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Anatomical models have key applications in radiotherapy, notably to help understand the relationship between radiation dose and risk of developing side effects. This review analyses whether age-specific computational phantoms, developed from healthy subjects and paediatric cancer patient data, are adequate to model a paediatric population. The phantoms used in the study were International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 4D extended cardiac torso (XCAT) and Radiotherapy Paediatric Atlas (RT-PAL), which were also compared to literature data. Organ volume data for 19 organs was collected for all phantoms and literature. ICRP was treated as the reference for comparison, and percentage difference (P.D) for the other phantoms were calculated relative to ICRP. Overall comparisons were made for each age category (1, 5, 10, 15) and each organ. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel (version 16.59). The smallest P.D to ICRP was for Literature (-17.4%), closely followed by XCAT (26.6%). The largest was for RT-PAL (88.1%). The rectum had the largest average P.D (1,049.2%) and the large bowel had the smallest (2.0%). The P.D was 122.6% at age 1 but this decreased to 43.5% by age 15. Linear regression analysis showed a correlation between organ volume and age to be the strongest for ICRP (R2 = 0.943) and weakest for XCAT (R2 = 0.676). The phantoms are similar enough to ICRP for potential use in modelling paediatric populations. ICRP and XCAT could be used to model a healthy population, whereas RT-PAL could be used for a population undergoing/after radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cortical bone is the most severely affected site in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and thus, a low bone mineral density (BMD) is predominantly observed in distal forearm. Several studies have investigated potential associations between the weight of the gland and bone mineral loss. In this study, we wanted to investigate the relationship between parathyroid adenoma (PTA) volume and bone mineral loss.

Introduction: Measuring breast volume is important to obtain satisfactory breast surgery results, and many techniques are used for this purpose. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare 3 breast volume techniques: Pessoa's single marking technique, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Crisalix 3D software®. Methods: Fourteen patients indicated for mammoplasty were selected. Three breast volume measurement techniques were compared: Pessoa's single marking technique, MRI and Crisalix 3D software®. The volumes were tabulated and analyzed using R software. Results: Average age was 30.93 ± 10.25 years. The breast volume was 1554.54 ± 512.54 cm3, as measured by the MRI technique (considered the gold standard), 1199.64 ± 403.13 cm3 using Crisalix 3D software® and 1518.04 ± 468.72 cm3 by Pessoa's single marking technique. Comparison between the Crisalix 3D software® and MRI techniques using the pairwise t test demonstrated a statistically significant difference (t = 4.3957, df = 27, p value = 0001543), but no significant difference between the single marking and MRI techniques (t = 1.3841, df = 27, p value = 0.1777). Conclusion: When compared to MRI, breast volume measurement using Pessoa's single marking technique showed no statistically significant difference between them. However, the Crisalix 3D® technique exhibited a difference in relation to MRI. Anthropometric measurements are useful in measuring breast volume because they are easy to obtain, practical and inexpensive, and should be part of a plastic surgeon's arsenal. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the significance of liver volume in the prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 277 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients who received dynamic computed tomography (CT) during surveillance. Methods: Liver volumes were measured on portal venous phase of CT images by using ImageJ software. Liver volume index, a ratio of the standard liver volume expected by weight and height to the measured liver volume, was calculated to adjust for normal variations. The cohort was randomly divided to derivation (n = 100) and validation sets (n = 177) for the generation of a liver volume-based Cox prediction model and validation of a liver volume-based nomogram, respectively. Results: The liver volume index was independent of weight or height, and it predicted further development of HCC (hazard ratio [HR] 16.30, 95% CI 6.70–39.62; p < 0.001). Liver cirrhosis, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and liver volume index were independent predictors of HCC, and nomogram-based prediction score from these three parameters identified high-risk patients at the cutoff of 110 in both derivation (p < 0.001) and validation cohort (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Liver volume-based prediction model stratifies the risk of developing HCC in CHC patients whose initial dynamic CT study gave negative results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy applied before and/or immediately after the osteotomy on the maturation during the consolidation phase. Materials and Methods: 21 female New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. Subjects were divided randomly into three groups: Control (Distraction without ESWT), A (Distraction +ESWT After Osteotomy), AB (Distraction+ESWT After and Before Osteotomy). ESWT (500 pulses, 5 Hz, 0.19 mJ/mm2 energy flux density) was applied to group A and group AB after 5, 12 and 19 days after osteotomy and group AB only on days 7,14 and 21 before osteotomy. On the 28th day of the consolidation period, all subjects were sacrificed. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), and stereological methods were used to determine the new bone, connective tissue and neovascularization volumes. Results: As a result of DEXA examinations made on the 1st and 4th week of consolidation, there was no significant difference between groups regarding BMD and BMC values. According to the results of stereological examination, when the connective tissue and new bone tissue were evaluated, higher values were observed in AB when compared to A, and in AB and A compared to the control group, but the differences are not statistically significant. There was no difference between the groups in terms of neovascularization. Conclusion: ESWT in these parameters was not positively effective in bone maturation during consolidation when applied before osteotomy or both before and after osteotomy.

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy applied before and/or immediately after the osteotomy on the maturation during the consolidation phase. Materials and Methods 21 female New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. Subjects were divided randomly into three groups: Control (Distraction without ESWT), A (Distraction +ESWT After Osteotomy), AB (Distraction+ESWT After and Before Osteotomy). ESWT (500 pulses, 5 Hz, 0.19 mJ/mm2 energy flux density) was applied to group A and group AB after 5, 12 and 19 days after osteotomy and group AB only on days 7,14 and 21 before osteotomy. On the 28th day of the consolidation period, all subjects were sacrificed. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), and stereological methods were used to determine the new bone, connective tissue and neovascularization volumes. Results As a result of DEXA examinations made on the 1st and 4th week of consolidation, there was no significant difference between groups regarding BMD and BMC values. According to the results of stereological examination, when the connective tissue and new bone tissue were evaluated, higher values were observed in AB when compared to A, and in AB and A compared to the control group, but the differences are not statistically significant. There was no difference between the groups in terms of neovascularization. Conclusion ESWT in these parameters was not positively effective in bone maturation during consolidation when applied before osteotomy or both before and after osteotomy.

Small renal masses are commonly diagnosed with modern medical imaging. Renal tumour volume has been explored as a prognostic tool to help decide when intervention is needed and appears to provide additional prognostic information for smaller tumours compared with tumour diameter. However, the current method of calculating tumour volume in clinical practice uses the ellipsoid equation (π/6 × length × width × height) which is an oversimplified approach. Some research groups trace the contour of the tumour in every image slice which is impractical for clinical use. In this study, we demonstrate a method of using 3D segmentation software and the 3D interpolation method to rapidly calculate renal tumour volume in under a minute. Using this method in 27 patients that underwent radical or partial nephrectomy, we found a 10.07% mean absolute difference compared with the traditional ellipsoid method. Our segmentation volume was closer to the calculated histopathological tumour volume than the traditional method (p = 0.03) with higher Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (0.79 vs 0.72). 3D segmentation has many uses related to 3D printing and modelling and is becoming increasingly common. Calculation of tumour volume is one additional benefit it provides. Further studies on the association between segmented tumour volume and prognosis are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small or a large cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) during routine second trimester sonography may suggest abnormal cerebral development. Therefore, determination of CSP volume with three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound can be valuable. For this purpose, we sought to evaluate the reference ranges and measurement reliability of CSP volume by Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL). VOCAL software was used to calculate the CSP volume from transabdominal multiplanar datasets of 99 structurally normal fetal ultrasound examinations between 19 and 24 weeks of gestation. Linear regression was utilized to determine reference intervals for CSP volumes as a function of gestational week (GW). Agreement among three evaluators with different proficiency levels (obstetrics and gynecology resident, perinatology fellow, and perinatologist) was assessed, using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). CSP volume and gestational age was positively correlated (r2=0.383, p=0.0001), represented by the following equation: 0.058–(1.016 x GW). Interobserver agreement between perinatologist and fellow was relatively high (ICC, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70–0.85), whereas limited ultrasound experience (resident) was associated with fair agreement with non-novice observers (ICC for resident and perinatologist, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29–0.65 and ICC for resident and fellow, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38–0.71). Reference ranges of CSP volumes using VOCAL from 19 0/6 through 24 6/7 weeks of gestation were established. A first-degree model to estimate CSP volume as a function of gestational age was also constructed. CSP volumetry seems reliable when evaluated by an examiner with particular 3D sonography experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oestrid flies (Diptera: Oestridae) do not feed during the adult stage, so they depend on an efficient assimilation and storage of nutrients during their parasitic larval stage. We describe the general morphology and provide volumetric data for the digestive and excretory organs of the three larval instars of the nasal bot fly Oestrus ovis L., using micro‐computed tomography. The size of the digestive and excretory organs greatly increased across larval instars. In all instars, the two salivary glands were remarkably large and formed a 'glandular band' by coming together, but without lumina uniting, at their posterior ends. The distal region of the anterior Malpighian tubules was greatly enlarged and full of highly radio‐opaque concretions. Moreover, the anatomy of O. ovis third‐instar larva was compared to that of two species of, respectively, similar and different feeding habits: Cephenemyia stimulator (Clark) and Hypoderma actaeon Brauer. Whereas the general morphology and arrangement of the digestive and excretory systems of C. stimulator was similar to that of O. ovis, some differences were observed in H. actaeon: a swollen anterior region of the midgut, salivary glands shorter and not forming a 'band' and anterior Malpighian tubules narrowly uniform throughout their entire length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims Computed tomography (CT) hepatic volumetry is currently accepted as the most reliable method for preoperative estimation of graft weight in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). However, several factors can cause inaccuracies in CT volumetry compared to real graft weight. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and degree of resection plane-dependent error in CT volumetry of the right hepatic lobe in LDLT. Methods Forty-six living liver donors underwent CT before donor surgery and on postoperative day 7. Prospective CT volumetry (VP) was measured via the assumptive hepatectomy plane. Retrospective liver volume (VR) was measured using the actual plane by comparing preoperative and postoperative CT. Compared with intraoperatively measured weight (W), errors in percentage (%) VP and VR were evaluated. Plane-dependent error in VP was defined as the absolute difference between VP and VR. % plane-dependent error was defined as follows: |VP–VR|/W∙100. Results Mean VP, VR, and W were 761.9 mL, 755.0 mL, and 696.9 g. Mean and % errors in VP were 73.3 mL and 10.7%. Mean error and % error in VR were 64.4 mL and 9.3%. Mean plane-dependent error in VP was 32.4 mL. Mean % plane-dependent error was 4.7%. Plane-dependent error in VP exceeded 10% of W in approximately 10% of the subjects in our study. Conclusions There was approximately 5% plane-dependent error in liver VP on CT volumetry. Plane-dependent error in VP exceeded 10% of W in approximately 10% of LDLT donors in our study. This error should be considered, especially when CT volumetry is performed by a less experienced operator who is not well acquainted with the donor hepatectomy plane.

Objectives: To evaluate whether the liver and spleen volumetric indices, measured on portal venous phase CT images, could be used to assess liver fibrosis severity in chronic liver disease.Methods: From 2007 to 2017, 558 patients (mean age 48.7 ± 13.1 years; 284 men and 274 women) with chronic liver disease (n = 513) or healthy liver (n = 45) were retrospectively enrolled. The liver volume (sVolL) and spleen volume (sVolS), normalized to body surface area and liver-to-spleen volume ratio (VolL/VolS), were measured on CT images using a deep learning algorithm. The correlation between the volumetric indices and the pathologic liver fibrosis stages combined with the presence of decompensation (F0, F1, F2, F3, F4C [compensated cirrhosis], and F4D [decompensated cirrhosis]) were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The performance of the volumetric indices in the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and decompensated cirrhosis were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).Results: The sVolS (ρ = 0.47-0.73; p < .001) and VolL/VolS (ρ = -0.77-- 0.48; p < .001) showed significant correlation with liver fibrosis stage in all etiological subgroups (i.e., viral hepatitis, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver, and autoimmune diseases), while the significant correlation of sVolL was noted only in the viral hepatitis subgroup (ρ = - 0.55; p < .001). To diagnose advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and decompensated cirrhosis, the VolL/VolS (AUC 0.82-0.88) and sVolS (AUC 0.82-0.87) significantly outperformed the sVolL (AUC 0.63-0.72; p < .001).Conclusion: The VolL/VolS and sVolS may be used for assessing liver fibrosis severity in chronic liver disease.Key Points: • Volumetric indices of liver and spleen measured on computed tomography images may allow liver fibrosis severity to be assessed in patients with chronic liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Renal and splenic infarctions are close entities, with few data concerning their clinical, biological and radiological features. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the clinical presentations, etiologies and outcomes of acute renal infarctions (RI) and splenic infarctions (SI). Design A retrospective multicentric cohort study included patients of the 6 university hospitals in Lyon with RI, SI, or associated RI-SI infarctions was conducted. Methods All consecutive cases diagnosed by CT imaging, between January 2013 and October 2016, were included. The exclusion criteria were causes of infarction that did not require additional investigations. Results A total of 161 patients were selected for analysis: 34 patients with RI, 104 patients with SI and 23 patients with both RI-SI. Mean ± SD age of patients was 63.2 ± 16.6 years; 59.6% were male. Only 5/161 (3.1%) were healthy prior to the event. The main symptoms were diffuse abdominal pain (26.4%), followed by nausea/vomiting (18.3%) and fever (16.4%).The causes of RI or SI varied significantly within the three groups. Hypercoagulable state was associated with SI, and embolic disease and arterial injury were associated with RI. Extensive (i.e.>2/3 of organ volume) (OR 6.22, 95%CI 2.0119.22) and bilateral infarctions (OR 15.05, 95%CI 1.79–126.78) were significantly associated with hemodynamic shocks. The survival at 1 month follow-up did not significantly differ between the three groups. Conclusion Acute RI and SI are heterogenous entities in regards to their clinical presentation, etiology, associated venous or arterial thrombosis, but prognoses were not different at short term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) is a widely used vertebrate animal for modeling genetic diseases by targeted editing strategies followed by gross phenotypic and biomarker characterization. While larval transparency permits microscopic detection of anatomical defects, histological adult screening for organ-level defects remains invasive, tedious, inefficient, and subject to technical artifact. Here, we describe a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to systematically screen adult zebrafish for anatomical growth defects. An anatomical atlas of wild-type (WT) zebrafish at 5-31 months post-fertilization was created by ex vivo MRI with a 9.4 T magnet. Volumetric growth over time was measured of animals and major organs, including the brain, spinal cord, heart, eyes, optic nerve, ear, liver, kidneys, and swim bladder. Subsequently, surf1 -/- , fbxl4 -/- , and opa1 +/- mitochondrial disease mutant adult zebrafish were quantitatively studied to compare organ volumes with age-matched WT zebrafish. Results demonstrated that MRI enabled noninvasive, high-resolution, rapid screening of mutant adult zebrafish for overall and organ-specific growth abnormalities. Detailed volumetric analyses of three mitochondrial disease mutants delineated specific organ differences, including significantly increased brain growth in surf1 -/- and opa1 +/- , and marginally significant decreased heart and spinal cord volumes in surf1 -/- mutants. This is interesting as we know neurological involvement can be seen in SURF1 - /- patients with ataxia, dystonia, and lesions in basal ganglia, as well as in OPA1 +/- patients with spasticity, ataxia, and hyperreflexia indicative of neuropathology. Similarly, cardiomyopathy is a known sequelae of cardiac pathology in patients with SURF1 - /- -related disease. Future studies will define MRI signaling patterns of organ dysfunction to further delineate specific pathology.

Objective: We aim to determine the volume changes of the pancreas after gastrectomy by using volumetric computed tomography (CT) measurements. Methods:Thirteen patients (8 men, 5 women, age range: 42 y - 76 y) who were diagnosed with gastric cancer and underwent gastrectomy (2 subtotal, II total) were included in this retrospective study. Pancreatic volumes were measured in preoperative (PvolprG) and postoperative (3 month (PvolistfU), 7- III month (PvoUdFu), and 18-601 month (PvobrdFu) follow-up) contrast-enhanced CT examinations. To calculate the pancreatic volume, first, we manually drew the outermost margins of the pancreas and cut the volume, then we used a threshold method to exclude fat densities that infiltrated the pancreas. We used the Shapiro -Wilk test for normality, Levene test for homogeneity and one-way ANOVA test for comparing multiple groups. The significance level of 0.05 is used. Results:Pancreatic volumes decreased significantly within the 3 month after the surgery in all of the patients (Pvol0re: 87,6 cc, PvolislFu: 60,4 cc, p=0.044). The differences in the pancreas volumes between first, second and third follow-up examinations were not significant (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion:This study demonstrated that pancreas volume significantly decreases after gastrectomy and the decrease could be well documented with volumetric CT. The decrease in the volume is more evident in the 3rd month follow up period. A radiologist should be aware of an expected decrease in the volume of the pancreas in the follow-up after gastrectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) is a useful method to identify various causes of death and measure the volume of internal organs and gases. The purpose of this study was to investigate postmortem changes as measured by PMCT, and the relationship between the volume of organs and gases and postmortem interval (PMI). Forty-six cadavers (22 men, 24 women) were examined by CT before autopsy. The volumes of the lungs, intrahepatic gas, and intrarectal gas were measured by CT using a workstation. A stepwise regression analysis was used to establish a predictive equation to ascertain the measured volume using factors including sex, age, height, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), and PMI. For estimation of PMI, stepwise regression analysis was used. In the equations for each measured volume, height, diaphragmatic height, and BSA were adopted for the left lung; height and diaphragmatic height were adopted for the right lung; PMI was adopted for intrahepatic gas; and sex and PMI were adopted for intrarectal gas. In the PMI equations, left lung volume, intrahepatic gas, and intrarectal gas were adopted together with sex, weight, and BMI. Values of intrahepatic gas decreased with postmortem changes, while intrarectal gas increased. This may be useful in investigation of postmortem changes. It will be necessary to include other parts of the intestine and to analyze volume changes in gases from these parts after death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish reference ranges of the fetal adrenal gland (AG) and fetal zone (FZ) volumes using three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS).Methods: We performed a prospective cross-sectional study with 204 normal singleton pregnancies between 24 and 37 + 6 weeks of gestation. The fetal AG and FZ volumes were obtained using the virtual organ computer-aided analysis method with a 30° rotation. To establish reference ranges as the function of gestational age (GA), quantile regression was performed with the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2). Intra- and inter-observer repeatability was performed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).Results: The mean results of fetal AG and FZ values were 0.42 cm3 (0.04-1.22) and 0.10 cm3 (0.02-0.47), respectively. The best-fit quantile regression models for fetal AG and FZ volumes as the function of GA were in first-degree models: AG = -0.937 + 0.041 × GA (R2 = 0.124) and FZ = -0.201 + 0.009 × GA (R2 = 0.127), respectively. We observed good intra-observer repeatability of fetal AG and FZ volumes, with an ICC of 0.996 and 0.989, respectively. We also observed good inter-observer repeatability, with an ICC of 0.972 and 0.966 for AG and FZ, respectively.Conclusion: The reference ranges of AG and FZ volumes using 3DUS between 24 and 37 + 6 weeks of gestation were established and exhibited good repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) and free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA) for the estimation of prostate volume (PV) in pathologically-proven benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. Methods: From January 2010 to March 2013, 165 Korean men with a PSA less than 10 ng/mL who were diagnosed without prostate cancer by prostate biopsy were enrolled. Patients were classified into three age groups: ≤60, 61–70, and >70 years old. The results were organized to estimate and compare the ability of serum tPSA and fPSA to assess the PV. Results: Enrolled patients had a median age of 63.5 years (44 to 80), a median tPSA of 5.72 ng/mL, a median fPSA of 0.98 ng/mL and a median PV of 53.68 mL, respectively. Among the associations between tPSA, fPSA, age, and PV, the highest correlation was verified between fPSA and PV (r=0.377, P

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Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the transverse shape of the fetal urinary bladder. Methods: Using 3D ultrasound, an appropriate longitudinal image of fetal urinary bladders was chosen. Perpendicular sections were examined and the transverse bladder image with a minimum of shadows was selected, documented and transferred to a PC. The contour of the transverse bladder image was marked manually and recorded electronically. The mean of radii distances from the centre pixel to each border pixel outlining this bladder image was calculated for each fetus. Results: In the material comprising 20 fetuses, the range of mean radii was 2.6-18.4 mm and the SD 0.4 mm. The mean wall thickness of the bladders was 2.7 mm and the distance represented by one pixel for different selected depths was 0.3 mm on average. Conclusions: In view of the current technical limitations, an aberration from the circular shape may not be discernible. For this reason, the transverse shape of the fetal urinary bladder can be regarded as a circle. This means that, for bladder volume estimation, only an appropriate longitudinal section is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To calculate the measurement error of the hourly fetal urine production rate (HFUPR) and evaluate the implication of different methods for measuring the HFUPR, i.e. ellipsoid versus sum-of-cylinders method.Methods: The calculation was based on sonographic documentation of the increased bladder volumes during the filling phase, the bladder volume measurement error and the number and time points of bladder image capture.Results: The probability of a false pathological reading was excluded (0%) with the sum-of-cylinders method for gestational ages of ≥30 weeks. With the ellipsoid method, the risk was higher. The maximum changes which could be exclusively explained by measurement error were four to five times greater with the ellipsoid method compared with the sum-of-cylinders method.Conclusions: The present paper illustrates a careful evaluation of the HFUPR measurement error and the implications of using different ultrasound methods for bladder volume estimations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine reference values for placental volume at 7 to 10 + 6 weeks of gestation by means of three-dimensional ultrasonography with the XI VOCAL (eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was developed with 70 pregnant women at 7 to 10 + 6 weeks of gestation. The XI VOCAL method with ten sequential adjacent planes was utilized in the volume calculations. Means, medians, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values for placental volume were calculated. A scatter plot adjusted by the determination coefficient (R²) was constructed to correlate placental volume and gestational age. RESULTS: Mean placental volume ranged from 4.6 cm³ (2.6-8.6 cm³) to 28.9 cm³ (11.4-66.9 cm³). The placental volume (PV) has shown to be highly correlated with the gestational age (GA) and the best fit equation was [PV = exp(0.582 × GA + 0.063); R² = 0.82]. CONCLUSION: Reference values for placental volume in the first gestational trimester were determined with the XI VOCAL method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an aggressive strategy to treat patients presenting peritoneal carcinomatosis from various origins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the peritoneal cavity’s capacity and the weight, the size and the body mass index (BMI) of patients to see if it would be relevant to adapt the pharmacology of HIPEC based on these factors. This study included 100 patients who had chest-abdominal-pelvic Computerised Tomography (CAP-CT) for various reasons. They were chosen randomly (53 males; 47 females; age range 19–96; mean 58 years). Weight and height of each of them were recorded with their identity on a model sheet given to nurses accustomed to work in clinical trials, before the CAP-CT. The BMI was then calculated from these two values. All the subjects were scanned with CT (Philips Brilliance 40, Cleveland, USA) and the volume of the peritoneal cavity, the liver and the spleen of each was measured with Centricity PACS LS software or Volume Viewer 2 (AW Suite 2.0 6.5.1 u) software. The rates of correlation between the weight, the size, the BMI and the volume of the peritoneal cavity in which the volumes of the liver and the spleen were removed are 0.674, 0.317 and 0.576, respectively; and those of the weight, the size, the BMI and the volume of the peritoneal cavity without taking into account the volume occupied by the liver and spleen are 0.749, 0.348 and 0.644, respectively. The peritoneal cavity’s capacity is mainly correlated with weight and the interest to assess the volume of liver and spleen remains questionable in terms of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the study was to establish normative data for placental volume (PV) at 7–10+6 weeks of gestation using three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS). The cross-sectional study involved 70 healthy pregnancies between 7 and 11 weeks. The VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis) method with a 30° rotation angle and six planes was used for volumetric calculations. Regression models were constructed to assess the correlation between PV and crown–rump length (CRL) adjusted by the determination coefficient (R 2). The method proposed by Royston and Wright was used to establish the 2.5th; 10th; 50th; 90th and 97.5th percentiles (percentile=mean+ K ×SD). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland–Altman graphs and Student’s paired t-tests were used to assess intra- and interobserver variability. PV ranged from 1.7 to 42.6cm3, with a mean of 13.6cm3 (±9.4cm3). There was a strong correlation between PV and CRL; the exponential equation was the model that best expressed the correlation between them (R 2 =0.76). For CRL between 9 and 40mm, the mean PV increased 10.5 times, while CRL increased only 4.4 times. Inter- and intraobserver correlation were excellent (ICC=0.979 and 0.971, respectively). Bland–Altman graphs indicated a good reproducibility with a mean intraobserver and interobserver difference of 0.2cm3 (95% CI: −0.7–1.2cm3) and −0.2cm3 (95% CI: −1.3–0.9cm3), respectively. Reference limits were generated for first trimester PV assessed by 3DUS using the VOCAL method. There is a strong correlation between PV and CRL. Placental volume obtained through this method was highly reproducible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective. To verify the correlation of fetal cerebellar volume by three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) with other indices of fetal growth in normal fetuses. Methods. This was a longitudinal prospective study involving 52 normal pregnant women between 20 and 32 weeks of gestation. The assessments of the fetal cerebellar volume were carried out at intervals of two weeks, and the method used was VOCAL (virtual organ computer-aided analysis) with a 30° rotation angle. At each assessment, the following biometric indices were evaluated using the two-dimensional method: biparietal diameter, head circumference, transverse cerebellar diameter, femur length, and estimated fetal weight. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to evaluate the correlation between fetal cerebellar volume and these indices; we also used polynomial regression analysis with fetal cerebellar volume as the dependent variable and the other indices as the independent variable. Results. The fetal cerebellar volume was highly correlated with gestational age (r = 0.94; p < 0.001) and with all other fetal growth indices (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The assessment of the fetal cerebellar volume by 3D US is an important tool to evaluate fetal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the normal distribution of abdominal organ volumes measured from abdominal computed tomographic (CT) images. A total of 149 adult abdominal CT studies were selected, and 711 organs (388 from males, 323 from females) were outlined by hand on each CT image by using a computer. More than 18,000 organ outlines were traced. The organs studied included left and right kidneys, left and right adrenals, spleen, pancreas, and liver, and the first lumbar vertebrae was also evaluated. Using the known pixel size and section thickness, organ volumes were computed. Organ volumes were corrected for height and weight for each sex. The normal and cumulative normal distributions for each organ studied were computed, demonstrating the range of organ volumes for each sex that exist in the normal adult population. Organ volumes ranged from a mean of 4.4 mL (female left adrenal) to 1710 mL (male liver). Mean organ volumes were 64.4, 156.5, 179.8, and 1411 mL for the female pancreas, kidneys, spleen, and liver, respectively. Corresponding male volumes were 87.4, 193.1, 238.4, and 1710 mL, respectively. Tabular data are provided that indicate the relative size for each organ volume in terms of the cumulative probability distribution. Normative data are provided to allow physicians to estimate where in the normal range a particular organ volume lays. Organ volumes may be useful as quantitative indices of pathologic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two experiments carried out on two alternate days, the 24-hrhythmicity of pineal gland volume, pinealocyte nuclear size in cortex and medulla and mitotic actty were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats, to assess to what extent morphological parameters reflect the pronounced day/night differences in pineal melatonin formation. Pineal volume exhibited statistically significant changes in the second experiment only, with a distinct trough at 6 p.m. Karyometry revealed highly variable patterns. In the first experiment, pinealocyte nuclear changes lacked parallelism in cortex and medulla. The cortex exhibited a bimodal curve with peaks at noon of the first day and at 6 a.m. of the second day, and two troughs at 6 a.m. and midnight respectively of the first day. The medulla showed no clear-cut rhythmicity. In the second experiment, cortex and medulla reacted similarly, nuclear size decreasing from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., remaining low thereafter. Mitotic activity of pinealocytes is low (on average 23 mitotic figures/gland). In both experiments statistically significant differences existed between certain times, pointing in the direction of 24-hrhythmicity, but whereas the curve exhibited a peak at midnight in the first experiment, mitotic activity in the second experiment showed a trough at midnight. It is concluded that for as yet unexplained reasons morphological parameters do not appear to accurately reflect circadian rhythmicity of pineal melatonin formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]