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Extending Thompson's discussion of the extended self, I contrast his view if the I Self (in William James' terms) with my focus on James' Me Self. I go on to discuss the Aggregate Self, the Digital Self, and various concepts of plural selves and cultural differences. Thompson's introduction of distributed self fits nicely here and further expands the discussion of self. I introduce the concept of the Extended Object and briefly examine thanobots and AI and the way they may affect our concepts of self in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water loss is a serious issue affecting the quality of postharvest horticultural products. Aquaporins (AQPs) regulate the transport of water across biological membranes, along the gradient of water potential, and may play a role in water loss. In this study, matured orange fruits (Citrus sinensis) stored at ambinent temperature (RH 85-95%) for 105 d showed that the weight loss persistently increased, and its rate peaked at 45–60 d and 90–105 d. Both water content and potential were higher in the pulp than in the peel. Water content rose before 60 d, and peel water potential fell with an increased gradient after 60 d. Comparing with peel, osmolytes such as soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and organic acids showed higher accumulation, and their levels were the lowest around 60 d. In contrast, soluble protein and inorganic minerals showed low levels of accumulation in the pulp. In total, 31 CsAQP genes were expressed in the fruit, and most of them were down-regulated in the peel but up-regulated in the pulp during storage. These genes were subsequently classified into four clusters based on their expression patterns. Genes in Cluster I — including CsNIP1;1/2;1/2;2/2;3/3;1/4;1/6;1 , CsTIP1;3/2;2/2;3/5;1/6;1 , CsXIP1;1/1;2 , CsSIP1;2 , and CsPIP1;2 — were persistently up-regulated in the pulp for the 105 d of storage, especially at day 60, when some genes showed 103-fold higher expression. Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis further revealed a significant positive correlation among weight loss rate, water content, and water potential gradient (R2 = 0.85). Indexes positively correlated with osmolyte content and Cluster I gene expression in pulp samples suggest that increased CsAQP gene expression in pulp is linked to faster water loss in oranges, particularly at 60 days postharvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In citrus, the synthetic auxin 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid (3,5,6-TPA), applied as a foliar spray at a concentration of 15 mg l− 1 during physiological fruitlet abscission, caused additional fruitlet drop and reduced the number of fruits reaching maturity. The effect was much more pronounced at full physiological abscission than after. In this study, this thinning effect was successfully exploited for the first time in sour orange trees grown in an urban environment, reducing harvesting costs by up to almost 40%. This effect is mediated by the leaves, which alter their photosynthetic activity. Our results show a reduction of carbon fixation and sucrose synthesis in the leaf, by 3,5,6-TPA repression of the RbcS, SUS1 and SUSA genes, its transport to the fruit, as shown by the reduced expression of the sucrose transporter genes SUT3 and SUT4, and its hydrolysis in the fruit, mainly by repression of the SUS1 gene expression. Genes involved in auxin homeostasis in the fruit, TRN2 and PIN1, were also repressed. The coordinated repression of all these genes is consistent with the decrease in the fruit cell division rate, as shown by the repression of CYCA1-1 gene, leading to the production of ethylene, which ultimately induces fruitlet abscission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the potential for generating biogas and clean energy by processing organic waste, a process that can become a sustainable solution to Syria's energy needs. Focusing on agricultural residues generated from citrus fruit orange, date, and jujube cultivation in Syria, this study evaluates the potential for anaerobic digestion of these residues for biogas production. It highlights the influence of substrate composition and the optimization of fermentation processes on biogas and methane production. The study focuses on evaluating the anaerobic digestion process by examining various dosages ranging from 20% to 50% dry matter for citrus orange waste, and different types of substrate with a fixed ratio of 20% substrate dry matter. It specifically discusses the factors influencing the inhibitory effect of anaerobic digestion, giving particular consideration to orange waste, a significant byproduct of the citrus industry. The biogas produced maintained a stable methane content when a citrus‐to‐inoculum ratio of 30:70 was used. Jujube waste, characterized by a composition rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, exhibited a higher potential for biogas and methane generation among the fruit waste investigated, particularly when combined with the inoculum in a 20:80 ratio. The research findings underscore the potential of using Syrian agricultural residues, including orange citrus peel, date, and jujube fruit, for the production of biogas through anaerobic digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We first report a new pathway model, including the Ca2+/CaM pathway, the ROS pathway, and the ABA pathway, for the response of the Hsf gene family in sweet orange to abiotic and biotic stresses. • Heat shock transcription factors family were identified for the first time in sweet orange, all with typical DBD and HR-A/B structural domains. • A total of 17 CsHsf genes were identified in sweet orange. • Phylogenetic analyses showed close affinity to Citrus clementina, CsHsf can be divided into three families and 14 subfamilies, gene structure, and protein motif analyses supported the results of phylogenetic analyses. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is the most widely planted and productive citrus fruit, but its growth and yield are susceptible to abiotic and biotic stresses. Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) play important roles in regulating plant growth and development and resistance to pests and diseases. However, a systematic study of the CsHsf gene family has not been reported. In this study, we used bioinformatics methods to identify the genome-wide Hsf gene family in sweet orange and then systematically analyzed its gene features, subcellular localization, phylogeny, promoter cis-acting elements, protein interactions, and expression profiles. Seventeen CsHsf gene family members were identified; these genes were randomly distributed on eight chromosomes, and most of the CsHsfs were located in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that CsHsf is closely related to Citrus clementina , and CsHsf can be divided into three clades and 14 subclades. Gene subclades structure and motif analyses supported the results of phylogenetic analyses, and most of the promoter regions of CsHsf gene family members contained cis-responsive elements related to adverse stresses, hormones, and growth and development. GO analyses indicated that the CsHsf gene family plays a role in resistance to environmental stresses and the regulation of metabolism, and the 3D structure revealed a conserved CsHsf protein structure. RNA-Seq data analysis suggested that the CsHsf4 gene has an anti- Penicillium digitatum function. In addition, we first report a new pathway model, including the Ca2+/CaM pathway, the ROS pathway, and the ABA pathway, for the response of the Hsf gene family in sweet orange to abiotic and biotic stresses. This study lays a foundation for abiotic and biotic stress-resistance gene selection and disease-resistance breeding in sweet orange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most severe peel physiological disorders of orange fruits is Stem End Rind Breakdown (SERB), a severe postharvest physiological disorder. We expected foliar Ca and K application to reduce orange SERB by modifying several peel biochemical and physical characteristics. Therefore, one experiment (2018–2020) was designed in complete randomized blocks in four treatments with three replicates. Experimental treatments included foliar spray of (1) K nitrate; (2) Ca nitrate; (3) Ca, and K nitrate separately, with a time interval (Ca + K; combination of treatments 1 and 2); (4) control. The effects of treatments were evaluated on several parameters underlying fruit peel quality at harvest and intensity of SERB damage after 12 wk of fruit storage at 5 ◦C and 85% RH. The results showed that K-treated fruits had higher TSS and TSS/TA than other fruits. Also, the Ca treatments (including Ca and Ca + K treatments) increased Ca content in fruit peels and significantly decreased SERB damage and weight loss by 70% and 30%, respectively. In addition, Thomson orange peel obtained from Ca-treated trees (including Ca and Ca + K treatments) displayed elevated levels of pectin than other fruits. In contrast, the peels of fruits picked from trees sprayed with Ca, especially those treated with Ca + K, exhibited lower levels of total phenolic, antioxidant, and electrolyte leakage than other fruits. This study suggests that foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 during the fruit growth cycle while improving the internal quality of the fruit is an effective agronomical strategy that prolongs Thomson orange shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetite-silver nanocomposites (Fe3O4-Ag NCs) were synthesized via a facile and green process by Citrus sinensis peel extract. The deposition of silver nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by observing an absorption peak at the maximum wavelength at 422 nm in the suspension solution of samples, which is related to silver surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The characteristic diffraction patterns of Fe3O4 and Ag phases were characterized utilizing the XRD patterns and the average size of the crystals was 21 nm. The photocatalytic behavior of Fe3O4-Ag NCs was studied for the destruction of three organic dyes methyl green (MG), methyl orange (MO), and methylene blue (MB) below UV radiation. The effect of the amount of photocatalyst and volume of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the process of dye degradation was also investigated. The complete degradation time of dyes MB, MG, and MO under UV irradiation in the presence of 0.002 g Fe3O4-Ag NCs were 57, 33, and 49 min, respectively. The time of degradation reactions showed the high photocatalytic performance of Fe3O4-Ag NCs. These results proved that the synergistic effect of magnetite in the role of supporting the silver NPs was a significant contribution to the excellent decolorization behavior of Fe3O4-Ag NCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a major challenge that impacts the flourishing of the citrus industry. Therefore, analyzing the genomic information of HLB-resistant or tolerant citrus resources is crucial for breeding HLB-resistant citrus varieties. The Carrizo citrange, a hybrid of Citrus sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata, plays a pivotal role in citrus cultivation. However, its genetic explorations are difficult due to the absence of a reference genome or full-length transcriptome. In order to enhance our understanding of the genetic information of citrange, we conducted a full-length transcriptomic sequencing of multiple tissues from the Carrizo citrange using the PacBio Sequel II platform. Moreover, we performed gene ontology (GO) annotation, gene functional annotation, simple sequence repeats (SSR) types analysis, as well as identification of lncRNAs, alternative splicing events, and analysis of pathogen defense-related genes. Results showed that a total of 43,452 isoforms were generated, with 43,307 of them being annotated. GO annotation indicated the involvement of these isoforms in various biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. The coding sequence length of the isoforms ranged from 1,000 to 4,000 base pairs (bp). Moreover, we have discovered 54 varieties of transcription factors and regulators, along with 16 classifications of genes associated with resistance. Among all types of SSRs, trimer type SSRs were the most abundant. 130 lncRNAs were predicted to be highly reliable in the isoforms of the Carrizo citrange, with alternative splicing events identified, and the most frequent being retained intron. The analysis of gene family expansion and contraction revealed a significant increase in pathogen defense-related genes within the Carrizo citrange. The results of this study will be of great value for future investigations into gene function in citrange and for expanding the genetic pool for breeding citrus varieties resistant or tolerant to HLB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck essential oil on the growth, immune system, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Colossoma macropomum fingerlings. The experiment was conducted with five treatments (control diet, Tween80 diet, and diets supplemented with 200, 400, and 800 mg L−1 of C. sinensis essential oil) with four replicates. At the end of the experimental period, growth parameters were measured, and blood samples were collected for thrombogram, leukogram, and phagocytic activity analysis. A bacterial challenge with A. hydrophila was conducted for 96 h. C. macropomum fingerlings that were fed with 400 and 800 mg L−1 of C. sinensis essential oil had the highest growth parameters, with final weights of 533.18 ± 2.03 mg and 531.91 ± 2.67 mg, respectively, and an increase in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, as well as higher phagocytosis rates compared to the control group. Regarding the challenge, fish in the 400 and 800 mg L−1 treatments also exhibited the lowest cumulative mortality rate (26.66% ± 3.33%). Therefore, supplementation with C. sinensis essential oil promotes growth, improves health, and enhances resistance to A. hydrophila in C. macropomum fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Pustule formation is pivotal for the development of the Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc)‐induced citrus canker disease (CCD). Although our previous study demonstrated that the exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) facilitated pustule formation induced by Xcc, the precise mechanism remains elusive. The 9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is a crucial enzyme in ABA biosynthesis. This study explored the role of citrus CsNCED1‐1 in CCD resistance through overexpression and RNA interference of CsNCED1‐1 in Wanjincheng orange (Citrus sinensis). Our findings indicated that CsNCED1‐1 negatively modulated CCD resistance by fostering ABA accumulation, concomitant with an increase in jasmonic acid (JA) and a decrease in salicylic acid (SA). Plants overexpressing CsNCED1‐1 displayed shortened leaves with smaller and denser stomata along with irregular and increased palisade cells. CsLOB1 is a known susceptibility gene for CCD, and CsbZIP40 positively influences resistance to this disease. We further confirmed that CsLOB1 promoted and CsbZIP40 suppressed the transcription of CsNCED1‐1 by directly binding to the CsNCED1‐1 promoter. Notably, CsbZIP40 and CsLOB1 showed a competitive relationship in the regulation of CsNCED1‐1 expression, with CsbZIP40 exhibiting greater competitiveness. Overall, our findings highlight that CsNCED1‐1 promotes susceptibility to citrus canker by disrupting JA‐ and SA‐mediated defense mechanisms and triggering the proliferation and remodeling of palisade cells, thereby facilitating pathogen colonization and pustule formation. This study offers novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying citrus canker resistance and the role of CsNCED1‐1 in citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huanglongbing (HLB) and citrus canker, arising from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) and Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc), respectively, have been imposing tremendous losses to the global citrus industry. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) has been shown to be crucial for priming defense against pathogen in citrus. Salicylic acid (SA) binding protein 2 (SABP2), which is responsible for converting methyl salicylate (MeSA) to SA, is essential for full SAR establishment. Here, we characterized the functions of four citrus SABP2 genes (CsSABP2-1, CsSABP2-1V18A, CsSABP2-2 and CsSABP2-3) against HLB and citrus canker. In vitro enzymatic assay revealed that all four proteins had MeSA esterase activities, and CsSABP2-1 and CsSABP2-1V18A has the strongest activity. Their activities were inhibited by SA except for CsSABP2-1V18A. Four genes controlled by a strong promoter 35S were induced into Wanjincheng orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) to generate transgenic plants overexpressing CsSABP2. Overexpressing CsSABP2 increased SA and MeSA content and CsSABP2-1V18A had the strongest action on SA. Resistance evaluation demonstrated that only CsSABP2-1V18A had significantly enhanced tolerance to HLB, although all four CsSABP2s had increased tolerance to citrus canker. The data suggested the amino acid Val-18 in the active site of CsSABP2 plays a key role in protein function. Our study emphasized that balancing the levels of SA and MeSA is crucial for regulating SAR and conferring broad-spectrum resistance to HLB and citrus canker. This finding offers valuable insights for enhancing resistance through SAR engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three typical types of spherical fruits, namely apples, oranges, and pears, have accounted for 40.86 % of the total fruit production in China in 2023. However, there is a huge trade deficit in the import and export trade of fruits in China. Furthermore, grading technology has limited the largest production and consumption of fruits. Appearance indicators, such as size, volume and deformity index, are the main external quality traits of fruits in commercial grading lines. Alternatively, computer vision has been widely used in the field of nondestructive detection of fruits and vegetables, due to the simple operation, non-contact and low cost. The surface information can be obtained to measure the external indicators using two- dimensional images. However, some limitations are still remained to capture the detailed appearance indicators, especially in the high-accuracy measurement. Compared with traditional two-dimensional images, three-dimensional (3D) imaging with the depth information can be beneficial to the appearance indicators of fruits. Among them, binocular structured light is the promising 3D reconstruction with the cost-saving, high-precision and non-contact extraction. This study focuses on spherical fruits, selecting apple, orange, and pear as representative examples, with the aim of constructing binocular structured light imaging to obtain surface contour information. The system was also validated using standard samples. Single-view point cloud reconstruction was performed as well. Three-step phase shifting was used to determine the wrapped phase. While multi- frequency heterodyne was applied to determine the absolute phase. Afterwards, stereo matching, disparity optimization, and point cloud calculation were conducted to obtain a 3D point cloud map. A rotary table was utilized to match the point cloud images from different perspectives to the same coordinate axis. Coarse point cloud registration was also achieved. A complete point cloud was obtained to conduct more precise registration using the iterative closure point (ICP) to obtain. Finally, the 3D reconstruction of spherical fruits was realized. The deformity index of the apple was extracted from the reconstruction image of single-view point cloud using normal vector angle. According to the normal vector angle, the point cloud of the fruit stem position was projected to the bottom of the fruit point cloud image. The complete fruit point cloud was improved to calculate the convex hull of the point cloud for the volume of fruit. The maximum fruit diameter was extracted through oriented bounding box (OBB) bounding box. The experimental results show that the relative error was within 4% in the external dimensions of standard parts using 3D reconstruction. Taking manual measurement as the references, the values of coefficient of determination (R²), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were 0.97, 0.755 mm, and 7.23%, respectively, for the measured apple deformity index. In the volume of spherical fruits, R² was 0.99, RMSE was 6.015 cm³, and MAPE was 1.946%, while those were 0.92, 1.823 mm, and 1.859%, respectively, for the maximum diameter. The 3D reconstruction with binocular structured light can be expected to significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency in the appearance indicators of spherical fruits. The finding can also provide a valuable tool to improve fruit quality control and grading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oranges and eucalyptus trees are abundant sources of waste and pruning, generating secondary streams that can be converted into valuable products. Both species are broadly cultivated in Mexico. Essential oils from orange peels and eucalyptus leaves possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, making them useful in various applications. In this study, the essential oils antioxidant potential was determined through radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing capacity, and the total phenolic content was measured. These essential oils also demonstrated inhibition capacity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. GC-MS analysis of the oils revealed the composition of representative compounds, with D-limonene constituting almost 75% of the orange essential oil and 1,8-cineol comprising 15.2% of the eucalyptus oil. The antioxidant test results between essential oils showed that they are similar, except for the FRAP test, where eucalyptus essential oil obtained a value three times higher than orange essential oil. The findings suggest that these essential oils can serve as natural and sustainable alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Plant Health Newsletter by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for August 2024 discusses various plant pests and threats, including new findings of pests like Diaporthe aspalathi and Xylella fastidiosa, as well as regulated pests such as Bactrocera dorsalis and Popillia japonica. The newsletter also presents a study on seed disinfection treatments for Pinus seeds infected with Fusarium circinatum, recommending hot water treatment for its effectiveness, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, a study on sentinel gardens for pest prevention prioritization suggests methodological improvements for pre-invasion assessments. These insights are valuable for plant health professionals and policymakers. [Extracted from the article]

Stilbocrea banihashemiana is a recently described species of ascomycete fungi (Bionectriaceae) that causes canker and dieback diseases on fig and barberry, and dieback on loquat trees. Previous studies suggested this pathogen might affect other trees including economically important fruit crops, such as almonds, apples, and olives. This study assessed the susceptibility of 40 tree species belonging to 20 plant families, including fruit-bearing, ornamental, and edible landscape plants, to S. banihashemiana. The assessment was conducted by wound-inoculating detached shoots and one-year-old saplings with the pathogen. Based on five parameters of induced lesions, we clustered the inoculated tree species using the principal component analysis approach. The results of the approach revealed four distinct groups of tree species based on their susceptibility traits. Almond, apricot, eucalyptus, poplar, and red mulberry clustered in one group as susceptible hosts. The majority of the species examined, which included both tropical and temperate trees, were categorized as moderately susceptible. Platanus and sweet orange were identified as non-host-resistant species, while Arizona cypress, garden privet, and olive were classified as low susceptible. Moreover, our findings suggest a correlation between temperature and the aggressiveness of S. banihashemiana. This study revealed that the emerging pathogen, S. banihashemiana, could have a broader host range than currently recognized. The accidental introduction of this pathogen through the global trade of live host plants may pose a significant threat to economically important trees in temperate and subtropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a series of educational materials developed for seventh-grade chemistry students. The materials focus on promoting the skills of comparison and controlling variables, which are important in scientific learning. The worksheets cover topics such as hazard symbols, laboratory equipment, pure substances and mixtures, distillation, and factors affecting solubility, reaction rate, and electrical conductivity. The materials are designed for independent use by students, with self-correction and self-evaluation. The effectiveness of the materials will be evaluated through a trial run, and there is potential for expansion to grades 8-10. The authors, Rebekka Heimann and Ina Rienäcker, are professors and researchers in chemistry education at the University of Leipzig. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: Citrus products often suffer from delayed bitterness, which is generated from the conversion of non‐bitter precursors (limonoate A‐ring lactone, LARL) to limonin under the catalysis of limonin D‐ring lactone hydrolase (LDLH). In this study, LDLH was isolated and purified from sweet orange seeds, and a rapid and accurate high‐performance liquid chromatography method to quantify LARL was developed and applied to analyze the activity and enzymatic properties of purified LDLH. RESULTS: Purified LDLH (25.22 U mg−1) showed bands of 245 kDa and 17.5 kDa molecular weights in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE analysis respectively. After a 24 h incubation under strongly acidic (pH 3) or strongly alkaline (pH 9) conditions, LDLH still retained approximately 100% activity. Moreover, LDLH activity was not impaired by thermal treatment at 50 °C for 120 min. Enzyme inhibition assays showed that LDLH was inactivated only after ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment, and other enzyme inhibitors showed no significant effect on its activity. In addition, the LDLH activity of calcium ion (Ca2+) intervention was 108% of that in the blank group, and that of zinc ion (Zn2+) intervention was 71%. CONCLUSION: LDLH purified in this study was a multimer containing 17.5 kDa monomer with a wide pH tolerance range (pH 3–9) and excellent thermal stability. Moreover, LDLH might be a metallopeptidase, and its activity was stimulated by Ca2+ and significantly inhibited by Zn2+. These findings improve our understanding of LDLH and provide some important implications for reducing the bitterness in citrus products in the future. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, high copper (Cu) and low organic matter often occur in some citrus orchard soils. However, the underlying mechanisms by which humic acid (HA) stimulates growth and mitigates Cu toxicity of citrus seedlings are unclear. After being treated with 0, 0.1, or 0.5 mM sodium humate and 0.5 or 400 μM CuCl2 (Cu excess) for 24 weeks, sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan] seedlings were used to examine the impacts of HA-Cu interactions on seedling growth, nutrient uptake, leaf pigments, and photosynthetic performance that was revealed by chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. Copper excess reduced root, stem, and leaf dry weight (DW) by 42.4%, 65.4%, and 61.6%, respectively at 0 mM HA, and by 17.3%, 25.4%, and 31.4%, respectively at 0.5 mM HA; and that the levels of Cu in leaves, stems, and roots declined with elevating HA supply. Copper excess caused some rotten and dead fibrous roots at 0 mM HA, but not at 0.5 mM HA. Adding HA lowered Cu uptake per root DW (UPR), the levels of Cu in leaves, stems, and roots, and the competition of Cu2+ with Mg2+ and Fe2+, and therefore mitigated root impairment caused by Cu excess. The HA-mediated alleviation of root damage caused by Cu excess increased the uptake per plant and UPR of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, boron, and manganese, and therefore alleviated Cu excess-induced decline in seedling growth, impairment to leaf photosynthetic electron transport chains, and decrease in leaf pigments. For 0.5 μM Cu-treated seedlings, adding HA promoted seedling growth by improving root nutrient uptake and leaf photosynthetic performance. Cu excess aggravated the impacts of HA supplementation on seedling growth, leaf photosynthetic performance, and root nutrient uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue mold disease, caused by Penicillium italicum (P. italicum), presents a significant challenge to orange fruits (Citrus sinensis L.) and other citrus crops globally. Biological control, particularly Trichoderma species, offers a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antagonistic activities of two Trichoderma isolates against P. italicum. These isolates were molecularly identified and assigned accession numbers PP002254 and PP002272, respectively. Both isolates demonstrated significant antifungal activity in dual culture assays. Moreover, the culture filtrates (CFs) of Trichoderma longibrachiatum PP002254 and Trichoderma harzianum PP002272 suppressed the mycelial growth of P. italicum by 77.22% and 71.66%, respectively. Additionally, CFs reduced the severity of blue mold on orange fruits by 26.85% and 53.81%, compared to 100% in the control group. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that treated P. italicum hyphae were shrunken and disfigured. Enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) in treated oranges increased, along with total soluble phenolics and flavonoids. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased in treated fruits. These findings suggest that T. longibrachiatum PP002254 and T. harzianum PP002272 could be effective biocontrol agents for managing blue mold and other citrus postharvest diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate whether different citrus peel powders (orange, mandarin, and lemon) could be incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA), for the preparation and characterization of biodegradable films made of this fruit waste. In particular, films were prepared by the solvent casting method and tested in terms of physicochemical and biochemical parameters, along with mechanical properties. Furthermore, the citrus peel powders were tested for their physicochemical and biochemical properties after ethanolic extraction. The results showed that the addition of citrus powders into PLA proved to be efficient compared to the control films (PLA). The citrus peel-based films showed high antioxidant capacity (38.37%–32.54%), a considerable total phenolic content (17.2–12.58 mg GAE/L), good lightness (L*: 42.83–41.93), elastic Young's modulus (257.95–175.38 MPa), oxygen transmission rate (976.5 mL m−2 day−1–1218 mL m−2 day−1), elongation at break (183.06%–135.95%), and tensile strength (6.15–4.56 MPa), which were affected significantly (p < 0.05) by the botanical origin of citrus peel. Concerning the citrus peel extracts, the highest values in antioxidant capacity (52.56%), total phenolic content (724.8 mg GAE/L), and titratable acidity (714.67 mg of citric acid/L) were recorded in the extract of lemon peel powders. The corresponding values for orange peel powder extracts were 39.43%, 563.8 mg GAE/L, and 576 mg of citric acid/L, while those for mandarin were 33.01%, 558.46 mg GAE/L, and 54.67 mg of citric acid/L. The application of multivariate analysis of variance and linear discriminant analysis on the mechanical properties, physicochemical, and biochemical data resulted in the differentiation of pure PLA and PLA-based films fabricated with citrus peel powder. From the above findings, it is concluded that citrus peel powders are sources of phytochemicals and can be used for the preparation of PLA-based films for potential applications in food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood oranges are increasingly cultivated worldwide as consumers become more aware of the health benefits of their nutraceutical properties and natural antioxidants, specifically polyphenols and anthocyanins. The amounts of these compounds in the fruit mostly depend on the cultivar, rootstock, maturity stage, and environmental conditions. This work focused on the study of the qualitative features of numerous blood orange cultivars grown in three different environments in Spain and Italy. The aim of the work was to investigate the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites, including bioactive compounds, and to characterize fruit qualitative traits at the time of harvest. Simple sugars were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography and organic acids, polyphenols, and flavonoids by spectrophotometric analysis. The antioxidant potential of the juice was assessed by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. Cultivation area affected juice color, with Moro and T. Ippolito being the varieties with the highest pigmentation. The cultivation area also determined the pattern of primary and secondary metabolite accumulation in the Tarocco lines. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential was influenced by the diverse environments. Principal Component Analysis highlighted three clusters, two overlapping clusters for the varieties grown in the two Spanish plots and a third clearly separated cluster for the genotypes grown in Italy. This study provides novel knowledge on primary and secondary metabolite accumulation in blood oranges, elucidating the role of genotype and environmental conditions on fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing has demonstrated validity in determining the planting year of deciduous fruit trees; however, its effectiveness in ascertaining the planting year of evergreen fruit trees remains unverified. Furthermore, the sources of error associated with using remote sensing to determine the planting year of fruit trees remain unclear. This study investigates several cultivated sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) varieties, which are extensively cultivated throughout subtropical China. We analyzed Landsat time series data from 132 navel orange orchards in Gannan, covering the period from 1993 to 2021. For each orchard, Google Earth Engine was employed to extract three vegetation indices—Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR)—for each available date, thereby generating three distinct vegetation index time series. The planting year of navel orange trees was identified based on abrupt changes observed in these time series. The principal sources of error in determining the planting year were investigated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman's correlation analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Key findings include: (1) Following the planting of navel orange trees, EVI, NDVI, and NBR exhibited fluctuations and a gradual increase over time, peaking approximately 10 to 15 years later. (2) The vegetation index time series derived from Landsat imagery effectively determined the planting year of evergreen navel orange trees in orchards, even within highly fragmented landscapes. Among these indices, NDVI and NBR time series outperformed the EVI time series. Specifically, the average determination errors for EVI, NDVI, and NBR time series were 6.4, 1.8, and 2.8 years, respectively. (3) Major sources of error included the methods used to construct the time series, the selection of vegetation indices, and the orchard management practices. Overall, this study provides a viable method for determining the planting year of evergreen navel orange trees in fragmented landscapes and offers insights into factors contributing to uncertainty in planting year determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect of ultrasonicated defatted muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds' flour-based edible coatings functionalized with oregano essential oil (OEO) on the postharvest shelf-life extension of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L.) at room temperature (23 ± 3 °C, RH: 40–45%) up to 15 days. The edible coatings (M2, M3, and M4) with increasing concentrations of oregano essential oil (1%, 1.5%, and 2%, respectively) were significantly (p < 0.05) effective in maintaining the quality attributes of oranges, such as physiological loss in weight (PLW), pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), color, firmness, total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assay), sensory attributes (aroma, texture, color, overall acceptability), and lower microbial load throughout the storage period in comparison to the control samples. The application of M4 treatment (defatted muskmelon seeds' flour-based edible coating with 2% oregano essential oil and ultrasonication treatment at 40% amplitude for 80 min) maintained higher consumer acceptability in sweet oranges on 15 days of storage with retained higher postharvest quality attributes such as physiological loss in weight (16.80%), pH (4.76), titratable acidity (0.63%), total soluble solids (11.89°Brix), color (L* = 49.84, a* = -3.07, b* = 41.59), firmness (939.86 N), total phenolics content (54.12 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids content (32.62 mg QE/g), antioxidant activity (DPPH = 64.16% and ABTS = 0.72 mmol 100 g−1), and sensory attributes (aroma = 4.77, texture = 4.36, color = 4.56, overall acceptability = 4.56). The control samples had unacceptable microbial and quality attributes on the 9th day of storage. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified carvacrol, diethyl phthalate, p-Cymene, cyclopropane, trimethyl (2-methyl-1-propenylidene)-, linalool, terbutol, and thymol as significant compounds in the OEO. The results indicated that ultrasonicated defatted muskmelon seeds' flour-based edible coatings enriched with oregano essential oil are eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives to synthetic polymers for maintaining the quality attributes of orange fruits for up to 15 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a disease that poses a major threat to global citrus production and is caused by infection with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). Wall-associated receptor-like kinase (WAKL) proteins play an important role in shaping plant resistance to various bacterial and fungal pathogens. In a previous report, CsWAKL01 was identified as a candidate Xcc -inducible gene found to be up-regulated in CBC-resistant citrus plants. However, the functional role of CsWAKL01 and the mechanisms whereby it may influence resistance to CBC have yet to be clarified. Here, CsWAKL01 was found to localize to the plasma membrane, and the overexpression of the corresponding gene in transgenic sweet oranges resulted in pronounced enhancement of CBC resistance, whereas its knockdown had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, the effect of CsWAKL01 was linked to its ability to reprogram jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid signaling activity. CsWRKY53 was further identified as a transcription factor capable of directly binding to the CsWAKL01 promoter and inducing its transcriptional up-regulation. CsWRKY53 silencing conferred greater CBC susceptibility to infected plants. Overall, these data support a model wherein CsWRKY53 functions as a positive regulator of CsWAKL01 to enhance resistance to CBC via the reprogramming of phytohormone signaling. Together these results offer new insights into the mechanisms whereby WAKLs shape phytopathogen resistance while underscoring the potential value of targeting the CsWRKY53–CsWAKL01 axis when seeking to breed CBC-resistant citrus plant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is a common fruit crop widely distributed worldwide with the peel of its fruits representing about 50% of fruit mass. In the current study, orange peel was employed to mediate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a low-cost green approach. Aqueous extracts of suitably-processed peel were prepared using different extraction methods; and their phytochemical profile was identified. Based on phytochemical screening, amount of main phytochemicals, free radical-scavenging ability, reducing power and antioxidant activity, the peel extract prepared by boiling seemed to be the most promising. Thus, major compounds of this extract were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Potency of the peel extract to mediate the synthesis of AgNPs was then monitored by visual observation, UV-visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy and zetametry. Color change of the reaction mixture to brown and absorption peak at 450 nm indicated AgNPs formation. Characterization of AgNPs revealed spherical shape, size of 30–40 nm, zeta potential of -18.2 mV and yield conversion of 82%. The as-synthesized AgNPs had antioxidant capacity (free radical-scavenging ability, reducing power and antioxidant activity) lower than that of the orange peel extract. However, these biogenic AgNPs had antitumor activity (IC50 of 16 ppm against HCT-116 and 1.6 ppm against HepG2 cell lines) much higher than the peel extract that was completely non-toxic to the considered cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Ethylene treatment promotes orange coloration in the flavedo of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit, but the corresponding regulatory mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, we identified a C2H2‐type zinc‐finger transcription factor, CitZAT4, the expression of which was markedly induced by ethylene. CitZAT4 directly binds to the CitPSY promoter and activates its expression, thereby promoting carotenoid biosynthesis. Transient expression in Satsuma mandarin fruit and stable transformation of citrus calli showed that overexpressing of CitZAT4 inhibited CitLCYE expression, thus inhibiting α‐branch yellow carotenoid (lutein) biosynthesis. CitZAT4 overexpression also enhanced the transcript levels of CitLCYB, CitHYD, and CitNCED2, promoting β‐branch orange carotenoid accumulation. Molecular biochemical assays, including yeast one‐hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP‐qPCR), and luciferase (LUC) assays, demonstrated that CitZAT4 directly binds to the promoters of its target genes and regulates their expression. An ethylene response factor, CitERF061, which is induced by ethylene signaling, was found to directly bound to the CitZAT4 promoter and induced its expression, thus positively regulating CitZAT4‐mediated orange coloration in citrus fruit. Together, our findings reveal that a CitZAT4‐mediated transcriptional cascade is driven by ethylene via CitERF061, linking ethylene signaling to carotenoid metabolism in promoting orange coloration in the flavedo of Satsuma mandarin fruit. The molecular regulatory mechanism revealed here represents a significant step toward developing strategies for improving the quality and economic efficiency of citrus crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Consumption of flavonoid-rich orange juice has been shown to reduce adiposity and liver steatosis in murine models of diet-induced obesity. However, little is known about the effects of whole orange intake, independent of body weight changes, on liver function and steatosis in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The goal is to understand the direct impact of orange consumption on metabolic health. Methods: Sixty-two men and women aged 30–65 with MASLD (Controlled Attenuation Parameter, (CAP) > 275 dB/m) were randomly assigned to consume either 400 g of whole oranges or non-citrus fruits daily for 4 weeks. Baseline evaluations included medical assessments, blood tests, and body composition. Liver health was assessed using transient elastography (FibroScan®) for steatosis and fibrosis, conducted by blinded personnel. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05558592). Results: After 4 weeks of orange supplementation, liver steatosis decreased in the treatment group, with 70.9% showing steatosis compared to 100% in controls (p < 0.004), indicating a 30% reduction in liver disease prevalence. There were no significant changes in fibrosis or plasma liver enzymes, though plasma gamma glutaril transferase (GGT) levels decreased significantly. Body weight, waist circumference, body composition, lipid profile, fasting glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein levels remained unchanged. Dietary analysis revealed no change in caloric intake, but vitamins C, A, thiamine, and riboflavin increased in the orange group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that phytochemical-rich foods, especially whole fruits like oranges, may enhance liver function as an adjunct treatment for MASLD. The notable reduction in liver steatosis prevalence occurred independently of body weight changes. Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of orange supplementation on steatosis and fibrosis progression and to identify the specific bioactive compounds and mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the phloem-colonizing bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), poses a significant threat to citrus production worldwide. The pathogenicity mechanism of HLB remains poorly understood. SEC-dependent effectors (SDEs) have been suggested to play critical roles in the interaction between citrus and CLas. Here, we explored the function of CLIBASIA_05320 (SDE19), a core SDE from CLas, and its interaction with its host target. Our data revealed that SDE19 is expressed at higher level during infection of citrus than that during infection of the Asian citrus psyllid. Subcellular localization assays showed that SDE19 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm and is capable of moving from cell to cell in Nicotiana benthamiana. To investigate whether SDE19 facilitates pathogen infection, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and citrus plants overexpressing SDE19. Transgenic A. thaliana and citrus plants were more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), respectively. In addition, RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that overexpression of SDE19 resulted in a reprogramming of expression of genes related to biotic stimulus responses. SDE19 interacts with Citrus sinensis Sec12, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor responsible for the assembly of plant COPII (coat protein II)-coated vesicles, which mediate vesicle trafficking from the ER to the Golgi. SDE19 colocalizes with Sec12 in the ER by binding to its N-terminal catalytic region, affecting the stability of Sec12 through the 26S proteasome. This interaction hinders the secretion of apoplastic defense-related proteins such as PR1, P69B, GmGIP1, and RCR3. Furthermore, the secretion of PR1 and callose deposition is decreased in SDE19-transgenic A. thaliana. Taken together, SDE19 is a novel virulent SDE secreted by CLas that interacts with Sec12 to disrupt vesicle trafficking, inhibit defense-related proteins secretion, and promote bacterial infection. This study sheds light on how CLas manipulates the host vesicle trafficking pathway to suppress the secretion of defense-related proteins and interfere with plant immunity. Author summary: SEC-dependent effectors play a crucial role in the infection process of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) in plants. However, the specific functions of most SDEs remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted functional analyses of SDE19, a core SDE, and revealed that it suppresses plant immunity and interferes with vesicle trafficking. We found that SDE19 is able to move intercellularly within plants and suppress the expression of defense-related genes and callose deposition to suppress plant immunity. Furthermore, overexpression of SDE19 enhances susceptibility of transgenic plants to bacterial infection. Specifically, SDE19 targets and destabilizes a citrus guanine nucleotide exchange factor, to interfere with host vesicle trafficking and inhibit the secretion of defense-related proteins. Our study revealed a new mechanism by which CLas suppresses plant immunity via interfering with vesicle trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the development of a new method for producing seedless watermelons through gene editing. The researchers targeted a specific gene, ClSPL, which resulted in the production of fully diploid seedless fruits. The method was found to be more efficient and cost-effective than traditional breeding methods. The researchers suggest that this approach could be applied to other fruit crops to produce nontransgenic seedless varieties. The article provides detailed information on the methods used and presents the results of various analyses on pollen viability, chromosomal behavior, fruit firmness, and nutrient content. The document also includes acknowledgements, information about the authors' contributions, and references to other relevant studies. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACT Polyploid varieties have been suggested as an alternative approach to promote drought tolerance in citrus crops. In this study, we compared the responses of diploid and tetraploid Sunki ‘Tropical’ rootstocks to water deficit when grafted onto ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees and subjected to water withholding in isolation or competition experiments under potted conditions. Our results revealed that, when grown in isolation, tetraploid rootstocks took longer to show drought symptoms, but this advantage disappeared when grown in competition under the same soil moisture conditions. The differences in drought responses were mainly associated with variations in endogenous leaf levels of abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and carbohydrates among treatments. Overall, tetraploids were more affected by drought in individual experiments, showing higher H₂O₂ production, and in competition experiments, rapidly increasing ABA production to regulate stomatal closure and reduce water loss through transpiration. Therefore, our results highlight the crucial importance of evaluating diploid and tetraploid rootstocks under the same soil moisture conditions to better simulate field conditions, providing important insights to improve selection strategies for more resilient citrus rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. is a tropical dioecious plant belonging to the family, Cucurbitaceae also known as Gac, baby jack fruit, cochinchin gourd and sweet gourd. The plant is noted for its densely orange fruit, rich in nutrients, especially with 70 times more lycopene content than tomatoes. It possesses medicinal properties and the seeds are used in traditional Chinese medicine called Mubiezhi to treat fluxes, liver and spleen disorders, wounds and hemorrhoids. This study evaluated the effect of combination of pH, sucrose and BAP concentration on in vitro multiple shoot induction response of M. cochinchinensis according to guidelines of design of experiment. For those three factors, Response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was chosen and applied to the design matrix. The response shoot number/explant was evaluated by in vitro culture under variable conditions given in the design matrix. The response shoot number/explant was evaluated using in vitro culture under variable conditions given in the design matrix. The outcome of this method is an equation that calculates the shoot number as a function of pH, sucrose, and BAP concentration This study created response surface plots and contour plots for each factor, by analysing each factor's level of influence on the response shoot induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Encyrtidae is highly important for biological control. However, many of the species in this family have not yet been described. Species in the genus Gyranusoidea Compere 1947 have been used in formal pest control programs; the genus has 44 species described worldwide. The male is unknown in at least 20 of these species. These insects were collected by spraying the canopy of an orange orchard in Morelos, Mexico. Specimens of Gyranusoidea amasisNoyes 2000 were collected, observing the presence of males. We report the first discovery of G. amasis in Mexico and provide a description of the hitherto unknown male. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus leprosis mite [Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)] is traditionally controlled with acaricide applications using a high volume of spray solution (> 2000 L.ha-1). However, high spray solution volumes can generate water waste and environmental contamination. An experiment was set up in a sweet orange orchard located in the municipality of Taquaral, São Paulo, Brazil, aiming to optimize the spray solution volume required for more efficient control of the leprosis mite. The experiment was conducted from December 2020 to July 2022. Two spray solution volumes were evaluated: 100 and 180 mL m–3 of plant canopy. In total, seven acaricide applications were performed. During the experiment, we assessed the incidence and infestation of the leprosis mite. Additionally, at the end of the experiment, we counted the number of plants and fallen fruits exhibiting leprosis symptoms. The treatment with a spray volume of 180 mL m–3 was more effective in controlling mites, as the incidence and infestation of B. yothersi were lower in this treatment. Moreover, this treatment resulted in fewer plants with fallen fruits and a reduced number of fallen fruits showing leprosis symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of bioactive compounds from byproducts of V. vinifera and C. sinensis using the Taguchi methodology. Moreover, the flavonoid content and the subsequent evaluation of the antioxidant potential through three different assays (ABTS∙+ radical inhibition, ferric-reducing power (FRAP), and OH• radical inhibition) were determined. Furthermore, the potential of these metabolites to inhibit the α-amylase enzyme and their protective effect to inhibit the hemolysis due to oxidative processes was assessed. In addition, functional group analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Taguchi L9 statistical model enabled the increase in bioactive compound yields by evaluating factors such as particle size, temperature, time, and solvent concentration. The samples were found to contain flavonoid-type compounds, which translated into their ability to inhibit free radicals (ABTS∙+ and OH•) and act as reducing agents (FRAP). They exhibited inhibitory effects on the α-amylase enzyme involved in the assimilation of starch and its derivatives, along with providing over 50% protection to erythrocytes in the presence of free radicals generated by AAPH. Furthermore, FTIR analysis facilitated the identification of characteristic functional groups of phenolic compounds (O–H, C–H, C=C, C–C, C=O). These findings suggest that the analyzed byproducts can effectively serve as sources of bioactive compounds with potential applications in the formulation of functional foods and medicines. However, it is necessary to conduct compound identification and toxicity analysis to ensure the safety of these bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both copper (Cu) excess and boron (B) deficiency are often observed in some citrus orchard soils. The molecular mechanisms by which B alleviates excessive Cu in citrus are poorly understood. Seedlings of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan) were treated with 0.5 (Cu0.5) or 350 (Cu350 or Cu excess) μM CuCl2 and 2.5 (B2.5) or 25 (B25) μM HBO3 for 24 wk. Thereafter, this study examined the effects of Cu and B treatments on gene expression levels revealed by RNA-Seq, metabolite profiles revealed by a widely targeted metabolome, and related physiological parameters in leaves. Cu350 upregulated 564 genes and 170 metabolites, and downregulated 598 genes and 58 metabolites in leaves of 2.5 μM B-treated seedlings (LB2.5), but it only upregulated 281 genes and 100 metabolites, and downregulated 136 genes and 40 metabolites in leaves of 25 μM B-treated seedlings (LB25). Cu350 decreased the concentrations of sucrose and total soluble sugars and increased the concentrations of starch, glucose, fructose and total nonstructural carbohydrates in LB2.5, but it only increased the glucose concentration in LB25. Further analysis demonstrated that B addition reduced the oxidative damage and alterations in primary and secondary metabolisms caused by Cu350, and alleviated the impairment of Cu350 to photosynthesis and cell wall metabolism, thus improving leaf growth. LB2.5 exhibited some adaptive responses to Cu350 to meet the increasing need for the dissipation of excessive excitation energy (EEE) and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (reactive aldehydes) and Cu. Cu350 increased photorespiration, xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation, nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis and abundances; and upregulated tryptophan metabolism and related metabolite abundances, some antioxidant-related gene expression, and some antioxidant abundances. Additionally, this study identified some metabolic pathways, metabolites and genes that might lead to Cu tolerance in leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of Xylella fastidiosa in Portugal occurred through prospection in 2019 in Vila Nova de Gaia, Porto, in plants of Lavandula dentata L. Currently, in Portugal, there are 18 Xylella fastidiosa Demarcated Zones (DZs). The main objective of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of this problem within the defined Demarcated Zones in the North Region of Portugal from 2019 to June 2023. This work comprised two phases: the prospection phase (inspecting plants, sampling, and submission of samples to the laboratory) and the research phase (collecting and organizing data and statistical treatment). Our findings provide essential insights, suggesting that the Northern Region of Portugal is highly conducive to Xylella fastidiosa. Portugal has Xf-preferred hosts such as the olive tree, orange tree, Laurus nobilis, Rosa spp., Nerium oleander L., Pelargonium sp., Hedera helix L., and Lavandula dentata L. Portugal's favorable environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can have an important role in influencing the interaction between bacteria and hosts. Nevertheless, it is crucial to consider variations in the behavior of insect vectors, as these variations can limit the prevalence of the disease. Activities like the transport of infected planting materials from the first Demarcated Zone of the Area Metropolitana do Porto could be associated with the introduction and spread of Xylella fastidiosa, potentially triggering new disease outbreaks in the country. Our findings confirm the alarming spread of Xylella fastidiosa across Portugal. Factors such as the presence of insect vectors, abundance of host plants, and climate suitability play pivotal roles in Xylella fastidiosa dispersal. We recommend that countries identified with relatively high risk, like Portugal, undertake thorough individual risk analyses. The implementation of preventive measures and, if necessary, the enhancement of surveillance systems for early detection of Xylella fastidiosa in plants and insect vectors are crucial steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual working memory (VWM) refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of visual information. Although visually different, objects we view and remember can share the same higher‐level category information, such as an apple, orange, and banana all being classified as fruit. We study the influence of category information on VWM, focusing on the question of whether stimulus category coherence (i.e., whether all to‐be‐remembered items belong to the same semantic category) influences VWM performance. This question is addressed in two behavioral experiments using a change‐detection paradigm and a rational analysis using an ideal observer based on a Bayesian model. Both experimental participants and the ideal observer often, but not always, performed numerically better on coherent trials (i.e., when all stimuli belonged to the same category). We hypothesize that the influence of category coherence information on VWM may be task‐dependent and/or stimulus‐dependent. In conditions when category coherence information is highly valuable for task performance, as indicated by the ideal observer, then participants tended to make use of it. However, when the ideal observer suggested this information was not crucial to performance, participants did not. In addition, both participants and the ideal observer showed a bias toward responding "same," and often showed a stronger influence of category coherence on change trials. The consistencies between participant and ideal observer responses suggest participants often behaved as they did because these behaviors are optimal (or approximately so) for maximizing task performance. This may help explain conflicting results reported in the scientific literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aromatherapy with an essential oil blend containing lavender, bergamot, ylangylang, and sweet orange, compared with placebo, on perceptions of anxiety in ICU RNs. Methods: Nurses recruited from six adult ICUs and a neonatal ICU participated in this blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study, which took place over a 30-day intervention period. Results: Although there were no statistically significant changes in anxiety pre- to postintervention or between the intervention and placebo groups, there were also no adverse events or untoward effects. Conclusion: The results of this study may support aromatherapy as an evidence-based strategy to reduce anxiety in ICU nurses. Additional research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of integrated nutrient management on plant and soil nutrient status in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) cv. Phule Mosambi was investigated for two consecutive years i.e. 2019 and 2020 at the Horticultural Research Farm, College of Horticulture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) comprised of 11 treatments replicated thrice. Significantly higher yield was recorded with T11 [50% Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) + 20 kg farmyard manure (FYM)/tree +25% nitrogen (N) from Castor Cake + 10 ml Bio NPK Consortium + Micronutrient foliar spray (1% Grade IV)] (17.35 and 17.01 t/ha) which was at par with T10 (15.92 and 15.56 a t/ha) during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Amongst the treatments, T11 had increased the nutrient contents of soil as well as in plant and recorded maximum available nitrogen (N), available potassium (K), soil boron (B) content, plant nitrogen (N) content, plant iron (Fe) content, plant copper (Cu) content and plant boron (B) content in both the years whereas available phosphorous (P) was found higher in treatment T7 in both the years. Treatment T8 recorded highest soil copper (Cu) content in both the years. As far as plant zinc (Zn) content is concerned, it was found higher in treatment T9 in both the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit size can act as a physical barrier providing refuge for larvae of pest Anastrepha species against parasitoid attack. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fruit size in six fruit species infested by Anastrepha larvae on the parasitism of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata after its augmentative release. About 1500 parasitoids were weekly released in disturbed wild vegetation patches. Fruit sampling was performed at the Coastal Lowlands of the Soconusco Region, southeastern Mexico, between June 2021 and October 2022. Overall, 310 ripe fruits belonging to grapefruit, creole mamey (large-size fruits), sweet orange, creole mango, wild guava (medium-size fruits), and wild hog plum (small-size fruit) were collected. The length, frontal width, lateral width and pulp thickness of all sampled fruits were measured. Such physical characteristics are indicators of the fruit size. Fruit collection was performed 48 h after release. Results indicated an inverse correlation between fruit size and parasitism, with a significant r2 value higher than 75%. Host larvae in all fruits were parasitised only by D. longicaudata. The highest mean parasitism, which exceeded 90%, was recorded on hog plum and the lowest, below 20%, on Citrus spp. and mamey. Results corroborated the influence of host fruit size on parasitism levels by D. longicaudata regardless of its large-scale, open-field releases. Augmentative releases of D. longicaudata can be focused on wilderness areas with prevalence of medium-size to small-size Anastrepha host fruits. This would encourage long-term sustainable conservation of released parasitoid populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern orchard systems, the tree canopy is designed to ensure homogeneity in fruit quality. However, even in those crops there are some variables that affect the fruit maturation process and fruit quality properties. The aim of this work was to determine if canopy layer (upper vs. lower), fruit shoot position (grouped vs. individual) and orientation (west vs. east) affect fruit quality attributes of 'Sanguinelli' blood oranges. Thus, different quality traits, such as weight, internal colour (IC), external colour (EC), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and maturity index (MI) were determined for this purpose. Results showed that fruit weight, internal colour, TA and MI were influenced by the number of fruits per shoot. In this sense, the highest values of weight, IC and MI were found in the grouped fruits, while the highest values in TA were in the individual fruits. Regarding the EC and TSS, they were strongly related to the canopy layer, since the highest values were found in fruit located at the upper parts of the canopy. On the contrary, the orientation did not have a significant effect on fruit quality properties. Therefore, consistent differences in quality traits of 'Sanguinelli' blood oranges fruits were observed depending on canopy layer and number of fruits per shoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, published in the journal Horticulturae, discusses the importance of conserving and sustainably using plant genetic resources for food security. It addresses the challenges of meeting global food demand while preserving crop biodiversity and addressing environmental concerns. The document explores various techniques to prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, the role of light in plant life and postharvest ripening, and the use of edible coatings and films to maintain fruit quality and extend storage duration. It also examines the potential of citrus by-products as a source of bioactive compounds and antioxidants. The document provides an overview of published studies in the field of postharvest physiology of fruits. It is a summary of a special issue on horticulture research, covering topics such as natural-based coatings for sweet oranges, aqueous n-butanol treatments for Longkong fruit, melatonin treatment for sweet cherries, sensory evaluation of wild blackthorn fruits, genetically modified plants for sustainable agriculture, and the effect of red visible lighting on banana ripening. The document concludes by highlighting the need for further exploration of the effects of biotic stressors on postharvest physiology. [Extracted from the article]

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BACKGROUND: Xylella fastidiosa is a multi‐host bacterium that can be detected in hundreds of plant species including several crops. Diseases caused by X. fastidiosa are considered a threat to global food production. The primary method for managing diseases caused by X. fastidiosa involves using insecticides to control the vector. Hence, it is necessary to adopt new and sustainable disease management technologies to control not only the insect but also the bacteria and plant health. We demonstrated that N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), a low‐cost cysteine analogue, is a sustainable molecule that can be used in agriculture to decrease the damage caused by X. fastidiosa and improve plant health. RESULTS: Using 15N‐NAC we proved that this analogue was absorbed by the roots and transported to different parts of the plant. Inside the plant, NAC reduced the bacterial population by 60‐fold and the number of xylem vessels blocked by bacterial biofilms. This reflected in a recovery of 0.28‐fold of the daily sap flow compared to health plants. In addition, NAC‐treated citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) plants decreased the oxidative stress by improving the activity of detoxifying enzymes. Moreover, the use of NAC in field conditions positively contributed to the increase in fruit yield of CVC‐diseased plants. CONCLUSION: Our research not only advances the understanding of NAC absorption in plants, but also indicates its dual effect as an antimicrobial and antioxidant molecule. This, in turn, negatively affects bacterial survival while improving plant health by decreasing oxidative stress. Overall, the positive field‐based evidence supports the viability of NAC as a sustainable agricultural application. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]