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Access to financial services, which is a component of financial inclusion, enables individuals and businesses to access the funds they need on favorable terms and at low cost, without time and place constraints. In this respect, access to finance is seen as an important tool for economic growth, employment and poverty reduction. The study aims to examine the role of the variables of shadow economy (SE), human development level (HDI), automatic teller machines usage (ATM) and inflation (INF) on access to financial services (AFS) in the member countries of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS). In the study, which covers the period 2004–2021, analyzes were conducted within the framework of the fixed-effect Method of Moment Quantile Regression (MM-QR). According to the results of the study, while the level of HDI and the use of ATMs have a positive effect on AFS, while the SE has a negative effect. Although the INF rate has a negative effect on AFS, this effect could not be confirmed at any quantile level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractThe foundation of the Organization of Turkic States was established through the creation of the Turkic Speaking Countries Summits, which aimed to strengthen relations among the Turkic states that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today, the Organization (formerly the Turkic Council) strives to foster cooperation in various fields. One crucial aspect of this cooperation is the development of trade between member countries. This study aims to analyze the Organization’s impact on its members’ foreign trade by examining pre- and post-foundation years’ trade data to assess the cooperative entity’s effectiveness in enhancing trade cooperation among its members. A gravity model was employed to evaluate the significance of other factors influencing bilateral trade among six Turkic states and Tajikistan, such as proximity, income levels, population size, shared borders, and cultural similarity. The results indicate that membership in the Organization positively affects the estimated model. This study discusses the effect of integration on trade relations from a different perspective and provides interpretations. Therefore, the annual foreign trade data of the founding members (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan) from 2000 to 2019, sourced from the World Bank, were analyzed using the TOPSIS method. In this context, the impact on commercial relations before and after the establishment of the Organization was evaluated based on multiple criteria. Before its establishment, Kazakhstan held the first place in terms of overall trade performance with member countries; however, Turkey replaced it after the creation of this cooperative entity, followed by Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan.

The word diaspora is derived from the Greek words "dia" and "sporos", which mean seeds scattered left and right. Although it has undergone many transformations in terms of meaning from past to present, discussions on it continue today. Throughout human history, the political, economic and socio-cultural effects resulting from the arbitrary or forced displacement of societies have led to the formation of communities referred to as diasporas in many geographies of the world. Based on this, this study focuses on the existence and importance of the Organization of Turkish States from the perspective of the Balkan Turks, who are a part of the Turkic Diaspora trying to exist in many geographies of the world and had to leave their homeland in the historical process. Although the basis of the TDT systematic is aimed at social unity in Turkish dormitories, the existence and activities of this organization are also of great importance for the Turks outside this geography. Moreover, one of the recent steps of the Organization of Turkic States has been a series of social, economic and cultural forum programs for the Turkish diaspora around the world. In this study will try to reveal the perspective and activities of the Organization of Turkish States towards the Balkan Turkish diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkic Republics gained their independence. States with common history and origins needed strong cooperation in military, diplomatic, economic, security and political fields in order to maintain their independence and increase their power. In this context, states of Turkic origin have expanded their cooperation by carrying out activities in many different fields under the name of "Heads of State of Turkic Speaking Countries" in 1992, "Turkic Council" in 2009 and "Organization of Turkic States" in 2021. The fact that the area of activity of the Organization of Turkic States is located in the same geography with the Russian Federation and that the organization is in close relations with its main member Turkey in many international fields is decisive in the activities of the organization. Based on this, this study aims to examine the presentation of the news about the Organization of the Turkic States on the leading news websites of the Russian media. In this context, news about the "Organization of Turkic States" published in Russia's top three leading news sites, "Gazeta.ru", "rbc.ru" and "russian.rt.com" internet newspapers between 2021 and 2023, were examined. Content analysis technique was used as a method in the study. The news was evaluated using categorical analysis and frequency analysis techniques. The study is important in terms of revealing the Russian press's view of the Organization of Turkic States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uzbekistan seems to be mentioned more often among other Central Asian republics due to significant modification observed in its both domestic and foreign policies. It would be prudent to review Uzbekistan's position within several international organizations operating at regional scale as its geopolitical and geostrategical importance are ascending. The discussion on the possible contributions of both Organization of Turkic States (OTS) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) on the resolution efforts of country's water based issues and also Uzbekistan's real strategic importance for the two regional organizations at near future constitutes main objective of this paper. We aim to observe and evaluate the functionalist and liberal institutional perspectives in constructing the theoretical framework of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The recent regional events and the geopolitical consequences of the Russo-Ukrainian war have had a profound impact on the dynamics among Türkiye, Azerbaijan, and the Central Asian Turkic states (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan). This shifting geopolitical landscape has been the catalyst of collaboration and integration for these countries under the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), an intergovernmental organization that aims to foster cooperation among Turkic-speaking nations. Being established in 2009, this emerging bloc has pursued a relatively low-profile policy on geopolitical issues in the past decade. However, after years of relatively little activity, things have started to change drastically due to the global situation that is being shaped by wider geopolitical factors. The OTS steadily began to pursue a more ambitious agenda and eventually helped bolster relations and stimulate regional socio-economic development efforts during the last four years, focusing on building stronger regional cooperation through ethnocultural links. The article examines how the Turkic alliance has stimulated functional cooperation through the facilitation of trade, investment, and economic cooperation among its members and observer states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Administration & Civil Service / Memlekettìk Basķaru Ža̋ne Memlekettìk Ķyzmet is the property of Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan / Akademiya Gosun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examines the issue of creating a common Turkic alphabet through the prism of Turkey’s interests in its attempts to form a new identity for the Turkic states. It is noted that the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of five new Turkic states were positively received in Turkey and gave impetus to the activation of pan-Turkic ideas. Thus, one of the aspects of Ankara’s humanitarian interaction with the newly formed countries was cooperation within the framework of linguistic reforms, where Turkey actively advocated for the Latinization of the alphabet of the Turkic states. The authors analyze the phenomenon of language in constructing the identity of states. Turkey, which has experience in radical linguistic reforms, recognizes the potential of such transformations in the Turkic space. Ankara seeks to lead this process in order to promote its own logics and narratives, which should ultimately lead to the adoption of the Turkish language as a single language for the Turks. It is noted that with the reformatting of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), there has been a tendency to return to the agenda of discussions of a single alphabet for the Turkic peoples. Ankara promotes this topic at expert seminars, CTG meetings, etc. It is concluded that Turkey’s strategy is aimed at the long term and the lack of quick results in this area does not indicate its failure. Ankara systematically takes up the entire spectrum of interaction with Turkic partners, creating the foundation for future integration.

Yapay zekâ teknolojisinin gelişimiyle birlikte algoritmik devlet, bilgi devleti (i-devlet), yapay zekâ devleti, yapay zekâ bakanlığı, yapay zekâ bürokrasisi, akıllı devlet gibi ülkelerin ve toplumların yönetim süreçlerini de kapsayan birçok alanda yeni kavramlar ve uygulamalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Günümüzde yapay zekâ toplumların gelişimi ve dijital dönüşümünde birinci gündem maddesi olarak yer almaktadır. Yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin sağladığı olanaklarla toplumlarda yapay zekâ rekabeti hız kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin ve Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı üyesi ülkelerin dijitalleşme süreçlerinde yapay zekâ alanında yapmış oldukları çalışmaları analiz etmektir. Araştırma, 2010 ve 2022 yılları arasında Google Scholar veri tabanında Türk Konseyi ve Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı hakkında yayınlanmış çalışmalar üzerinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanımıyla yürütülmüştür. Yapay zekâ çalışmalarının hükümeti ve toplumsal kurumları güçlendirdiği bilinmektedir. Ancak yapay zekâ üzerine yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde yapay zekâ ile Türk Konseyi ve yeni adıyla Türk Devletleri Teşkilatını bütünleştiren çalışmaların oranı sadece yüzde 1.72 olarak bulunmuştur. Türkiye’nin e-devlet aşamasında olduğu ve yeni yapay zekâ atılımları ile algoritmik ve akıllı devlet olma yolunda ilerlediği görülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın yapay zekâ, yapay zekâ ve toplum, yapay zekâ ve devlet, dijital dönüşüm alanında yapılacak yeni çalışmalara kaynak oluşturması hedeflenmiştir.

Copyright of Journal of International Civilization Studies is the property of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Communication / Erciyes İletişim Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University, Faculty of Communication / Erciyes Universitesi Iletism Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Republic of Turkey has a multifaceted relationship with the Central Asian region, historically, culturally, economically and geopolitically. This relationship, which continued from the establishment of the Republic of Turkey to the present day, continued to strengthen with the independence of the Central Asian and Caucasian states after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Thanks to Turkey's active foreign policy in the region after 1991, its role as an actor in international relations has increased. Turkey played a leading role in the initiatives that led to the establishment of the Organization of Turkic States in the 1990s. The increasing institutionalization in bilateral relations between the Organization of Turkish States and Turkey continues today. Addressing and examining this situation constitutes an important research area in terms of analyzing the point of Turkish foreign policy from past to present and its development as an international actor. In the study, Turkey's actor level and power in the Turkish world were interpreted at a theoretical level. This situation also revealed the structure of the international system and Turkey's situation. This study also examined the actor relationship between international organizations and states. Thus, the changing structure of the international system in the new period was discussed. Current global actor analyzes are also included in the study. The international actor status of the Organization of Turkish States and its bilateral relations with Turkey are not included in the study. This issue is a separate area that needs to be addressed broadly and comprehensively. For this reason, it was not included in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkic states began their collaboration in 1992. Over time, this cooperation has grown deeper, resulting in the establishment of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), which has evolved into a comprehensive international organization. The member states of OTS have expressed their commitment to pursuing coordinated policies on security matters that are of mutual interest. As a result, the security dimension has become increasingly prominent within the multidimensional areas of cooperation within OTS in recent years. In light of this, the present study aims to explore the positive outcomes of enhanced and fortified security collaboration among Turkic states under the umbrella of OTS. Specifically, the study will focus on systemic security, regional security, and key security issues such as counter-terrorism and military capacity, shedding light on the potential benefits derived from these collaborative efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) in the context of the complex geopolitical landscape of Central Asia and the Caucasus. It aims to assess its potential in economic, strategic, and social dimensions within international and regional systems. Employing an eclectic theoretical framework, this study looks at the multifaceted factors that influence the OTS' potential to foster cooperation and solidarity among Turkic states. The research examines this mechanism in interconnected strategic, economic, and social structures. The strategic dimension encompasses defense alliances and security arrangements, the economic dimension focuses on cooperation and trade, and the social dimension emphasizes cultural and normative aspects. Overall, one of the most important rationales behind the OTS is the idea that it serves as a cohesive force enabling Turkic states to navigate the intricate geopolitical environment of Central Asia and the Caucasus where multiple great powers are vying for influence. This research sheds light on the nuanced interplay of economic, strategic, and soft power activities, providing valuable insights into the OTS' position and influence in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Aside from its contribution to the literature, this article also aims to assist policymakers wishing to explore the potential and limitations of OTS' increasing influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the Organization of Turkic States' (OTS) support in aiding Central Asian republics to address their historical legacies, focusing on the period following Russian influence from the 18th century. Employing a postcolonial theoretical lens, it examines the post-independence phase of these republics, highlighting the OTS' role in promoting regional cooperation, cultural revitalization, and social unity. The paper discusses the challenges faced by these nations in various sectors such as economics and linguistics, assessing the OTS' capacity to support their development, given its resources and relative position amidst other significant regional entities. Additionally, it delves into broader regional developmental strategies and their implications for the OTS' objectives. The paper underscores the importance of strategic autonomy for Central Asia in the context of evolving regional dynamics. It concludes by recognizing the OTS' potential in contributing to the region's progress, presenting a comprehensive view of the intricate regional landscape and the OTS' part in fostering growth and development in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary provides a comprehensive analysis of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), tracing its evolution from the dissolution of the Soviet Union to its recent summits. Specifically, it discusses the establishment of the OTS, its institutionalization, and its role in regional and international politics. Furthermore, this analysis delves into the organization's evolution, project execution, and growing regional and global impact, with a particular emphasis on the OTS' commitment to cooperation and solidarity among Turkic states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its unwavering focus on institutionalizing cooperation within the Turkic World, Kazakhstan has successfully achieved to improve institutional relations with the Turkic states. Looking ahead, Kazakhstan recognizes the strategic significance of its engagement with the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) member states, navigating the intricate balance of geopolitical challenges and opportunities. This commentary aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the evolving trends in cooperation and outline Kazakhstan's strategic priorities in the short and medium term. The author suggests that Turkic nations are likely to collaborate in trade, transport, and high-tech ventures and tackle common issues, notably water resource management. This evidences the pivotal role of OTS in creating the essential geopolitical balance within Kazakhstan's intricate web of institutional connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary delves into the evolution of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), highlighting its transformation from a consultative mechanism to a robust international entity with geostrategic significance. The paper examines key developments such as the Shusha Declaration, the impact of the Second Karabakh War, and the strategic partnership among Turkic states in the context of global geopolitical dynamics. The paper focuses on Azerbaijan's vision of the development of the Turkic unity, some historical aspects, which preceded the idea of the Turkic unity, and contemporary trends in the regional and global politics, which gave impetus to the enhancement of the OTS. The conclusion highlights the importance of Turkic unity as it stands out more prominently in the complex geopolitical environment and posits that trends make it necessary to strengthen and develop cooperation among the Turkic states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Turkey are two countries with deep historical, linguistic and cultural ties. Both belong to the category of Turkic-speaking peoples, which makes them especially close in many ways. These ties have ancient roots and have strengthened and developed over time. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced an initiative to create a single alphabet for Turkic countries. The Turkish President noted that member countries of the Organization of Turkic States will continue efforts to strengthen cooperation in the field of higher education in order to improve the level of human relations based on language, culture and history. "Of course, language is very important to strengthen our unity. A single alphabet is also an important component; the support of presidents is important here. Our Council of Higher Education has made special recommendations to the secretariat of the organization, and I am confident that our organization will consider this," Recep Tayyip Erdogan said at the 10th meeting of the Organization of Turkic States in Astana in his speech at the summit (Erdogan: Language and common alphabet are important for the unity of Turkish states). These words from the head of Turkey show the importance of linguistic and cultural ties between the two countries, and this becomes the main topic of our article. In this article we study the influence of language policy on stimulating Turkic-speaking relations between Kazakhstan and Turkey, based on the historical situation and current efforts. prospects for further cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı (TDT) asıl üye ülkeleri ve gözlemci üye ülkeleri ile olan ticaretinde hangi mal gruplarında karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olduğunu, hangi mal gruplarında ise karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olmadığını analiz etmektir. 1995-2021 dönemine ait SITC Rev. 3 basamak 1 veri setinin kullanıldığı analizler Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler (AKÜ) yaklaşımına göre yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Türkiye Azerbaycan’a karşı 0, 1, 7 ve 8 numaralı mal gruplarında; Kazakistan’a karşı 1, 4, 5, 7 ve 8 mal gruplarında; Kırgızistan’a karşı 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ve 8 mal gruplarında; Özbekistan’a karşı 1, 4, 5, 7 ve 8 mal gruplarında; Türkmenistan’a karşı 0, 4, 7, 8 ve 9 mal gruplarında ve Macaristan’a karşı ise 1, 6 ve 8 mal gruplarında karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye'nin diğer TDT üyesi ülkelerle olan dış ticaretinde karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerinin genel olarak benzer bir yapıya sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Organizations formed by states to achieve their political goals play an important role in the international environment. The Organization of Turkic States, which was established in 2021, is one of them. It is seen that the foundations of the organization, formerly known as the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking Countries, were laid in 2009. It is possible to say that the main purpose of the organization is to increase the relationship between the Turkish states. This study touches upon the subjects of Turkey's geopolitical foreign policy leaning toward Turkic geography and the Organization of Turkic States having an international institutional identity. Information was given about the formation of the Organization of Turkic States, which was chosen as an international organization in the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey, its institutional structure, and the potential of member and observer countries, and the organization was introduced within certain limits. In the study, a literature review covering written text, internet sources, official newspapers, and institutional content was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Abant Social Sciences / Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Abant Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to bring the argument that the integration process of the Organization of Turkic States should progress with the strategy of priority sector for cooperation and institutionalization up for discussion in the context of neofunctionalism. Considering that sector-priority cooperation steps will pave the way for institutionalization and integration, the problem of the study is which sectors can be primarily a catalyst and how much. In this context, the potential contributions of the integration process to be followed with a focus on agriculture, defence and energy as today’s strategic sectors is tried to be revealed within the scope of cointegration econometric analysis by assessing with panel data method the relationship between the annual data of the member and observer countries covering the period of 1995-2019 in the relevant sectors and the growth data. As a result of this econometric modelling, it has been seen that the cooperation and integration steps to be followed in the field of agricultural incomes, defence expenditures and energy respectively in terms of the magnitude of the effects will contribute to both the development levels of the countries and the institutionalization and deepening of the Organization of Turkish States.

Along with Türkiye, there are languages of Azerbaijan in the South Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia that comes from the same UralAltaic language family and these languages are all related to each other. Together with this language union, the process of Cooperation Summits of Turkic-Speaking Countries started in 1992 to ensure cultural unity and solve economic and political problems by coming together. This process transformed into the Turkic Council in 2009, and the foundation of organizational integration was laid. However, the expectation in the relations among these states is not just a common language or historical or cultural integration but a common political and economic decoupling. At this point, full organizational integration has only occurred with the Organization of Turkic States in 2021. The most important development affecting the process leading to the organizational integration in question is the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. The conclusion of this war in favour of Azerbaijan, together with the Organization of Turkic States, has become a major step towards Turkic integration. Even though the subject of this study is the Organization of Turkic States, the main purpose of the study is to examine how the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War affected this organizational integration.

Copyright of International Journal of Economics, Business & Politics (UEIP) is the property of International Journal of Economics, Business & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bingol University Journal of Economics & Administrative Science is the property of Bingol University Journal of Economics & Administrative Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to investigate the interactions of per capita income and consumption of the Organization of Turkic States with each other and China based on the BRI framework. To this end, we construct our analysis on a data set that includes per capita of GDP and consumption across 6 countries (including China) covering the period 1990-2019. We utilize a time-varying vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) dynamic connectedness. The analysis results: (i) while there is generally a more fluctuating relationship in both consumption and income variables of the countries pre-2010 period, there is a more regular relationship in the following period (ii) when China is included into the group, improvements are observed at almost all connectedness levels. The contribution of this article is being the first study to examine the impact of the BRI initiative on GDP and consumption expenditures in the Turkish States. While previous findings have mostly relied on studies from all BRI countries, this study has focused on a specific group of countries. In addition, the relationship between income and consumption between countries was examined using a unique empirical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law & Justice Review is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While Eurasianism as a political ideology has made a remarkable comeback to the Russian political scene following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, it has also attracted considerable interest among Turkish political and intellectual circles since the early 1990s. Yet, Eurasianism in the Turkish context has acquired different ideological meanings in time. In this regard, it is possible to highlight two main strands of Eurasianism in Turkey: one focusing on the prospects for advanced integration between Turkey and the Turkic republics of the Caucasus and Central Asia, and other concentrating on Turkeys strategic cooperation with Russia and China as an alternative to its long-standing ties with the West. While the first approach mainly appeals to nationalist-conservative groups in Turkey, the second is supported by the so-called national-patriotic groups. The article aims to discuss Turkeys role in two Eurasia-based international organizations - the Organization of Turkic States and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization - as they respectively correspond to the two versions of Eurasianism in Turkey. By analyzing the Turkish governments policies towards these two organizations, it would also be possible to reveal the influence of Eurasianism as an ideology on Ankaras official approach to the idea of Eurasian integration, in which pragmatic political and economic concerns play an equally important role.

The Covid-19 epidemic caused problems in social life, and as a result, countries had to take various precautions. Some of the precautions taken have been in the field of education. In this process, it has been observed that many countries around the world have switched to distance/online education. This process has developed similarly in the member states of the Organization of Turkic States. First, distance education initiated using tools such as television and radio channels was supported by digital platforms developed in countries, and then an attempt was made to create an online education option through different applications. In addition, technological tools were distributed to teachers and students, and courses were given to improve teachers' ability to teach in a digital environment. When the research and published reports are examined; in the member countries of the Organization of Turkic States, it has been observed that the lack of physical and technological infrastructure, teachers, students, and parents are not sufficiently ready for distance/online education. In addition, it has been determined that information and communication technologies cannot be used efficiently, that there are problems such as falling attendance rates, insufficient course times, lack of digital content, inability to provide feedback, problems in ensuring the reliability of measurement and evaluation and loss of motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic and sub-Arctic region, which is within the Siberia region of Russia, is a region where Turkic peoples/Turkic-speaking peoples live. Turkic peoples/Turkic-speaking peoples living in this region are adversely affected by Russia's cultural policies. For this reason, the problem of cultural security and language preservation arises. Today, with globalization, the possibilities offered by communication channels and the interaction provided by technological development have made the problem of keeping Turkic culture alive and language preservation in the Arctic and sub-Arctic more evident. For this reason, ensuring the cultural security of the Turkic peoples and Turkic language speakers living in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region, keeping the culture alive, and sustaining it requires some studies. The survival skills developed by the Turkic peoples against the harsh living conditions in this geography are of interest to the entire world culture. In this respect, the ancient Turkic culture and language, which is tried to be kept alive in Siberia has an important share in the cultural heritage of humanity. This study mentions that the sustainability of the culture and language of the Turkic-speaking peoples living in Siberia is under threat and points out the need for protection. It is thought that the Organization of Turkish States can take an active role in the international arena by obtaining the status of an observer member in the Arctic Council to ensure the cultural and linguistic security of the Turkish-speaking peoples living in both the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article titled Organization of Turkic States as an International Organization in terms of International Law aims to assess the Organization of Turkic States, which is an umbrella organization for the Turkic States that was established in 2009 under the name of Organization of Turkic Language Speaking Countries. The assessment is carried out by analysing whether the Organization of Turkic States is an international organization in terms of international law. Therefore, the analysis was conducted by discussing the organizational structure of the Organization of Turkic States, as well as the competencies and missions of the organs and their working principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to bring the argument that the integration process of the Organization of Turkic States should progress with the strategy of priority sector for cooperation and institutionalization up for discussion in the context of neofunctionalism. Considering that sector-priority cooperation steps will pave the way for institutionalization and integration, the problem of the study is which sectors can be primarily a catalyst and how much. In this context, the potential contributions of the integration process to be followed with a focus on agriculture, defence and energy as today's strategic sectors is tried to be revealed within the scope of cointegration econometric analysis by assessing with panel data method the relationship between the annual data of the member and observer countries covering the period of 1995-2019 in the relevant sectors and the growth data. As a result of this econometric modelling, it has been seen that the cooperation and integration steps to be followed in the field of agricultural incomes, defence expenditures and energy respectively in terms of the magnitude of the effects will contribute to both the development levels of the countries and the institutionalization and deepening of the Organization of Turkish States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with Türkiye, there are languages of Azerbaijan in the South Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia that comes from the same Ural-Altaic language family and these languages are all related to each other. Together with this language union, the process of Cooperation Summits of Turkic-Speaking Countries started in 1992 to ensure cultural unity and solve economic and political problems by coming together. This process transformed into the Turkic Council in 2009, and the foundation of organizational integration was laid. However, the expectation in the relations among these states is not just a common language or historical or cultural integration but a common political and economic decoupling. At this point, full organizational integration has only occurred with the Organization of Turkic States in 2021. The most important development affecting the process leading to the organizational integration in question is the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. The conclusion of this war in favour of Azerbaijan, together with the Organization of Turkic States, has become a major step towards Turkic integration. Even though the subject of this study is the Organization of Turkic States, the main purpose of the study is to examine how the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War affected this organizational integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the “Turkic World Vision–2040” adopted during the Istanbul Summit held on November 12, 2021 by the Heads of States of the Organization of the Turkic States (OTS) through the lense of the theory of resilience. !is Summit was historical in many terms where the name of this institutionalized regional cooperation mechanism changed from Cooperation of Turkic Speaking States (Turkic Council) to OTS, modalities for observership and partnership were adopted and Turkmenistan became an observer to the Organization. As one the staunch outcomes of the Summit, “Turkic World Vision–2040” constitutes the "first strategic document of the Organization established in 2009 with the Nakhchivan Agreement. Touching upon the turbulence through which the international system is passing today and the accompanying need for better global governance, the article "first touches upon the basic elements of the theory of resilience, then turns to the vision documents prepared by international actors to offer resilient solutions to the challenges of today and tomorrow. Next, the structure of the OTS vision document is examined, together with its linkages to resiliency. Finally, the article discusses what “Turkic World Vision–2040” brings to the ongoing Turkic cooperation in terms of resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Organization of Turkic States (OTS) is evaluated in this article by means of a social constructivist approach. Social constructivism emphasizes the roles of international organizations in norm-emergence, norm-creation and standard-setting. !e new norms that international organizations initiate can shape, change and regulate the behaviors of states. As Martha Finnemore states international organizations may act as teachers.They can persuade states to adopt cooperative behavior, accept the culture of the organization and internalize the organization’s values. International organizations can thus be seen as essential vehicles for the socialization of states. States may become more eager to rearrange their foreign policy decisions in response to the socially constructed norms held by international organizations. !is article will examine the role of the OTS as an agent and a principal in the new regionalization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resolution on the “Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan” adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 12, 1995 brought about Turkmenistan’s official recognition as a neutral state by the world community, and gave the country’s foreign policy and diplomatic work additional impetus. Turkmenistan’s policy of permanent neutrality has a peacekeeping dimension; it places great importance on preventive diplomacy, i.e., diplomatic actions aimed at preventing disagreements between parties from arising and preventing existing differences from escalating into conflict, and limiting the spread of an already existing conflict. The experience of the development of neutral Turkmenistan during its years of independence has convincingly shown that the Turkmen model of neutrality supports Turkmenistan’s long-term national interests, and has become an effective tool for mutual understanding and cooperation among peoples. !e Resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly in February 2017, proclaiming December 12 as the “International Day of Neutrality” was another significant contribution of Turkmenistan’s neutral foreign policy and diplomacy to the global strengthening of peace, security and sustainable development. Lastly, the accession of Turkmenistan to the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) as an observer at the 8th Summit of Organization of Turkic States in November 2021 is another important step for the foreign policy framework of this Turkic-speaking country, which aims to contribute to sustainable development in its region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to analyze the evolution of Hungary’s relations with the Organization of Turkic States (OTS). In the firrst part, the challenges and opportunities of cooperation within the OTS is evaluated from a Hungarian perspective. The second part focuses on the Hungarian approach to international cooperation, the emergence of Hungary’s “Eastern Opening” policy and Hungary’s specific relations with the Turkic states. The third part elaborates on Hungary’s role as an observer country in the OTS. Finally, in the conclusion, the article provides some practical recommendations as to how Hungary could further contribute to the development of regional cooperation among the Turkic states, and to cooperation between Europe and the Turkic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article approaches the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) through the lens of Samuel P. Huntington’s civilizational approach. It discusses the outcomes of the Istanbul Summit held in 2021, including important changes in the activities of the organization and the historical decisions adopted by the heads of states. Additionally, it makes prognoses on the future of security cooperation among the Turkic states by assessing the current status of their cooperation and the likelihood of future development in this area. Next, it focuses on the role of the Secretary-General in the development and formation of the OTS. Finally, the article explores the main directions of the organization’s future development in an increasingly globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of soft power, which has been introduced to International Relations studies by Joseph S. Nye Jr., has become an integral element of states’ foreign policies, particularly since the end of the bipolar system. Türkiye has made significant use of soft power in its foreign policy since the 1990s. !e Turkic states of the Caucasus and Central Asia have particularly benfited from Türkiye’s soft power approach, which was instrumental in the foundation of the Turkic Council in 2009 – renamed as the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) in 2021. The cooperation among the Turkic states dates back to the voluntary disintegration of the Soviet Union which resulted in the peaceful resolution of the Cold War as one of the major international conflicts. The collapse of the Soviet Union also prepared the ground for the restoration of the links between the Turkic-speaking peoples who share common cultural, linguistic and religious roots. However, the geopolitical climate in the initial period was not conducive to reach this long awaited goal. As a result, the cooperation in the Turkic world has had ups and downs. In other words, it took some time to foster collaboration among the Turkic-speaking states and unleash their true potential even after the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, the institutionalization of the Turkic cooperation through the establishment of the OTS was a turning point. Against this background, this article seeks to understand Türkiye’s policies toward the Turkic states from a soft power perspective. After reviewing the vision put forward by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk with regard to the Turkic world, the article discusses the signficance of Türkiye’s approach in the post-Cold War period. It also highlights the use of soft power by the OTS to boost the regional cooperation in the Turkic world. Finally, the article draws attention to the contribution of Kyrgyzstan to the soft power dimension of the OTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores promising areas of cooperation between the member states of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), which need to be developed in response to global climate and geopolitical challenges. It also examines issues of economic, energy and environmental security while referring to the theory of regional security complex developed by representatives of the Copenhagen School of international relations. After the theoretical introduction, the article analyses the signficance of different areas of cooperation, such as transport and communications, the green energy sector and food security. In line with its aim, the article focuses on the role of the OTS in providing security in the sensitive fields of transportation, logistics, agriculture and power supply. Finally, the article discusses the need for a qualitative deepening of integration between the Turkic countries in the face of geopolitical uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) has signi!cantly increased its global influence and has attracted new member and observer states. In this process, its economic potential has played an important role.Thus, the main goal of this article is to analyze the OTS’ present economic potential and the extent of economic cooperation within the organization, and to determine the future prospects of such cooperation. For this purpose, the article examines the economic potential of OTS member and observer states and the total potential of the organization by focusing on major economic sectors such as trade, transport and energy. It then analyzes the current extent of cooperation among member and observer states in these sectors. Based on the results of these analyses, the article determines the OTS’ economic cooperation prospects and discusses the measures that could be taken for the further development of cooperation within the OTS. In general, the results of the research presented in the article reveal that the OTS has a large and comprehensive economic potential, and that despite the level of economic cooperation that has already been achieved within the organization, there are many unrealized opportunities.Therefore, the economic prospects and measures identi!ed in the article could enable member and observer states to focus on those opportunities, thereby increasing the economic strength of the OTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article explores the role of the Organization of Turkic States in enhancing cooperation among its Member and Observer States and across the region in the post-COVID-19 era. It also examines the changing postures of multilateralism before and after the pandemic, while referring to the significance of functionalism, the original parameters of which persist even today. After the theoretical introduction, the article first analyzes the ways in which the Organization has responded to the pandemic and provides concrete examples of tis efforts. Next, it touches upon the peculiarities of the structure of the Organization, its working system and its decision-making process, which have allowed it to respond rapidly to the needs of its Member and Observer States and their people. In line with this aim, it examines the role of the Organization in bringing the foreign policies of the Turkic States into convergence, fostering multidimensional connectivity with a sectoral approach and supporting people-to-people cooperation. Finally, it focuses on the contributions of the Organization to the capacity-building of its Member States and its support for international cooperation. Taken together, these features provide a basis to check the efficiency of the organization in terms of today's contested multilateralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]