hyla rubra Laurenti, 1768 (not Daudin, 1802; see Le��n, 1969; Rivero, 1969; Duellman & Wiens, 1993). Scytopis xsignatus [sic] ��� Cope, 1870. First combination with Scytopis Cope, 1862. Hyla rubra var. x���signata ��� Peters 1872. First treatment as a variety of Hyla rubra Laurenti. Hyla rubra x���signata ��� M��ller, 1927. First treatment as a subspecies of Hyla rubra Laurenti, 1768. Hyla x���signata x���signata ��� Lutz, 1973. First use as nominal subspecies. Ololygon x���signata ��� Fouquette & Delahoussaye, 1977. First combination with Ololygon Fitzinger, 1843. Scinax x���signata ��� Duellman & Wiens, 1992. First combination with Scinax Wagler, 1830. Scinaxx���signatus ��� K��hler & B��hme,1996.Gender change. Neotype CFBH 44688, adult male, campus of the Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz ��� UESC, Salobrinho, Ilh��us, State of Bahia, Brazil [39��10���24���W, 14��47���52���S; about 30 m above sea level (a.s.l.)], collected 10 April 2018 by G. Novaes-e-Fagundes. urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: F357D8CC-446B-4F2C-9B53-190AFEEFD533 Referred specimens Fifteen adults (12 males and three females) from eight localities in the State of Bahia, Brazil. CFBH 21071 (male), Povoado Senote, Caetit�� (42��28���48���W, 14��04���55���S); MHNJCH 1014 (male), Floresta Nacional Contendas do Sincor��, Contendas do Sincor�� (41��07���04���W, 13��55���20���S); MZUESC 20683 (male), Condom��nio Parque Universit��rio, Salobrinho, Ilh��us (39��10���43���W, 14��47���44���S); CFBH 44687 (male), Fazenda Lagoa Nova, Irajuba (39��59���57���W, 13��12���19���S); CFBH 18797 (male), Fazendas Santo Onofre and Cana Brava, Marac��s (approx. 40��25���23.58���W, 13��23���29.30���S); MHNJCH 1701 (male), near Fazendas Santo Onofre and Cana Brava, Marac��s (40��26���26.23���W, 13��21���59.10���S); MHNJCH 1698-1700 (males), Assentamento do Cumbe, Marac��s (40��27���38���W, 13��26���40���S); MZUESC 14890, 14893 (males), and 14891 (female), Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais ��� CPRM, Morro do Chap��u (41��09���28���W, 11��32���56���S or 41��06���26���W, 11��29���34���S); MZUESC 15894 and 17503 (females), Pra��a Municipal, Potiragu�� (39��57���30���W, 15��37���07���S); and UFMG 4787 (male), Route Sebasti��o Laranjeiras-Candiba, Sebasti��o Laranjeiras (approx. 42��56���21.34���W, 14��33���13.74���S). Diagnosis (based on neotype and referred specimens) Scinax x���signatus is a species of Scinax, as it shares three synapomorphies of this genus: webbing between toes I and II that does not extend beyond the subarticular tubercle of toe I; origin of the m. pectoralis abdominalis through well-defined tendons; and m. pectoralis abdominalis overlapping m. obliquus externus (da Silva, 1998; Faivovich, 2002; Faivovich et al., 2005). A single synapomorphy is known for the S.ruber Clade: tadpoles with the vent tube above the margin of the lower fin (Faivovich, 2002; Faivovich et al., 2005). While tadpoles unequivocally associated to S. x���signatus remain unknown, this species was associated to the S. ruber Clade by having the unique combination of external vocal sac and presence of pectoral fold [internal vocal sac and pectoral fold absent in most species of the S. catharinae Clade; in few species where the vocal sac is external, the pectoral fold is absent (e.g., S. garibaldiae, S. rizibilis); otherwise, in the two cases where the pectoral fold is present, the vocal sac is internal (S.agilis and S.melanodactylus); J.Faivovich & K. Araujo-Vieira, pers. obs.; see also Bokermann, 1964; Cruz & Peixoto, 1982; Faivovich, 2002; Louren��o et al., 2014, 2019]. Scinax x���signatus can be differentiated from all other species of the S. ruber Clade by the combination of the following characters: (1) male SVL 34.5-38.4 mm, n = 13; (2) snout rounded in dorsal view and profile; (3) pointed tubercles on lower jaw absent; (4) vocal sac subgular, weakly bilobate; (5) spicule-shaped papillary epidermal projections on the nuptial pads and pectoral region present in males; (6) pectoral glands present in males; (7) dorsal color pattern with large irregular dark blotches, commonly with dark X-shaped mark composed of one or two pairs of inverted parenthesis-like blotches; (8) hidden surfaces of thighs dark with irregular pale blotches, yellow in living specimens; (9) iris yellowish golden or bronze with a median black streak; (10) physiological chlorosis absent; and (11) advertisement call composed of a single, multipulsed note, 0.11- 0.25 s duration, 6-14 pulses/note, 52-64 pulses/s. Comparisons with other species of Scinax ruber Clade The SVL in males of Scinax x���signatus (34.5-38.4 mm, n = 13) distinguishes it from the larger species S. castroviejoi and S.eurydice (SVL males 44.0-52.0 mm; De la Riva, 1993; Bokermann, 1968), and from the smaller species S. altae, S. auratus, S. cabralensis, S. caldarum, S. cruentomma, S. danae, S. exiguus, S. fuscomarginatus, S. juncae, S. karenanneae, S. lindsayi, S. madeirae, S. maracaya, S. ruberoculatus, S. rupestris, S. staufferi, S. strussmannae, S. tymbamirim, S. villasboasi, and S. wandae (SVL males 15.7-29.0 mm; Lutz, 1968, 1973; Duellman, 1970, 1986; Pyburn & Fouquette, 1971; Cardoso & Sazima, 1980; Duellman & Wiens, 1993; Pyburn, 1992, 1993; Drummond et al., 2007; Nunes & Pombal, 2010, 2011; Nunes et al., 2012; Brusquetti et al., 2014; Araujo-Vieira et al., 2015; Ferr��o et al., 2018a, b). The snout rounded in dorsal view and profile differentiates Scinax x���signatus from S. alter, S. auratus, S. cretatus, S. crospedospilus, S. imbegue, S. juncae, and S. tymbamirim (sub-elliptical with a pointed tip in dorsal view and slightly acute in profile), S.fuscovarius (roundly acute in dorsal view and protruding in profile), S. caldarum, S. curicica, S. duartei, S. maracaya, S. rossaferesae, and S. tigrinus (sub-elliptical or subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acute in profile), S. squalirostris (pointed in dorsal view and acute in profile), and species of the S. rostratus group (elongate pointed in dorsal view and acute with or without a fleshy proboscis in profile). Furthermore, the absence of pointed tubercles on the lower jaw differentiates S. x���signatus from almost all species of the S. rostratus Group; exceptions are S.kennedyi and S.rostratus (e.g., Duellman, 1972 a, 1973; Pyburn, 1973; Lescure & Marty, 2000; Lima et al., 2005; this study). The presence of a weakly bilobate subgular vocal sac in Scinax x���signatus distinguishes it from S.camposseabrai (bilobate subgular vocal sac; see also Caramaschi & Cardoso, 2006: fig. 1) and from the remaining species of the S. ruber Clade with single subgular vocal sac;exceptions are S.acuminatus, S.dolloi, S.funereus, S.fuscovarius, S.hayii, S.karenanneae, S.montivagus, S.onca, S.oreites, S.pachycrus, S.perereca, S. ruberoculatus, and S.tsachila, that have a weakly bilobate subgular vocal sac (e.g., Cei, 1980; Duellman & Wiens, 1993; Pyburn, 1993;Ferr��o et al., 2017, 2018a; this study). The presence of spicule-shaped papillary epidermal projections on the nuptial pad and pectoral region in males differentiates Scinax x���signatus from all other species of the S. ruber Clade, except for S. fuscovarius (see also Luna et al., 2018: fig. 10A, C). The presence of pectoral glands in males differentiates S. x���signatus from most species of the S. ruber Clade, except for S. funereus, S.fuscovarius, S.nasicus, S.onca, and S.similis, and species of the S. uruguayus Group (e.g., M��ller & Hellmich, 1936; Lutz, 1973; Cei, 1980; this study). The dorsal pattern with large irregular dark blotches, commonly with dark X-shaped marks composed of one or two pairs of inverted parenthesis-like blotches, distinguishes Scinax x���signatus from S. altae, S. alter, S. auratus, S. boesemani, S. caldarum, S. cretatus, S. crospedospilus, S. curicica, S. cuspidatus, S. duartei, S. exiguus, S. fuscomarginatus, S. imbegue, S. juncae, S. madeirae, S. oreites, S. pachycrus, S. quinquefasciatus, S. ruber, S. squalirostris, S. staufferi, S. tsachila, S. tymbamirim, and S. villasboasi (variable number of dorsal and/or lateral stripes; e.g., Duellman, 1970; Lutz, 1973; Duellman & Wiens, 1993; Pugliese et al., 2004; Nunes et al., 2012; Brusquetti et al., 2014; Ron et al., 2018; this study), and S. blairi, S. cabralensis, S. chiquitanus, S. danae, S. iquitorum, S. lindsayi, S. maracaya, and S. strussmannae (scattered or homogeneously distributed spots and/or irregular blotches; e.g., Fouquette & Pyburn, 1972; Cardoso & Sazima, 1980; De la Riva, 1990; Drummond et al., 2007; Ferr��o et al., 2018b; this study). The hidden surfaces of thighs dark colored with light irregular pale blotches, yellow in living specimens differentiate Scinax x���signatus from S. altae, S. auratus, S. baumgardneri, S. boesemani, S. cretatus, S. crospedospilus, S. cruentomma, S. cuspidatus, S. danae, S. elaeochroa, S. exiguus, S. fuscomarginatus, S. ictericus, S. iquitorum, S. madeirae, S. manriquei, S. pachycrus, S. ruberoculatus, S. staufferi, S. strussmannae, S. squalirostris, S. tsachila, S. villasboasi, S. wandae, and species of the S. uruguayus Group (hidden surfaces of thighs uniform, light or dark colored; e.g., Rivero, 1961; Duellman, 1970, 1986; Lutz, 1973; De la Riva, 1990; Duellman & Wiens, 1993; Barrio-Amor��s et al., 2004; Nunes & Pombal, 2011; Brusquetti et al., 2014; Ferr��o et al., 2018a, b; Ron et al., 2018; Baldo et al., 2019; this study), S. funereus, S. onca, and S. iquitorum (hidden surfaces of thighs with horizontal or irregular dark blotches; Duellman, 1971; Ferr��o et al., 2017; Moravec et al., 2009; this study), and from species of the S. rostratus Group (hidden surfaces of thighs uniform light or marked with bold dark and light mottling or broad vertical bars; Duellman, 1972 a, 1973; Henle, 1991; Lescure & Marty, 2000; Lima et al., 2005; this study). The yellowish golden or bronze iris, with a median black streak, distinguishes Scinax x���signatus from S. cruentomma (silvery bronze iris, with a median red streak; Duellman et al., 1972b), S. ruberoculatus (bicolored, reddish upper half and grey lower half; Ferr��o et al., 2018a), and species of the S. uruguayus Group (bicolored, golden upper half and dark brown to black lower half; Baldo et al., 2019). The absence of physiological chlorosis in S. x���signatus distinguishes it from S. boesemani, S. caprarius, S. cruentomma, S. cuspidatus, S. elaeochroa, S. funereus, S. ictericus, S. iquitorum, S. karenanneae, S. manriquei, S. onca, S. strussmannae, and S. tsachila (present in these species; Le��n, 1969; Lutz, 1973; Pyburn, 1993; La Marca, 2004;Moravec et al., 2009;Cole et al., 2013; Melo-Sampaio & Souza, 2015; Ferr��o et al., 2017, 2018b; Acosta-Galvis, 2018; Ron et al., 2018;Taboada et al., 2020). The advertisement call composed of a single multipulsed short note (0.11- 0.25 s), with 6-14 pulses/note, and pulse rate of 52-64 pulses/s differentiates Scinax x���signatus from S. castroviejoi and S. eurydice (two or three multipulsed notes; De la Riva, 1993; De la Riva et al., 1994; Pombal et al., 1995a; Magrini et al., 2011; M��ngia et al., 2017), S. alter, S. curicica, and S. perereca (note duration 0.28- 4.5 s and 21-152 pulses/note; Pombal et al., 1995a, b; Pugliese et al., 2004), S. cruentomma, S. fuscomarginatus, and S. strussmannae (17-90 pulses/note and 113-272 pulses/s; De la Riva et al., 1994; Duellman, 1972b; Brusquetti et al., 2014; Carvalho et al., 2015;Ferr��o et al., 2018b), S. exiguus (23-90 pulses/note; Carvalho et al., 2017), S. madeirae (note duration 0.72- 1.16 s and 104-145 pulses/s; Brusquetti et al., 2014), S. staufferi (100-130 pulses/s; Le��n, 1969), S. wandae (note duration 0.44- 0.69 s and 70-108 pulses/note; Pyburn & Fouquette, 1971; Duellman, 1986; Pombal et al., 2011), and from some large species of the S. rostratus Group: S. boulengeri and S. proboscideus (80-230 pulses/s; Le��n, 1969; Duellman, 1972a), S. jolyi (note duration 2.5 s and 180 pulses/note; Lescure & Marty,2000), S.kennedyi (note duration 0.66- 2.9 s; Pyburn, 1973),and S.sugillatus (note duration 0.28- 0.60 s and 110-140 pulses/s; Duellman, 1973). Description of the neotype Head as wide as long, HL 35.1% and HW 33.2% of SVL (Fig. 2). Snout rounded in dorsal view and profile, with a low protuberance on the tip (Fig. 3A, B). Nostrils dorsolateral, elliptical, protruded; IND 39.7% of IOD. Canthus rostralis marked, convex. Loreal region slightly concave. Eyes large, protuberant, ED 94.7% of IOD and 92.3% of END. Pupil horizontal, subelliptical. Tympanum rounded, separated from eye by a distance almost half TD; TD 75.0% of ED. Tympanic annulus rounded, with the posterior upper portion hidden by the supratympanic fold. Supratympanic fold evident, from the posterior upper portion of the tympanum to the insertion of the forearm. Vocal sac subgular, weakly bilobate, externally evident by the loose skin, not occupying space between head and body, and ventrally not reaching the pectoral fold (Fig. 2B). Pectoral fold present, with pre- and postaxillar elements. Vocal slits present, nearly parallel to the mandible, originating laterally to the tongue and running towards the corner of the mouth. Tongue ovoid, free laterally and posteriorly, slightly notched posteriorly. Vomerine teeth in two slightly separated convex series, bearing five (right) and four (left) teeth. Choanae oval. Axillary membrane absent. Upper arm more slender than forearm. A series of small, flat, ulnar tubercles on the forearm. Fingers short and slender, fringed (Fig. 3C). Relative finger length IIMeasurements (mm): SVL 36.7; HL 12.9; HW 12.2; IND 2.5; IOD 3.8; ED 3.6; END 3.9; TD 2.7; FL 14.6; TL 18.0; 3FD 1.6; 4TD 1.6. Coloration in life: The description is based on the freshly euthanized specimen (Fig. 5). Dorsal color dark brown, with two pairs of large, irregular, black blotches on the suprascapular and sacral regions, and scattered, small, round or irregular, light blotches; interocular region with an inverted triangle-shaped, black marking (Fig. 5A). Upper lip light with diffuse brown blotches anteriorly, and a white stripe on the infraorbital region extending to posterior margin of the tympanum. Loreal region brown with small, irregular, black dots; dark brown canthal line. Post-orbital dark brown line from anterior corner of the eyes, upper margin of tympanum, to the middle of the flanks. Flanks light with irregular, dark brown blotches. Dorsal surfaces of discs, fingers, toes, forearms, and tarsus brownish gray with transverse, brown bars; upper arms uniform; shanks and thighs with large dark brown blotches.Toe webbing covered by brown melanophores. Iris grayish bronze with thin black reticulations, thin yellow halo bordering the pupil, and a, Published as part of Araujo-Vieira, Katyuscia, Caramaschi, Ulisses, Novaes-e-Fagundes, Gabriel, Orrico, Victor G. 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Herpetologica, 29: 219 - 227.","Vacher, J. - P.; Chave, J.; Ficetola, F.; Sommeria-Klein, G.; Tao, S.; Thebaud, C.; Blanc, M.; Camacho, A.; Cassimiro, J.; Colston, T. J.; Dewynter, M.; Ernst, R.; Gaucher, P.; Gomes, J. O.; Jairam, R.; Kok, P. J. R.; Dias Lima, J.; Martinez, Q.; Marty, C.; Noonan, B. P.; Nunes, P. M. S.; Ouboter P.; Recoder, R.; Rodrigues, M. T.; Snyder, A.; Souza, S. M. & Fouquet, A. 2020. Large-scale DNA-based survey of frogs in Amazonia suggests a vast underestimation of species richness and endemism. Journal of Biogeography, 2020, 00: 1 - 11."]}

Phyllodytes praeceptor sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2 and 3A) Phyllodytes sp.— Faivovich et al. (2005); Jowers et al. (2008). Phyllodytes sp. 4—Dias et al. (2014) Holotype. MZUESC 17484, adult male (Fig. 1), collected at Serra da Jibóia (12.869436° S; 39.461494° W, 684 m a.s.l), municipality of Santa Terezinha and Elísio Medrado, State of Bahia, Brazil, on 0 2 March 2015, by Iuri R. Dias and Carlos Augusto S. Costa. Paratypes. Twenty eight specimens: MZUESC 17485, adult male, collected with the holotype; CFBH 23671, adult male, collected at the Municipality of Una, State of Bahia, Brazil, on 8 June 2009, by Adriano B. Kury, Amazonas Chagas Jr., Alessandro Giupponi, Denis R. Pedroso, and Victor G. D. Orrico; MZUESC 7297–7299, adult males, collected at “ Ponta da Tulha ”, Municipality of Ilhéus, on July 2008, by Mirco Solé; MZUESC 9169–9170 and MZUESC 9175, adult males and female, respectively, collected at “ Fazenda Capitão ”, Municipality of Itacaré, State of Bahia, on 29 November 2010, by Tadeu Medeiros; MZUESC 10498–10499, adult males, collected at “ Ponta da Tulha ”, Municipality of Ilhéus, on 21 August 2011 by Mirco Solé, Euvaldo Marciano Jr and Iuri Dias; MZUESC 10626, adult male, collected at “ São Roque do Paraguaçu ”, Municipality of Maragogipe, on June 2012, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr; MZUESC 11584–11585, adult males, collected at “ Lagoa Encantada ”, Municipality of Ilhéus, on 21 February 2011, by Iuri R. Dias and Mirco Solé; MZUESC 11610–11612, adult males, collected at the Municipality of Una, State of Bahia, on 18 February 2012, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr, Paulo Henrique Ribeiro and Leandro Oliveira; MZUESC 13016 and MZUESC 13026, adult males, collected at “ Reserva Michelin ”, Municipality of Igrapiúna, on 11 August 2012, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr; MZUESC 13027, adult male, collected at “ São Roque do Paraguaçu ”, Municipality of Maragogipe, State of Bahia, on 13 August 2012, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr; MZUESC 14199–14200, MZUESC 14207, and MZUESC 14212, adult males, collected at “ Acuípe ”, Municipality of Ilhéus, on 26 February 2015, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr and Mirco Solé; MZUESC 17481–17483, adult males, collected at the Municipality of Una, State of Bahia, on 0 6 June 2013, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr and Mirco Solé; MZUESC 17486–17487, adult males, collected at “ Reserva Michelin ”, Municipality of Igrapiúna, between 23–31 March 2015, by Iuri R. Dias, Euvaldo Marciano Jr, Caio V. Mira- Mendes, Francisco F.R. Oliveira and Leandro Drummond. Referred specimen. MRT 6144, not examined, collected at “Brazil: Bahia, Uruci-Una”. Generic placement. A member of Phyllodytes, by possessing fang-like odontoids; molecular data also supports the placement of P. praeceptor as sister taxon of P. luteolus (Faivovich et al. 2005; Jowers et al. 2008). Diagnosis. A medium-sized species (SVL 20.7–25.8 mm in males) characterized by: (1) dorsum of body, arms, and legs cream with scattered dark brown spots; (2) a dark brown stripe extending from the eyes; (3) snout short, semicircular (to truncated) in dorsal view, vertical (to truncated) in profile; (4) vomerine teeth in two dense patches, disposed in a transverse plane, behind the choanae; (5) one anterior large, and additional smaller subequal odontoids on each side of the mandible; (6) dorsal skin smooth; (7) vocal sac externally visible; (8) venter areolate with two paramedial rows of developed tubercles; (9) small tubercles in the ventral side of the thighs, the most medial more developed; (10) a tubercle at the tibio-tarsal articulation; (11) unpigmented nuptial pad visible, rounded, moderately expanded, (12) advertisement call consisting of a series of 6–12 pulsed notes, average duration of 5.34 s with notes lasting 0.295 s and dominant frequency ranging between 2928.5–3273.0 Hz. Comparison with other species. Character states of Phyllodytes praeceptor in parentheses. All species of Phyllodytes have multiple tubercles on the tarsus in various arrangements (a single large tubercle on posteroventral internal margin of tarsus, near to the junction with shank) and, with the exception of P. tuberculosus, different snout shapes in dorsal view (semicircular to truncated). Below we list other diagnostic morphological characters. Specimens of P. amadoi have snout with a small apical tubercle (absent) and two large anterior odontoids on both sides of the mandible (one larger odontoid). Specimens of P. acuminatus and P. megatympanum have a large tympanum, TD> 7 % of SVL, (small, TD ~ 6 % of SVL). Specimens of P. brevirostris, P. edelmoi, P. kautskyi, P. luteolus and P. megatympanum have an immaculate dorsum (spots and blotches on dorsum). Specimens of P. gyrinaethes have a hidden tympanum (distinct) and a mottled dorsal pattern (spots and blotches on dorsum). Male specimens of P. kautskyi and P. maculosus are larger, combined SVL = 38.0– 43.5 mm (SVL = 20.7–25.8 mm). Specimens of P. luteolus have a snout mucronated in dorsal view (semicircular to truncated) and acute in lateral view (vertical to truncated), rows of tubercles in the forearm (inconspicuous), venter with various rows of developed tubercles (only the two paramedial are well-developed). Specimens of P. maculosus have a deeply mottled dorsal pattern (spots and blotches on dorsum). Specimens of P. megatympanum have a bright yellow groin in live specimens (no conspicuous coloration). Specimens of P. melanomystax have a conspicuous large dark brown stripe on the snout and canthus rostralis (absent or thin faded stripe in P. praeceptor) and lack organized paramedial ventral rows of enlarged tubercles (present). Specimens of P. punctatus lack organized paramedial ventral rows of enlarged tubercles (present). Specimens of P. tuberculosus lack organized paramedial ventral rows of enlarged tubercles (present) and have supranumerary tubercles in the plantar surface (absent). Specimens of P. wuchereri have a dorsal pattern consisting of large black and white stripes and blotches (spots and blotches on dorsum). Description of holotype. An adult male in good state of preservation, with a piece of muscle removed from the right thigh for molecular analyses. Raw measurements are detailed in Table 1. Head wider than long (HL 89.5 % of HW; HW 37.7% of SVL; HL 33.8 % of SVL); snout truncated in dorsal and lateral views (Figs 1 and 2); nostrils small, rounded, slightly protuberant, situated dorsally and directed anteriorly, nearer to the tip of snout than to eye; internarial distance smaller than eye–nostril distance (IND 65.2 % of END), eyes large (ED 33.8% of HL; 30.2 % of HW; 113 % of END), prominent, situated laterally, directed anterolaterally; interorbital space and dorsum of snout flat; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; tympanum evident, relatively large (TD 18.2 % of HL), nearly circular, separated from posterior border of eye by approximately the diameter of tympanum; tympanum diameter smaller than internarial distance (TD 93.3 % of IND, eye to nostril distance (TD 60.9 % of END), eye diameter (TD 53.8 % of ED), and interorbital distance (TD 31.8 % of IOD); its diameter slightly larger than width of discs on third finger (TD/DF3 = 116.7 %) and of fourth toe (TD/4TD = 127.3 %); tympanic annulus evident; supratympanic fold developed, covering dorsal edge of tympanum, nearly straight, slightly curved downwards and extending until the insertion of arm; vocal sac externally developed, subgular, single; vomerine teeth forming a straight line behind small, rounded, widely separated choanae; each side of mandible with one anterior, large, and smaller subequal odontoids; pupil horizontal. Forelimbs not hypertrophied, forearms slightly larger (in cross-section) than arms, with four outer tubercles in the forearm near to the hand being the closest to the hand the larger. Hands large (HAL 84.4 % of HL), outer and inner carpal tubercles developed, elliptical; fingers not webbed, small fringe present between fingers III and IV, and IV and V; fingers in crescent order of size, II Hind limbs long (THL+TBL+TAL+FL equals 155.3 % SVL, not hypertrophied; thigh length smaller than tibia length (THL 94.4 % of TBL; THL 44.3 % of SVL; TBL 46.9 % of SVL); sum of thigh and tibia lengths smaller than SVL (THL+TBL 91.2 % of SVL); a single large tubercle on posteroventral internal margin of tarsus, near to the junction with shank. Tarsal length smaller than foot length (TAL 73.8 % of FL). Foot length smaller than thigh and tibia lengths (FL 83.2 % of THL; FL 78.5 % of TBL). Plantar surface without supernumerary tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle large, rounded; outer metatarsal tubercle small and rounded; toes fringed; discs on toe I, smaller than of other toes; plantar formula, I 0+ – 2½ II 1 – 2 III 1 ½ – 2½ IV 3 ½ – 2 V. Dorsal surfaces smooth; calcar appendage and supra-cloacal crest absent. Venter and ventral surfaces of thighs warty, each thigh with a large mesal pericloacal tubercle; remaining ventral surfaces smooth. In preservative, dorsum uniformly creamy with small, irregular dark patches; wide brown stripe extending from the posterior corner of the eye to the insertion of arm; all ventral surfaces white, with the exception of a few minute dark flecks in the mental region and the undersides of the jaws, tarsus, tibia and palmar, plantar surfaces. Variation. The type specimens are alike in morphological traits, although the female (n = 1) is larger than the males. Variation in measurements is presented in Table 1. Lateral dark brown stripe may extend from the eyes until or after the insertion of the arm. The amount of spots on the dorsum is variable. Only one specimen has no spots on the dorsum (MZUESC 17845). Some specimens (e.g., MZUESC 7298; 10498; 11584; 13026) have black spots on limbs, especially more evident on the hind limbs. A thin faded brown stripe on snout and canthus rostralis extending to the eyes can be found in some individuals (e.g., MZUESC 9175; MZUESC 11610; MZUESC 14207; MZUESC 14212). Snout in dorsal and lateral views vary from semicircular to truncate. Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin word meaning “teacher” or “instructor”. The name is given as homage to Dr. Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues for his continuous formation of herpetologists. Geographic distribution. Known from the coastal lowlands of Bahia, from municipality of Maragogipe to the south of the state in the municipality of Una. Specimens are also known from higher areas such as in Serra da Jiboia (684 m a.s.l), Santa Terezinha municipality (Fig. 4). Advertisement call. The advertisement call (Fig. 5) of Phyllodytes praeceptor has a total duration of 3.02– 9.41 s (5.34 ± 1.53, n = 28). It is emitted at intervals of 29.5– 99.2 s (48.5 ± 21.2, n = 27) and with a dominant frequency of 2928.5–3273.0 Hz (3045.4 ± 115.3, n = 28). Each call is composed of 6–12 notes (8.39 ± 1.55, n = 28) with structured pulses lasting 0.141– 0.538 s (0.295 ± 0.075, n = 235), emitted at intervals of 0.236– 1.057 s (0.389 ± 0.102, n = 207), resulting in a note rate of 1.28–2.02 (1.61 ± 0.2, n = 28) notes/s. The interval between the final two notes of the call is generally much larger than the previous intervals. The notes dominant frequency range is 1378.1–3617.6 Hz (2998.1 ± 275.1, n = 235). Notes are composed by isolated pulses and/or by 1–11 pulse groups with 2–8 pulses in each group. Usually, the last pulse group is the largest among them and always composed of 6–15 more aggregated pulses. The total number of pulses per note is 17–58 (28.7 ± 9.4, n = 89) and pulse emission rate is 67.2–141.8 pulses/s (98.9 ± 15.8, n = 89). The notes exhibit amplitude modulation, usually starting with low intensity and increasing during the note. Bioacoustic comparisons with other species. The advertisement call of Phyllodytes praeceptor has a pulsed structure being readily distinguishable from the call of P. acuminatus, P. kautskyi, P. megatympanum and P. melanomystax, which show unpulsed structure (Campos et al., 2014; Nunes et al., 2007; Simon & Gasparini, 2003, Marciano Jr. et al. 2017). The calls of Phyllodytes amadoi, P. luteolus, P. edelmoi, P. tuberculosus, P. gyrinaethes and P wuchereri (Weygoldt 1981; Lima et al. 2008; Juncá et al. 2012; Roberto & Ávila 2013 Cruz et al. 2014; Magalhães et al. 2015; Vörös et al. 2017) are more similar to P. praeceptor because all of them consist of a series of multipulsionated notes and present overlap in some acoustic parameters, mainly in dominant frequency and call duration (except P. gyrinaethes, with shorter call and P. amadoi with high dominant frequency). The number of notes per call is higher in P. edelmoi (22–29), P. amadoi (13-17) and P. tuberculosus (14–23), and their ranges do not overlap with the variation of P. praeceptor (6–12). The mean number of notes of P. praeceptor (8.39 ± 1.55, 6–12) is smaller than the mean of P. wuchereri (16.18±3.25, 10–21) and larger than of P. gyrinaethes (4.90 ± 0.60, 4–6). The note duration in P. praeceptor (0.295 ± 0.075) is longer than in all species of the genus with described calls: P. luteolus (0.125, no range available), P. edelmoi (0.10 ± 0.003, 0.04–0.16), P. tuberculosus (0.17 ± 0.047, 0.07–0.25), P. gyrinaethes (0.04 ± 0.01, 0.02–0.07), P. wuchereri (0.19 ± 0.04, 0.11–0.32 and 0.12 ± 0.013, 0.04–0.14), P. kautskyi (0.08 ± 0.012, no range available), P. melanomystax (0.07 ± 0.04, no range available), P. acuminatus (0.10 ± 0.03, 0.03–0.17), P. megatympanum (0.092 ± 0.08, 0.009–0.24) and P. amadoi (0.043 ± 0.02, 0.008–0.119). Finally, the call of Phyllodytes praeceptor differs from all species of the genus by having an accentuated increase in amplitude from the first to the last pulse of each note (Fig. 5), concentrating energy at the last cluster of pulses. Molecular data. Uncorrected pairwise genetic distances of 803 pb of 16S generated in this study are 1 % in relation to Phyllodytes sp. (AY843722; voucher MRT 6144) and 9.6 % to P. luteolus (AY843721). Given this results, we conclude that the specimen MRT 6144, sequenced by Faivovich et al. (2005), should be identified as P. praeceptor.

The Neotropical treefrog Hypsiboas crepitans (Wied, 1824) has an intriguing disjunct geographic distribution encompassing two large patches: the Atlantic Forest in southeastern South America and from the Guiana Shield to Central America in the north, that are separated by more than 1500 km. This distribution pattern led us to review the available material and re-examine, under an integrative approach, the taxonomic status of these populations. We assessed data using three lines of evidence: morphology, morphometry, and mitochondrial DNA. All of them suggest that the populations from the two geographical ranges are not conspecific. Given that the type material of H. crepitans is from the State of Bahia, Brazil, and that specimens from this area cluster with the southeastern group, we resurrect Hypsiboas xerophyllus (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) for the populations of the northwestern group. Hyla levaillantii Duméril & Bibron, 1841, Hyla doumercii Duméril & Bibron, 1841, Hyla fuentei Goin & Goin, 1968, and Hypsiboas indris Cope, 1867 are synonymized with H. xerophyllus.

Dendropsophus ozzyi, new species (Figs. 3���6) Holotype: MPEG 27811, an adult male, collected on vegetation of pond within the forest, at Comunidade Bragan��a, Rio Paraconi, Floresta Nacional de Pau-Rosa (FNPR), Mau��s, State of Amazonas, Brazil (03�� 56 ��� 50 ���S and 58 �� 26 ��� 36 ���W, 45 meters above sea level [m a.s.l.]) on 25 February 2009, by M.J. Sturaro and P.L.V. Peloso (Figs 3���4). Paratopotypes: MPEG 27809���27814, five adult males, collected on 20 February to 0 3 March 2009, other data same as holotype. Paratypes: INPA-H 32742���32748, seven adult males on 23 June 2010, and 21 March 2011; CFBH 35760 and 35761, two adult males, on 23 June 2010, all collected by M. Gordo; MPEG 22400���22404, four adult males and one adult female, on 0 7 March 2008, collected by S. Neckel-Oliveira and H. F. Silva-Filho; all from Igarap�� Prudente (02�� 27 ' 13.03 "S; 56 �� 10 ' 54.14 "W), Juruti, State of Par��, Brazil. CFBH 35762���35763, two adults males, on 19 march 2011; CFBH 35764, an adult male, on 7 May 2013; MZUSP 154084���154088, five adult males, on 19 March 2011; MNRJ 86921���86925, five adult males, on 0 7 May 2013, all collected by M. Gordo; MPEG 22352���22355, three adult males and one adult female, on 0 8 March 2008, collected by S. Neckel-Oliveira and H. F. Silva-Filho; all from Igarap�� Mutum (02�� 36 ' 46.09 "S; 56 �� 11 ' 38.53 "W), Juruti, State of Par��, Brazil. Generic placement: We assign the new species to the genus Dendropsophus on the basis of its overall morphological similarity with other species of the genus (Figs. 3���6). Overall morphology (particularly the combination of size, dorsum color, and flash colors) and advertisement calls of D. ozzyi are similar to those of species assigned to the D. microcephalus Group. Within this group, the new species is most similar to D. shiwiarum Ortega-Andrade and Ron 2013 because both species are unique in having pointed discs (Ortega- Andrade & Ron 2013). Dendropsophus shiwiarum is assigned to the D. microcephalus Group largely due to its resemblance to D. riveroi (Ortega-Andrade & Ron 2013); the later was, however, originally assigned to the D. minimus Group and only recently shown to be part of the D. microcephalus Group (Fouquet et al. 2011). For the above reasons, we tentatively assign D. ozzyi to the D. microcephalus Group. We could not evaluate the putative morphological synapomorphies of the genus suggested by Faivovich et al. (2005) and we do not know the number of chromosomes for the species described here; a diploid number of 2 N = 30 seems to be a synapomorphy for the genus (Suarez et al. 2013). We were also unable to check the proposed larval synapomorphies for the D. microcephalus Group (Duellman & Trueb, 1983; Faivovich et al. 2005), as no tadpoles have been collected. Thus, we remark that a formal test of the relationships of D. ozzyi is still lacking. Diagnosis. Dendropsophus ozzyi is diagnosable by the following combination of character states: (1) a medium sized member of the Dendropsophus microcephalus Group, (SVL 18.5���21.5 mm in adult males, N = 37); (2) head wider than body; (3) snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views; (4) nostrils protuberant; (5) large prominent eyes (EL/ HW 0.3���0.5, N = 37); (6) nictitating membrane bearing brownish pigmentation on its border; (7) small tympanum (TD / ED 0.3���0.5, N = 37); (8) axillary membrane present; (9) glandular nuptial pads on finger II; (10) hands webbing formula II 2 - ��� 2 - III 2 - ��� 2 - IV 2 + ��� 2 + V; (11) feet webbing formula I 2 ��� 2 + II 1 + ��� 3 - III 1 +��� 2 + IV 2 + ��� 1 + V; (12) fingers and toes bearing pointed discs; (13) no inner tarsal fold; (14) calcar tubercle absent, heel with small, inconspicuous tubercles; (15) a dorsal sheath covering 1 / 3 of the cloacal opening; (16) in life, dorsal surfaces plain light brown with randomly distributed dark smudges; palmar, plantar and ventral surfaces of the axillary membrane, thigh, and shank vivid orange, belly creamy white with clear white spots and a rectangular bright white area, gular region orangish cream with brown flecks, vocal sac transparent; (17) advertisement call composed of a single, not pulsed, tonal, and highly pitched (dominant frequency around 9 kHz) note. FIGURE 3. Dendropsophus ozzyi sp. nov. holotype (MPEG 27811). (A) Dorsal, and (B) lateral views of head; (C) palmar view of right hand, and (D) plantar view right foot. Scale bar = 5 mm. Comparison with other species. Dendropsophus ozzyi differs from all other species of Dendropsophus, except D. shiwiarum ���also in the D. microcephalus Group���by having pointed discs on fingers and toes. In the following paragraphs we first diagnose our new species from D. shiwiarum and then provided additional diagnostic characters that differentiate D. ozzyi from all other species of the genus arranged by species groups. Dendropsophus ozzyi differs from D. shiwiarum by (character states of the later in parenthesis; all retrieved from Ortega-Andrade and Ron 2013) by the absence of dark brown interorbital, canthal, and post-orbital stripes extending to mid-flank (present); absence of suborbital bars or spots (present); shanks not presenting bars (present); gular region (and not the vocal sac) orangish cream with brown flecks (bright yellow, unflecked); by the absence of a distinct supratympanic fold (present). These species also differ by their color in life, while D. ozzyi presents vivid orange flash colors, D. shiwiarum presents ���fleshy white��� (sic) flash colors. ���Fleshy��� can be interpreted as a variety of colors, including orange. From pictures in Ortega-Andrade & Ron (2013) we understand that the color in D. shiwiarum is better described as pinkish-white. Morphometrically, Dendropsophus shiwiarum and D. ozzyi are distinguishable by their eye-to-nostril distance (EN = 1.2���1.8 in D. shiwiarum and EN = 2.31���2.37 mm in D. ozzyi). Advertisement calls of the two species differ by the longer duration of D. ozzyi (248 ms vs. 52.83 �� 31.87 ms of D. shiwiarum [original description does not present range]) and especially by the higher dominant frequency of D. ozzyi (9130.1���10136.7 Hz vs. 3983.6���5254.1 Hz of D. shiwiarum). From other species of the Dendropsophus microcephalus Group, D. ozzyi is distinguished from species of the D. rubicundulus Clade sensu Faivovich et al. (2005) (traits of the later in parentheses) by the stouter body (body slender), light brown dorsum in live and preserved specimens (dorsum dark green in life and violet in preserved specimens) with unaligned spots (stripes or aligned spots). From species of the D. decipiens Clade sensu Faivovich et al. (2005) by the absence of dorsal patterns (all species framed, except D. berthalutzae that presents an ���>et al. 2000). The simple (monophasic) advertisement call also distinguishes D. ozzyi from most Dendropsophus species (see below). The high dominant frequency distinguishes D. ozzyi from all other congeners (Table 2), except from D. minusculus (9020���9360 Hz see Duellman & Pyles 1983) although call duration of D. ozzyi is much longer [165���386 ms vs. 10���46 ms (Duellman & Pyles 1983; Lescure & Marty 2000 respectively)]. Dendropsophus ozzyi is distinguished from species of the D. columbianus Group by the smaller SVL [combined SVL = 21.1 mm in D. columbianus, to 33.5 mm in D. bogerti (data of both species from Cochran & Goin 1970)], except that the maximum SVL of D. ozzyi is 0.5 mm longer than the minimum SVL of D. columbianus. Apart from that, members of the D. columbianus Group have flecked or marbled bellies, and dorsum with dark spots (Duellman 1989; Rivera-Correa & Guti��rrez-C��rdenas 2012). Additionally, advertisement calls of species of the D. columbianus Group are diphasic (see Duellman & Trueb 1983) while D. ozzyi has a simple call. Dendropsophus ozzyi is also smaller than species of the D. garagoensis Group [combined SVL ranges from 21.3 mm in D. virolinensis (see Kaplan & Ruiz-Carranza 1997) to 31.5 mm in D. praestans (see Duellman & Trueb 1983) specimens], except that the maximum SVL of D. ozzyi is 0.2 mm larger then the minimum SVL of D. virolinensis (21.3 mm). Species of the D. garagoensis Group also present different dorsal patterns, with paramedial white lines and dark blotches in the flanks (both traits absent in D. ozzyi) (Kaplan 1991; 1997; Kaplan & Ruiz- Carranza 1997). To date, advertisement calls of the D. garagoensis Group are unknown. From species of the D. labialis, D. marmoratus and D. parviceps Groups, the new species differs by the homogeneous light brown dorsum whereas (green in life fading to gray in preserved specimens in the D. labialis Group and lichenous, both in life and in preserved specimens, in the D. marmoratus and D. parviceps Groups). From the D. labialis and D. marmoratus Groups by the smaller SVL [combined SVL ranging from 27.5 mm in D. melanargyreus (VGDO unpub. data) to 61 mm in D. labialis, (from Guarnizo et al. 2012)]. Species of the D. marmoratus and D. parviceps Groups have black flash colors [species of the D. parviceps Group with or without bright yellow spots (see Duellman & Crump 1974)], and species of the D. labialis Group have blue colors (e.g., Guarnizo et al. 2012), while D. ozzyi has orange flash colors. Additionally, many species of the D. marmoratus and D. parviceps Groups have suborbital bars (e.g., Duellman & Crump 1974; Lutz & Bokermann 1963). These character states also distinguish D. ozzyi from D. yaracuyanus, a species without formal assignment to a species group (Mijares-Urrutia & Rivero 2000) but quite similar to species of the D. parviceps Group. Additionally, calls of species of the D. parviceps Group are complex (e.g., Amezquita & Hodl 2004; Duellman & Crump 1974; Marquez et al. 1993) while D. ozzyi has a simple call. Calls of the D. labialis (Guarnizo et al. 2012) and D. marmoratus Group (Orrico et al. 2009) are longer and have much lower dominant frequencies. Dendropsophus ozzyi is smaller than species of the D. leucophyllatus Group [combined SVL ranging from 23 mm in D. bifurcus (see Kaplan & Ruiz-Carranza 1997) to 40 mm in D. anceps specimens (see Duellman & Trueb 1983)]. Exceptions are D. rossalleni [19���22.3 mm (De la Riva & Duellman 1997)] and smaller individuals of D. elegans [20 mm (Lutz, 1973)] as D. ozzyi reaches a maximum SVL of 21.5 mm. Additionally, D. ozzyi does not have any interorbital bar or blotch of different color of the dorsum ground color, as observed in all species of the D. leucophyllatus Group. Furthermore, species of the D. leucophyllatus Group have pectoral glandular patches���a likely synapomorphy for the group (see comments in Rivera-Correa & Orrico 2013)���which are absent in D. ozzyi Additionally, species of the D. leucophyllatus Group present diphasic calls (e.g., Conte et al. 2010; Jungfer et al. 2010; Marquez et al. 1993) while D. ozzyi presents a monophasic call. Dendropsophus ozzyi is distinct from species of the D. minutus Group by possessing a small cloacal sheath partially covering the cloaca (long cloacal sheath covering entirely the cloaca in D. minutus Group) and by the absence of white supracloacal and tarsal lines (present in species of the D. minutus Group). These traits also distinguish D. ozzyi from D. stingi and D. amicorum that present such structure and are quite similar to species of the D. minutus Group although not assigned to any species group in the original description (see Kaplan 1994; Mijares-Urrutia 1998). These same traits also distinguish D. ozzyi from D. aperomeus, a species of the D. minimus Group (Duellman 1982). The Dendropsophus minimus Group has been consistently recovered as paraphyletic but to date it is still recognized because D. minimus has never been included in a phylogenetic analysis (Fouquet et al. 2011); therefore, the status of the group name remains unclear (Frost 2014). We group the comparisons of D. ozzyi with the remaining species still associated with this possibly paraphyletic arrangement for convenience only, however, not formally recognizing it. Dendropsophus minimus presents a concealed tympanum (clearly visible in D. ozzyi) a clear tarsal fold (absent in D. ozzyi), a rostral white line (absent in D. ozzyi) and a different dorsal pattern (Ahl 1933). Dendropsophus miyatai presents a concealed tympanum (visible in D. ozzyi), a bright red over bright yellow, dorsal pattern in life (light brown in D. ozzyi), and absence of fimbriae on hind limbs (present in D. ozzyi) (Vigle & Goberdhan-Vigle 1990). Additionally, calls of the D. minutus Group are complex, diphasic or even triphasic (e.g., Cardoso & Haddad 1984; Duellman 1978; Heyer et al. 1990; Kohler & Lotters 2001 b; Marquez et al. 1993; Morais et al. 2012) while D. ozzyi has a simple, monophasic, call. The following comparisons pertain to species of the genus not assigned to a group (Faivovich et al. 2005). Dendropsophus ozzyi differs from D. haraldschultzi by presenting a light brown smooth dorsum while D. haraldschultzi has a grayish cream dorsum with thin longitudinal stripes composed of small dots and with a series of glands, more densely distributed over the head (Bokermann 1962). From D. battersbyi, D. ozzyi can be distinguished mainly by the smaller SVL���males of D. ozzyi range between 19.45���21.53 mm vs. 33 mm of the male holotype of D. battersbyi, and by different overall coloration; while D. battersbyi is gray and minutely dotted with reddish brown on all the upper and lower surfaces except the forelimbs and belly, D. ozzyi is light brown. Dendropsophus battersbyi presents a dark canthal and supratympanic streak, loreal region whitish with dark dots, limbs crossbarred and a pair of callous, white spots on the buttocks���features absent in D. ozzyi (see Rivero 1961). Dendropsophus tintinnabulum presents a concealed tympanum (visible in D. ozzyi) and a white line dividing the dorsum from the flanks in preservative (VGDO observation on the syntypes). In life, D. tintinnabulum presents a grayish green dorsum and the venter is bluish green (Melin 1941); D. ozzyi has a light brown dorsum and the venter is orange and white. Description of holotype: Adult male, SVL 19.4 mm; head wider than long (HW /HL 1.18), widest below eyes; snout truncate in both dorsal and lateral views, eye-nostril distance longer than eye diameter (END / ED 1.17); canthus rostralis indistinct, straight; loreal region slightly concave; lips thin; internarial area slightly depressed; nostrils protuberant, directed dorsolaterally; interorbital area flat; IOD / ED 1.48, IOD / HW 0.49; eyes large and protuberant (ED /HL 0.40, ED / HW 0.33); ELW 1.38 mm. Pupil horizontally elliptical; nictitating membrane transparent, its border slightly pigmented in the same pattern of the eyelid. Supratympanic fold barely visible, semi-circular in outline, less visible on the posterior portion; tympanum small (TD /HL 0.17), distinct, nearly round, separated from eye by a distance of 1.3 tympanum diameter; choanae small, oval, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary arch; vomerine odontophores very small, the right bearing two small, unaligned teeth while the left bears three; tongue cordiform, notched behind, posterior 1 / 3 not adhered to floor of mouth; vocal slits long, extending from midlateral base of tongue to almost the angle of jaws; vocal sac developed, single, and subgular, extending over the forearm (Figs. 3���4). Arm slender, not hypertrophied; axillary membrane reaching half arm, delimited by the m. pectoralis portio axillaris (seen by transparency). Lateral border of arm with fimbria composed of small tubercles, not all clearly individualized. Fingers short, bearing discs; finger discs are slightly pointed, albeit disc of Finger II is slightly less, close to round; relative length of fingers II Coloration in preservative: All dorsal surfaces yellowish brown, except thighs, fingers II, III, IV and toes I, II, III, IV that are cream. Dorsal ground color is darker at the head, fading posteriorly. Dorsum bears 13 brown smudges of irregular shape. Canthus rostralis, eyelid and the anterior third of the flanks have brown and white markings. Iris black with m, Published as part of Orrico, Victor G. D., Peloso, Pedro L. V., Sturaro, Marcelo J., Da Silva-Filho, Heriberto F., Neckel-Oliveira, Selvino, Gordo, Marcelo, Faivovich, Juli��n & Haddad, C��lio F. B., 2014, A new " Bat-Voiced " species of Dendropsophus Fitzinger, 1843 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Amazon Basin, Brazil, pp. 341-361 in Zootaxa 3881 (4) on pages 343-354, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3881.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/230815, {"references":["Jungfer, K. - H., Reichle, S. & Piskurek, O. (2010) Description of a new cryptic southwestern Amazonian species of leaf-gluing treefrog, genus Dendropsophus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). Salamandra, 46, 204 - 213.","Ortega-Andrade, H. M. & Ron, S. (2013) A new species of small tree frog, genus Dendropsophus (Anura: Hylidae) from the eastern Amazon lowlands of Ecuador. Zootaxa, 3652 (1), 163 - 178. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3652.1.6","Fouquet, A., Noonan, B. P., Blanc, M. & Orrico, V. G. D. (2011) Phylogenetic position of Dendropsophus gaucheri (Lescure and Marty 2000) highlights the need for an in - depth investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of Dendropsophus (Anura: Hylidae). Zootaxa, 3035, 59 - 67.","Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2005) 294 [0001: SROTFF] 2.0. CO; 2","Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. (1983) Frogs of the Hyla columbiana group: Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships. In: Rhodin, A. G. J. & Miyata, K. (Eds.), Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary biology. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, pp. 33 - 51.","Pugliese, A., Alves, A. C. R. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P. (2000) The tadpoles of Hyla oliveirai and Hyla decipiens with notes on the Hyla microcephala group (Anura, Hylidae). Alytes, 18, 73 - 80.","Duellman, W. E. & Pyles, R. A. (1983) Acoustic resource partitioning in anuran communities. Copeia, 1983, 639 - 649. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1444328","Lescure, J. & Marty, C. (2000) Atlas des Amphibiens de Guyane. Patrimoines Naturels, 45, 1 - 388.","Cochran, D. M. & Goin, C. J. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 288, 1 - 655. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.288.1","Duellman, W. E. (1989) New Species of Hylid Frogs from the Andes of Colombia and Venezuela. Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, 12 pp.","Rivera-Correa, M. & Gutierrez-Cardenas, P. D. A. (2012) A new highland species of treefrog of the Dendropsophus columbianus group (Anura: Hylidae) from the Andes of Colombia. Zootaxa, 3486, 50 - 62.","Kaplan, M. & Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. (1997) Two new species of Hyla from the Andes of Central Colombia and their relationships to other small Andean Hyla. Journal of Herpetology, 31, 230 - 244. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1565391","Kaplan, M. (1991) A new species of Hyla from the eastern slope of the cordillera oriental in northern Colombia. Journal of Herpetology, 25, 313 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564589","Guarnizo, C. E., Escallon, C., Cannatella, D. & Amezquita, A. (2012) Congruence between acoustic traits and genealogical history reveals a new species of Dendropsophus (Anura: Hylidae) in the high Andes of Colombia. Herpetologica, 68, 523 - 540. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 10 - 00038","Duellman, W. E. & Crump, M. L. (1974) Speciation in frogs of the Hyla parviceps group in the upper amazon basin. Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, 23, 1 - 40.","Lutz, B. & Bokermann, W. C. A. (1963) A new tree Frog from Santa Catarina, Brazil. Copeia, 1963, 558 - 561. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441477","Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Rivero, R. A. (2000) A new treefrog from the Sierra de Aroa, northern Venezuela. Journal of Herpetology, 34, 80 - 84. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1565242","Amezquita, A. & Hodl, W. (2004) How, when, and where to perform visual displays: the case of the Amazonian frog Hyla parviceps. Herpetologica, 60, 420 - 429. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 02 - 51","Marquez, R., De la Riva, I. & Bosch, J. (1993) Advertisement calls of Bolivian species of Hyla (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Biotropica, 25, 426 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2388866","Orrico, V. G. D., Lingnau, R. & Giasson, L. O. M. (2009) The advertisement call of Dendropsophus nahdereri (Anura, Hylidae, Dendropsophini). South American Journal of Herpetology, 4, 295 - 299. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2994 / 057.004.0313","de la Riva, I. & Duellman, W. E. (1997) The identity and distribution of Hyla rossalleni Goin. Amphibia-Reptilia, 18, 433 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853897 X 00486","Lutz, B. (1973) Brazilian species of Hyla. University of Texas Press, Austin, 265 pp.","Rivera-Correa, M. & Orrico, V. G. D. (2013) Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new species of treefrog of the Dendropsophus leucophyllatus group (Anura: Hylidae) from the Amazon basin of Colombia and with an exceptional color pattern. Zootaxa, 3686 (4), 447 - 460. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.4.3","Conte, C. E., Nomura, F., Machado, R. A., Kwet, A., Lingnau, R. & Rossa-Feres, D. d. C. (2010) Novos registros na distribuicao geografica de anuros na Floresta com Araucaria e consideracoes sobre suas vocalizacoes. Biota Neotropica, 10, 201 - 224. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032010000200024","Kaplan, M. (1994) A new species of frog of the genus Hyla from the cordillera oriental in northern Colombia with comments on the taxonomy of Hyla minuta. Journal of Herpetology, 28, 79 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564684","Mijares-Urrutia, A. (1998) Una nueva especie de rana arboricola (Amphibia: Hylidae) de un bosque nublado del oeste de Venezuela. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 58, 659 - 663. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0034 - 71081998000400013","Duellman, W. E. (1982) A new species of small yellow Hyla from Peru (Anura: Hylidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 3, 153 - 160. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853882 X 00383","Frost, D. (2014) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (9 January 2013). In: American Museum of Natural History, New York. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / vz / herpetology / amphibia / (accessed February 26 2014)","Ahl, E. (1933) Uber einige neue Frosche aus Brasilien. Zoologischer Anzeiger Leipzig, 104, 25 - 30.","Vigle, G. O. & Goberdhan-Vigle, D. C. I. (1990) A new species of small colorful Hyla from the Lowland rainforest of Amazonian Ecuador. Herpetologica, 46, 467 - 473.","Cardoso, A. J. & Haddad, C. F. B. (1984) Variabilidade acustica em diferentes populacoes e interacoes agressivas de Hyla minuta (Amphibia, Anura). Ciencia e Cultura, 36, 1393 - 1399.","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352.","Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G., Peixoto, O. L. & Nelson, C. E. (1990) Frogs of Boraceia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231 - 410.","Kohler, J. & Lotters, S. (2001 b) Description of a small tree frog, genus Hyla (Anura: Hylidae), from humid Andean slopes of Bolivia. Salamandra, 37, 175 - 184.","Morais, A. R., Batista, V. G., Gambale, P. G., Signorelli, L. & Bastos, R. P. (2012) Acoustic communication in a Neotropical frog (Dendropsophus minutus): vocal repertoire, variability and individual discrimination. Herpetological Journal, 22, 249 - 257.","Bokermann, W. C. A. (1962) Cuatro nuevos hylidos del Brasil (Amphibia, Salientia, Hylidae). Neotropica, 8, 81 - 91.","Rivero, J. A. (1961) Salientia of venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 126, 1 - 207.","Melin, D. (1941) Contributions to the knowledge of the amphibia of South America. Vol. 6. Goteborgs Vetensk Samh. Handl, 71 pp. [1 B]","Abrunhosa, P. A., Wogel, H. & Pombal, J. P. Jr. (2001) Vocalizacoes de quatro especies de anuros do estado do Rio de Janeiro (Amphibia, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional - Nova Serie, Zoologia, 472, 1 - 12.","Tarano, Z. (2010) Advertisement Calls and Calling Habits of Frogs from a Flooded Savanna of Venezuela. South American Journal of Herpetology, 5, 221 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2994 / 057.005.0308"]}

Rivera-Correa, Mauricio, Orrico, Victor G. D. (2013): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new species of treefrog of the Dendropsophus leucophyllatus group (Anura: Hylidae) from the Amazon basin of Colombia and with an exceptional color pattern. Zootaxa 3686 (4): 447-460, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.3

Dendropsophus frosti sp. nov. (Figs. 3���4) Dendropsophus koechlini, Fig. 6 H���Von May and Venegas (2010). Holotype. ANDES-A 1025 (field number JMP 1986), an adult male from Km 11 on the road from Leticia to Tarapac�� (04�� 06' 24.2 " S, 69 �� 56 ' 57.4 " W; 103 m. a.s.l.), Departamento Amazonas, Colombia (Fig. 3), collected on December 28, 2009 by Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher, Jos�� M. Padial, Bj��rn Rogel, and Linn Fenna Groeneveld. Paratypes. ANDES-A 1024 (field number JMP 2014) an adult male, same data as the holotype; ANDES- A 1026 and ANDES-A 1027 (field number AJC 3586 ��� 5 respectively) adult female and male with same data as the holotype but collected on December 9, 2011 by Justin Touchon. CORBIDI 05882���05883 (males), CORBIDI 0 5884 (female), from Peru: Loreto, Provincia de Maynas, Piedras (between the community of Nueva Vida and San Pablo de Totolla) (02.79278�� S, 72.91750 �� W; 150 m) collected on October 25, 2009 by Pablo J. Venegas. Diagnosis. We assigned the new species to the genus Dendropsophus on the basis of our phylogenetic results (Fig. 2) and the overall similarity with other species of the genus (Fig. 1). We could not evaluate the two putative synapomorphies of the genus suggested by Faivovich et al. (2005). Dendropsophus frosti sp. nov. is a mediumsized member of the Dendropsophus parviceps group (sensu our phylogenetic results), (SVL 21.1 ���23.0 mm in adult males, 25.9���28.8 mm in a single female), diagnosed by the following combination of traits: slender body, head wider than body; snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views; nostrils slightly protuberant; large prominent eyes (EL/HW= 0.4); palpebral membrane bearing brownish pigmentation on its border; small tympanum (TYD / DF 3 = 1.1); moderately developed axillary membrane; bifid distal subarticular tubercles on finger IV; prepollex concealed by skin, attached to finger I; nuptial excrescences not visible under a magnifying stereoscope in adult males; hands webbing formula I 2 �� ��� 2 �� II 2 ����� 2 �� III 2 +��� 2 IV, feet webbing formula I 2 ����� 2 II 1 +��� 2 + III 1���2 + IV 2 +��� 1 �� V; no inner tarsal fold, tarsal tubercles absent; heel and calcar tubercles absent; cloacal opening covered by a cloacal sheath on its dorsal third; in life, dorsal surfaces presenting plain light brown coloration, ventral surfaces pale yellow, thighs and internal region of foot (through fingers III and IV) dark brown; lateral surfaces of body and head dark brown, darker in groin region; fingers I and II, and the tip of finger III pale, iris copper. In alcohol, dorsal surfaces pale brown; venter creamy white; iris gray. Comparison to other species. Dendropsophus frosti sp. nov. differs from all other members of Dendropsophus by at least the combination of the following traits: plain light brown dorsal coloration, contrasting with dark brown flanks; fingers III and IV dark brown; fingers I and II and tip of finger II pale, and copper iris in life (Fig. 3). It specifically differs from species of the D. parviceps group (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005) as follows: from D. allenorum, D. giesleri, D. koechlini, D. microps Peters 1872, D. parviceps, D. pauiniensis, D. ruschii Weygoldt and Peixoto 1987, and D. timbeba by having a plain ventral coloration; from D. grandisonae by having a pale venter instead of gray. D. grandisonae also differs from the new species by presenting dorsal surfaces of the arms white and a more developed patagium. Dendropsohus frosti sp. nov. differs from D. bokermanni, D. pauiniensis, and D. subocularis Dunn 1934 by having ventral surfaces granular; from D. allenorum, D. giesleri, D. microps, D. pauiniensis, and D. ruschii by lacking any kind of tubercles, spiculae or warts on dorsum. The absence of blotches, spots or bars on surfaces of thighs and groin differentiates D. frosti sp. nov. from D. bokermanni, D. brevifrons, D. luteoocellatus, D. microps, D. pauiniensis, D. timbeba, and D. subocularis. The new species also differs from all the species in the D. parviceps group, except D. giesleri, D. grandisonae, and D. timbeba, by lacking suborbital bars. Females of D. brevifrons present a broad dorsolateral light stripe, which is absent in females of D. frosti sp. nov. Description of holotype. Adult male, SVL 22.8 mm; body slender; head wider than body, slightly wider than long, HW/HL 1.1, widest below eyes; snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views; canthus rostralis present, curved; loreal region flat; lips thin; nostrils slightly protuberant, directed anterolaterally. Interorbital area flat; eyes large (EL/HW= 0.4) and protuberant; palpebral membrane translucent, with brown pigmentation on its border. Tympanum small (TYD /DF 3 = 1.1), distinct, directed laterally. Tympanic annulus and membrane evident, supratympanic fold absent. Forearm slender, not hypertrophied, bearing a slight axillary membrane; fingers short, bearing round discs; relative length of fingers I Measurements of holotype (in mm): SVL 22.8, HL 8.1, HW 8.8, ED 3.8, ELW 1.8, ES 2.9, TYD 1.4, DF 3 1.4, TL 12.3, THL 11.9, FL 9.9. Variation of type series. Type series is morphologically concurrent with the holotype, although the two females are larger than the males. Measurements of the type series are summarized in Table 1. The female COR- BIDI 0 5884 has four vomerine teeth per dentigerous process of vomer. At night the dorsal coloration of the Peruvian specimens is yellow in males and pale brown in females without a contrasting coloration in the flanks or thighs. By day, the dorsal coloration of males and females are brown, ventral surfaces pale yellow, thighs and internal region of foot (including toes IV and V) and shanks dark brown (nearly black); toes I-III pale; lateral surface of body and head dark brown, with darkest region on groin; fingers I and II, and the tip of fingers III pale, iris copper. In life, all Peruvian paratypes presented a pale vertical stripe in the rostrum extending posteriorly as a pale narrow stripe from the rostrum to the tympanum through the canthus rostralis and eyelids, fading from the posterior margin of the eyelid over the dorsal margin of the tympanum (Fig. 4). Coloration in preservative resembles that of coloration in life during daylight. The pale vertical stripe in the rostrum of the Peruvian specimens is also apparent in preservative. Distribution and ecology. The two localities are in terra firme Amazonian lowland forests close to large river channels (Fig. 5). Justin Touchon (pers. comm.) placed the amplectant pair ANDES-A 1026 ��� 7 in a semi-natural enclosure consisting of a 1m diameter pool, floating vegetation and emergent vegetation, and surrounded by a nylon mesh cage supported by PVC poles ~ 2m tall. A thin, black cloth to increase shade covered the cage. The pair was left in the cage overnight and laid a single clutch of 70 eggs, 80 cm above the surface of the water, attached to the PVC supports. Although only a single observation, this indicates that they can and will lay terrestrial eggs attached to a rigid surface (such as a tree trunk in nature). Of course, they may also lay clutches on leaves or other arboreal substrate under different conditions. Justin Touchon carefully removed 5 eggs from the jelly, photographed them on 5mm grid paper and measured their diameters in ImageJ. Average egg diameter was 1.9 mm (0.17 SD). The Peruvian locality is in an extensive complex of high terraces forest, at elevations of 90��� 170 m.a.s.l., close to the Algodoncillo River, which drains in the Algod��n River, of the Putumayo basin. Specimens were found at night perching on low vegetation around ponds in primary forest. Several males were calling and two amplectant pairs were observed in the Peruvian locality, but calls were not recorded. Other Dendrosophus species occurring in the same area at both localities were D. rhodopeplus, including in the same ponds where the new species was collected. Etymology. The name is a patronym for Darrel Frost���a well-known North American herpetologist��� in recognition of his contribution to amphibian systematics, his encouragement, and for sharing his ample knowledge with us., Published as part of Motta, Ana P., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Venegas, Pablo J., Orrico, Victor G. D. & Padial, Jos�� M., 2012, A new species of the Dendropsophus parviceps group from the western Amazon Basin (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), pp. 18-30 in Zootaxa 3249 on pages 22-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211721, {"references":["von May, R. & Venegas, P. J. (2010) Amphibians and reptiles. In: Gilmore, M. P., Vriesendorp, C., Alverson, W. S., Del Campo, A., Von May, R., Lopez Wong, C. & Rios Ochoa, S. (Eds.). Peru-Maijuna. Rapid Biological Inventories 22. The Field Museum, Chicago. Appendix 4. pp. 190 - 197, 280 - 286.","Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240.","Peters, W. C. H. (1872) Uber eine Sammlung von Batrachiern aus Neu Freiburg in Brasilien. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1872, 680 - 684.","Weygoldt, P. & Peixoto, O. L. (1987) Hyla ruschii n. sp., a new frog from the Atlantic Forest domain in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil (Amphibia, Hylidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 22, 237 - 247.","Dunn, E. R. (1934) Two new frogs from Darien. American Museum Novitates, 747, 1 - 2."]}

AGATHOCRANAUS INNOCENS SP. NOV. (FIGS 14–19) Type locality: Ecuador (North). WWF Ecoregion unknown. Diagnosis: Dorsal scutum type alpha with very smooth ornamentation in all scutal areas including ocularium. The pedipalpal tibia forming a subchela and dorsally covered with coarse granulation. Description: Male holotype: Dorsum (Figs 14–15). Dorsal scutum type alpha of Kury, Villarreal & Costa (2007); carapace only a little smaller than abdominal scutum. Posterior border of scutum substraight. Cheliceral sockets very shallow with a small median tooth. Anterolateral corners of carapace with three teeth on each side, all at pedipalpus level. Frontal border of carapace somewhat swollen. All other borders smooth except for the posterior corners with two small setiferous tubercles on each side. Ocularium low, convex, with a pair of stout, paramedian erect (lateral view), slightly divergent (frontal view), extremely small spines with sharp points, otherwise smooth. Carapace smooth with minute granules behind ocularium. Grooves of scutum well marked, defining a mesotergum with three areas; original area IV completely fused with area III. All areas unarmed with a transverse row of granules. Scutal area II projecting anteriorly into area I dividing it into left and right halves. Area I with a row of four setiferous tubercles each side. Area II with a transverse row of five setiferous tubercles on each side. Area III with two pairs of the same type of tubercle, paramedian, slightly larger than the others found in dorsal scutum, the posterior area bears a row of eight granules that marks what would be area IV. Single ozopore opening laterally at the tip of a dorsolateral low protuberance. Free tergites I– III smooth, except for a pair of paramedian tubercles each that increase from I to III. Free tergite 3 with a row of acuminate small tubercules, of which the paramedian ones are small blunt spines. Their corners each bear a granule. Venter. Coxa I with a row of blunt tubercles. Coxae II – III smooth, except for a transverse row of setiferous tubercles each. Intercoxal bridges well developed. Coxa III fused by intercoxal bridges to coxa IV. Coxae I– III subrectangular, transverse. Coxa IV the largest, almost equalling the other three taken together, shape lanceolate and pentagonal, divergent posteriorly. Stigmatic area long, Y-shaped. Stigmata moderately large, elongate elliptic, clearly apparent, not hidden by any bridges or tubercles, each occupying one-fifth of the area. Stigmata completely transverse as opposed to the stigmata of the Stygnicranaus genus. Maxillary lobes of coxa II clearly visible. Chelicera. Basichelicerite long, with bulla attenuate, with a dorsomedial basal small curved spine in the basis of the bulla. Hand not swollen, with two frontal rows of granules. Pedipalpus (Figs 16–17). Very elongate with tibia and tarsus forming a subchela. Coxa large, conical, with a ventral row of small tubercles. Trochanter cylindrical with typical sub-basal constriction, incrassated with small curved spines and two ventral setiferous tubercles. Femur as long as dorsal scutum, thicker at distal third, with dorsoapical tubercles and a ventromesal subapical row of setiferous tubercles. Patella length about half the femur length, thicker at distal third, with minute dorsal granules. Tibia as long as patella, cylindrical with three ectal (iIi) and three mesal (IIi) spines, dorsally covered with coarse granulation. Tarsus fusiform, slightly shorter than tibia, with six ectal (iIiiIi) and 12 mesal (iIiiiiiiIiii) spines and bearing a ventromesal row of setiferous tubercles. Tarsal claw almost as long as tarsus. Legs. All segments slender and unarmed. Relative length I < III < IV < II. Dorsobasal apophyses of coxae I– II close to the ozopore: coxa I anterior and posterior spiniform, posterior small, directed backwards; coxa II anterior spiniform, posterior as a lobe joining coxa III. Coxa IV hidden under dorsal scutum in dorsal view, with prolateral dorsoapical spiniform apophysis and dorsal granules, also bearing a ventroretrolateral apical apophysis applied against free sternite I. Trochanters I– III with a few prolateral and retrolateral setiferous tubercles. Trochanter IV with scarce setiferous tubercles and no apophyses. All femora straight and without spurs. Tarsi III –IV with unpectinated double claws and well-developed tarsal process (‘pseudonychium’). Colour. Body background dorsal Moderate Reddish Orange with varied Brilliant Orange mottling. Carapace and all appendages more or less the same background colour as the scutum, with darker reticulation. Genitalia (Figs 18– 19). Ventral plate subrectangular with shallow lateromedial and marked anterior constrictions in dorsal view. Setae of ventral plate divided into two groups, distal and medial, on each side. Distal group with four helicoidal setae, all closely grouped. Medial group with two substraight setae, both directed lateroposteriorly. Follis measuring about two-thirds of the ventral plate maximum length, extending from truncus tip to the anterior border of ventral plate, with shallow folds in the basal portion. Stylus straight with capellum, crescent-shaped, presenting a large, ventral beak. Type material: &male; holotype (AMNH) Ecuador (North) September 1977, L. E. Peña col. Etymology: From the Latin innocens (= harmless), referring to the delicate appearance and lack of the heavy spination typical of its counterpart, Stygnicranaus and also consonant with the generic name. Female: Unknown., Published as part of Orrico, Victor G. D. & Kury, Adriano B., 2009, A cladistic analysis of the Stygnicranainae Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cranaidae) - where do longipalp cranaids belong?, pp. 470-494 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3) on pages 481-482, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00543.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443367, {"references":["Kury AB, Villarreal MO, Costa CS. 2007. Redescription of the type species of Cynorta Koch, 1839 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cosmetidae). The Journal of Arachnology 35: 325 - 333."]}

Orrico, Victor G. D., Kury, Adriano B. (2009): A cladistic analysis of the Stygnicranainae Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cranaidae) - where do longipalp cranaids belong? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3): 470-494, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00543.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00543.x

TRYFEROS ELEGANS ROEWER, 1931 (Figs 20–27) Tryferos elegans Roewer, 1931: 147, fig. 20; Kury, 2003: 103. Type locality: Ecuador. Guayas. Isla de Puná (2 °50 ′ S, 80 °08 ′ W). WWF Ecoregion NT 0214 (Ecuadorian dry forests). Diagnosis: An unusual species with a very low, wide, and flattened ocularium and carapace much shorter than abdominal scutum The area IV bearing two divergent acuminate spines and a few sharp smaller tubercles and the nearly rounded, not elongated pedipalpal tarsus that does not form a subchela are unique amongst all related genera. Description: Male syntype SMF: Dorsum (Figs 20–21). In dorsal view, lateral margins of dorsal scutum convex in the middle and narrower at carapace and posterior quarter, with carapace much smaller than abdominal scutum. Posterior border of scutum straight. Cheliceral sockets very shallow with a median tooth. Anterolateral corners of carapace with three strong acuminate teeth on each side, at pedipalpus and leg I coxae level. Frontal hump very low and unarmed. Ocularium very low, wide, and flattened with a few scattered acuminated granules posteriorly and a pair of paramedian small acuminate tubercles. Carapace behind ocularium with a few scattered setiferous tubercles. Lateral areas of scutum with an irregular row of small setiferous tubercles clustered posterior to area II. Posterior margin of scutum with a transverse row of acuminate setiferous tubercles. Grooves of scutum well marked, defining a mesotergum with four areas. Area I very large, divided into left and right halves with a pair of acuminate, paramedian tubercles and many scattered granules. Area II projecting a little into area I with a transverse row of granules. Area III subelliptical with a pair of high, sharp, parallel spines and many irregularly arranged granules. A single shallow longitudinal medial groove divides areas II and III into two halves each. Area IV crescent-shaped, very small, and embedded into area III with two divergent acuminate spines and a few sharp smaller tubercles. Single ozopore opening laterally at the tip of a dorsolateral low protuberance. Free tergites I– III each with a transverse row of pointed tubercles of which the paramedian pair is larger on tergite II and III. Venter. Coxae I–IV densely granular, I and II each with a transverse row of setiferous tubercles, much stouter in coxa I. Intercoxal bridges weak, virtually absent. Coxae I– III subrectangular, transverse. Coxa IV the largest, equalling the other three taken together, shape lanceolate and pentagonal, divergent posteriorly. Stigmatic area long, Y-shaped. Stigmata small, elliptic, clearly apparent, not hidden by any bridges or tubercles, each occupying one-tenth of the area. Maxillary lobes of coxae I– II clearly visible. Free sternites each with a transverse row of granules growing larger laterally. Dorsal and ventral anal opercles each with a few scattered tubercles. Chelicera. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla. Posterior and lateral margins of bulla with a rim of pointed tubercles. Hand weak, densely covered with small granules. Pedipalpus (Figs 22–25). Very elongate and smooth, with tibia and tarsus not forming a subchela. Coxa very short, cylindrical. Trochanter short, cylindrical with typical sub-basal constriction, with two ventral setiferous tubercles. Femur slender, a little shorter than dorsal scutum, bent in the apex with dorsal and ventral longitudinal rows of short setiferous tubercles, ventral stouter. Patella elongate, only a little shorter than femur, thicker at the apex. Tibia elongate, shorter than patella, ventrally flattened, thinner at basal third, with five ectal (IiIv) and five mesal (IiiIi) spines. Dorsum of patella (distally) and of tibia (entirely) covered with coarse granulation. Tarsus ventrally flattened, much shorter than tibia, with four ectal (IiIi) and four mesal (IiIi) spines and scattered minute setiferous tubercles. Tarsal claw almost as long as tarsus. Legs. All segments slender and unarmed except for femurs I– III covered with a ventral row of setiferous tubercles and coxa, trochanter, and femur IV. Coxa IV with dorsoapical spiniform apophysis. Relative length I < III < IV < II (from Roewer’s data, 1931, legs III missing in SMF male). Dorsobasal apophyses of coxae I– II close to the ozopore: coxa I anterior spiniform, posterior small, directed backwards; coxa II anterior spiniform, posterior as a lobe joining coxa III. Coxa IV almost completely hidden under dorsal scutum in dorsal view, with prolateral dorsoapical spiniform apophysis and dorsolateral acuminate tubercles. Trochanters I–IV with ventrobasal tubercles interlocking with respective coxae. Trochanter III with a few prolateral and retrolateral setiferous tubercles. Trochanter IV with row of small retrolateral apophyses and a small subdistal prolateral spiniform apophysis. All femora straight. Femora III –IV with a pair of small dorsoapical spurs. Femur IV with diverse rows of acuminate tubercles and large prolateral distal hooked spine. Tarsi III –IV with unpectinated double claws and clear tarsal process (‘pseudonychium’). Colour. Body background dorsal Strong Orange with numerous small Brilliant Orange Yellow spots. Larger stripes at lateral margin of scutum and area IV Yellowish White. All appendages more or less the same colour as the scutum. Genitalia (Figs 26–27). Ventral plate subrectangular with marked lateromedial and anterior constrictions in dorsal view; all setae of ventral plate clustered in the anterior portion of the ventral plate. Two larger helicoidal setae and four smaller straight setae. Follis as long as the ventral plate maximum length, extending from truncus tip over the anterior border of ventral plate, with shallow folds in the basal portion. Stylus straight with capellum, oval, foliolate, presenting a small apical beak. Female: Very similar to male in general proportions and body aspects, except for the metatarsus I not swollen, basal segments of leg IV entirely unarmed, and pedipalpus short instead of elongated as male’s (see Figs 24–25). Also, armature of legs much subdued. Type material: One &male;, two &female; syntypes (BNHM not examined), One &male;, two &female; syntypes (SMF 9901458 – RII/1458 /43, examined) Ecuador. Isla de Puná., Published as part of Orrico, Victor G. D. & Kury, Adriano B., 2009, A cladistic analysis of the Stygnicranainae Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cranaidae) - where do longipalp cranaids belong?, pp. 470-494 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3) on pages 483-485, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00543.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443367, {"references":["Roewer C-F. 1931. Weitere Weberknechte V. (5. Erganzung der Weberknechte der Erde, 1923). Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen 28: 101 - 164.","Kury AB. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia vol. especial monografico 1: 1 - 337."]}

AGATHOCRANAUS GEN. NOV. Genus diagnosis: As for the single species. Etymology: From the Greek agathos (= good, gentle) + pre-existing genus Cranaus. This name is a pun of the closely related Stygnicranaus, which means ‘mischievous’ + Cranaus. Type species: Agathocranaus innocens sp. nov., Published as part of Orrico, Victor G. D. & Kury, Adriano B., 2009, A cladistic analysis of the Stygnicranainae Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cranaidae) - where do longipalp cranaids belong?, pp. 470-494 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3) on pages 480-481, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00543.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5443367

The study of anuran advertisement calls is very significant for it is an important premating premating mechanism. Herein we redescribe the advertisement call of Aplastodiscus arildae from an area near type-locality and describe the advertisement call of A. weygoldti comparing them to previously described advertisement calls of species of the genus Aplastodiscus. Both advertisement calls are simple, non-modulated calls, very similar to each other, but significantly different in what matters to call duration. We describe the first distress call registered for the genus, the distress call of A. arildae, that does not have rigid form and was only recorded for one individual. Some general notes of the genus Aplastodiscus are given.

We describe Dendropsophus ozzyi sp. nov., a new species of treefrog, tentatively included in the Dendropsophus microcephalus Group and most notably diagnosed by the presence of pointed fingers and an advertisement call with a very high dominant frequency. The new species is known from three localities in the Brazilian Amazon forest, two on western State of Pará and one (the type locality) in eastern State of Amazonas (03°56’50”S and 58°26’36”W, 45 m a.s.l.). Fil: Orrico, Victor G. D.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Peloso, Pedro L. V.. American Museum Of Natural History; Estados Unidos. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Brasil Fil: Sturaro, Marcelo J.. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Brasil. Universidade Federal Do Pará; Brasil Fil: Silva Filho, Heriberto F. Da. Universidade Federal Do Pará; Brasil Fil: Neckel Oliveira, Selvino. Universidade Federal Da Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Gordo, Marcelo. Universidade Federal do Amazonas; Brasil Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Haddad, Celio F. B.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil