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The aim of this research was to test the effect of training impure tact versus pure tact and intraverbals on the emergence of new verbal operants (impure tacts), thus establishing a conceptual and methodological differentiation on these operants. This was done by varying the training order of intraverbal or impure tact to analyze and confirm whether or not impure tact is the mere sum of pure tact plus intraverbal and therefore has different functions and consequences in learning. An experiment was conducted with 30 participants randomly assigned to three groups. In Group 1, pure tact plus intraverbal and then impure tact were trained. In Group 3 the training order of these operants was counterbalanced. Group 2 was the control group, training only pure tact plus intraverbal. After the training phases, the emergence of impure tacts was tested. The results of this research indicate that the training of impure tacts favors the emergence of new impure tacts to a greater extent than the training of pure tact plus intraverbal and that they therefore have different functions. It is also shown that variation in the order of presentation of the type of training influences the subsequent emergence of new operants (impure tacts), so that creating a previous history of learning in impure tacts favors emergence even when the intraverbal alone is subsequently trained. This has important implications at both conceptual and methodological levels as it would contribute to the development of more effective language training technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tbe aim of this work is to study tbe effect of order of presentation and misinformation on aniticipation skills in soccer. Forty expert soccer players participated in tbe study. A total of 105 videos were presented for tbe first experiment (effect of order presentation), while 45 videos were used for the second experiment (effect of misinformation). After tbe stimulus disappears, the participant is asked to anticipate as quickly as possible by pressing a button. Tbe order of Presentation and misinformation showed an overall effect on response accuracy, response time and response efficiency (p < 0.0001). Despite tbe expertise of tbe soccer players, it does not present an advantage during tbe anticipation. Tbe manipulation of tbe unexpected situational probability is sufficient to degrade tbe anticipation performance. This manipulation could bave influenced the strategy used by tbe brain in calculating the probabilities of the events and/or tbe neural model of anticipation in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it better to present evidence first or second in trials if witnesses cannot lie, and the litigants share all available witnesses? We address this question by defining preferences over playing games via their equilibrium correspondences. Exploiting this partial ordering over games, we show that litigants cannot prefer to lead, but can prefer to follow; the judge/jury may also prefer some litigant to lead, but only if the litigants each prefer to follow. Allowing a litigant to choose whether to lead after observing the available witnesses does not benefit either that litigant or the judge/jury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Resistance Literature / Adabīyyāt-i Pāydārī is the property of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Department of Persian Language & Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last twenty years, a great number of studies on subjective emotional evaluation of affective pictures have been published. However, it is well-known that the order of presentation may entail sequential effects, which is the perception of a previous stimulus that may influence the next stimulus's perception. Our study examines whether the order of picture presentation influences the subjective evaluation of their affective valence and arousal. The results showed some influence of the order of presentation on affective valence: unpleasant pictures at the end were less unpleasant than unpleasant pictures at the beginning, and the neutral picture, when presented after unpleasant pictures, was more pleasant than when presented after pleasant pictures. No effect of presentation order on arousal was found. These findings suggest that several picture presentation orders should be used in future experiments on emotions to avoid possible effects of the order on affective valence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have indicated that the chemical cues from body odors (BOs) of donors experiencing negative emotions can influence the psychophysiological and behavioral response of the observers. However, these olfactory cues have been used mainly as contextual information for processing visual stimuli. Here, for the first time, we evaluate how emotional BO affects the emotional tone of a subsequent BO message. Axillary sweat samples were taken from 20 donors in 3 separate sessions while they watched fear, disgust, or neutral videos. In a double-blind experiment, we assessed the cardiac and subjective responses from 69 participants who were either exposed to negative emotional or neutral BOs. Our results showed a reduced cardiac parasympathetic activity (HF%)--indicating increased stress--when participants smelled the emotional BOs before the neutral BOs, compared to when they smelled neutral followed by emotional BOs. The intensity of the neutral odor also increased following the exposure to both negative BOs. These findings indicate that BOs contain an emotion-dependent chemical cue that affects the perceiver both at the physiological and subjective levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Procedural variants in estimating delay discounting (DD) have been shown to yield significant differences in estimated degree of DD as well as variations in individual patterns of choice. For example, a recent study found significantly different degrees of DD between groups assessed using either an ascending or descending order of presentation of the immediately available rewards. The purpose of this study was to test for within-subject effects of order of presentation of the immediate rewards in a DD task. In a single session, college students (N =29) were asked to complete two DD tasks, one with the immediate rewards presented in ascending order and one in descending order. Consistent with previous results, significantly larger mean area under the discounting curve (AUC) was observed when the descending sequence was used compared to the ascending order of presentation; and the correlation between both measurements was moderate. These results suggest that some DD assessment tasks may be sensitive to contextual variables such as order and range of the reward and delay values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two studies demonstrated differences in hassle and uplift ratings of daily events as a function of questionnaire order and format. In the first study, 123 undergraduates rated 143 events as both sources of hassles and sources of uplifts. The order of completion of hassle and uplift ratings had a substantial impact on uplift ratings, but only a minor impact on hassle ratings. Events were rated less uplifting when these ratings followed rather than preceded hassle ratings. The second study replicated this asymmetric order effect for hassle and uplift ratings when events were restricted to the 53-item Delongis scale and when a middle-aged sample was used (n = 104). Furthermore, prior hassle ratings were shown to suppress uplift ratings not only when the two sets of ratings were separated, but also when the typical combined format of the Delongis scale was used. In this combined format, events are listed in a central column and one set of ratings (e.g. hassles) is completed on the left, the other set (e.g. uplifts) on the right. An additional result was that uplift ratings were higher for the combined format compared to the separated format. Results are discussed with reference to a possible effect of hassle recall/evaluation on negative mood, which may then impact on uplift recall/evaluation. The findings highlight the potentially differential impact of negative and positive events on individuals and provide a clear direction for the ordering of scales (i.e. positive before negative) in questionnaire packages. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate order of measure presentation when testing relationships between math anxiety and performance has not been tested empirically. In the current study, 480 university students were randomly presented or not presented with math anxiety questions at multiple testing stages (pretest [state & trait], midtest [state], and posttest [state]). We tested the impact of anxiety measurement timepoint and found that mean anxiety ratings were significantly lower directly after a math fluency test than at all other timepoints. Across timepoints, relationships between math anxiety and performance were consistent. Participants who completed pretest trait assessments reported higher pretest state anxiety and less effort, but effects were non-significant after Benjamini-Hochberg correction, and their performance was not impacted. There were no other significant effects of prior anxiety measurement. Results suggests that, in most circumstances, researchers can measure state anxiety at any assessment stage without concern for its influence on anxiety ratings or math performance. • Math anxiety is largely consistent across measurement timepoints during testing. • Math fluency and math anxiety are are consistently related across timepoints. • Math performance and math anxiety are consistently related across timepoints. • The act of measuring anxiety earlier in testing does not affect math performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]