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1. Genotoxic and cytotoxic assessment of two endemic Lamiaceae species from Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author

Sanja Ćavar Zeljković, Sanin Haverić, Maida Hadžić, Jasmina Čakar, Tamara Ćetković, Mahira Mehanović, and Anja Haverić

Subjects
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lamiaceae, food.ingredient, biology, Traditional medicine, Plant Extracts, 010405 organic chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, food, Phenols, Clinopodium alpinum, Humans, Cytotoxic T cell, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Thymus bracteosus, Orontium, DNA Damage
Abstract

Clinopodium alpinum subsp. orontium (K.Malý) Govaerts and Thymus bracteosus Vis. ex Benth. are endemic Lamiaceae species in Bosnia and Herzegovina with rather limited data about their cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. This study aimed to analyse phenolic compounds composition of C. alpinum subsp. orontium and T. bracteosus aqueous and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) extracts and their cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Among 33 analytes, 17 were identified and quantified in the examined extracts with the rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids as main constituents. Genotoxic effects of extracts from both species are proven at the highest applied dose. T. bracteosus extracts and DMSO as a solvent exhibited stronger genotoxic potential that should be further investigated in tumour cell lines. Nevertheless, non-endemic species with similar phenolic composition and bioactivity should be the first choice for medicinal purposes.

Published
2021
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2. Origins and nature of vessels in Monocotyledons. 14. Vessellessness in Orontioideae (Araceae): adaptation or relictualism?

Author

Carlquist, Sherwin and Schneider, Edward L.

Subjects
*ORONTIUM, *MONOCOTYLEDONS, *PLANT adaptation, *PLANT variation, *PLANT habitats, *PLANT phylogeny, *COLLECTION & preservation of plant specimens
Abstract

SEM studies of tracheary elements of subfamily Orontioideae (Lysichiton, Orontium, Symplocarpus) of Araceae show unexpected features. The plants are entirely vesselless. There are small pores in pit membranes of end walls of tracheids in roots and stems, but pit membranes remain intact. End wall pit membranes of stems have. coarse fibrillar texture, somewhat reminiscent of (but different from) those of Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae. Acoraceae, which are also vesselless, represent the first branch of the monocot tree, according to phylogenies, and the orontioids form the next branch. Vessellessness is therefore. potentially plesiomorphic feature in monocots, but it may also be related to the highly mesic habitats of Acoraceae and the orontioids. Various other non-submersed monocots have vesselless or near-vesselless xylem. Sectioned xylem of Orontioideae is also very suggestive of stages in the development of the pit membranes of both end walls and lateral walls of tracheids: open networks of cellulosic fibrils apparently precede the addition of denser fibrillar meshes, key information in assessing to what extent perforations in scalariform perforation plates of vascular plants may stop formation at the open network stage, and to what extent. thicker pit membrane experiences lysis and disintegration as the vessel element matures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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3. Comparison among the first representative chloroplast genomes ofOrontium, Lasia, Zamioculcas, andStylochaetonof the plant family Araceae: inverted repeat dynamics are not linked to phylogenetic signaling

Author

Ibrar Ahmed, Iram Shahzadi, Furrukh Mehmood, Peter Poczai, Thomas B. Croat, Claudia L. Henriquez, Zain Ali, Abdullah, and Mohammad Tahir Waheed

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Comparative genomics, 0303 health sciences, food.ingredient, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Inverted repeat, Zamioculcas, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Genome, Orontioideae, 03 medical and health sciences, food, Evolutionary biology, Codon usage bias, Orontium, 030304 developmental biology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The chloroplast genome provides insight into the evolution of plant species. Wede novoassembled and annotated chloroplast genomes of the first representatives of four genera representing three subfamilies:Lasia spinosa(Lasioideae),Stylochaeton bogneri, Zamioculcas zamiifolia(Zamioculcadoideae), andOrontium aquaticum(Orontioideae), and performed comparative genomics using the plastomes. The size of the chloroplast genomes ranged from 163,770–169,982 bp. These genomes comprise 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding, 4 rRNA, and 30 tRNA genes. These genomes exhibited high similarities in codon usage, amino acid frequency, RNA editing sites, and microsatellites. The junctions JSB (IRb/SSC) and JSA (SSC/IRa) are highly variable, as is oligonucleotide repeats content among the genomes. The patterns of inverted repeats contraction and expansion were shown to be homoplasious and therefore unsuitable for phylogenetic analyses. Signatures of positive selection were shown for several genes inS. bogneri. This study is a valuable addition to the evolutionary history of chloroplast genome structure in Araceae.

Published
2020
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4. Antibacterial activity of different extract of medicinal plant Antirrihnum Orontium

Author

Wisal Ahmad, Shehzad Saleem, Himayat Ullah, Muhammad Hanif, Zahid Ali, and Muhammad Israr

Subjects
food.ingredient, Traditional medicine, biology, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Antirrhinum, fungi, Ethyl acetate, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Staphylococcus aureus, Maceration (wine), medicine, Orontium, Agar diffusion test, Antibacterial activity, Escherichia coli
Abstract

Antirrhinum Orontium is belonging to the family Plantaginacea commonly known as lesser snapdragon which is a flowering plant belong to genus Antirrhinum. It was traditionally used in treatment of Tumor, Eye inflammation and Ulcer. Antirrhinum Orontium is contain mostly tertiary alkaloids bases one of them is identified as 4-methyl-2, 6-naphthyridine and Choline is identified as quaternary base. The recent study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate, Dichloromethane, Hexane and Water extracts of Antirrhinum Orontium, against the pathogen like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both the Soxhlet and Maceration water extract were found most active from the other extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using agar well diffusion method. The measured zone of inhibition for Soxhlet water extract is 21±0.05mm and Maceration water extract is 20±0.05mm against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, while for gram negative Escherichia coli 23±0.05mm is measured for Soxlet and 21±0.05mm measured for Maceration water extracts

Published
2020
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5. H. Gray and John Torrey correspondence, 1831

Author

Gray, H., Dr., active 1831, New York Botanical Garden, LuEsther T. Mertz Library, and Gray, H., Dr., active 1831

Subjects
Agardh, C. A. (Carl Adolf), 1785-1859, Botanical specimens, Correspondence, Gray, H., Dr., active 1831, Orontium, Systema algarum, Torrey, John, 1796-1873
Published
1831

6. Intercontinental biogeography of subfamily Orontioideae (Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium) of Araceae in eastern Asia and North America

Author

Nie, Ze-Long, Sun, Hang, Li, Heng, and Wen, Jun

Subjects
*SPECIES diversity, *BIOLOGICAL divergence, *MARINE organisms
Abstract

Abstract: Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium (Orontioideae) are three of the few north temperate genera of the primarily tropical Araceae. Symplocarpus is disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia (3 spp.) and eastern North America (1 sp.); Lysichiton has an intercontinental discontinuous distribution in eastern Asia (1 sp.) and northwestern North America (1 sp.); and the monotypic Orontium is restricted to eastern North America. Phylogenetic analysis of the trnL–F and ndhF sequences supports (1) the monophyly of both Symplocarpus and Lysichiton, (2) the sister-group relationship of Symplocarpus and Lysichiton, and (3) the clade of Orontium, Symplocarpus, and Lysichiton. Although Symplocarpus shows a much wider disjunction than Lysichiton, the estimated divergence time of the former [4.49±1.69 or 6.88±4.18 million years ago (mya)] was similar to that of the latter (4.02±1.60 or 7.18±4.33mya) based on the penalized likelihood and the Bayesian dating methods, respectively. Eastern Asia was suggested to be the ancestral area of the Symplocarpus–Lysichiton clade based on the dispersal–vicariance analysis. Our biogeographic results support independent migrations of Symplocarpus and Lysichiton across the Bering land bridge in the late Tertiary (Pliocene/late Miocene). Fossil evidence suggests Orontioideae dated back to the late Cretaceous in the temperate Northern Hemisphere (72mya). The relative rate test shows similar substitution rates of the trnL–F sequences between the proto and the true aroids, although the latter has substantially higher species diversity. The proto Araceae perhaps suffered from a higher rate of extinction in the temperate zone associated with periods of climatic cooling in the Tertiary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2006
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7. Orontiophyllum, a new genus for foliage of fossil Orontioideae (Araceae) from the Cretaceous of central Europe

Author

Jiří Kvaček and Selena Y. Smith

Subjects
food.ingredient, Lysichiton, Biogeography, Plant Science, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Orontioideae, Paleontology, food, Taxon, Reticulate, Genus, Laurasia, Botany, Orontium, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Reinvestigations of fossil taxa are important to ensure that their affinities are well defined, providing important data bearing on biogeography and evolution. Here, we studied fossil leaves previously assigned to Araceae and Zingiberaceae, and found that the vein architecture is most similar to Araceae subfamily Orontioideae. The genus Orontiophyllum J.Kvacek & S.Y.Smith is proposed for leaves with orontioid venation, but lacking associated reproductive structures, which precludes us from knowing whether they represent an extant genus or an extinct taxon with a mosaic of features. Leaves are ovate and simple. Venation is parallel-pinnate, eucamptodromous, with at least three orders of primary lateral veins that leave the costa at acute angles. Higher order transverse veins are perpendicular to slightly oblique between the primary lateral veins, somewhat irregular, and the finest venation is generally reticulate. Two species are recognized, O. austriacum from the Campanian of Austria and O. riggauense from the Turonian of Germany. The vein architecture shows a mixture of features similar to both Orontium and Lysichiton. The two species differ from each other in the angle of departure of the primary lateral veins from the costa and details of the finer transverse veins. Both fossil taxa are found in sediments, suggesting a wetland environment, a habitat similar to that in which members of Orontioideae are found today. Combined with previous fossils for the subfamily, they show that members of Orontioideae were diverse and widespread across Laurasia in the Cretaceous. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, ••, ••–••.

Published
2015
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8. Intercontinental biogeography of subfamily Orontioideae (Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium) of Araceae in eastern Asia and North America

Author

Ze-Long Nie, Hang Sun, Jun Wen, and Heng Li

Subjects
Time Factors, Symplocarpus, food.ingredient, Lysichiton, Geography, biology, Asia, Eastern, Land bridge, Ecology, Biogeography, Late Miocene, biology.organism_classification, Orontioideae, Monophyly, food, North America, Genetics, Animals, Araceae, Orontium, Molecular Biology, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium (Orontioideae) are three of the few north temperate genera of the primarily tropical Araceae. Symplocarpus is disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia (3 spp.) and eastern North America (1 sp.); Lysichiton has an intercontinental discontinuous distribution in eastern Asia (1 sp.) and northwestern North America (1 sp.); and the monotypic Orontium is restricted to eastern North America. Phylogenetic analysis of the trnL-F and ndhF sequences supports (1) the monophyly of both Symplocarpus and Lysichiton, (2) the sister-group relationship of Symplocarpus and Lysichiton, and (3) the clade of Orontium, Symplocarpus, and Lysichiton. Although Symplocarpus shows a much wider disjunction than Lysichiton, the estimated divergence time of the former [4.49 +/- 1.69 or 6.88 +/- 4.18 million years ago (mya)] was similar to that of the latter (4.02 +/- 1.60 or 7.18 +/- 4.33 mya) based on the penalized likelihood and the Bayesian dating methods, respectively. Eastern Asia was suggested to be the ancestral area of the Symplocarpus Lysichiton clade based on the dispersal-vicariance analysis. Our biogeographic results support independent migrations of Symplocarpus and Lysichiton across the Bering land bridge in the late Tertiary (Pliocene/late Miocene). Fossil evidence suggests Orontioideae dated back to the late Cretaceous in the temperate Northern Hemisphere (72 mya). The relative rate test shows similar substitution rates of the trnL-F sequences between the proto and the true aroids, although the latter has substantially higher species diversity. The proto Araceae perhaps suffered from a higher rate of extinction in the temperate zone associated with periods of climatic cooling in the Tertiary. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Published
2006
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9. Orontium aquaticum Linnaeus 1753

Author

Jarvis, Charlie

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Alismatales, Liliopsida, Araceae, Biodiversity, Orontium, Plantae, Taxonomy, Orontium aquaticum
Abstract

Orontium aquaticum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 324. 1753. "Habitat in Virginiae, Canadae paludibus, scaturiginibus." RCN: 2527. Lectotype (Reveal in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 72. 1993): Herb. Linn. No. 448.1 (LINN). Generitype of Orontium Linnaeus. Current name: Orontium aquaticum L. (Araceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part O), pp. 696-717 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 711, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Published
2007
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10. Phylogenetic relationships of north American Antirrhinum (Veronicaceae)

Author

Ryan K. Oyama and David A. Baum

Subjects
food.ingredient, Antirrhinum, fungi, Zoology, Plant Science, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Antirrhineae, Monophyly, food, Antirrhinum majus, Genus, Genetics, Orontium, Clade, human activities, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Mohavea
Abstract

Species of the genus Antirrhinum (Veronicaceae) provide excellent opportunities for research on plant evolution given their extensive morphological and ecological diversity. These opportunities are enhanced by genetic and developmental data from the model organism Antirrhinum majus. The genus Antirrhinum includes 15 New World species in section Saerorhinum and 21 Old World species in sections Antirrhinum and Orontium. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were conducted for 19 Antirrhinum species, including all species from the New World, and 13 related genera in the tribe Antirrhineae. These analyses confirm the monophyly of Antirrhinum given the inclusion of the small genus Mohavea and exclusion of A. cyathiferum. The New World species, all of which are tetraploid, form a clade that is weakly supported as sister to the Old World sect. Orontium. The Old World species in sect. Antirrhinum form a well-supported clade that is sister to the remainder of the genus. In addition, both molecular and morphological data are used in the most comprehensive effort to date focused on recovering the phylogenetic relationships among the extremely diverse species in section Saerorhinum.

Published
2004

11. Orontium aquaticum

Author

M. T. Strong, M. T. Strong, M. T. Strong, and M. T. Strong

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662409%5DMICH-V-1662409, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662409/MICH-V-1662409/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

12. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Daniel F. Brunton & Karen L. McIntosh, Daniel F. Brunton & Karen L. McIntosh, Daniel F. Brunton & Karen L. McIntosh, and Daniel F. Brunton & Karen L. McIntosh

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662418%5DMICH-V-1662418, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662418/MICH-V-1662418/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1995

13. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Daniel F. Brunton & Karen L. McIntosh, Daniel F. Brunton & Karen L. McIntosh, Daniel F. Brunton & Karen L. McIntosh, and Daniel F. Brunton & Karen L. McIntosh

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662420%5DMICH-V-1662420, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662420/MICH-V-1662420/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1990

14. Systematic Occurrence of Anastomosing Laticifers in Araceae

Author

James C. French

Subjects
Systematics, food.ingredient, biology, Calla, Zoology, biology.organism_classification, Araceae, Monophyly, food, Botany, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Orontium, Taxonomy (biology), Lasioideae, Aroideae, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Results of a systematic survey of the occurrence of anastomosing, articulated laticifers in leaves and inflorescences in 75 genera of Araceae affirm the significance of laticifers in the systematics of Araceae. Anastomosing laticifers are limited to subfamily Colocasioideae and Zomicarpa (Aroideae). This indicates that Zomicarpa may have affinities with the Colocasioideae, since it has anastomosing laticifers. Articulated, nonanastomosing laticifers occur in Calla, Orontium, Philodendroideae, monoecious Lasioideae except Culcasia, and most Aroideae. Laticifers are absent from hermaphroditic Lasioideae. The results support recent revisions of the systematics of Araceae that (1) segregate tribe Lasieae from monoecious Lasioideae, (2) transfer Protarum and Scaphispatha to Colocasioideae from Aroideae, (3) remove Ariopsis from Colocasioideae, and (4) recognize Colocasioideae as a monophyletic group.

Published
1988
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15. Cytological Studies in Some North Indian Scrophulariaceae

Author

S. P. Vij and S. K. Kashyap

Subjects
food.ingredient, biology, Scrophulariaceae, Antirrhinum, Vandellia, Cell Biology, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, food, Antirrhinum majus, Genus, Verbascum thapsus, Botany, Genetics, Verbascum, Animal Science and Zoology, Orontium
Abstract

Cytological studies were carried out in 14 N. Indian taxa. Centranthera hispida (n=15) and Verbascum celsioides (n=18) represent the first chromosome counts for the genus and the species respectively. Two cytomorphotypes with n=7 and n=14 in Vandellia crustacea were also unknown earlier. For the remaining taxa one or the other earlier chromosome reports are confirmed. Meiosis was normal in most of the taxa. Secondary associations were observed in Verbascum thapsus and V. celsioides. Multiple associations in Antirrhinum majus (2x) represents interchange heterozygosity. Intraspecific aneuploidy in Verbascum thapsus (2n=34, 36), Antirrhinum orontium (2n=14, 16), intraspecific polyploidy in Antirrhinum majus (2n=16, 32), Veronica anagallis (2n=18, 36, 54) and both polyploidy and aneuploidy are evident in Vandellia crustacea (2n=14, 28, 32, 42). Origin and evolution of the tetraploid taxon in the last species is discussed.

Published
1976
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16. Ovular Vasculature in Araceae

Author

James C. French

Subjects
food.ingredient, biology, Peltandra, Integumentary system, Chalaza, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, Araceae, food, Botany, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Typhonodorum, Orontium, Ovule, Alocasia, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The pattern of ovular vasculature in Araceae was examined in a broad survey, encompassing 97 genera and over 280 species. Ovular vasculature in most Araceae is limited to a single, unbranched bundle in the funiculus and chalaza and, in the remaining genera, either multiple simple or branched bundles in the chalaza. Integumentary bundles are virtually absent, occurring only in the most proximal regions of the integument of a few genera. The most extensive vascular systems occur in Arophyteae, Peltandra, Typhonodorum, Alocasia, and many Areae. The three-dimensional organization of chalazal vasculature is closely correlated with the orientation of the ovule. In orthotropous ovules, chalazal bundles are generally radially symmetrical. In anatropous ovules, fewer bundles occur on the ventral side of the chalaza than on the dorsal side. Genera with large, orthotropous ovules tend to have chalazal branching more frequently than anatropous ovules. Unusual vascular patterns occur in the temperate genera Orontium a...

Published
1986
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17. Antirrhinum orontium complex: biosystematic studies

Author

M Pal and Charanjit Mahal

Subjects
Taxon, food.ingredient, food, biology, fungi, Botany, Antirrhinum, Orontium, biology.organism_classification
Abstract

Antirrhinum orontium, a widely distributed species exists in a number of forms, four of which are studied here. The three European forms are related morphologically and are inter-fertile but the local taxon is not only morphologically different from its European counterparts, but also genetically distinct. It is suggested that the taxon merits a specific status.

Published
1984
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18. A comparative study of the effect of morphactin and Niagara on the leaf epidermis

Author

Bhaskar Barma, G. S. Paliwal, and Nilima Paliwal

Subjects
food.ingredient, integumentary system, biology, Epidermis (botany), Ontogeny, fungi, Antirrhinum, food and beverages, Plant Science, Horticulture, biology.organism_classification, food, Guard cell, Botany, Shoot, Orontium
Abstract

Treatment of two-week-oldBrassica campestris andTrigonella foenum-graecum plants with morphactin andVicia faba, Antirrhinum orontium, andPapaver somniferum with Niagara, induced marked variations in the orientation and ontogeny of stomata and the epiderma cells. Morphactin—chlorflurenol at 12.5, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 ppm, caused marked damage of the shoot apices and changes in the epidermal tissue, such as divisions of the guard cells, reduction in the size of the stomata, and epidermal cells. Niagara—ethyl-hydrogen-1-propylphosphonate at 100, 500, 1 000 5 000, and 10 000 ppm caused thickenings of the epidermal cell walls and differentiation of new meristemoids from the epidermal cells, contiguous stomata, and incomplete development of the guard cells.

Published
1975
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20. Species crosses in Antirrhinum

Author

Kenneth Mather

Subjects
food.ingredient, food, Antirrhinum, Botany, Genetics, Orontium, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Genetic isolate, Genetics (clinical)
Published
1947
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21. Snapdragon downy mildew

Author

C. E. Yarwood

Subjects
food.ingredient, Mildew, biology, Antirrhinum, Cut flowers, biology.organism_classification, Horticulture, food, Geography, Antirrhinum majus, Seedling, Downy mildew, Orontium, Transplanting
Abstract

does not appear. First page follows. Snapdragon downy mildew, caused by Peronospora antirrhini Schroet., has been recorded only on Antirrhinum orontium, a wild species of Europe, and on Antirrhinum majus, the cultivated snapdragon. Kenneth F. Baker3 found this mildew on Antirrhinum nuttallianum at Otay Lake, San Diego County, California, in 1941. All varieties of snapdragon inoculated by the writer, or observed under conditions of heavy natural infection, have been susceptible. Murphy (13)4 indicates that dark-colored varieties are the most susceptible. In a heavy natural infection at Guadalupe, California, in 1940, breeding lines with dark, waxy foliage had fewer infected plants than light-colored ones. Peronospora antirrhini was first reported on Antirrhinum orontium in 1874 (15) from Germany, on this same species in Switzerland in 1907 (10), and in Denmark in 1913 (12). It is not recorded to have caused commercial damage until 1936, when Murphy (13) in Ireland reported it to be severe on nursery seedlings of cultivated snapdragons. It has since been found in England (1), (7), (8), New South Wales (2), California (9), Pennsylvania (11), and Oklahoma (14). McWhorter5 found the disease at Portland, Oregon, in the spring of 1944. Snapdragon mildew was first observed by the writer on May 25, 1938, on specimens brought in by a nurseryman near Hayward. By 1940 it not only was severe throughout the San Francisco Bay district, but also had appeared in southern California. Importance of the Disease Snapdragon downy mildew has been principally a seedling disease of nursery plants. Systemically infected plants are unsalable. They are unsuitable for planting because they generally fail to grow and finally die. Losses have varied from none to all plants in a given planting. The standard practice in the San Francisco Bay area is to plant about 1,000 snapdragon seeds per flat, and later to transplant the resulting seedlings at the rate of 100 to 120 seedlings per flat. The plants are sold in the second flats within a few days to a few weeks after transplanting. If more than about 10 plants per flat show systemic infection, the entire flat is usually discarded. One nursery in Oakland discarded its entire stock of 600 flats of snapdragons at one time because of downy mildew infection. In 1940-1942 the infection was so generally destructive in southern California that it was impossible to obtain healthy seedlings. At a seed farm at Guadalupe, 90 to 95 per cent of the plants in 1,400 flats were lost because of mildew in January, 1940, and at a nursery in Los Angeles about 1,000 flats were discarded because of mildew in 1942. Murphy (13) and Green (7), (8) also indicate extensive nursery losses in Ireland and England. Losses may also occur on greenhouse plants grown for cut flowers, but the writer has little information on how severe this may be.

Published
1947
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22. Observations on the Stomatal Apparatus of Orontium aquaticum (Araceae)

Author

Jr. John W. Grear

Subjects
Orontium aquaticum, Symplocarpus, food.ingredient, biology, Epidermis (botany), biology.organism_classification, Araceae, food, Guard cell, Botany, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Orontium, human activities, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The stomatal apparatus of Orontium aquaticum is confined to the upper epidermis of the leaf and consists solely of two guard cells, with no accompanying subsidiaries. The guard cells, which possess flangelike thickenings of the wall flanking the stomatal pore, are sunken and largely obscured by the overlapping ordinary epidermal cells. Lysichitum and Symplocarpus, genera closely related to Orontium, also lack subsidiaries. This indicates that the stomatal complex within the Araceae is probably more diverse than was previously thought.

Published
1973
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23. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Florence M. Givens, Florence M. Givens, Florence M. Givens, and Florence M. Givens

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662419%5DMICH-V-1662419, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662419/MICH-V-1662419/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1984

24. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Marion L. Brown, Marion L. Brown, Marion L. Brown, and Marion L. Brown

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662432%5DMICH-V-1662432, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662432/MICH-V-1662432/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1930

25. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Robert F. Thorne, W. C. Muenscher, Robert F. Thorne, W. C. Muenscher, Robert F. Thorne, W. C. Muenscher, and Robert F. Thorne, W. C. Muenscher

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662429%5DMICH-V-1662429, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662429/MICH-V-1662429/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1947

26. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Barry H. Bowen, Wayne R. Faircloth, Barry H. Bowen, Wayne R. Faircloth, Barry H. Bowen, Wayne R. Faircloth, and Barry H. Bowen, Wayne R. Faircloth

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662430%5DMICH-V-1662430_E, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662430/MICH-V-1662430_E/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1968

27. Orontium aquaticum

Author

R. Kral, R. Kral, R. Kral, and R. Kral

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662431%5DMICH-V-1662431, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662431/MICH-V-1662431/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1972

28. Orontium aquaticum

Author

C. H. Kauffman, C. H. Kauffman, C. H. Kauffman, and C. H. Kauffman

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662433%5DMICH-V-1662433, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662433/MICH-V-1662433/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1890

29. Orontium aquaticum

Author

R. R. Dreisbach, R. R. Dreisbach, R. R. Dreisbach, and R. R. Dreisbach

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662428%5DMICH-V-1662428, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662428/MICH-V-1662428/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1924

30. Orontium aquaticum

Author

W. Alan Wentz, W. Alan Wentz, W. Alan Wentz, and W. Alan Wentz

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662423%5DMICH-V-1662423, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662423/MICH-V-1662423/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1972

31. Orontium aquaticum

Author

L. B. Smith, S. K. Harris, L. B. Smith, S. K. Harris, L. B. Smith, S. K. Harris, and L. B. Smith, S. K. Harris

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662421%5DMICH-V-1662421_E, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662421/MICH-V-1662421_E/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1941

32. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Lionel Melvin, Lionel Melvin, Lionel Melvin, and Lionel Melvin

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662408%5DMICH-V-1662408, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662408/MICH-V-1662408/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1956

33. Orontium aquaticum

Author

George B. Sudworth, George B. Sudworth, George B. Sudworth, and George B. Sudworth

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662411%5DMICH-V-1662411, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662411/MICH-V-1662411/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1889

34. Orontium aquaticum

Author

A. J. Pieters, A. J. Pieters, A. J. Pieters, and A. J. Pieters

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662414%5DMICH-V-1662414, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662414/MICH-V-1662414/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1899

35. Orontium aquaticum

Author

S. M. Tracy, S. M. Tracy, S. M. Tracy, and S. M. Tracy

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662426%5DMICH-V-1662426, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662426/MICH-V-1662426/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1898

36. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Agnes Chase, Agnes Chase, Agnes Chase, and Agnes Chase

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662434%5DMICH-V-1662434, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662434/MICH-V-1662434/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1905

37. Orontium aquaticum

Author

George V. Nash, George V. Nash, George V. Nash, and George V. Nash

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662422%5DMICH-V-1662422_E, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662422/MICH-V-1662422_E/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1894

38. Orontium aquaticum

Author

F. J. Hermann, F. J. Hermann, F. J. Hermann, and F. J. Hermann

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662412%5DMICH-V-1662412, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662412/MICH-V-1662412/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1933

39. Orontium aquaticum

Author

James B. McFarlin, James B. McFarlin, James B. McFarlin, and James B. McFarlin

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662413%5DMICH-V-1662413, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662413/MICH-V-1662413/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1931

40. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Frances Wilson, Frances Wilson, Frances Wilson, and Frances Wilson

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662407%5DMICH-V-1662407, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662407/MICH-V-1662407/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1890

41. Orontium aquaticum

Author

R. R. Dreisbach, R. R. Dreisbach, R. R. Dreisbach, and R. R. Dreisbach

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662410%5DMICH-V-1662410, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662410/MICH-V-1662410/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1923

42. Orontium aquaticum

Author

A.F. Eby, A.F. Eby, A.F. Eby, and A.F. Eby

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1489632%5DMICH-V-1489632, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1489632/MICH-V-1489632/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1893

43. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Adams Jewett, Adams Jewett, Adams Jewett, and Adams Jewett

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1489628%5DMICH-V-1489628, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1489628/MICH-V-1489628/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

44. Orontium aquaticum

Author

Not evident, Not evident, Not evident, and Not evident

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662424%5DMICH-V-1662424, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662424/MICH-V-1662424/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

45. Orontium aquaticum

Author

H. H. Rusby, H. H. Rusby, H. H. Rusby, and H. H. Rusby

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662427%5DMICH-V-1662427, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662427/MICH-V-1662427/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

46. Orontium aquaticum

Author

E. S. Miller, E. S. Miller, E. S. Miller, and E. S. Miller

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662417%5DMICH-V-1662417, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662417/MICH-V-1662417/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

47. Orontium aquaticum

Author

William Trimble, William Trimble, William Trimble, and William Trimble

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662425%5DMICH-V-1662425, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662425/MICH-V-1662425/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

48. Orontium aquaticum

Author

E. S. Miller, E. S. Miller, E. S. Miller, and E. S. Miller

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662416%5DMICH-V-1662416, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662416/MICH-V-1662416/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

49. Orontium aquaticum

Author

A. Sager, A. Sager, A. Sager, and A. Sager

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662415%5DMICH-V-1662415, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662415/MICH-V-1662415/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

50. Orontium aquaticum

Author

O.R. Willis, O.R. Willis, O.R. Willis, and O.R. Willis

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1489630%5DMICH-V-1489630, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1489630/MICH-V-1489630/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

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