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Introduction: Metastatic disease can be observed in nearly 25% of all renal cell carcinoma cases (RCC). This can present in the skin as a late symptom of the disease or as a manifestation of an undetected, asymptomatic RCC. Aim: To review the literature and present a case study of cutaneous metastasis in primary genitourinary malignancy, especially RCC in order to broaden the related knowledge. Material and methods: The first stage of our work was focused on presenting the results of the literature review about cutaneous metastasis in the patients with renal cell carcinoma. Next, taking into account that this type of metastasis associated with RCC is relatively rare, we have decided to present a patient aged 68 with incidentally detected skin metastases of RCC located on the scalp. Results: It was diagnosed as a primary manifestation of advanced disease. Computed tomography scans showed a solid mass in the left kidney. Following surgical excision of the skin lesion, a left-side nephrectomy was performed. Conclusions: Cutaneous metastases of RCC present an unfavourable prognosis, however, remission is possible subsequent to early diagnosis and appropriate surgical excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The aim of our study was to determine whether various anatomic factors constitute a predisposition to a lower pole renal stones.Materials and Methods: We analysed the computed tomography (CT) urography of 75 patients with a single lower pole stone. Measurements were taken of the infundibulopelvic angle (IPA), infundibular width (IW), infundibular length (IL) and calyceopelvic height (CPH).Results: The mean patient age was 50 years (range 17-79 years). The mean stone size was 11.9 mm. The mean IPA using Sampaio method in affected kidney was 113.4 ± 15.3o (range 80-139o), 59.5 ± 17.3o using Elbahnasy method. The values of IPA on the contralateral kidney were 119.86 ± 15.37o (range 79-141o; p = = 0.001) using Sampaio method of measurement and 59.78 ± 12o (range 34-90 o; p = 0.465) using the method described by Elbahnasy. We reported statistically significant differences between stone-bearing kidney and contralateral kidney in measurement IPA using only Sampaio method. The mean infundibular width was 4.22 ± 1.81 mm on the affected kidney and 3.72 ± 2.5 mm on the contralateral side (p = 0.164). The mean infundibular length was 15.37 ± 4.57 mm on the affected kidney and 14.66 ± 4.35 mm on the unaffected side (p = 0.329). The CPH was 10.19 ± 4.05 mm on the affected kidney and 10.44 ± 3.83 mm on the normal side (p = 0.688).Conclusions: Pelvicalyceal morphology of the kidney is one of the factors that determine the risk of developing kidney stones. Out of the analysed morphological parameters of kidney IPA is a statistically significant risk factor to form lower pole kidney stones. Other anatomic parameters did not seem to have a significant role in predisposing to form lower pole kidney stone. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 1: 16-21). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metastatic disease can be observed in nearly 25% of all renal cell carcinoma cases (RCC). This can present in the skin as a late symptom of the disease or as a manifestation of an undetected, asymptomatic RCC., Aim: To review the literature and present a case study of cutaneous metastasis in primary genitourinary malignancy, especially RCC in order to broaden the related knowledge., Material and Methods: The first stage of our work was focused on presenting the results of the literature review about cutaneous metastasis in the patients with renal cell carcinoma. Next, taking into account that this type of metastasis associated with RCC is relatively rare, we have decided to present a patient aged 68 with incidentally detected skin metastases of RCC located on the scalp., Results: It was diagnosed as a primary manifestation of advanced disease. Computed tomography scans showed a solid mass in the left kidney. Following surgical excision of the skin lesion, a left-side nephrectomy was performed., Conclusions: Cutaneous metastases of RCC present an unfavourable prognosis, however, remission is possible subsequent to early diagnosis and appropriate surgical excision., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Termedia Sp. z o. o.)

Introduction: The modern man during his reproductive period is exposed to the negative influence of widespread lifestyle-related habits. The available studies show a significant decline in the quality of young men's sperm, which results in male and female infertility factors being given equal consideration. The progressive decline of sperm quality has lowered the spermiogram parameters proposed by the World Health Organization., Material and Methods: We performed a review of the literature on the most common unhealthy habits in the modern world, such as obesity, mobile phone usage, smoking and alcohol intake, and their reported effects on male fertility. Several papers including original, review and meta-analysis were searched using the ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases., Results: All the factors under analysis contribute to a significant deterioration of sperm quality, mainly through decreased sperm concentration, vitality, motility and morphology., Conclusions: Lifestyle-related factors are a significant cause of male infertility in the world today. Studies have shown that sperm quality is essentially determined by: obesity, nicotine addiction, heavy exposure to electromagnetic compatibility radiation-emitting devices and alcohol consumption. Weight loss and cessation or limitation of unhealthy lifestyle-related factors might represent the best course of action for any couple trying to achieve pregnancy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright by Polish Urological Association.)

Introduction: Testicular microlithiasis is a finding incidental to the ultrasound examination of the scrotum. This article presents some new data regarding the etiopathology of testicular microliths. As there is a growing body of literature available, which associates testicular microlithiasis with a testicular germ cell tumor or male infertility, our review focuses on these relations (based on a new meta-analysis and retrospective follow-up programs). The purpose of this review is to summarize the knowledge about testicular microlithiasis and discuss the latest recommendations., Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed using Science Direct and Scopus with MeSH terms and keywords 'testicular microlithiasis', testicular tumor', male infertility'., Results: The clinical consequences of testicular microlithiasis depend on the co-occurrence of specific risk factors. The presence of testicular microlithiasis alone in the absence of risk factors is not an indication for further investigation., Conclusions: A link between testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer as well as male infertility has been analyzed. Follow-up is only recommended where risk factors of testicular cancer other than testicular microlithiasis are present.

Introduction: Despite the risk of complications, which does not exceed several percent, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) causes morphological and functional changes in kidneys as a result of the effect of the generated shock wave energy on the renal parenchyma structure., Material and Methods: Forty-two patients were included in the study. The mean age in the studied group was 50.9 years (SD ±13.7). Extracorporeal lithotripsy treatments were carried out during the period from January 2014 to April 2014 using an electromagnetic shock wave generator. The spectrum of blood flow of the interlobar arteries of both the treated and the opposite kidney was investigated. On the basis of these spectrums, parameters such as: resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) and acceleration time (AT) were calculated., Results: The ESWL treatment causes a statistically significant increase of the RI parameter in the ipsilateral kidney (p <0.0001) as well as in the opposite kidney (p <0.0001). The RI value decreases after 92 hours after the treatment, reaching statistical significance in both kidneys (p <0.005). The PI parameter substantially increases after treatment in both kidneys (p <0.0001), and decreases after 92 hours (p <0.0001). Statistically significant correlations are shown between RI as well as the PI parameters and the patient's age., Conclusions: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of renal stones causes temporary impairment of the renal perfusion in both ipsilateral and contralateral kidneys. The main factor that determines the value of the RI and PI parameters is the patient's age.