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Duygu düzenleme psikolojik sağlık alanında sıklıkla çalışılan, tanılar üstü bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İlgili alanyazındaki görgül çalışmalar bu konuyla ilgili önemli bilgiler ortaya koymakla birlikte, son yıllarda duygu düzenlemenin çoğunlukla bazı sınırlılıkları olan belirli araçlarla çalışıldığı ancak aslında duygu düzenlemenin tekdüze bir kavram olmadığı; her ne kadar bugüne kadar ihmal edilse de ortaya çıktığı bağlamın düzenleme üzerinde belirleyici bir rolü olduğu vurgulanmaya başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, duygu düzenleme dendiğinde artık duygu ile ilişkili durum/olay, düzenlenen duygu, kişilerarası koşullar, duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin spontane şekilde ortaya çıkış biçimi, farklı düzenleme yöntemlerinin bir arada kullanılabilmesi, sergilenen stratejilerin etkinliği ve düzenlemeye özgü zaman aralığı gibi pek çok farklı bağlamsal faktörden söz edilmektedir. Bu makalede de ilk olarak ulusal ve uluslararası alanyazında sıkça söz edilen duygu düzenlemeyi tanımlamak, ardından güncel araştırma bulgularını derleyip bir dizi bağlamsal faktörü ele alarak geleneksel yaklaşımların bu noktalardaki sınırlılıklarını sorgulamak ve son olarak bu konulardaki güncel yaklaşımlardan hareketle bazı öneriler sunmak hedeflenmiştir.

Interest in internet-based interventions has increased considerably. Prolonged grief disorder is one of the subjects studied with this method. This study includes preliminary findings of the internet-based and therapist-supported prolonged grief intervention program developed in Turkish. The internet-based program consists of 10 written sessions, and after each session, written feedback is given to the participants by the practitioner. The program takes approximately 6-8 weeks. The preliminary effect of the program was handled in a proof-of-concept study style based on a case series design. Self-report measures were taken from the first eight participants who completed the program at four different times (pre-test, post-test, and 1 and 3-month follow-ups). In addition, the written contents of the first and last sessions were analysed by content analysis. As a result of the descriptive findings, remarkable decreases were observed in traumatic grief, global meaning violation, depression, and stress levels in a significant part of the participants between pre-post and follow-up measurements. Also, at least half of the participants had considerable increases in meaning reconstruction scores. In addition, the results of the content analysis indicated that following the intervention, the bereaved individuals expressed less negative and more positive content, as expected. These two data show that the intervention program is promising in reducing the negative symptoms of bereaved individuals and may yield good results with controlled designs for a broader range of participants.

Obsesif-Kompulsif Bozukluğun gelişimi ve sürdürülmesinde etkin faktörlerin doğru ve gerçek zamanlı olarak değerlendirilmesi, tedavisi ve önlenmesi bakımından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Obsesif-Kompulsif Bozukluğun Bilişsel-Davranışçı Modeline ilişkin bileşenlerin ekolojik anlık değerlendirme yöntemi ile incelenmesi amacıyla Deneyim Örnekleme Formu geliştirilmiş ve modele ait bileşenlerin birbirleriyle ilişkili olup olmadığı anlık ve geriye dönük ölçümler ile karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmaya, uygun örnekleme yöntemi ile 55 yetişkin birey katılmıştır. Katılımcılar, ilk olarak Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu ve Obsesif İstem Dışı Düşünceler Envanterini doldurmuştur. Deneyim örnekleme yöntemine ilişkin yapılan bilgilendirmenin ardından katılımcıların, akıllı telefonlarına yüklenen bir cep telefonu uygulamasıyla bir gün boyunca belirli zaman aralıklarındaki seçkisiz zamanlarda 8 telefon bildirimi almaları sağlanmış ve her bildirimde telefon ekranında beliren Deneyim Örnekleme Formunu doldurmaları beklenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları öncelikle anlık olarak değerlendirilen olumlu ve olumsuz duygulanım, istemdışı düşünce yoğunluğu, bu düşüncelere yönelik duygusal tepkiler, kontrol zorluğu, kontrol stratejileri ve kompulsiyon değişkenlerinin birbirleriyle ve geriye dönük ölçüm alınan Obsesif İstem Dışı Düşünceler Envanterinin ilgili faktörleri ile anlamlı şekilde ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra, Obsesif İstem Dışı Düşünceler Envanteri alt faktörlerinden oluşturulan belirtilerde uç gruplar, anlık ölçümlenen değişkenler açısından karşılaştırılmış ve gruplar arası anlamlı farklar elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, deneyim örnekleme yönteminin güncel model doğrultusunda Obsesif-Kompulsif Bozukluğu başlatan ve sürdüren bilişsel faktörleri sorgulama ve etkili değişkenleri daha gerçekçi ve anlık değerlendirme amacıyla kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Ekolojik geçerliği yüksek olan bu yöntemin, Obsesif-Kompulsif Bozukluğun değerlendirilmesi ve tedavisine önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kanıta dayalı uygulamalar yaklaşımına bağlı olarak psikoterapiyietkileyen faktörlerden biri de danışan tercihleridir ve bu konudaki alanyazınbulguları genel anlamda danışan tercihlerinin sonucu belirleyebildiğine işaretetmektedir. Bu çalışmada ulusal alanyazında eksiklik bulunan bu konudaülkemizdeki yetişkin bir örneklem ile psikoterapi tercihlerine özgü standardizebir ölçüm aracı kullanarak genel bir betimsel değerlendirme yapmak amaçlanmıştır.Yaşları 18 ile 69 arasında değişen (Ort.= 24.81, SS= 7.97) 564 katılımcıya(452 kadın, 112 erkek), psikoterapi tercihlerini sorgulayan Cooper-NorcrossTercih Envanteri (CNTE) uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular ilkolarak, katılımcıların psikoterapiye dair genel anlamda bilgi sahibi olsalarda, psikoterapinin temel aldığı yönelim başta olmak üzere bazı konularda dahafazla bilgiye gereksinim duydukları izlenimini bırakmıştır. Sonuçlar ayrıcaenvanterin alt boyutları ve katılımcıların bazı demografik özellikleri yönündenincelendiğinde spesifik tercihler bağlamında, genelde psikoterapinin duygusalyoğunluğa odaklı olmasını istedikleri; cinsiyet açısından kadınların daha çokterapist yönlendiriciliği ve duygusal yoğunluğu, erkeklerinse günümüzeodaklanmayı tercih ettiklerigörülmektedir. Katılımcılar arasında psikolojik sağlık alanındaçalışanlar daha çok destekleyiciliği tercih ederken, daha evvel bir psikoterapideneyimleri olmayanların terapi sürecinin daha yüzleştirici olmasınıbekledikleri söylenebilir. Bu bağlamda psikoterapi tercihleri konusundaülkemizde genel bir değerlendirme yapmayı hedefleyen bu çalışmadaki bulgularalanyazın bağlamında cinsiyet rolleri ve genel psikoterapi beklentileridoğrultusunda yorumlanabilir. Özetle, danışan tercihlerinin önemli bir etkiyesahip olduğu ve psikoterapi konusunda halkı doğru şekilde bilgilendirilmeyegereksinim olduğu söylenebilir.

"The main purpose of the present study is to adapt the Emotion Regulation Interview (ERI) into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties, while at the same time, to revise it by extending its scope in terms of emotions, emotion regulation (ER) strategies, and the efficacy measures related to ER strategies. For this purpose, various adjustments have been made to the original interview form, resulting in the Emotion Regulation Interview-Revised Form (ERI-RF). The ERI-RF evaluates the regulation of the emotions (i.e., anxiety, sadness, anger) experienced in romantic relationships, recognizing that emotions and ER mostly emerge in close relationships. A total of 138 participants in romantic relationships were interviewed using the ERI-RF, and second interviews were conducted with 31 of the participants for the assessment of test-retest reliability. Results showed that the ERI-RF had good validity results, and the use of some ER strategies to certain emotions demonstrated sufficient test-retest reliability. It was concluded that the ERI-RF, as an assessment tool for the evaluation of a wide range of ER strategies based on the most frequently experienced emotions, has sufficient psychometric properties, and that its use in different samples in feature studies may yield useful results."

Yaşam boyu birlikte görülme oranları oldukça yüksek olan depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluklarının etiyolojisindeki ortaklıklar birlikte ele alındığında, en son araştırmalar bu ortak özelliklerden hareketle geliştirilen bir dizi duygularla ilişkili bozukluğa uygulanabilen tanılar üstü bir yaklaşımı gündeme getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada tanılar üstü müdahale programlarının depresyon ve anksiyete bozuklukları üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen görgül araştırmalar gözden geçirilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda ulaşılan 18 seçkisiz kontrollü ve 13 seçkisiz olmayan çalışma örneklem özellikleri, yöntemsel arka planları ve sonuçları bakımından incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında incelenen araştırmalar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde ilk olarak, tanılar üstü psikolojik müdahale programlarının çeşitli anksiyete bozuklukları ve depresyonun tedavisinde etkili olduğu sonucu çıkarılabilir. Anksiyete ve depresif belirtilerin bir arada olduğu durumlarda tanılar üstü yaklaşımın tanıya özgü protokollere kıyasla önemli avantajlar sağlayabileceği önerilmektedir. Gelecek çalışmalarda bu yaklaşımın farklı tanı gruplarında tanıya özgü tedavilere kıyasla etkisinin incelenmesinin önemli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ülkemizde de tanılar üstü müdahalelerin etkinliğini ve tanıya özgü protokollere kıyasla olası klinik ve ekonomik avantajlarını araştırmanın önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir., By considering the etiological similarities of depression and anxiety disorders with high lifetime coexistence rates, recent research has introduced a transdiagnostic approach applicable to a range of emotional disorders with these common features. This paper reviews empirical studies examining the effects of transdiagnostic intervention programs on depression and anxiety disorders. The literature search identified 18 randomized controlled and 12 non-randomized studies. These were examined in terms of their sample characteristics, methodological approaches, and findings. Overall, the reviewed transdiagnostic psychological intervention programs treat various anxiety disorders and depression effectively. In cases where anxiety and depressive symptoms are comorbid, the transdiagnostic approach has significant advantages over diagnosis-specific protocols. Future studies should investigate the effect of the transdiagnostic approach in different diagnostic groups compared to diagnosis-specific treatments. In Turkey specifically, it is important to investigate the effectiveness of transdiagnostic interventions and potential clinical and economic advantages compared to diagnostic specific protocols.

The current study aimed to examine the effectiveness of internet-delivered Combined Cognitive Bias Modification (iCBM-C) for interpretation (CBM-I) and attention (CBM-A) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms comparatively.Eighty-two participants (mean age = 26.5, SD = 5.93; 79.3% female) with high OCD symptoms were randomly assigned to eight sessions of iCBM-C (n = 22), iCBM-I, (n = 20), iCBM-A (n = 20), or wait-list control (WLC) (n = 20). Assessments of OCD symptoms and beliefs, depression, anxiety, stress, and mood were administered at baseline, post-intervention at week 4 and 1-month follow-up, whereas assessments of interpretation and attentional biases were administered at baseline and post-intervention at week 4. Both iCBM-C and iCBM-I reduced OCD beliefs compared to the iCBM-A, and negative OC-relevant interpretations compared to both iCBM-A and WLC at post-intervention at week 4, with no clear superiority of one intervention over the other. Although both the interventions also reduced OCD symptoms, only iCBM-I was superior to WLC at post-intervention at week 4. There were no differences between groups regarding attentional bias, depression, anxiety, stress, and mood at post-intervention at week 4. There were also no differences between groups in terms of any outcome at 1-month follow-up. Although our findings provide further evidence for the utility of CBM-I for OCD, iCBM-C also revealed promising outcomes. Should these findings be replicated in specific subgroups, iCBM-C has the potential to be accessible and effective treatment for OCD.

Scientific research into the reduction of stigmatization, particularly related to specific problems such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), is scarce. In the present study, we examine the impact of a video-based antistigma intervention program for OCD in a pretest-posttest control group research. After being randomly assigned to either an intervention (n= 101) or control group (n= 96), the participants reported their attitudes on a hypothetical case vignette before and after OCD vs. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) videos, and again six months later as a follow up assessment. The mixed design analyses for the group comparisons indicated that although there was no significant difference in the measures of the control group, the participants watching the anti-stigma OCD video, in which the focus was psychoeducation and interaction strategies, reported significantly lower scores on social distances and negative beliefs for the case vignettes they read, and this difference was maintained six months later. Then, the present results indicate the effectiveness of our anti-stigma intervention program for OCD. Interventions to reduce stigmatization can also be viewed as effective tools for changing the attitudes of people toward OCD, although further research and applications are needed related to specific disorders if a longlasting impact is to be achieved.

Among the various instruments used in literature, the Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS) is designed to meet the need for a comprehensive and current tool for the measurement of perfectionism and the assessment of personal tendencies. The present study adapts and examines the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of both the BTPS-45 and BTPS-16, based on the responses of 427 Turkish community adults who were recruited for the purpose. All of the respondents were assessed with the two popular perfectionism scales, and for dark personality features and psychological problems, while 109 re-completed the BTPS-45 and BTPS-16 scales for the evaluation of test-retest reliability 2 weeks later. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis conducted to test the various models with different factor structures showed that the models comprising the three main and 10 sub-dimensions of the BTPS-45 and three main dimensions of the BTPS-16 showed the best fit. The significant relationships found between the BTPS factors, the scores recorded from the other perfectionism scale, the dark triad and the psychopathology symptoms all supported the validity of both the BTPS-45 and the BTPS-16. The findings further indicated that the structures of these forms had acceptable internal consistency and demonstrated satisfactory test-retest reliability. The reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of the long and short forms of the BTPS were thus established, supporting their use in further empirical studies and psychological interventions. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

In recent years, the number of smart phone applications developed for physical and mental health has been rapidly increasing. The rapid growth in the use of smart phone applications provides an alternative and supportive option for the treatment of mental illnesses. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of mobile applications related to mental health by using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Within the scope of the study, English articles published in several databases were searched using specific terms. Twelve eligible studies fulfilling the research criteria were evaluated in terms of contents, sampling, study method and findings of the applications. The findings of the current studies revealed that mobile applications are generally effective in reducing the symptoms of the mental illness and feasibility and usability of smart phone applications were reported by participants., Son yıllarda fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlığa yönelik geliştirilen akıllı telefon uygulamalarının sayısı hızla artmaktadır. Kullanımı hızla yaygınlaşan uygulamalar ruhsal rahatsızlıkların tedavisine alternatif ve destekleyici bir seçenek sunmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, ruh sağlığı ile ilgili mobil uygulamaların etkinliğini randomize kontrollü çalışmalar (RKÇ) ile değerlendiren alanyazındaki çalışmaları sistematik olarak gözden geçirerek incelemektir. Çalışma kapsamında çeşitli veritabanlarında yayınlanan İngilizce makaleler belirlenen anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak taranmıştır. Yapılan tarama sonucunda dahil etme kriterlerine uygun 12 araştırma bu çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir; bu çalışmalar ise uygulamaların içeriği, örneklem, çalışma yöntemi ve bulgular açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmalardan elde edilen bulgular ışığında mobil uygulamaların genel olarak hedeflenen ruhsal bozukluk belirtilerini azaltmada etkili olduğu ve katılımcılar tarafından uygulamaların benimsendiği ve kullanımının kolay olduğunu rapor ettikleri görülmüştür.

"Thought Action Fusion" can be described as a cognitive bias that is particularly observed in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and it refers to appraisals of close association of thoughts in morality and likelihood dimensions and their real-life effects. Although empirical findings mostly highlighted the critical role of Thought Action Fusion in likelihood dimension in psychological problems, in recent years, it is remarkable that with its salient manifestations in individual and social levels, there are increasing number of scientific research on the Thought Action Fusion-Morality subtype in many aspects such as its relationship with superstition, religiosity, cultural values, emotions like guilt, contextual factors, psychological problems and intervention techniques. The current study reviewed literature for last 15 years since the last review article in order to integrate the current findings on about Thought Action Fusion- Morality, which has a different nature. By this way, in this review, it is aimed to have a better understanding of Moral Thought Action Fusion as a phenomenon, to provide an insight about developing psychological intervention programs specified for the concept by summarizing related findings, to present a coherence on scientific research trends for near future and draw attention to the subject. Generally speaking, the results of this review give an impression that Thought Action Fusion-Morality has been studied in terms of various factors such as religiosity, different religions, social and cultural factors, characteristics of object exposed to this fusion and psychological intervention techniques, and they given critical inferences in scientific, clinical and professional areas.

Neuroticism and religiosity are distal vulnerability factors for OCD phenomenon. The present study aimed to examine the roles of obsessive beliefs (OBs), thought-control strategies, and guilt in the relationship between these vulnerability factors and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCSs), specifically scrupulosity symptoms in a Muslim sample via SEM. The sample consisted of 273 university students who filled out a set of questionnaires. The results indicated that neuroticism and the degree of religiosity predict OBs that are positively associated with guilt and self-punishment both of which predict scrupulosity and other OCSs. Findings of the present study were discussed in the context of the related literature.

Objective The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ) is a frequently used instrument in relevant literature for assessment of cognitive biases that play critical roles in appraisal of intrusive experiences in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The questionnaire was initially designed as a 44-item questionnaire, then was shortened to 20 items and lastly was brought down to 9-items. Since so far, only the 44-item version has been available in Turkey, this study aimed to examine psychometric properties of the two shortened OBQ forms in a community sample. Method The study included the data sets of two adult groups on the OBQ and the psychometric tools completed on the OCD symptoms, self-ambivalence and thought action fusion. Results Results of the explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the Turkish language versions of the OBQ-20 and OBQ-9 had acceptable internal consistency coefficients, similar factor structures to the original studies on the questionnaire, and that, on the bases of the extra modeling tests, the total and the subdimensional scores of both questionnaires were usable for OCD assessments. Moreover as expected, there were significant correlations among these biases, OCD symptoms, self-ambivalence and thought-action fusion.

No matter how well-intentioned psychological treatments are planned and implemented, they have the potential to affect clients negatively or to end unexpectedly. These negative effects are represented by very different terms in the literature. It is not clear how to define negative effects, how they will be evaluated, or what to do when encountered with them. The purpose of this systematic review was to bring together the studies on the negative effects of psychotherapy and to examine how this concept is handled and what these effects can be from the perspective of therapists and clients. As a result of the systematic literature review, 58 studies on this subject were reached, and 14 articles meeting the screening criteria were examined in detail. According to the findings, the terms used for this phenomenon include negative effects, negative indicators, side effects, deterioration-worsening of symptoms and undesirable effect. The negative effects stated in these studies with different numbers of participants suffering from different disorders and various methods are defined as technical problems, problems with the therapeutic relationship, increase or worsening of symptoms, failure to meet the expectations of the client and therapist from psychotherapy. It was thought that more randomized controlled trials were needed to make a clear conclusion on this issue. It is thought that the widespread use of such research will improve mental health studies, bring awareness to therapists by focusing on this concept that seems taboo, will have effects on being more beneficial to clients and making psychotherapies more functional.

Making realistic predictions about the future is important in clinical psychology as in many other disciplines. This opinion survey aimed to examine clinical psychologists' predictions for the next 10 years regarding the status of psychotherapy in Turkey in two stages, with 107 participants in one and 69 in the other. The results revealed that the techniques predicted to increase the most in the next decade were the use of eclectic therapy, mindfulness therapy, solution-focused therapy, system/family approaches, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Among the therapeutic interventions expected to increase in popularity were Internet-based programs, smartphone applications, and problem solving. In terms of type of psychotherapists, family counselors with certificate/graduate degrees and Internet-based treatment programs were expected to become more common, whereas it was considered that shorter treatment formats and crisis intervention approaches would be preferred. In sum, the present findings provide a current overview for Turkey and a comparison with other literature findings. © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) assesses distress associated with the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study reports on the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the OCI-R as a widely known measure. The sample consisted of 319 Turkish university students (67.1% women; M age = 21.5, SD = 2.0). The questionnaire battery included measures of OCD symptoms, specific cognitions, thought control, and personality characteristics. A target rotation analysis supported the factorial validity of the Turkish OCI-R as indicated by its replicability with the original factor structure (i.e., checking, washing, obsessing, hoarding, ordering, and mental neutralizing). High-scoring OCD symptom groups also significantly differed on the Turkish OCI-R and thus presented preliminary evidence for its criterion validity. Correlational analysis supported convergent and divergent validity of the measure, with significant correlations between the Turkish OCI-R and OCD symptoms, OCD-specific beliefs, two thought control strategies (e.g., worry and punishment), and neuroticism, but not with psychoticism or extraversion. The current findings provide initial evidence of sound psychometric properties for the Turkish OCI-R in a nonclinical sample.

Research has shown that magical thinking is a critical variable in Obsessive Compulsive (OC) symptoms, as well as in some related cognitions. On the other hand, a number of thought control strategies to address unwanted thoughts have been found to have paradoxical roles in these symptoms, and there is no empirical study investigated the role of these strategies in magical thinking towards OC symptoms. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to explore the association between some specific and maladaptive thought control methods (i.e., worry, punishment and suppression) and magical thinking for obsessional experiences, after controlling for negative affect. A community sample of 496 people completed a self-report measures of their paranormal beliefs, thought control, thought suppression, and symptoms of depression, anxiety and OC in 2015. The results of the correlation analysis indicated a positive association between magical thinking, punishment and suppression, as well as symptoms of OC, depression and general anxiety; after general negative affect was partialled out, these relationships still maintained. Furthermore, a series of hierarchical regression and bootstrapping analyses revealed that paranormal beliefs specifically trigger these two control methods, which in turn contribute to the emergence of symptoms of OC. The findings of the current study seem to concur with cognitive accounts and research and support the paradoxical roles of some control strategies, namely punishment and suppression, in cases with obsessional experiences. Thus, community should be informed about nature of intrusions, the impacts of magical thinking and these thought control strategies.

The cognitive behavioral model of hoarding, focusing on real/perceived deficits in cognitive processes, beliefs about possessions and avoidance, is mainly supported by several studies with Western samples. However, owing to the possible impact of cultural characteristics, more research is needed to support cognitive correlates of hoarding in a variety of cultures and to understand the role of the various ways of coping. Hence, the present study examines the relationships between certain cognitive constructs, namely attachment to possessions, indecisiveness, metacognitive beliefs and ways of coping with hoarding symptoms. We collected data from a Turkish community sample using self-report measures and performed correlation and regression analyses. The results confirmed the roles of indecisiveness, emotional attachment to belongingness, positive and negative beliefs about worries and cognitive confidence in hoarding symptoms. Moreover, the following factors also seemed to be associated with these symptoms: greater use of indirect ways of coping, including escape/avoidance, belief in supernatural forces, accepting responsibility, keeping to self, and less use of planned problem solving. In addition to highlighting the role of culture-specific descriptions and empirical studies, the current findings may be viewed as preliminary evidence that validates the current model and roles of various ways of coping. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objective: EMBU-C (Egna Minnen Barndoms Uppfostran for Children) is among the most commonly used instruments for assessing perceived parental attitudes during the childhood period. This self-report instrument is used with adults to measure their perceptions of each of their parents' attitudes during their childhood in the dimensions of emotional warmth, overprotection, and rejection. The aim of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of EMBU-C, following a previous pilot study that supported its psychometric properties and its cross-cultural validity. Materials and Methods: EMBU-C, the Parental Bonding Instrument, Brief Symptom Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Abbreviated, and General Self-Efficacy Scale were administered to 271 adults living in Bursa, Turkey. Explanatory factor analysis, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Test and Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of EMBU-C. Results: The findings show that EMBU-C is reliable, and has concurrent, convergent, and criterion validity. Conclusion: EMBU-C is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used for research on perceived parental attitudes for different psychological constructs and in clinical practice.

The aim of the present study was to reveal the cross-cultural utility of the Thought-Action Fusion Scale (TAFS; J. Anxiety Disord. 10 (1996) 379). Thought-action fusion (TAF) refers to the tendency to overvalue the significance and the consequences of thoughts. Two hundred and fifty one undergraduate Turkish students participated in the current study. The reliability and validity analyses of the Turkish version of the scale indicated that the TAFS had adequate psychometric properties in a Turkish sample. Consistent with the original TAF, the Turkish version of TAFS revealed two subscales as TAF-Likelihood and TAF-Morality. Reliability analysis showed that TAF Scale and its factors had adequate internal consistencies and split-half reliability coefficients. Confirming the expectations, TAFS scores were found to be significantly and positively correlated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, responsibility, and guilt measures. Moreover, it was found that people with high obsessive-compulsive symptoms had higher TAFS scores than those with low symptoms. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objective: Misinterpretations of intrusive experiences are suggested to play critical role in the development and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Some faulty belief domains are also assumed to contribute to the immediate misappraisal of intrusions and thus, patients with OCD try to control their thoughts with various thought control strategies. This study aims to examine these cognitive concepts among Turkish patients with OCD and comparatively review the psychometric characteristics of three instruments in clinical samples. Methods: The sample of the study was constituted of patients with OCD and any other anxiety disorders and undergraduate university students as control group. An instrument set on immediate misinterpretations, beliefs, control strategies, responsibility attitudes, fusions of thoughts and actions, thought suppression, OCD symptoms, self-esteem and personality characteristics was administered to the sample. Results: Having acceptable reliability values, instrument tools of immediate interpretations, beliefs and thought control methods were found to be higher in OCD patients. These three factors were found to be significantly associated with other relevant cognitive correlates, while they were not related to some other factors such as psychoticism. Conclusion: These findings show that misinterpretations of intrusions, beliefs and control methods are also valid concepts in Turkish clinical samples that live in a different cultural context, and the self-report instruments of these cognitive factors were shown to display satisfactory psychometric properties. Key words: obsessive-compulsive disorder, misinterpretations of intrusions, faulty belief domains, thought control strategies

Although the role of excessive efforts to exert mental control over one's unwanted intrusive thoughts has been successfully explained and documented in the cognitive-behavioural models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), individual's beliefs regarding the controllability of events, that is, locus of control (LOC), have been largely ignored in recent cognitive formulations of OCD. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between these two control-related cognitions by comparing their roles in obsessive–compulsive (OC) and depression symptoms. Measures of LOC, obsessive-related beliefs, depression, anxiety and OCD symptoms were administered to a sample of 530 Turkish university students. Results showed that while external LOC was positively associated with depression symptoms, the relation was different for OC symptoms. The interaction of LOC with a high desire for thought control was significantly associated with general OC symptoms, particularly with checking symptoms. The findings suggest that beliefs regarding the controllability of events are critical factors in OC symptomatology, but only when there is also a high desire of thought control.

Background and objectives In addition to clinical observations exemplifying biased reasoning styles (e.g., overemphasis of thoughts) and particular ritualistic behaviors, it is also empirically supported that magical beliefs are also associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms and some cognitions. It should be noted, however, that most empirical studies have been carried out on the samples from Western cultures, even though these beliefs were culturally determined. Thus, more research is needed in order to understand their roles in the OCD symptoms in different cultural contexts. The present study aimed to examine the impact of magical beliefs in OCD symptoms, cognitions and thought control in a non-Western analogue sample from Turkey. Method The measures of paranormal beliefs, fusion of thoughts-actions, obsessive beliefs, strategies of thought control and OCD symptoms were administered to an undergraduate sample. Result Consistent with findings in the literature, the analyses of group comparisons, correlation and regression showed that even after controlling general negative affect, magical beliefs were still associated with OCD symptoms, some beliefs and control strategies, namely the symptoms of obsessional thoughts and checking, fusions of thoughts and actions in likelihood, faulty beliefs in perfectionism-certainty and punishment. Limitations Some methodological concerns such as cross-sectional nature, inclusion of only non-clinical sample were major restrictions of the present study. Conclusion Evidence that magical thinking is a critical factor in the OCD is supported once more in a different cultural context.

Previous research findings have suggested that recent cognitive accounts of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are valid across different cultural contexts for both clinical and nonclinical samples; however, there is evidence that cultural differences may have an impact on a number of cognitive variables. For this reason, immigration provides an exceptional opportunity for an examination of the role of cultural context in cognitions and possible changes in cultural characteristics. To this end, the present study examined the interrelationships between thought-action fusion, thought control strategies and OCD symptoms in three nonclinical samples, taking the immigration factor into consideration. Thus, the current study included three Turkish sample groups: those who remigrated to Turkey from Bulgaria, those still living in Bulgaria, and those that have always resided in Turkey. The findings of the study supported the role of thought and action fusion and control strategies in OCD symptoms in a cross-cultural context. To illustrate, worry, as a thought control strategy for OCD symptoms, was a common factor in all three sample groups. However, differences were also noted between the groups, despite having the same ethnic origin. Although they immigrated back to Turkey and have been living there for a considerable period of time, the Turkish remigrants retained similar characteristics to the respondents in Bulgaria on cognitions in general. Consequently, it may be suggested that cultural context might have a relative impact on certain correlates. A replication of these findings using different immigration groups and examining various cultural factors is strongly encouraged.

Among the influential cognitive factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), inferential confusion is a cognitive bias, which is described as the acceptance of possibilities as reality in contrast to sensory information. The present study aimed to determine the role of this construct in a clinical sample, and to test the cross-cultural validity of inferential confusion and to determine the psychometric properties of the Inferential Confusion Scale (ICS) in a Turkish clinical sample.The study included a group of patients with OCD and other anxiety disorders, and a control group, both of which were administered the ICS, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire- Revised and Abbreviated Form (EPQR-A), Obsessive-Compulsive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI), and Padua Inventory-WSUR. One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed for group comparisons, while Pearson's Product Moment Correlation test was used to examine interrelationships among the variables.ANCOVA analysis results indicate that OCD patients expressed more concern on the ICS, which had satisfactory reliability values, and this difference remained when controlled for depression and anxiety. In addition, inferential confusion was positively associated with OCD symptoms and relevant cognitive measures; thus, it seems that the Turkish version of the ICS is a reliable and valid instrument for the evaluation of inferential confusion. Furthermore, as with responsibility-threat estimation and depression, inferential confusion was one of the cognitive factors that differentiated the OCD patients from the controls and was a significant predictor of OCD symptoms, beyond other cognitive variables.In accordance with the literature, the findings of the present study show that the Turkish ICS is a reliable and valid measure for use in Turkey, and that inferential confusion is a critical cognitive factor with an important role in OCD.

Recent findings have suggested some potential psychological vulnerability factors for development of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, including cognitive factors of appraisal and thought control, religiosity, self-esteem and personality characteristics such as neuroticism. Studies demonstrating these associations usually come from Western cultures, but there may be cultural differences relevant to these vulnerability factors and OC symptoms. The present study examined the relationship between putative vulnerability factors and OC symptoms by comparing non-clinical samples from Turkey and Canada, two countries with quite different cultural characteristics. The findings revealed some common correlates such as neuroticism and certain types of metacognition, including appraisals of responsibility/threat estimation and perfectionism/need for certainty, as well as thought action fusion. However, culture-specific factors were also indicated in the type of thought control participants used. For OC disorder symptoms, Turkish participants were more likely to utilize worry and thought suppression, while Canadian participants tended to use self-punishment more frequently. The association with common factors supports the cross-cultural validity of some factors, whereas unique factors suggest cultural features that may be operative in cognitive processes relevant to OC symptoms. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Religious themes commonly feature in obsessions. Some theorists view religiosity as a potential risk factor, due to the hypothesized influence of religious acculturation on appraisals of unwanted intrusive thoughts. Several studies revealed that the relationship between religiosity and some OCD cognitions might change among various religions, possibly because of the differences in religious doctrines and teachings. The present study examined the relationship between religiosity and OCD symptoms and cognitions in different religious contexts. In this study, Muslim and Christian subjects from Turkey and Canada, respectively, were compared on OCD features by taking their level of religiosity into consideration. The results showed that having scored higher in OCD symptoms, Muslim participants reported more concerns on their thoughts and controlling them, and they also seemed to use worry strategy to manage their unwanted thoughts. On the other hand, regardless of religion category, high religious subjects reported to experience more obsessional thoughts and checking, while sensitivity on thoughts and emphases on control of thoughts and psychological fusion in morality were more salient for this group. Indeed, degree of religiosity also made a significant difference on thought-action fusion in morality domain especially for Christian subjects. In line with previous findings, the results of the present study support the association between religiosity and OCD even across two monotheistic religions. Besides, the characteristics of the religion might account for the differences in OCD cognitions and symptoms across both religions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Although an inflated sense of responsibility, thought-action fusion, and thought suppression are influential factors in cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), their impact on OCD has generally been demonstrated in samples from Western countries. The aim of the present study is to evaluate these cognitive factors in Turkish patients with OCD, other anxiety disorders, and community controls. Group comparisons showed that responsibility based on self-dangerousness and thought suppression significantly distinguished OCD patients from patients with other anxiety disorders and controls. Moreover, correlation and discriminant function analyses indicated that thought-action fusion in morality and likelihood was also associated with OCD symptoms. The present findings provide support for the international validity and specificity of cognitive factors and model for OCD. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability and the validity of the Turkish translation of the Eysneck Personality Questionnaire Revised-abbreviated Form (EPQR-A) (Francis et al., 1992), which consists of 24 items that assess neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism, and lying.The questionnaire was first translated into Turkish and then back translated. Subsequently, it was administered to 756 students from 4 different universities. The Fear Survey Inventory-III (FSI-III), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scales (RSES), and Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran (EMBU-C) were also administered in order to assess the questionnaire's validity. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity were subsequently evaluated.Factor analysis, similar to the original scale, yielded 4 factors; the neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism, and lie scales. Kuder-Richardson alpha coefficients for the extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie scales were 0.78, 0.65, 0.42, and 0.64, respectively, and the test-retest reliability of the scales was 0.84, 0.82, 0.69, and 0.69, respectively. The relationships between EPQR-A-48, FSI-III, EMBU-C, and RSES were examined in order to evaluate the construct validity of the scale. Our findings support the construct validity of the questionnaire. To investigate gender differences in scores on the subscales, MANOVA was conducted. The results indicated that there was a gender difference only in the lie scale scores.Our findings largely supported the reliability and validity of the questionnaire in a Turkish student sample. The psychometric characteristics of the Turkish version of the EPQR-A were discussed in light of the relevant literature.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability and the validity of the Turkish translation of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated Form (EPQR-A) (Francis et al., 1992), which consists of 24 items that assess neuroticism, extroversion, psychoticism, and lying.

Empirical findings revealed that an inflated sense of responsibility has a major impact on obsessive-compulsive symptomatology (OCS). Another cognitive variable, perfectionism, is also theoretically linked to OCS. The assumption about the insufficient but necessary role of perfectionism for OCS and the view of perfectionism as a manifestation of avoidance of serious consequences led us to explore the role of an important cognitive mediator (responsibility) in this relationship. The present study aimed to explore the mediational role of responsibility for the effects of perfectionism on checking and cleaning symptom profiles of OCS in a nonclinical population in Turkey. Findings of the present study suggested that responsibility appraisals mediate effects of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism on checking and the effect of socially prescribed perfectionism on cleaning. There was a partial mediation for self-oriented perfectionism on cleaning. The findings are discussed within the scope of current literature and implications for clinical applications are suggested. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

According to the cognitive model, an inflated sense of responsibility is an important cognitive mediator both in the development and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Empirical findings assign differential roles to responsibility in different kinds of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. However, findings that suggested a different function for responsibility revealed the need for an operational definition of responsibility and its multi-factorial factorial structure. Few studies have examined the role of responsibility in OC symptoms in adolescents. The present study therefore aimed to explore responsibility concerns and to evaluate the relationship between responsibility dimensions and obsessive-compulsive symptom subgroups in two samples of adolescents and university students in a developing non-Western country. The findings suggested that the Responsibility Attitude Scale had a bifactorial structure, responsibility in prevention and self-dangerousness and prvention. Adolescents reported more responsibility in prevention and self-dangerousness than university students. The results appear to contribute to the symptom differentiation of OC bahaviour by highlighting the importance of both dimensions of responsibility for checking symptoms, responsibility based on danger prevention for cleaning and, finally, responsibility based on self-dangerousness for obsessive thinking. Replication with clinical samples and different methodologies are encouraged.

Objective: Among the influential cognitive factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), inferential confusion is a cognitive bias, which is described as the acceptance of possibilities as reality in contrast to sensory information. The present study aimed to determine the role of this construct in a clinical sample, and to test the cross-cultural validity of inferential confusion and to determine the psychometric properties of the Inferential Confusion Scale (ICS) in a Turkish clinical sample.