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Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water quality and quantity are important issues. The frequently asked questions (FAQs) in this publication, based on extensive UF/IFAS research, address common concerns related to water, irrigation, fertilizers, best management practices (BMPs), landscapes, and landscape maintenance. Written by Michael D. Dukes, Bernard Cardenas, Laurie E. Trenholm, Ed Gilman, Chris J. Martinez, John L. Cisar, Thomas H. Yeager, Amy Shober, and Geoffrey Denny, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, revised September 2024.

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the early modern period, 'gute Policey,' representing the 'good order of the community,' served as a fundamental leading category in matters of order, government, and normativity. In this editorial we introduce the topic of this special issue.

This paper discusses the innovativeness of the Inheritance Ordinance introduced in Toledo during the 12th century and later reintroduced in Fez in Morocco following the expulsion of Jewish communities from Spain and Portugal. Community leaders in Toledo, and after the expulsion also in Fes, transformed the laws of succession established in biblical times by granting women equal rights on matters of inheritance by marriage. The ordinance also granted unmarried daughters the right to inherit alongside their brothers despite the fact that, according to biblical law, daughters do not inherit when there are sons. Inheritance ordinances had significant social, financial and gendered implications on Jewish lives in many communities. The study will show that leaders of Sephardi Jewish communities were nothing less than advanced in their innovative and unprecedented ordinances related to women's inheritance. Their innovativeness followed a number of preliminary conditions which enabled it. First and foremost was the authority vested in these Jewish leaders by the monarchy in various parts of Spain and Portugal. The laws of the kingdom in these countries granted women equal rights in succession laws. So as to avoid significant differences and reduce legislative gaps, ordinances were issued to correspond with national realities. Spain had been the world's center of Jewish Halacha following the period of the Geonim—the heads of the ancient Talmudic academies of Babylonia and its sages—, and the Sephardic sages felt that their position allowed them to make bold decisions. The most innovative Jewish ordinance issued in this regard back in the 12th century was the Tulitula ordinance, originating from the city of Toledo, home to one of the largest and most affluent Jewish communities of the time. The regulation granted wives rights over their husbands' inheritance regarding property established during their joint lives, as well as property which she had brought with her to the marriage. Following the Expulsion of Jews from Spain, the expelled sages, arriving in Morocco, reinstated the Tulitula ordinance in the newly established community of the city of Fez, further improving women's position beyond the provisions of the original regulation. The new circumstances following the expulsion resulted in many Jewish communities in Morocco adopting the new version of the regulation. As they had been forced to wander from place to place, the expelled communities encountered severe problems involving family law. The ordinances spread throughout nearly all Jewish communities in Morocco. In the 19th century, a number of changes were introduced to the Fez ordinances, which in practice diminished women's inheritance rights. However, the essence of the original ordinance was ultimately assimilated into Rabbinical and Supreme Court rulings of the State of Israel, due to its suitability to Israel's modern inheritance laws and to the legislation of the Women's Equal Rights Law in 1951. The leadership of Spanish sages and community leaders in various countries and of rabbinical judges in Fez, Morocco, had been both charismatic and rational and included modern components for coping with social change and new realities under the Kingdoms of Spain as well as following the expulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We document whether a simple, univariate model for quarterly GDP growth is able to deliver forecasts of yearly GDP growth in a crisis period like the Covid-19 pandemic, which may serve cross-checking forecasts obtained from elaborate and expert models used by forecasting institutions. We include shocks to the log number of short-time workers as timely available current-quarter indicator. Yearly GDP growth forecasts serve cross-checking, in particular at the outbreak of the pandemic.

Local laws on urban policy, i.e., ordinances directly affect our daily life in various ways (health, business etc.), yet in practice, for many citizens they remain impervious and complex. This article focuses on an approach to make urban policy more accessible and comprehensible to the general public and to government officials, while also addressing pertinent social media postings. Due to the intricacies of the natural language, ranging from complex legalese in ordinances to informal lingo in tweets, it is practical to harness human judgment here. To this end, we mine ordinances and tweets via reasoning based on commonsense knowledge so as to better account for pragmatics and semantics in the text. Ours is pioneering work in ordinance mining, and thus there is no prior labeled training data available for learning. This gap is filled by commonsense knowledge, a prudent choice in situations involving a lack of adequate training data. The ordinance mining can be beneficial to the public in fathoming policies and to officials in assessing policy effectiveness based on public reactions. This work contributes to smart governance, leveraging transparency in governing processes via public involvement. We focus significantly on ordinances contributing to smart cities, hence an important goal is to assess how well an urban region heads towards a smart city as per its policies mapping with smart city characteristics, and the corresponding public satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a view to the necessities as well as the possible problems of a document-based administration, this paper approaches the area of conflict between standardization and flexibility in the production of administrative documents in ancient China. Recently published sources from the imperial Qin period (221–207 bce) have provided the opportunity to compare administrative documents excavated at Liye with standards regulating their production. With the help of two case studies, the paper explores to what extent official document standards were implemented in everyday practice or purposefully neglected in ancient Qianling county. It also discusses which standards were followed more closely than others, and what might be the reasons behind this. Shedding light on the large grey zone between faithful adherence and complete neglect, the paper suggests that officials chose a pragmatic way influenced by both economic considerations informed by the local circumstances and the requirements imposed by the central government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We document whether a simple, univariate model for quarterly GDP growth is able to deliver forecasts of yearly GDP growth in a crisis period like the Covid-19 pandemic, which may serve cross-checking forecasts obtained from elaborate and expert models used by forecasting institutions. We include shocks to the log number of short-time workers as timely available current-quarter indicator. Yearly GDP growth forecasts serve cross-checking, in particular at the outbreak of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology and communications platforms that were initially incorporated as part of a rushed recalibration to provide worship services virtually are now a fundamental and standard part of the worship life and ministry of the church. Keywords: priesthood; priesthood of all believers; ordinances; technology; laity; formation; disability EN priesthood priesthood of all believers ordinances technology laity formation disability 59 65 7 02/07/23 20230101 NES 230101 Introduction In the early 2000s, I had a conversation with the late Rev. Dr. Granville Allen Seward, who was at that time pastor emeritus of Mount Zion Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The pandemic laid at the foot of the whole church, both clergy and laity, opportunities to see the church with new eyes and envision new ways of doing ministry generally and worship specifically. [Extracted from the article]

Joseph Kinghorn is an underappreciated figure in the modern remembrance of Baptist history. Despite Kinghorn's significant influence among English Baptists in his own time, he is rarely mentioned as a significant influence today. When he is remembered, it is often for his role in the controversy over strict communion. However, among those who knew the man, Kinghorn was best known for his remarkable amiability, character, and delight in the lord. In light of this, a reexamination of Kinghorn's spirituality offers much to the modern reader. Of peculiar interest is how Kinghorn's spirituality was formed in close relationship with his father. This study offers a short summary of Kinghorn's spirituality within its historical context, with attention given to how it was formed in relationship with his father, and worked out in the life of the church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Millars: Espai i Història is the property of Millars: Espai i Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a state governed by the rule of law in which democratic principles recognized, enshrined by the Constitution, are the basis for the organization and functioning of the public authorities and institutions in that state, the principle of separation and balance of power in the state cannot be ignored. According to this constitutional principle, governments are part of the executive branch and their main role is to implement the most important normative acts, the laws, adopted by parliaments. In order to achieve this role, generically identified, governments have constitutionally recognized the possibility of adopting legal acts, of a normative or individual nature, through which it is possible to them to organize the enforcement of laws or even to ensure their enforcement. Although, according to this above mentioned principle, we could not identify a "legislative power" recognized to governments, the reality has led even the constitutional legislator to recognize them the possibility of adopting legal acts with a legal force similar to that of laws to solve different special, exceptional, extraordinary, situations, even crisis. The legislative delegation thus enshrined in the constitution, allowed governments to "legislate", to adopt primary normative acts by which, even only temporarily, to adopt measures that otherwise could not have been adopted except by law, by parliaments. Although, in principle, for the adoption of such normative acts with a legal force similar to the law, governments need the "permission" of parliaments expressed by adopting a law under the conditions established by the Constitution itself, however in some constitutional systems it is also recognized the possibility the issuance of such acts by governments, without the need to issue such a law in advance. Taking into consideration that some governments, as well as ours, develop a "true passion" for the adoption of such acts, as emergency ordinances are in our constitutional system, by this article, we intend to analyze the possibility that by exercising a such attributions, usually and not of an extraordinary character, should be affected even by the Government the good governance that it has to ensure, thus exercising even a true discretionary power.

Purpose–Thispaperaimed to develop a system that applies VADER Sentiment Analysis to tweets collected using adevelopedtwitter scraper toolto identify the insights of public responsesbased on their tweetson certain government servicesrendered to them thus providing legislators of the province of Laguna an additional tool in writing future legislations.Method–This study may serve as an additional tool tothe Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Laguna in identifying sentiments of the public in terms of government services that are rendered and lack thereof based on the collected tweets written in Tagalog, English or Taglish(Tagalog and English).Data collected through the Twitter scraper tool are preprocessed taking into consideration the special characters that also have impact on scoring sentiments, emojis,and emoticons. The compound score is computed by normalizing the sum of the polarityscores foreach tweet.Results–Aside from a tabular visualization of VADER’s results, the system also provides graphical representation of the evaluation result with the percentage of positive neutral and negative tweets. Based on the result of the testing and evaluation, the VADER model is 80.71% accurate and had an F-score of 84.33%.Conclusion–The reports generated from the system be utilized to serve as potentially additional basis for legislators of the province of Laguna in writing legislations such as resolutions and ordinances based on the sentiment or voice of the community.Recommendations–It is recommended to collaborate with linguists to develop a native language of VADER’s lexicon to improve the accuracy of the sentiment scores.

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Islam recognizes the notion of personal rights of the individuals including the right of ownership, possession and property. Islam also identifies the individual's rights to function individualistically. Therefore the efforts made for promoting intellectual rights can be considered a legitimate and recognized personal right. The notion of intellectual property is not unfamiliar to the Islamic regulation of property but it is an essential portion of it. Wide-ranging doctrines derived from the foundations of Islamic law and defined by Muslim jurists have directly protected it as a legal property. Intellectual property rights are indispensable to human creativity. Many laws have been enacted to protect intellectual property rights by creating awareness among the individuals about the intellectual property rights at national and international level. This research presents various viewpoints of Islamic scholars on intellectual property rights by highlighting the extent of these intellectual property rights. It also explores the endeavors being made at national and international level to raise awareness about various intellectual property rights including trademark, copyright and patent, which facilitate innovators to acquire acknowledgment or monetary advantages from their innovations. The basic aim of this research is to portrait a general idea of the endeavors made by numerous international organizations, countries and bodies including World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Paris Convention, Protection Industrial Property, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and World Trade Organization (WTO) for protecting the intellectual property rights. This study also explores the efforts made by Pakistan to enact laws for intellectual property rights by issuing various ordinances including Patents Ordinance 2000, Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001, Copyright Ordinance 1962. The Intellectual Property Organization-IPO was also as an autonomous body in 2005 under the administrative control of the Cabinet Division for integrated and efficient intellectual property management in Pakistan. Results, recommendations are presented at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summaries or transcripts of ordinances proclaimed in Suriname, Guyana, Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, Saba and half of St. Martin, and related to enslavement and multicultural relations, have been available digitally since 2013-2014, via two web applications titled “The Dutch in the Caribbean World, c. 1670-c. 1870” and “Guyana ordinance book, 1670-1870”.

Copyright of Intus-Legere Historia is the property of Intus-Legere Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the innovativeness of the Inheritance Ordinance introduced in Toledo during the 12th century and later reintroduced in Fez in Morocco following the expulsion of Jewish communities from Spain and Portugal. Community leaders in Toledo, and after the expulsion also in Fes, transformed the laws of succession established in biblical times by granting women equal rights on matters of inheritance by marriage. The ordinance also granted unmarried daughters the right to inherit alongside their brothers despite the fact that, according to biblical law, daughters do not inherit when there are sons. Inheritance ordinances had significant social, financial and gendered implications on Jewish lives in many communities. The study will show that leaders of Sephardi Jewish communities were nothing less than advanced in their innovative and unprecedented ordinances related to women’s inheritance. Their innovativeness followed a number of preliminary conditions which enabled it. First and foremost was the authority vested in these Jewish leaders by the monarchy in various parts of Spain and Portugal. The laws of the kingdom in these countries granted women equal rights in succession laws. So as to avoid significant differences and reduce legislative gaps, ordinances were issued to correspond with national realities. Spain had been the world’s center of Jewish Halacha following the period of the Geonim—the heads of the ancient Talmudic academies of Babylonia and its sages—, and the Sephardic sages felt that their position allowed them to make bold decisions. The most innovative Jewish ordinance issued in this regard back in the 12th century was the Tulitula ordinance, originating from the city of Toledo, home to one of the largest and most affluent Jewish communities of the time. The regulation granted wives rights over their husbands’ inheritance regarding property established during their joint lives, as well as property which she had brought with her to the marriage. Following the Expulsion of Jews from Spain, the expelled sages, arriving in Morocco, reinstated the Tulitula ordinance in the newly established community of the city of Fez, further improving women’s position beyond the provisions of the original regulation. The new circumstances following the expulsion resulted in many Jewish communities in Morocco adopting the new version of the regulation. As they had been forced to wander from place to place, the expelled communities encountered severe problems involving family law. The ordinances spread throughout nearly all Jewish communities in Morocco. In the 19th century, a number of changes were introduced to the Fez ordinances, which in practice diminished women’s inheritance rights. However, the essence of the original ordinance was ultimately assimilated into Rabbinical and Supreme Court rulings of the State of Israel, due to its suitability to Israel’s modern inheritance laws and to the legislation of the Women’s Equal Rights Law in 1951. The leadership of Spanish sages and community leaders in various countries and of rabbinical judges in Fez, Morocco, had been both charismatic and rational and included modern components for coping with social change and new realities under the Kingdoms of Spain as well as following the expulsion.

COVID-19 is becoming an increasing concern since its emergence in late 2019. Texas in particular has seen an increasing number of cases along with overloaded hospitals. Texas has not dealt with a pandemic as severe as this for decades and the government is quickly implementing procedures to mitigate the effects of COVID-19. These COVID-19 procedures are spiking concern in many individuals, causing them to question the constitutionality of these ordinances and if the government is infringing on their rights. In this paper we will analyze these procedures and how they originated. We will explore the different roles of federal, state and local governments in public health law and the extent of their authority during a public health crisis. This analysis will provide the answers and show you why the government is likely not infringing on your constitutional rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos Dieciochistas is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hessische Blätter für Volksbildung is the property of wbv Media GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines 45 preambles in collections of urban customary law (called custumals) from 32 premodern towns in England between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries. Urban custom was the local law of English towns, and constituted traditions and privileges that gained legal force over time. How lawmakers conceived of "bad" custom—that is, the desuetude or corruption of custom—was crucial to the intellectual framework of urban law. Evidence from preambles shows that lawmakers rooted the legitimacy of their laws in "customary time," which was the period from the supposed origins of their customs to their formalization in text. Lawmakers' efforts to reinforce, ratify, and revise urban customs by making new custumals and passing ordinances were attempts to broaden their autonomy and respond to the possibility of "bad" custom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Comparative Law / Revista Romana de Drept Comparat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Putting local societies in order: the regulative use of municipal ordinances between past and present. This article analyses municipal ordinances with the aim of showing how local authorities resort to them in order to regulate extensively and structurally individuals’ – and especially migrants’ – public behaviours. Moving from a socio-legal and socio-political perspective, this proposal first reconstructs the origins of the power of ordinance as part of the historical changes of the concept of ‘police’. It then retraces the history of ordinances by identifying their various meanings and showing their different uses. Finally, it focuses on the ordinances targeting migrants in particular. The conclusion of the article is that, similarly to what happened at the beginning of the Modern Age, ordinances are conceived of as the symbolic and material manifestation of the sovereignty of those who employ them, rather than as administrative tools aimed at concretely implementing the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable element for organisms but the primary source of P—mineral phosphate resources—are non-renewable. Agricultural production has a high demand for fossil phosphate resources, but the resulting phosphate-rich residues are lack of management. This leads to rapid reserves depletion and severe phosphate pollution risks. One sustainable way is to reuse the phosphate dispersed in various residues such as sewage sludge and livestock manure. Diverse techniques have emerged to recover phosphate from wastes to close the phosphate cycle. While it is a global issue, the regional situations regarding potential phosphate scarcity and its management differ strongly. China is rich in phosphate resources, but over-exploitation has greatly increased the risk of phosphate rocks depletion, while in Germany the P resources depend on imports, but there is commitment to keep a balance between import and utilization. This had led to great differences in the way the two countries deal with the “re-use” of phosphate in waste. China is now in a transition phase from the simple terminal pollution control to “waste” reuse and nutrient resources recycling. One sign of this tendency is the mandatory garbage classification and preparation for further processing and recycling. This was first implemented in Shanghai in 2019, whereas Germany has been following the legal framework for waste management since the 19th century. There are a series of laws to control the nutrient loss from municipal and agricultural activities, as for instance with sewage sludge ordinance and fertilizer legislation. Many of these laws have been newly revised recently. Sewage sludge cannot be directly utilized on farmland as organic fertilizer any more. Alternatively, phosphate and other nutrients should be recovered from sewage sludge. Advanced phosphate recovery technologies and related nutrient recycling schemes are proceeding. This review summarizes the current situation of phosphate-containing residues management and phosphate reuse in China and Germany. The state legislation and policies, which would affect the phosphate recycling concept are presented as well. As there are various kinds of phosphate-containing residues, different phosphate recovery technologies can be applied. Those technologies are discussed from their mechanism and suitability.

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article details the beginnings of a new kind of silk's textile production in the city of Toledo at the end of the 15th century: velvet. We examine the precedents of silk production of the city and how it was introduced a new one which partially replaced it. A key point on the analysis is the ordinances Toledo's velvet weaving of 1485. Throughout this regulation and also through notarial protocols of the city we try to bring an image of the labor organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of En la España Medieval is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos Dieciochistas is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Documenta & Instrumenta is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The contribution deals with a widely unknown and formerly inaccessible part of English colonial law-making: the small body of legal rules for the colony of Heligoland (1807–1890). Even though Heligoland was a very small and rather insignificant colony, the ordinances are interesting for three reasons: the indulgent treatment of the local population (given that Heligoland was one of the very few European colonies of the empire), the geographical vicinity of German-speaking territories, and in particular, the emerging German Empire after 1871. All of these are reflected in the application of foreign (German) laws (strand laws, monetary laws, metric rules) to the colony. This made Heligoland a unique case compared to other colonies. The contribution provides an overview of the pre-history of the introduction of the ordinances (1807–1863), and it explains the why, whence and whither of the 76 ordinances that were passed between 1864 and 1889. It is completed by a chronological list of the ordinances.

It identifies the main drafting problems found in ordinances issued by the Office of the Brazilian Minister of Health (GM/MS), published between 1998 and 2017, which jeopardized its consolidation process. The sample of the ordinances used has as main objective to be illustrative, having chosen a sample not probabilistic, but of convenience. In the end, 18 drafting different problems were identified. RESUMO Identifica os principais problemas de redação encontrados nas portarias emanadas do Gabinete do Ministro da Saúde (GM/MS), publicadas entre 1998 e 2017, que dificultaram o seu processo de consolidação. A amostra das portarias utilizada tem como principal objetivo ser ilustrativa, tendo sido escolhida uma amostragem não probabilística, mas de conveniência. Ao final, foram identificados 18 problemas de redação nas normas utilizadas no processo de consolidação.

In preparing the current article we have started from the facts established by the adoption by the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 13/2017 amending and supplementing Law no. 286/2009 on the Criminal Code and Law no. 135/2010 on the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Romanian Constitution amended in 2003, in Article 115 par. (1), provides that the Government, the executive authority issues orders under a special law of habilitation, in areas that are not covered by the organic laws. Also, the Government may adopt emergency ordinances “only in exceptional cases, the regulation of which cannot be postponed, having the obligation to motivate the urgency in their content” (art. 115, par. (4) of the Constitution). Among the objectives of this work we have aimed to clarify some aspects referring: the specifics of government ordinances (simple and emergency ordinances); their legal effects; the legislative delegation; control of constitutionality. To this end, we have analyzed the acts that refer to this field, the doctrine and jurisprudence. Finally, after examining and empirical research, the paper details the general conclusions on the legal regime applicable to the ordinances of the Romanian Government.

Copyright of Annals of Theology / Roczniki Teologiczne is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conservation Development (CD) is a land-use tool to reduce the impacts of development on natural resources, yetthe use of CD is highly variable. We used a collaborative conservation model to examine factors influencing adoption and implementation to improve the future application of CD. We interviewed 2–3 individuals including planners, board members, and developers (n = 46) from 16 rural communities in the intermountain west and northeast U.S. Motivations to preserve rural character or comply with state statutes drove adoption. Greater capacity such as outside expertise, model regulations, and iterative revisions of ordinances was associated with stronger ordinances. Adoption processes including ample dialog across diverse constituents, especially those overseeing subdivision development, facilitated higher rates of implementation. Concerns over open space management, lack of successful CD examples, and inexperience with CD posed barriers to implementation. Understanding social context revealed the strengths and shortcomings of CD and provided guidance for strategically engaging communities in private lands conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hispania Sacra is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Problem, research strategy, and findings: There has been a dramatic resurgence of bed bug infestations in the United States since the early 2000s. Bed bugs pose significant public health and economic concerns, but cities have been hampered in their response by the ambiguity of current public health and housing regulations toward bed bugs. In this study, I analyze municipal ordinances for more than 8,000 local governments, describe the responses of cities to the bed bug crisis, and examine the different approaches that cities have taken and the political–ecological processes underpinning these varying approaches. Few municipalities have addressed bed bugs in their codes. Most cities that have addressed bed bugs have sought to clarify that bed bugs are to be treated like other pests but, rather than crafting policies specific to bed bugs, have relied on existing code enforcement procedures. Only a handful of U.S. cities have taken a comprehensive approach to addressing the bed bug epidemic. Interests representing apartment owners have pushed back strongly against municipal and state action, complicating the response. It is still too early, and monitoring data are insufficient, to conclusively evaluate the success of municipal ordinances, but I describe potentially successful approaches based on considerations of public health response to infectious disease. Takeaway for practice: Because human dwellings are the habitat of bed bugs, infestations are intimately tied to issues of housing affordability, insecurity and quality, eviction, and mobility. Cities should consider passing ordinances that specifically recognize bed bugs in the sections of their code that address public health, property maintenance, and landlord–tenant rights and responsibilities. Ordinances should be tailored to the specific challenges in addressing bed bug infestations and should include provisions for tenant protection, enforcement, and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]