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592 results on '"Oppenheimer M"'

1. Interactions between urban heat islands and heat waves

Author

Zhao, L, Oppenheimer, M, Zhu, Q, Baldwin, JW, Ebi, KL, Bou-Zeid, E, Guan, K, and Liu, X

Subjects
heat wave, urban heat island, surface evaporation, surface biophysical processes, climate change, Climate Change, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Heat waves (HWs) are among the most damaging climate extremes to human society. Climate models consistently project that HW frequency, severity, and duration will increase markedly over this century. For urban residents, the urban heat island (UHI) effect further exacerbates the heat stress resulting from HWs. Here we use a climate model to investigate the interactions between the UHI and HWs in 50 cities in the United States under current climate and future warming scenarios. We examine UHI2m (defined as urban-rural difference in 2m-height air temperature) and UHIs (defined as urban-rural difference in radiative surface temperature). Our results show significant sensitivity of the interaction between UHI and HWs to local background climate and warming scenarios. Sensitivity also differs between daytime and nighttime. During daytime, cities in the temperate climate region show significant synergistic effects between UHI and HWs in current climate, with an average of 0.4 K higher UHI2m or 2.8 K higher UHIs during HWs than during normal days. These synergistic effects, however, diminish in future warmer climates. In contrast, the daytime synergistic effects for cities in dry regions are insignificant in the current climate, but emerge in future climates. At night, the synergistic effects are similar across climate regions in the current climate, and are stronger in future climate scenarios. We use a biophysical factorization method to disentangle the mechanisms behind the interactions between UHI and HWs that explain the spatial-temporal patterns of the interactions. Results show that the difference in the increase of urban versus rural evaporation and enhanced anthropogenic heat emissions (air conditioning energy use) during HWs are key contributors to the synergistic effects during daytime. The contrast in water availability between urban and rural land plays an important role in determining the contribution of evaporation. At night, the enhanced release of stored and anthropogenic heat during HWs are the primary contributors to the synergistic effects.

Published
2018

2. Leakage risks of geologic CO2 storage and the impacts on the global energy system and climate change mitigation

Author

Deng, H, Bielicki, JM, Oppenheimer, M, Fitts, JP, and Peters, CA

Subjects
Carbon capture, utilization and storage, Geologic CO2 storage, Leakage risk, Climate change mitigation, Integrated assessment modeling, GCAM, Carbon tax, Representative concentration pathways, Carbon capture, utilization and storage, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

This study investigated how subsurface and atmospheric leakage from geologic CO2 storage reservoirs could impact the deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in the global energy system. The Leakage Risk Monetization Model was used to estimate the costs of leakage for representative CO2 injection scenarios, and these costs were incorporated into the Global Change Assessment Model. Worst-case scenarios of CO2 leakage risk, which assume that all leakage pathway permeabilities are extremely high, were simulated. Even with this extreme assumption, the associated costs of monitoring, treatment, containment, and remediation resulted in minor shifts in the global energy system. For example, the reduction in CCS deployment in the electricity sector was 3% for the “high” leakage scenario, with replacement coming from fossil fuel and biomass without CCS, nuclear power, and renewable energy. In other words, the impact on CCS deployment under a realistic leakage scenario is likely to be negligible. We also quantified how the resulting shifts will impact atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Under a carbon tax that achieves an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 480 ppm in 2100, technology shifts due to leakage costs would increase this concentration by less than 5 ppm. It is important to emphasize that this increase does not result from leaked CO2 that reaches the land surface, which is minimal due to secondary trapping in geologic strata above the storage reservoir. The overall conclusion is that leakage risks and associated costs will likely not interfere with the effectiveness of policies for climate change mitigation.

Published
2017

3. Prosocial preferences improve climate risk management in subsistence farming communities

Author

Choquette-Levy, N., Wildemeersch, M., Santos, F.P., Levin, S.A., Oppenheimer, M., Weber, E.U., Choquette-Levy, N., Wildemeersch, M., Santos, F.P., Levin, S.A., Oppenheimer, M., and Weber, E.U.

Abstract

Several governments have tested formal index-based insurance to build climate resilience among smallholder farmers. Yet, adoption of such programmes has generated concerns that insurance may crowd out long-established informal risk transfer arrangements. Understanding this phenomenon requires new analytic approaches that capture dynamics of human social behaviour when facing risky events. Here we develop a modelling framework, based on evolutionary game theory and empirical data from Nepal and Ethiopia, to demonstrate that insurance may introduce a new social dilemma in farmer risk management strategies. We find that while socially optimal risk management is achieved when all farmers pursue a combination of formal and informal risk transfer, a community of self-interested agents is unable to maintain this co-existence under rising climate risks. We find that a combination of prosocial preferences—moderate altruism and solidarity—helps farmers overcome these concerns and achieve the social optimum. In our model, behavioural interventions that cue such preferences can reduce farmer expected losses by 26% and save approximately 5% of community agricultural income through reduced premium subsidies under climate risk levels likely to emerge in the coming decades.

Published
2024
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5. The timing of decreasing coastal flood protection due to sea-level rise

Author

Hermans, T.H.J., Malagon Santos, V., Katsman, C.A., Jane, R.A., Rasmussen, D.J., Haasnoot, M., Garner, G.G., Kopp, R.E., Oppenheimer, M., Slangen, A.B.A., Hermans, T.H.J., Malagon Santos, V., Katsman, C.A., Jane, R.A., Rasmussen, D.J., Haasnoot, M., Garner, G.G., Kopp, R.E., Oppenheimer, M., and Slangen, A.B.A.

Abstract

Sea-level rise amplifies the frequency of extreme sea levels by raising their baseline height. Amplifications are often projected for arbitrary future years and benchmark frequencies. Consequently, such projections do not indicate when flood risk thresholds may be crossed given the current degree of local coastal protection. To better support adaptation planning and comparative vulnerability analyses, we project the timing of the frequency amplification of extreme sea levels relative to estimated local flood protection standards, using sea-level rise projections of IPCC AR6 until 2150. Our central estimates indicate that those degrees of protection will be exceeded ten times as frequently within the next 30 years (the lead time that large adaptation measures may take) at 26% and 32% of the tide gauges considered, and annually at 4% and 8%, for a low- and high-emissions scenario, respectively. Adaptation planners may use our framework to assess the available lead time and useful lifetime of protective infrastructure.

Published
2023

6. Communicating future sea-level rise uncertainty and ambiguity to assessment users

Author

Kopp, R.E., Oppenheimer, M., O’Reilly, J.L., Drijfhout, S., Edwards, T.L., Fox-Kemper, B., Garner, G.G., Golledge, N.R., Hermans, T.H.J., Hewitt, H.T., Horton, B.P., Krinner, G., Notz, D., Nowicki, S., Palmer, M.D., Slangen, A.B.A., Xiao, C., Kopp, R.E., Oppenheimer, M., O’Reilly, J.L., Drijfhout, S., Edwards, T.L., Fox-Kemper, B., Garner, G.G., Golledge, N.R., Hermans, T.H.J., Hewitt, H.T., Horton, B.P., Krinner, G., Notz, D., Nowicki, S., Palmer, M.D., Slangen, A.B.A., and Xiao, C.

Abstract

Future sea-level change is characterized by both quantifiable and unquantifiable uncertainties. Effective communication of both types of uncertainty is a key challenge in translating sea-level science to inform long-term coastal planning. Scientific assessments play a key role in the translation process and have taken diverse approaches to communicating sea-level projection uncertainty. Here we review how past IPCC and regional assessments have presented sea-level projection uncertainty, how IPCC presentations have been interpreted by regional assessments and how regional assessments and policy guidance simplify projections for practical use. This information influenced the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report presentation of quantifiable and unquantifiable uncertainty, with the goal of preserving both elements as projections are adapted for regional application

Published
2023

10. Indicate separate contributions of long-lived and short-lived greenhouse gases in emission targets

Author

Allen, MR, Peters, GP, Shine, KP, Azar, C, Balcombe, P, Boucher, O, Cain, M, Ciais, P, Collins, W, Forster, PM, Frame, DJ, Friedlingstein, P, Fyson, C, Gasser, T, Hare, B, Jenkins, S, Hamburg, SP, Johansson, DJA, Lynch, J, Macey, A, Morfeldt, J, Nauels, A, Ocko, I, Oppenheimer, M, Pacala, SW, Pierrehumbert, R, Rogelj, J, Schaeffer, M, Schleussner, CF, Shindell, D, Skeie, RB, Smith, SM, Tanaka, K, Allen, MR, Peters, GP, Shine, KP, Azar, C, Balcombe, P, Boucher, O, Cain, M, Ciais, P, Collins, W, Forster, PM, Frame, DJ, Friedlingstein, P, Fyson, C, Gasser, T, Hare, B, Jenkins, S, Hamburg, SP, Johansson, DJA, Lynch, J, Macey, A, Morfeldt, J, Nauels, A, Ocko, I, Oppenheimer, M, Pacala, SW, Pierrehumbert, R, Rogelj, J, Schaeffer, M, Schleussner, CF, Shindell, D, Skeie, RB, Smith, SM, and Tanaka, K

Published
2022

11. Indicate separate contributions of long-lived and short-lived greenhouse gases in emission targets

Author

Allen, M.R., Peters, G.P., Shine, K.P., Azar, C., Balcombe, P., Boucher, O., Cain, M., Ciais, P., Collins, W., Forster, P.M., Frame, D.J., Friedlingstein, P., Fyson, C., Gasser, T., Hare, B., Jenkins, S., Hamburg, S.P., Johansson, D.J.A., Lynch, J., Macey, A., Morfeldt, J., Nauels, A., Ocko, I., Oppenheimer, M., Pacala, S.W., Pierrehumbert, R., Rogelj, J., Schaeffer, M., Schleussner, C.F., Shindell, D., Skeie, R.B., Smith, S.M., Tanaka, K., Allen, M.R., Peters, G.P., Shine, K.P., Azar, C., Balcombe, P., Boucher, O., Cain, M., Ciais, P., Collins, W., Forster, P.M., Frame, D.J., Friedlingstein, P., Fyson, C., Gasser, T., Hare, B., Jenkins, S., Hamburg, S.P., Johansson, D.J.A., Lynch, J., Macey, A., Morfeldt, J., Nauels, A., Ocko, I., Oppenheimer, M., Pacala, S.W., Pierrehumbert, R., Rogelj, J., Schaeffer, M., Schleussner, C.F., Shindell, D., Skeie, R.B., Smith, S.M., and Tanaka, K.

Published
2022

12. Growing the Volunteer Pool: Identifying Non-Volunteers Most Likely to Volunteer

Author

Lockstone-Binney, L., Holmes, Kirsten, Meijs, L.C.P.M., Oppenheimer, M., Haski-Leventhal, D., Taplin, Ross, Lockstone-Binney, L., Holmes, Kirsten, Meijs, L.C.P.M., Oppenheimer, M., Haski-Leventhal, D., and Taplin, Ross

Abstract

There are ongoing management and societal challenges affecting volunteering participation. These place a premium on organizations identifying individuals that currently do not volunteer but have the willingness and capacity to do so, the “Potentials”. Supplementing the limited non-volunteer literature, we seek to quantify this potential volunteer pool using constructs aligned to the willingness, capability and availability dimensions from Meijs et al.’s (Volunt Action 8:36–54, 2006) volunteerability framework. Using binary logistic regression testing with a nationally representative sample of Australian volunteers and non-volunteers, we found partial support for the framework’s willingness and capability dimensions determining volunteer status. We then applied a predictive equation to the non-volunteer sample to calculate their percentage likelihood of volunteering, to identify a cohort of “Potential” volunteers. Further testing revealed statistically significant differences between this cohort compared to other non-volunteers based on various interventions for promoting volunteering. The implications of our novel study and an associated research agenda are discussed.

Published
2022

13. Ice Sheet and Climate Processes Driving the Uncertainty in Projections of Future Sea Level Rise: Findings From a Structured Expert Judgement Approach

Author

Bamber, J. L. (author), Oppenheimer, M. (author), Kopp, R. E. (author), Aspinall, W. P. (author), Cooke, R.M. (author), Bamber, J. L. (author), Oppenheimer, M. (author), Kopp, R. E. (author), Aspinall, W. P. (author), and Cooke, R.M. (author)

Abstract

The ice sheets covering Antarctica and Greenland present the greatest uncertainty in, and largest potential contribution to, future sea level rise. The uncertainty arises from a paucity of suitable observations covering the full range of ice sheet behaviors, incomplete understanding of the influences of diverse processes, and limitations in defining key boundary conditions for the numerical models. To investigate the impact of these uncertainties on ice sheet projections we undertook a structured expert judgement study. Here, we interrogate the findings of that study to identify the dominant drivers of uncertainty in projections and their relative importance as a function of ice sheet and time. We find that for the 21st century, Greenland surface melting, in particular the role of surface albedo effects, and West Antarctic ice dynamics, specifically the role of ice shelf buttressing, dominate the uncertainty. The importance of these effects holds under both a high-end 5°C global warming scenario and another that limits global warming to 2°C. During the 22nd century the dominant drivers of uncertainty shift. Under the 5°C scenario, East Antarctic ice dynamics dominate the uncertainty in projections, driven by the possible role of ice flow instabilities. These dynamic effects only become dominant, however, for a temperature scenario above the Paris Agreement 2°C target and beyond 2100. Our findings identify key processes and factors that need to be addressed in future modeling and observational studies in order to reduce uncertainties in ice sheet projections., Applied Probability

Published
2022
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14. Migration towards Bangladesh coastlines projected to increase with sea-level rise through 2100

Author

Bell, A.R., Wrathall, D.J., Mueller, V., Chen, J., Oppenheimer, M., Hauer, M., Adams, H., Kulp, S., Clark, P.U., Fussell, E., Magliocca, N., Xiao, T., Gilmore, E.A., Abel, K., Call, M., and Slangen, A.B.A.

Abstract

To date, projections of human migration induced by sea-level change (SLC) largely suggest large-scale displacement away from vulnerable coastlines. However, results from our model of Bangladesh suggest counterintuitively that people will continue to migrate toward the vulnerable coastline irrespective of the flooding amplified by future SLC under all emissions scenarios until the end of this century. We developed an empirically calibrated agent-based model of household migration decision-making that captures the multi-faceted push, pull and mooring influences on migration at a household scale. We then exposed ~4800 000 simulated migrants to 871 scenarios of projected 21st-century coastal flooding under future emissions pathways. Our model does not predict flooding impacts great enough to drive populations away from coastlines in any of the scenarios. One reason is that while flooding does accelerate a transition from agricultural to non-agricultural income opportunities, livelihood alternatives are most abundant in coastal cities. At the same time, some coastal populations are unable to migrate, as flood losses accumulate and reduce the set of livelihood alternatives (so-called 'trapped' populations). However, even when we increased access to credit, a commonly-proposed policy lever for incentivizing migration in the face of climate risk, we found that the number of immobile agents actually rose. These findings imply that instead of a straightforward relationship between displacement and migration, projections need to consider the multiple constraints on, and preferences for, mobility. Our model demonstrates that decision-makers seeking to affect migration outcomes around SLC would do well to consider individual-level adaptive behaviors and motivations that evolve through time, as well as the potential for unintended behavioral responses.

Published
2021

15. Risk transfer policies and climate-induced immobility among smallholder farmers

Author

Choquette-Levy, N., Wildemeersch, M., Oppenheimer, M., Levin, S.A., Choquette-Levy, N., Wildemeersch, M., Oppenheimer, M., and Levin, S.A.

Abstract

Climate change is anticipated to impact smallholder farmer livelihoods substantially. However, empirical evidence is inconclusive regarding how increased climate stress affects smallholder farmers’ deployment of various livelihood strategies, including rural–urban migration. Here we use an agent-based model to show that in a South Asian agricultural community experiencing a 1.5 oC temperature increase by 2050, climate impacts are likely to decrease household income in 2050 by an average of 28%, with fewer households investing in both economic migration and cash crops, relative to a stationary climate. Pairing a small cash transfer with risk transfer mechanisms significantly increases the adoption of migration and cash crops, improves community incomes and reduces community inequality. While specific results depend on contextual factors such as risk preferences and climate risk exposure, these interventions are robust in improving adaptation outcomes and alleviating immobility, by addressing the intersection of risk aversion, financial constraints and climate impacts.

Published
2021

16. Exploring high-end scenarios for local sea level rise to develop flood protection strategies for a low-lying delta—the Netherlands as an example

Author

Katsman, Caroline A., Sterl, A., Beersma, J. J., van den Brink, H. W., Church, J. A., Hazeleger, W., Kopp, R. E., Kroon, D., Kwadijk, J., Lammersen, R., Lowe, J., Oppenheimer, M., Plag, H. -P., Ridley, J., von Storch, H., Vaughan, D. G., Vellinga, P., Vermeersen, L. L. A., van de Wal, R. S. W., and Weisse, R.

Published
2011
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17. Antarctic Ice Sheet and emission scenario controls on 21st-century extreme sea-level changes

Author

Frederikse, T., Buchanan, M.K., Lambert, E., Kopp, R.E., Oppenheimer, M., Rasmussen, D.J., van de Wal, R.S.W., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, and Proceskunde

Abstract

Uncertainties in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios and Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) melt propagate into uncertainties in projected mean sea-level (MSL) changes and extreme sea-level (ESL) events. Here we quantify the impact of RCP scenarios and AIS contributions on 21st-century ESL changes at tide-gauge sites across the globe using extreme-value statistics. We find that even under RCP2.6, almost half of the sites could be exposed annually to a present-day 100-year ESL event by 2050. Most tropical sites face large increases in ESL events earlier and for scenarios with smaller MSL changes than extratropical sites. Strong emission reductions lower the probability of large ESL changes but due to AIS uncertainties, cannot fully eliminate the probability that large increases in frequencies of ESL events will occur. Under RCP8.5 and rapid AIS mass loss, many tropical sites, including low-lying islands face a MSL rise by 2100 that exceeds the present-day 100-year event level.

Published
2020

19. Antarctic Ice Sheet and emission scenario controls on 21st-century extreme sea-level changes

Author

Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Proceskunde, Frederikse, T., Buchanan, M.K., Lambert, E., Kopp, R.E., Oppenheimer, M., Rasmussen, D.J., van de Wal, R.S.W., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Proceskunde, Frederikse, T., Buchanan, M.K., Lambert, E., Kopp, R.E., Oppenheimer, M., Rasmussen, D.J., and van de Wal, R.S.W.

Published
2020

21. Migration towards Bangladesh coastlines projected to increase with sea-level rise through 2100

Author

Bell, A R, primary, Wrathall, D J, additional, Mueller, V, additional, Chen, J, additional, Oppenheimer, M, additional, Hauer, M, additional, Adams, H, additional, Kulp, S, additional, Clark, P U, additional, Fussell, E, additional, Magliocca, N, additional, Xiao, T, additional, Gilmore, E A, additional, Abel, K, additional, Call, M, additional, and Slangen, A B A, additional

Published
2021
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23. Climate Variability and Change

Author

Magnusdottir, G, Barron, EJ, Penner, JE, Carbone, G, Coakley, JA, Gille, ST, Jezek, KC, Lean, JL, Malanotte-Rizzoli, P, Oppenheimer, M, Parkinson, CL, Prather, MJ, Schoeberl, MR, and Tapley, BD

Subjects
Science, Earth sciences -- Research -- United States., Environmental sciences -- Remote sensing., Artificial satellites in earth sciences -- United States., Global environmental change -- Remote sensing., Environmental monitoring -- Remote sensing., Artificial satellites in remote sensing., SCIENCE -- Earth Sciences -- General., SCIENCE -- Physics -- Geophysics.
Abstract

To assist NASA, NOAA, and USGS in developing these tools, the NRC was asked to carry out a "decadal strategy" survey of Earth science and applications from space that would develop the key scientific questions on which to focus Earth and ...

Published
2007

24. Meeting the looming policy challenge of sea-level change and human migration

Author

Wrathall, D. J.; Mueller, Valerie; Clark, P. U.; Bell, Andrew; Oppenheimer, M., http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-2141 Mueller, Valerie, Wrathall, D. J.; Mueller, Valerie; Clark, P. U.; Bell, Andrew; Oppenheimer, M., and http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-2141 Mueller, Valerie

Abstract

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance, DSGD

Published
2019

25. The conceptualization of volunteering among nonvolunteers: expanding using the net-cost approach to expand definitions and dimensions of volunteering

Author

Haski-Leventhal, D., Oppenheimer, M., Holmes, Kirsten, Lockstone-Binney, L., Alony, I., Ong, F., Haski-Leventhal, D., Oppenheimer, M., Holmes, Kirsten, Lockstone-Binney, L., Alony, I., and Ong, F.

Abstract

Based on the four dimensions of volunteering (time, object, nature, and environment) and net-cost analysis theory, this article examines the conceptualization of volunteering among nonvolunteers and what could attract them to volunteer (attractors). Using flashcard images of volunteering activities among a nationally representative sample in Australia, we reveal nonvolunteers perceived the existing four dimensions of volunteering and, in addition, two new dimensions of volunteering emerged: ability (required skill level) and social (who one volunteers with). Of these dimensions, object, nature, and abilities were found to be the most attractive dimensions of volunteering to nonvolunteers. The study further partially supports the use of net-cost theory as a framework for linking nonvolunteer’s perceptions of volunteering to their likelihood of volunteering, with the findings suggesting that low net-cost activities are more attractive to nonvolunteers.

Published
2019

26. Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5ºC global warming on natural and human systems

Author

Hoegh - Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Ebi, K., Engelbrecht, F., Guiot, K., Hijioka, Y., Mehrotra, S., Payne, A., Seneviratne, S., Thomas, A., Warren, R., Zhou, G., Halim, S., Achlatis, M., Alexander, L., Allen, M., Berry, P., Boyer, C., Brilli, L., Buckeridge, M., Cheung, W., Craig, M., Ellis, N., Evans, J., Fisher, H., Fraedrich, K., Fuss, S., Ganase, A., Gattuso, J., Greve, P., Guillen, T., Hanasaki, N., Hasegawa, T., Hayes, K., Hirsch, A., Jones, C., Jung, T., Kanninen, M., Krinner, G., Lawrence, D., Lenton, T., Ley, D., Liveman, D., Mahowald, N., McInnes, K., Meissner, K., Millar, R., Mintenbeck, K., Mitchell, D., Mix, A., Notz, D., Nurse, L., Okem, A., Olsson, L., Oppenheimer, M., Paz, S., Peterson, J., Petzold, J., Preuschmann, S., Rahman, M., Rogelj, J., Scheuffele, H., Schleussner, C.-F., Scott, D., Seferian, R., Sillmann, J., Singh, C., Slade, R., Stephenson, K., Stephenson, T., Sylla, M., Tebboth, M., Tschakert, P., Vautard, R., Wartenburger, R., Wehner, M., Weyer, N., Whyte, F., Yohe, G., Zhang, X., Zougmore, R., Hoegh - Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Ebi, K., Engelbrecht, F., Guiot, K., Hijioka, Y., Mehrotra, S., Payne, A., Seneviratne, S., Thomas, A., Warren, R., Zhou, G., Halim, S., Achlatis, M., Alexander, L., Allen, M., Berry, P., Boyer, C., Brilli, L., Buckeridge, M., Cheung, W., Craig, M., Ellis, N., Evans, J., Fisher, H., Fraedrich, K., Fuss, S., Ganase, A., Gattuso, J., Greve, P., Guillen, T., Hanasaki, N., Hasegawa, T., Hayes, K., Hirsch, A., Jones, C., Jung, T., Kanninen, M., Krinner, G., Lawrence, D., Lenton, T., Ley, D., Liveman, D., Mahowald, N., McInnes, K., Meissner, K., Millar, R., Mintenbeck, K., Mitchell, D., Mix, A., Notz, D., Nurse, L., Okem, A., Olsson, L., Oppenheimer, M., Paz, S., Peterson, J., Petzold, J., Preuschmann, S., Rahman, M., Rogelj, J., Scheuffele, H., Schleussner, C.-F., Scott, D., Seferian, R., Sillmann, J., Singh, C., Slade, R., Stephenson, K., Stephenson, T., Sylla, M., Tebboth, M., Tschakert, P., Vautard, R., Wartenburger, R., Wehner, M., Weyer, N., Whyte, F., Yohe, G., Zhang, X., and Zougmore, R.

Published
2018

27. Leakage risks of geologic CO2storage and the impacts on the global energy system and climate change mitigation

Author

Deng, H, Bielicki, JM, Oppenheimer, M, Fitts, JP, and Peters, CA

Abstract

© 2017, The Author(s). This study investigated how subsurface and atmospheric leakage from geologic CO2storage reservoirs could impact the deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in the global energy system. The Leakage Risk Monetization Model was used to estimate the costs of leakage for representative CO2injection scenarios, and these costs were incorporated into the Global Change Assessment Model. Worst-case scenarios of CO2leakage risk, which assume that all leakage pathway permeabilities are extremely high, were simulated. Even with this extreme assumption, the associated costs of monitoring, treatment, containment, and remediation resulted in minor shifts in the global energy system. For example, the reduction in CCS deployment in the electricity sector was 3% for the “high” leakage scenario, with replacement coming from fossil fuel and biomass without CCS, nuclear power, and renewable energy. In other words, the impact on CCS deployment under a realistic leakage scenario is likely to be negligible. We also quantified how the resulting shifts will impact atmospheric CO2concentrations. Under a carbon tax that achieves an atmospheric CO2concentration of 480 ppm in 2100, technology shifts due to leakage costs would increase this concentration by less than 5 ppm. It is important to emphasize that this increase does not result from leaked CO2that reaches the land surface, which is minimal due to secondary trapping in geologic strata above the storage reservoir. The overall conclusion is that leakage risks and associated costs will likely not interfere with the effectiveness of policies for climate change mitigation.

Published
2017

28. Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States

Author

Hsiang, S, Kopp, R, Jina, A, Rising, J, Delgado, M, Mohan, S, Rasmussen, DJ, Muir-Wood, R, Wilson, P, Oppenheimer, M, Larsen, K, and Houser, T

Subjects
General Science & Technology
Abstract

© 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved. Estimates of climate change damage are central to the design of climate policies. Here, we develop a flexible architecture for computing damages that integrates climate science, econometric analyses, and process models. We use this approach to construct spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change. The combined value of market and nonmarket damage across analyzed sectors - agriculture, crime, coastal storms, energy, human mortality, and labor - increases quadratically in global mean temperature, costing roughly 1.2% of gross domestic product per +1°C on average. Importantly, risk is distributed unequally across locations, generating a large transfer of value northward and westward that increases economic inequality. By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).

Published
2017

29. Measuring volunteerability and the capacity to volunteer among non-volunteers: implications for social policy

Author

Haski-Leventhal, D., Meijs, L., Lockstone-Binney, L., Holmes, Kirsten, Oppenheimer, M., Haski-Leventhal, D., Meijs, L., Lockstone-Binney, L., Holmes, Kirsten, and Oppenheimer, M.

Abstract

As volunteering and its benefits gain global recognition, social policymakers can sustain and increase volunteering through social policy, legislation and other types of involvement. A key performance practice is to measure the rate of volunteering based on the percentage of the population that volunteer or the number of hours donated. The focus of this article, however, is on the capacity to volunteer by non‐volunteers as well as by volunteers. The concept and theory of volunteerability (an individual's ability to overcome related obstacles and volunteer, based on his or her willingness, capability and availability) offers a richer understanding of how people can be assisted to overcome barriers to maximize their volunteer potential and thus increase volunteering. The article details the definitions and benefits of volunteering and covers examples of related social policy, as well as explaining the concept of volunteerability and how it can be measured using existing and new scales. Based on a mixed methods study in Australia, the article offers specific measures to examine the concept of volunteerability and reveals important differences between volunteers and non‐volunteers. The article also details major barriers to volunteering and how social policies can be developed to overcome them.

Published
2017

32. Mapping the climate change challenge

Author

Hallegatte, S., Rogelj, J., Allen, M., Clarke, L., Edenhofer, O., Field, C.B., Friedlingstein, P., van Kesteren, L., Knutti, Reto, Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M., Michel, A., Minx, J., Oppenheimer, M., Plattner, G.-K., Riahi, K., Schaeffer, M., Stocker, T.F., van Vuuren, D.P., Hallegatte, S., Rogelj, J., Allen, M., Clarke, L., Edenhofer, O., Field, C.B., Friedlingstein, P., van Kesteren, L., Knutti, Reto, Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M., Michel, A., Minx, J., Oppenheimer, M., Plattner, G.-K., Riahi, K., Schaeffer, M., Stocker, T.F., and van Vuuren, D.P.

Abstract

Discussions on a long-term global goal to limit climate change, in the form of an upper limit to warming, were only partially resolved at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations in Paris, 2015. Such a political agreement must be informed by scientific knowledge. One way to communicate the costs and benefits of policies is through a mapping that systematically explores the consequences of different choices. Such a multi-disciplinary effort based on the analysis of a set of scenarios helped structure the IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report. This Perspective summarizes this approach, reviews its strengths and limitations, and discusses how decision-makers can use its results in practice. It also identifies research needs that can facilitate integrated analysis of climate change and help better inform policy-makers and the public.

Published
2016

34. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Author

Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J. A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N. K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C. B., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Fuglestvedt, J., Gomez-Echeverri, L., Hallegatte, S., Hegerl, G., Howden, M., Jiang, K., Jimenez Cisneroz, B., Kattsov, V., Lee, H., Mach, K. J., Marotzke, J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Meyer, L., Minx, J., Mulugetta, Y., O'Brien, K., Oppenheimer, M., Pereira, J. J., Pichs-Madruga, R., Plattner, G.-K., Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Power, S. B., Preston, B., Ravindranath, N. H., Reisinger, A., Riahi, K., Rusticucci, M., Scholes, R., Seyboth, K., Sokona, Y., Stavins, R., Stocker, T. F., Tschakert, P., van Vuuren, D., van Ypserle, J.-P., Pachauri, R.K., and Meyer, L.

Published
2014

35. Abstracts of current literature

Author

Friedman, M. H. F., Battle, Helen, Bennett, Ivan, Beamer, Wm. D., Berk, J. Edward, Bernstine, J. B., Blundell, G. P., Chockly, F. X., Davenport, H. W., Friedman, S. A., Foderaro, Carmella, Oller, J. L. Garcia, Irvin, J. Logan, Klein, D. L, Klenner, G., Knerr, Edgar D., Komarov, S. A., Metzger, Harry, McGeehan, J. M., Oppenheimer, M. J., Paschkis, Karl E., Pincus, I. J., Revelli, R. J., Riggs, B. C., Scharles, Frederick H., Schooley, James P., Siplet, H., Stavraky, G. W., Theone, I. M., Tice, G. A. H., Walkling, Adolph A., and Wocker, D. A.

Published
1944
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36. Abstracts of current literature

Author

Friedman, M. H. F., Battle, Helen, Bennett, Ivan, Beamer, WM. D., Berk, J. Edward, Bernstine, J. B., Blundell, G. P., Chockley, F. X., Davenport, H. W., Friedman, S. A., Foderaro, Carmella, Oller, J. L. Garcia, Irvin, J. Logan, Klein, D. L., Klenner, G., Knerr, Edgar D., Komarov, S. A., Metzger, Harry, McGeehan, J. M., Oppenheimer, M. J., Paschkis, Karl E., Pincus, I. J., Revelli, R. J., Riggs, B. C., Scharles, Frederick H., Schooley, James P., Siplet, H., Stavraky, G. W., Theone, I. M., Tice, G. A. H., Walkling, Adolph A., and Wocker, D. A.

Published
1945
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37. Abstracts of current literature

Author

Friedman, M. H. F., Battle, Helen, Bennett, Ivan, Beamer, Wm. D., Berk, J. Edward, Bernstine, J. B., Blundell, G. P., Chockly, F. X., Davenport, H. W., Friedman, S. A., Foderaro, Carmela, Irvin, J. Logan, Klein, D. L., Klenner, G., Knerr, Edgar D., Komarov, S. A., Metzger, Harry, Mcgeehan, J. M., Oppenheimer, M. J., Paschkis, Karl E., Pincus, I. J., Revelli, R. J., Scharles, Frederick H., Siplet, H., Stavraky, G. W., Theone, I. M., Tice, G. A. H., Walkling, Adolph A., and Wocker, D. A.

Published
1943
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38. Abstracts of current literature

Author

Battle, Helen, Bennett, Ivan, Beamer, Wm. D., Berk, J. Edward, Bernstine, J. B., Blundell, G. P., Chockly, F. X., Davenport, H. W., Friedman, S. A., Foderaro, Carmella, Oller, J. L. Garcia, Irvin, J. Logan, Klein, D. L., Klenner, G., Knerr, Edgar D., Komarov, S. A., Metzger, Harry, Mcgeehan, J. M., Oppenheimer, M. J., Paschkis, Karl E., Pincus, I. J., Revelli, R. J., Riggs, B. C., Scharles, Frederick H., Schooley, James P., Siplet, H., Stavraky, G. W., Theone, I. M., Tice, G. A. H., Walkling, Adolph A., Wocker, D. A., Garcia-Oller, J., Theone, I. M., Theone, I. M., Klenner, G., and Wocker, D. A.

Published
1944
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39. Abstracts of current literature

Author

Abolofia, D. J., Adolph, B. R., Battle, Helen, Beamer, Wm. D., Bennett, Ivan, Berk, J. Edward, Bernstine, J. B., Blundell, G. P., Burdick, R. L., Capps, R. E., Chockley, F. X., Clements, C. G., Cox, John J., Davenport, H. W., Feaver, E. R., Forderaro, Carmela, Friedman, S. A., Irvin, J. Logan, Klenner, G., Knerr, Edgar G., Komarov, S. A., Metzger, Harry, Oppenheimer, M. J., Paschkis, K. E., Pincus, I. J., Riggs, B. C., St. George, F. E., Scharles, Frederick H., Small, N. M., Smith, G. N. N., Snape, Wm. J., Stavraky, G. W., Stilyung, Horace, Theone, I. M., Tice, C. A. H., Walkling, Adolph A., and Wocker, D. A.

Published
1945
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40. Acid Deposition

Author

Oppenheimer, M., Galloway, J. N., Likens, G. E., and Norton, S. A.

Published
1985

41. Spontaneous volunteering: trends and challenges in the Australian context

Author

Warburton, J, Oppenheimer, M, Barraket, Josephine, Keast, Robyn, Newton, Cameron, Warburton, J, Oppenheimer, M, Barraket, Josephine, Keast, Robyn, and Newton, Cameron

Abstract

This chapter reviews spontaneous volunteering in Australia and its challenges for volunteers and volunteer organisations. Drawing on their own empirical research mzd the wider literature, the authors suggest that better understanding of the nature and functions of spontaneous volunteering is needed to support community resilience and individual wellbeing.

Published
2014

42. Volunteering and recent governance reforms

Author

Warburton, J, Oppenheimer, M, McGregor-Lowndes, Myles, Warburton, J, Oppenheimer, M, and McGregor-Lowndes, Myles

Abstract

The regulatory reforms touching volunteer governs over the last 25 years are identified and analysed. BOth direct reforms such as the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission's (ACNC) governance standards and society--wide indirect reforms to workplace health and safety, civil liability and deemed liability provisions are discussed in this chapter.

Published
2014

43. Summary for Policymakers

Author

Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Abdrabo, M. A.-K., Adger, N., Anokhin, Y. A., Anisimov, O. A., Arent, D. J., Barnett, J., Burkett, V.R., Cai, R., Chatterjee, M., Cohen, S.J., Cramer, W., Dasgupta, P., Davidson, D. J., Denton, F., Döll, P., Dow, K., Hijioka, Y., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jones, R. G., Joner, R. N., Kitching, R. L., Kovats, R. S., Larsen, J. N., Lin, E., Lobell, D. B., Losada, I. J., Magrin, G. O., Marengo, J. A., Markandya, A., McCarl, B. A., McLean, R. F., Mearns, L. O., Midgley, G. F., Mimura, N., Morton, J. F., Niang, I., Noble, I. R., Nurse, L. A., O'Brien, K., Oki, T., Olsson, L., Oppenheimer, M., Overpeck, J. T., Pereira, J. J., Poloczanska, E. S., Porter, J. R., Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Prather, M. J., Pulwarty, R.S., Reisinger, A., Revi, A., Romero-Lankao, P., Ruppel, O. C., Satterthwaite, D. E., Schmidt, D. N., Settele, J., Smith, K. R., Stone, D. A., Suarez, A. G., Tschakert, P., Valentini, R., Villamizar, A., Warren, R., Wilbanks, T. J., Wong, P. P., Woodward, A., Yohe, G. W., Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Abdrabo, M. A.-K., Adger, N., Anokhin, Y. A., Anisimov, O. A., Arent, D. J., Barnett, J., Burkett, V.R., Cai, R., Chatterjee, M., Cohen, S.J., Cramer, W., Dasgupta, P., Davidson, D. J., Denton, F., Döll, P., Dow, K., Hijioka, Y., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jones, R. G., Joner, R. N., Kitching, R. L., Kovats, R. S., Larsen, J. N., Lin, E., Lobell, D. B., Losada, I. J., Magrin, G. O., Marengo, J. A., Markandya, A., McCarl, B. A., McLean, R. F., Mearns, L. O., Midgley, G. F., Mimura, N., Morton, J. F., Niang, I., Noble, I. R., Nurse, L. A., O'Brien, K., Oki, T., Olsson, L., Oppenheimer, M., Overpeck, J. T., Pereira, J. J., Poloczanska, E. S., Porter, J. R., Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Prather, M. J., Pulwarty, R.S., Reisinger, A., Revi, A., Romero-Lankao, P., Ruppel, O. C., Satterthwaite, D. E., Schmidt, D. N., Settele, J., Smith, K. R., Stone, D. A., Suarez, A. G., Tschakert, P., Valentini, R., Villamizar, A., Warren, R., Wilbanks, T. J., Wong, P. P., Woodward, A., and Yohe, G. W.

Published
2014

44. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Author

Pachauri, R.K., Meyer, L., Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J. A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N. K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C. B., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Fuglestvedt, J., Gomez-Echeverri, L., Hallegatte, S., Hegerl, G., Howden, M., Jiang, K., Jimenez Cisneroz, B., Kattsov, V., Lee, H., Mach, K. J., Marotzke, J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Minx, J., Mulugetta, Y., O'Brien, K., Oppenheimer, M., Pereira, J. J., Pichs-Madruga, R., Plattner, G.-K., Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Power, S. B., Preston, B., Ravindranath, N. H., Reisinger, A., Riahi, K., Rusticucci, M., Scholes, R., Seyboth, K., Sokona, Y., Stavins, R., Stocker, T. F., Tschakert, P., van Vuuren, D., van Ypserle, J.-P., Pachauri, R.K., Meyer, L., Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J. A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N. K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C. B., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Fuglestvedt, J., Gomez-Echeverri, L., Hallegatte, S., Hegerl, G., Howden, M., Jiang, K., Jimenez Cisneroz, B., Kattsov, V., Lee, H., Mach, K. J., Marotzke, J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Minx, J., Mulugetta, Y., O'Brien, K., Oppenheimer, M., Pereira, J. J., Pichs-Madruga, R., Plattner, G.-K., Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Power, S. B., Preston, B., Ravindranath, N. H., Reisinger, A., Riahi, K., Rusticucci, M., Scholes, R., Seyboth, K., Sokona, Y., Stavins, R., Stocker, T. F., Tschakert, P., van Vuuren, D., and van Ypserle, J.-P.

Published
2014

45. IPCC 2014 : Summary for policymakers

Author

Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P.R., White, L.L., Abdrabo, M.A.K., Adger, W.N., Anokhin, Y.A., Anisimov, O.A., Arent, D.J., Barnett, J., Burkett, V.R., Cai, R., Cohen, S.J., Cramer, W., Dasgupta, P., Davidson, D.J., Denton, F., Döll, P., Dow, K., Hijioka, Y., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jones, R.G., Jones, R.N., Kitching, R.L., Kovats, R.S., Lankao, P.R., Larsen, J.N., Lin, J.N., Lin, E., Lobell, D.B., Losada, I.J., Magrin, G.O., Marengo, J.A., Markandya, A., McCarl, B.A., McLean, R.F., Mearns, L.O., Midgley, G.F., Mimura, N., Morton, J.F., Niang, I., Noble, I.R., Nurse, L.A., O’Brien, K.L., Oki, T., Olsson, L., Oppenheimer, M., Overpeck, J.T., Pereira, J.J., Poloczanska, E.S., Porter, J.R., Pörtner, H.-O., Prather, M.J., Pulwarty, R.S., Reisinger, A.R., Revi, A., Ruppel, O.C., Satterthwaite, D.E., Schmidt, D.N., Settele, Josef, Smith, K.R., Stone, D.A., Suarez, A.G., Tschakert, P., Valentini, R., Villamizar, A., Warren, R., Wilbanks, T.J., Wong, P.P., Woodward, A., Yohe, G.W., Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P.R., White, L.L., Abdrabo, M.A.K., Adger, W.N., Anokhin, Y.A., Anisimov, O.A., Arent, D.J., Barnett, J., Burkett, V.R., Cai, R., Cohen, S.J., Cramer, W., Dasgupta, P., Davidson, D.J., Denton, F., Döll, P., Dow, K., Hijioka, Y., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jones, R.G., Jones, R.N., Kitching, R.L., Kovats, R.S., Lankao, P.R., Larsen, J.N., Lin, J.N., Lin, E., Lobell, D.B., Losada, I.J., Magrin, G.O., Marengo, J.A., Markandya, A., McCarl, B.A., McLean, R.F., Mearns, L.O., Midgley, G.F., Mimura, N., Morton, J.F., Niang, I., Noble, I.R., Nurse, L.A., O’Brien, K.L., Oki, T., Olsson, L., Oppenheimer, M., Overpeck, J.T., Pereira, J.J., Poloczanska, E.S., Porter, J.R., Pörtner, H.-O., Prather, M.J., Pulwarty, R.S., Reisinger, A.R., Revi, A., Ruppel, O.C., Satterthwaite, D.E., Schmidt, D.N., Settele, Josef, Smith, K.R., Stone, D.A., Suarez, A.G., Tschakert, P., Valentini, R., Villamizar, A., Warren, R., Wilbanks, T.J., Wong, P.P., Woodward, A., and Yohe, G.W.

Published
2014

46. Editorial

Author

Holmes, Kirsten, Oppenheimer, M., Holmes, Kirsten, and Oppenheimer, M.

Published
2014

47. Control of an unstable, nonminimum phase hypersonic vehicle model

Author

Oppenheimer, M. W. and Doman, D. B.

Abstract

In this work, a control law for an unstable, non-minimum phase model of a hypersonic vehicle is developed. The control problem is difficult due to the locations of the plant poles and zeros. For an unstable system, feedback is required to stabilize the plant. However, one cannot make the loop gains arbitrarily large without driving one or more of the closed-loop poles into the right-half of the s-plane, since the system is nonminimum phase. Thus, there is a limited range of feedback gain that results in a stable system. The nonminimum phase behavior also places restrictions on the closed-loop bandwidth. For the hypersonic vehicle control problem, low frequency control is desired and a rule of thumb is that the closed-loop bandwidth must be less than one-half the right-half plane zero location. A right-half plane zero located in the region of the desired gain-crossover frequency makes it impossible to achieve the desired level of tracking performance. The achievable closed-loop bandwidth might be so small that adequate control of the system is not achieved. Direct cancellation of the right-half plane zero with an unstable pole in the controller is not an option. In this work, a modified dynamic inversion controller is developed for a linear, time-invariant model of a hypersonic vehicle. This modified dynamic inversion controller differs from the standard dynamic inversion approach in that it does not attempt to cancel the right-half plane zero with a pole, instead, it retains right-half plane zeros in the closed-loop transfer functions and uses an additional feedback loop to stabilize the zero dynamics

Published
2006

48. Climate change impacts are sensitive to the concentration stabilization path

Author

O'Neill, B.C. and Oppenheimer, M.

Abstract

Analysis of policies to achieve the long-term objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, stabilizing concentrations of greenhouse gases at levels that avoid "dangerous" climate changes, must discriminate among the infinite number of emission and concentration trajectories that yield the same final concentration. Considerable attention has been devoted to path-dependent mitigation costs, generally for CO2 alone, but not to the differential climate change impacts implied by alternative trajectories. Here, we derive pathways leading to stabilization of equivalent CO2 concentration (including radiative forcing effects of all significant trace gases and aerosols) with a range of transient behavior before stabilization, including temporary overshoot of the final value. We compare resulting climate changes to the sensitivity of representative geophysical and ecological systems. Based on the limited available information, some physical and ecological systems appear to be quite sensitive to the details of the approach to stabilization. The likelihood of occurrence of impacts that might be considered dangerous increases under trajectories that delay emissions reduction or overshoot the final concentration.

Published
2004

50. Summary for Policymakers

Author

Albritton, D., Allen, M., Baede, A., Church, J., Cubasch, U., Xiaosu, D., Yihui, D., Ehhalt, D., Folland, C., Giorgi, F., Gregory, J., Griggs, D., Haywood, J., Hewitson, B., Houghton, J., House, J., Hulme, M., Isaksen, I., Jaramillo, V., Jayaraman, A., Johnson, C., Joos, F., Joussaume, S., Karl, T., Karoly, D., Kheshgi, H., Le Quéré, C., Maskell, K., Mata, L., McAvaney, B., McFarland, M., Mearns, L., Meehl, G., Meira-Filho, L., Meleshko, V., Mitchell, J., Moore, B., Mugara, R., Noguer, M., Nyenzi, B., Oppenheimer, M., Penner, J., Pollonais, S., Prather, M., Prentice, I., Ramaswamy, V., Ramirez-Rojas, A., Raper, S., Salinger, M., Scholes, R., Solomon, S., Stocker, T., Stone, J., Stouffer, R., Trenberth, K., Wang, M., Watson, R., Yap, K., Zillman, J., and Houghton, J.

Published
2001

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