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This paper describes a case of COVID-19-associated cavernous sinus thrombosis complicated by panophthalmitis, orbital cellulitis and necrotic purulent complications in other maxillofacial structures. In addition, we present the results of the pathomorphological study of orbital wall and orbital soft-tissue material excised during surgery. The pathomorphological findings in the orbital tissues included signs of a chronic inflammatory process with mostly lymphocyte infiltration, a proliferative component and development of mixed-type thrombi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk of the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy as well as abnormalities in the structure and/or function of the lacrimal functional unit significantly increases with an increase in diabetes mellitus duration, potentially leading to the development of dry eye. Purpose: To assess the state of the lacrimal functional unit in diabetic patients with dry eye and different durations of diabetes. Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients with both type 2 diabetes mellitus and dry eye disease were included in the study. Hemoglobin A1c levels and clinical manifestations of diabetic polyneuropathy and dry eye disease were comprehensively assessed. Results: We found that diabetes duration plays a dominant role in the nature of the course of dry eye disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The main features of manifestations of dry eye disease in patients with diabetes mellitus are the predominance of the subjective symptoms in those with shorter diabetes duration and the absence of complaints of eye dryness as well as the presence of objective structural changes in the lacrimal functional unit in those with longer diabetes duration. Conclusion: Patients with long duration of diabetes mellitus have a latent course of dry eye disease and relatively severe structural abnormalities in the lacrimal functional unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbital fractures are an urgent issue in ophthalmological as well as maxillofacial/plastic surgery practice. The management of orbital fractures is often challenging due to the impact that they can have not only on the cosmetic appearance of the treated area but also on vision. Here we review the major aspects of current reconstructive orbital surgery. This review will primarily focus on the surgical approaches to the fracture site and types of implants available for restoration of the integrity of orbital walls. Their most significant advantages and disadvantages, as well as results of studies on the efficacy of various types of implants, will be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic conjunctivitis is commonly complicated by secondary dry eye syndrome that substantially affects the quality of life of patients and requires a comprehensive approach to treatment. Purpose: To improve treatment of dry eye patients with allergic conjunctivitis through the use of artificial tears. Material and Methods: Fifty-six patients with acute allergic conjunctivitis complicated by secondary dry eye syndrome were included in the study. The main group, but not the control group, received artificial tears as adjunct to basic therapy. A comprehensive analysis included a study of clinical symptoms, status of the tear complex and meibomian glands. Results: In addition to improvements in scores of subjective symptom questionnaire, and Schirmer test and tear film break up time (TFBUT) measurements, more apparent improvements in signs of disease were found in patients who received artificial tears as an adjunct to basic therapy beginning from day 10. The most severe meibographic evidence of morphological defects in gland ducts was seen in the papillary and follicular forms of conjunctivitis. Conclusion: Comprehensive therapy with introduction of artificial tears as an adjunct at day 10 of basic treatment is a reasonable and pathogenetically substantiated corrective treatment for poor tear film function in the acute phase of allergic conjunctivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pterigiym is a proliferative, degenerative and inflammatory disease developing due to pathological hyperplasia, vascularization of the epithelium and migration of abnormal limbal stem cells to the central cornea, and accompanied by profound changes in the structure of underlying tissue. Purpose: To assess the influence of persistently recurring pterygium on the optical interface of the cornea using refractometry and corneal topography. Material and Methods: Sixty patients (67 eyes) with persistently recurring pterygium were included in this study. Patients were divided in four groups based on the number of recurrences. They underwent visual acuity assessment, refractometry and computerized corneal topography to assess the optical interface of the cornea. Results: We found significant differences in visual acuity, refractive errors and corneal topography indices among patients with persistently recurring pterygium with various numbers of recurrences. Our case follow-up demonstrated that permanent changes in the optical interface of the cornea developed with an increase in recurrences and persistence of growth of wing-shaped conjunctiva onto the cornea; these changes manifested as residual corneal astigmatism. Conclusion: An increase in pterygium recurrences results in permanent impairments of the optic interface of the cornea; this requires developing advanced surgical techniques capable of preventing recurrence of pterygium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a case of cavernous sinus thrombosis. The condition developed in a patient who had been treated for confirmed COVID-19. Left eye examination findings were as follows: amaurosis; absence of periorbital skin sensation; signs of orbital cellulitis; ptosis; chemosis; total ophthalmoplegia; exophthalmos; decreased corneal sensation; widened pupil; and absence of pupil light reflex. In addition, ophthalmoscopy showed diffused retinal and optic disc edema. The patient had an atypical clinical course which could not be clearly identified as septic or aseptic, and his elevated D-dimer level could indicate a potential relationship between this condition and COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]