Search

Simple Summary An important concern about conducting endometrial sampling procedures prior to breeding is the potential adverse effect on subsequent fertility of sampled cattle. Traumatic injury to the cervix and uterus and risk of introduction of infection caused by these sampling procedures may adversely affect the fertility of cattle sampled prior to breeding. To investigate this, a systematic review of publications assessing the impact of endometrial sampling on subsequent pregnancy rates was conducted. Analysis within the studies selected demonstrated that pregnancy rates were similar between sampled and non-sampled animals when procedures were performed before or around the time of breeding. Unfortunately, it was not possible to compare each sampling procedure between studies due to variation in sampling conditions (i.e., type of breed, age, reproductive status, and the sampling to breeding interval). We concluded that conducting these endometrial sampling procedures does not adversely affect subsequent fertility; therefore they could be used to more accurately identify cattle with a normal endometrium prior to conducting procedures such as embryo transfer. However, further studies with a much larger number of cattle are needed to verify the effects of endometrial sampling on pregnancy rates. Abstract Endometrial infections are a common cause of reproductive loss in cattle. Accurate diagnosis is important to reduce the economic losses caused by endometritis. A range of sampling procedures have been developed which enable collection of endometrial tissue or luminal cells or uterine fluid. However, as these are all invasive procedures, there is a risk that sampling around the time of breeding may adversely affect subsequent pregnancy rate. This systematic review compared the pregnancy rates (PR) of cattle which underwent uterine lavage (UL), cotton swab (CS), cytobrush (CB), cytotape (CT), or endometrial biopsy (EB) sampling procedures with those that were not sampled. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol, relevant databases, including Pubmed, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, VetMed Resource–Ruminants, and Scopus, were searched. The outcome measured was the pregnancy rate after the collection of endometrial sample(s). Seven studies, involving a total of 3693 cows, fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and allowed the comparison of PR between sampled (n = 1254) and non-sampled cows (n = 2409). The results of the systematic review showed that endometrial sampling procedures can be performed before breeding or shortly after insemination without adversely affecting pregnancy rates in cattle. However, further studies are needed to validate this information.

Introduction: Antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) is considered a serious threat to public health worldwide. The relation between AMR and human mobility, particularly international migration, has drawn attention from the scientific community in recent years. However, several aspects about this relation remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed at expanding and updating previous systematic review studies, with a novel focus on the AMR prevalence in migrants compared to the local population of the host country, to examine external validity of previous findings.Methods: We searched in Ovid MEDLINE all types of observational studies, without language or year of publication restrictions. We aimed at exploring differences in countries´ bacterial drug resistance rates based on immigration rates. All types of AMR were included, except for those related to HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis. The comparator group of interest was the local population of the host country. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018114436. Results: After screening of 322 articles, 15 papers were selected for data extraction, including 1930 migrants. Compared to the local population, higher rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Panton-Valentine leucocidin positive strains, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and having at least one multidrug-resistant organism were found in migrants in 12 of the 15 papers. Rates of AMR did not differ significantly in two studies and only one of them reported a lower burden of AMR in migrants.Conclusions: Higher prevalence of AMR in migrants were presented in the majority of the included articles, addressing the emerge of the circulation of resistant strains within this group. More detailed descriptions, including time span and route taken by migrants to arrive to country of destination and length of stay by the time of inclusion are essential to gain a deeper understanding of the relation in between AMR and migration. Countries with high migration rates outside Europe should be encouraged to implement strategies for screening of both local population and migrants in countries.

This paper discusses a technology for waste management and disposal through cuttings reinjection (CRI). The fully integrated process was successfully applied in the Ecuador Apaika-Nenke field, which is an area with significant oil potential located in the heart of a protected biodiverse zone. The advantage of the applied process, from candidate selection screening to the detailed implementation phase, represents a permanent drilling solution in environmentally sensitive areas. This paper presents a case study of CRI in an Apaika injection well. The well was chosen based on feasibility tests and previous injectivity test results, making it the first drilled waste reinjector well in Ecuador supported by best practices. This paper describes injection equipment used for the slurry process and injection into the formation, waste collection and transportation from the rig site to the CRI facilities, slurrification process describing how the cuttings are treated for reinjection, injection parameters given by the feasibility study, and pressure response to injection explaining how the formation will react in time to the slurry injection. Each slurry injection was performed in 12-hour cycles instead of continuous injection, allowing the formation to reach pseudoequilibrium stages while the cuttings migrated within the selected structure through fracturing conduits. From June 2014 through December 2015, 209,000 bbl of slurry from 11 drilled wells were injected into the disposal well. All the waste fluids (dewatering water, cutting pits rainwater, and rig wash) were used for the preparation of injection slurry, reducing chemical use for the dewatering process. The well was also used for disposal of produced water with more than 400,000 bbl injected. The cyclic injections were conducted in three stages: preflush, post-flush, and slurry injection pumping to displace the entire tubing volume and minimize well plugging risks. During the first stage, wellhead pressure and slurry properties were monitored to help establish accurate injection parameters. No significant changes were observed in terms of pressure performance at a maximum pressure differential of 2,000 psi during the three stages. The first CRI met all expectations of not leaving any cutting on surface. All the cuttings and drilling waste from the Apaika-Nenke pads were reinjected without any operational inconvenience. For future wells, deforestation will not be necessary for new cutting pits in this sensitive area, helping minimize the environmental impact and addressing social challenges and inherent risk present within the oil industry. The application of CRI in the Apaika-Nenke field demonstrated that drilling in a sensitive area could be performed with high environmental standards and in compliance with local environmental laws with excellent results.

A series of hindered Diels-Alder adducts have been prepared from phencyclone, 1, with various unusual symmetrical cyclic dienophiles, including cyclohexene, 2a; vinylene carbonate, 2b; vinylene trithiocarbonate, 2c; and the N-aryl maleimides: N-(4-dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrophenyl)maleimide (“Tuppy's maleimide”), 2d; and N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]maleimide, 2e. The highly hindered adducts, 3a-e, respectively, were extensively characterized by one- and two-dimensional NMR methods, observing proton, carbon-13 and fluorine-19. High resolution COSY45 spectra permitted rigorous proton NMR assignments. The 2D heteronuclear C-H chemical shift correlation spectra (HETCOR, XHCORR) were obtained for adducts 3a-d, allowing specific assignments for protonated carbons. Corrections to earlier proton NMR assignments for the vinylene carbonate adduct are given; results of the gated decoupling 13C NMR experiment for this adduct supported endo adduct stereochemistry. Relative proton chemical shifts for bridgehead phenyls of adduct 3c appeared anomalous relative to other adducts, suggesting possible special anisotropic interactions (with endocyclic sulfur or other anisotropic groups in the product) due to the unusual calculated orientation of the phenyls. The unsubstituted bridgehead phenyls in all adducts were shown to exhibit slow exchange limit (SEL) 1H and 13C spectra on the NMR timescales at ambient temperatures (7 tesla) showing slow rotations about the C(sp3)-C(aryl sp2) bonds. The rapid rotation of the N-aryl rings of the maleimide adducts was indicated by fast exchange limit spectra, suggesting that ortho substitution of the N-aryl ring may be necessary to slow this rotation to the SEL regime. Ab initio geometry optimizations at the Hartree-Fock level were carried out for each adduct, with the 6-31G* basis sets. Appreciable geometry differences were seen in calculated structures, and significant NMR chemical shift differences were experimentally observed, depending on the nature of the groups attached to the (Z)-HC=CH moiety of the dienophiles.

6,9‐Dibromo‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2H‐cyclopenta[l]phenanthren‐2‐one (commonly known as 3,6‐dibromophencyclone), 1b, reacted with N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)maleimide, 2a; with N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)maleimide, 2b; and with N‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)maleimide, 2c, respectively, to yield the corresponding Diels–Alder adducts, 4a–c. The adducts were extensively characterized by NMR (7 T) at ambient temperatures using one‐ and two‐dimensional (1D and 2D) proton and carbon‐13 techniques for assignments. Slow exchange limit (SEL) spectra were observed, demonstrating slow rotations on the NMR timescales, for the unsubstituted bridgehead phenyl groups [C(sp3)–C(aryl sp2) bond rotations] and for the 2,6‐dialkylphenyl groups [N(sp2)–C(aryl sp2) bond rotations]. Substantial magnetic anisotropic shifts were seen in the adducts. For example, in the N‐(2,6‐dialkylphenyl) moieties of the adducts, one of the alkyl groups is directed “into” the adduct cavity, toward the phenanthrenoid portion, and these “inner” alkyl proton NMR s...

Phencyclone, 1, reacted with N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)maleimide, 2a; with N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)maleimide, 2b; and with N‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)maleimide, 2c, respectively, to yield the corresponding Diels–Alder adducts, 3a–c. The adducts were extensively characterized by NMR (7 T) at ambient temperatures using one‐ and two‐dimensional (1D and 2D) proton and carbon‐13 techniques for assignments. Slow exchange limit (SEL) spectra were observed, demonstrating slow rotations on the NMR timescales, for the unsubstituted bridgehead phenyl groups [C(sp3)–C(aryl sp2) bond rotations] and for the 2,6‐dialkylphenyl groups [N(sp2)–C(aryl sp2) bond rotations]. Substantial magnetic anisotropic shifts were seen in the adducts. For example, in the N‐(2,6‐dialkylphenyl) moieties of the adducts, one of the alkyl groups is directed “into” the adduct cavity, toward the phenanthrenoid portion, and these “inner” alkyl proton NMR signals were shifted upfield. Thus, in CDCl3, the “inner” methyl of adduct 3a exhibits a pro...

Abstract The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of a formation is an important parameter for the correction of resistivity measurements in the calculation of water and hydrocarbon saturations. Clays in sands provide an electrical conductive path that is related to CEC. This conductivity is parallel and in addition to the conductivity obtained from the pore water. As a result, formations with clay minerals present will be less resistive than if they were the simple systems of quartz and fluids used in most models which are erroneously evaluated since the hydrocarbon saturation decreases. Normally, the only way of determining CEC is in the laboratory, but this way is expensive, and suffers from significant dispersion of results due to differences in laboratory effectiveness in cation replacement, removal of excess cation as well as possible interference. This paper describes the results obtained by calculating CEC from well logs, using the normalized Qv concept of the Juhasz equation. Qv is the cation exchange capacity per unit total pore volume and is calculated from the FDC/CNL and natural gamma ray spectral logging information. A very large and high quality log and laboratory data from low oil gravity shaly sands of the Orinoco Oil Belt was used in order to obtain accurate results Laboratory measurements of CEC made in cores and sidewall cores, and CEC calculated from a geochemical model, show a remarkably good agreement with the continuous CEC log derived values. Introduction The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of a formation is an important parameter for use in correcting resistivity measurements for the calculation of water and hydrocarbon saturations. Although most minerals are quite resistive, the clay minerals have the ability to act as charge carriers. As a result, formations with clay minerals present will be less resistive than if they were the simple systems of quartz and fluids used in most models.