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Exotic snakes may harbour numerous parasites and play an important role in the spreading of parasites. Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais) (Acari: Macronyssidae) has been found in natural conditions on a wide variety of snakes in Africa, but this mite has been distributed by exotic pet trade in various parts of the world. In the present study, O. natricis was reported on the captive corn snake, Pantherophis guttatus (L.) (Squamata: Colubridae), in Turkey, for the first time. Male and protonymph stage of O. natricis were also first time reported in Turkey. In addition, some setal variations in the pygidial shield of protonymphs were documented.

The snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Acari: Macronyssidae) is an ectoparasite of veterinary significance because infestations can cause abnormal shedding and anaemia in its hosts. The snake mite h...

The California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae), native to North America, is a significant threat to the conservation of endemic species in the Spanish Macaronesian island of Gran Canaria. However, its role disseminating potential invasive parasites, such as zoonotic pentastomids, has not been proven. Among its parasitic fauna, only protistans have been documented, in contrast to other Lampropeltis spp., which are known to carry pentastomids. Thus, a parasitological study is urgently required. Between 2016 and 2018, a total of 108 snakes were necropsied and stool samples examined. A single snake was infested with Ophionyssus natricis, and another individual with Serpentirhabdias sp. Only this latter snake presented gross lesions, characterized by granulomatous pneumonia. No Pentastomida were found. By contrast, almost the entire population (98.5%) was infested with larval helminths (three different nematode and two cestode species), characterized by granulomatous gastrointestinal serositis. This suggests the snake poses a ‘dead end’ host for local parasites. Based on these findings, snakes in Gran Canaria carry potential zoonotic mites, which along with Serpentirhabdias sp. could represent a threat to endemic lizards. The presence of metazoan parasites and their lesions are reported for the first time in the California kingsnake.

The snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Acari: Macronyssidae), occurs in many parts of the world and is of animal and human health significance. In Australia Op. natricis is considered an introduced species in parts of coastal eastern and southern Australia and is thought to be absent in the wild. Herein we report on the occurrence of Op. natricis in Adelaide and a rural locality in South Australia on lizards from the genus Tiliqua. We also review previous records of this mite species based on published reports and the examination of museum specimens. The results show that the snake mite has been collected on wild hosts at several localities in at least two states and is therefore not restricted to reptiles in captivity., Acarologia, 60, 559-565

The efficacy of afoxolaner was evaluated in two captive Burmese python snakes, which were naturally infested with Ophionyssus natricis mites. The administration of a single oral dose of afoxolaner eliminated live O. natricis mites from both snakes by Day 3. Environmental samples collected from the snakes' terrariums were negative for dead mites by Day 30.L'efficacité de l'afoxolaner a été évaluée chez deux serpents python birmans captifs, naturellement infestés par des acariens Ophionyssus natricis. L'administration d'une dose orale unique d'afoxolaner a éliminé les acariens O. natricis vivants des deux serpents à jour 3. Les échantillons environnementaux prélevés dans les terrariums des serpents étaient négatifs pour les acariens morts à jour 30.Se evaluó la eficacia de afoxolaner en dos serpientes pitón birmanas cautivas, que estaban naturalmente infestadas con ácaros Ophionyssus natricis. La administración de una sola dosis oral de afoxolaner eliminó los ácaros O. natricis vivos de ambas serpientes en el día 3. Las muestras ambientales recolectadas de los terrarios de las serpientes dieron negativo para ácaros muertos en el día 30.Die Wirksamkeit von Afoxolaner wurde bei zwei Burmesischen Pyton Schlangen in Gefangenschaft, die auf natürlichem Weg mit Ophionyssus natricis Milben infiziert worden waren, evaluiert. Die Verabreichung einer einzigen Dosis Afoxolaner per os eliminierte lebende O. natricis Milben von beiden Schlangen am 3. Tag. Umweltproben, die aus den Terrarien der Schlangen genommen wurden, zeigten am 30. Tag keine toten Milben mehr.アフォキソラネルの有効性を、Ophionyssus natricisダニが自然寄生した2匹の捕獲ビルマニシキヘビで評価した。アフォキソラネルの単回経口投与により、3日目までに両ヘビから生きたO. natricisダニが排除された。ヘビの飼育器から収集された環境サンプルにおいて、30日目までに死骸ダニは検出されなかった。.评估被蛇螨（Ophionyssus natricis）自然侵袭的2条圈养缅甸蟒蛇，使用阿福拉纳的治疗效果。单次经口给予阿福拉纳，可在第3天消除两条蛇的活O. natricis蛇螨。第30天从蛇的容器环境中采集样本，显示了只有死螨虫的阴性结果。.A eficácia do afoxolaner foi avaliada em duas cobras python birmanesas de cativeiro, que foram naturalmente infestadas com ácaros Ophionyssus natricis. A administração de uma única dose oral de afoxolaner eliminou ácaros O. natricis vivos de ambas as cobras no dia 3. As amostras ambientais coletadas dos terrários das cobras foram negativas para ácaros mortos no dia 30.

Pet reptile ownership has increased substantially over the last few years, with 1.6% of the 12 million homes in the UK that reported having a pet, having at least one reptile. Ectoparasite infestations can have negative impacts on the health and wellbeing of pet reptiles, and can become life-threatening if left unchecked. Three groups of mites are known to cause major infestations and play a role in causing clinical disease. A wide variety of tick species are also associated with captive reptiles. Diagnosis/detection of ectoparasites is very straightforward, with the identification of the different parasites on clinical examination or skin scrapings. There is an array of different chemical treatments for these infestations; however, environmental control is also necessary when trying to keep parasites at bay. A quarantine section should be in place in any vivarium receiving imported species, and these reptiles should be kept in quarantine for at least 90 days, isolated from the main reptile population. In the present article, the authors present information on the key external parasites commonly reported from captive reptiles in the UK.

A parasitic outbreak caused by dermanyssoid mites in a herpetarium of the Metropolitan area of the Valley of Mexico is revealed. This outbreak was caused by Hemilaelaps triangulus (Ewing), but a second mite species, Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais), was found in low abundance. The parasitic load is analyzed, and the morphological and molecular diagnostic characters to identify each of the two species involved are given. A barcode analysis is presented, and two more molecular markers are presented and analyzed. Hemilaelaps triangulus is recorded for the first time in Mexico, and this is the first record of massive infestation on captive snakes caused by ixodorhynchid mites, and DNA sequences of ixodorhynchid mites are publicly available for the first time.

The main objectives of this study were to report the parasites found in 16 Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 captive in the Environmental Management Unit “El Palapo” Colima, Mexico, from 2013 to 2015, as well as to describe their pathological effects. All snakes had at least a parasite infection or a metabolic alteration. The parasites recorded include 1 Ascomycota ( Aspergillus sp.); 1 Actinobacteria ( Mycobacterium sp.); 2 Apicomplexa ( Hepatozoon sp. and Cryptosporidium sp.); 1 cestode ( Crepidobothrium sp.); 1 nematode ( Macdonaldius oschei Chabaud et Frank, 1961); and 3 Arthropoda [ Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais, 1844), Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844 (Acari) and Porocephalus sp. (Maxillopoda)]. The pathological effects recorded consisted of: visceral gout (in 31.2% of the snakes); granulomatous pneumonia (12.5%); erythrocytic hypertrophy (25%); heterophilic gastritis (18.7%) and enteritis (25%); heterophilic thrombosis and vasculitis (6.25%); heterophilic dermatitis (25%), and finally, focal pneumonitis (6.25%). The captivity of these snakes, without the support of preventive medicine, should be considered as a risk factor for the manifestation or exacerbation of metabolic and infectious pathologies.

Background New epidemiological data on bacterial and parasitic infections in 24 Italian wall lizards, namely Podarcis sicula (mainland population) and P. sicula klemmerii (insular population) in southern Italy were provided. To achieve this goal, samples were collected from individuals belonging to the two populations and analysed by microbiological and parasitological methods. Results A wide range of bacteria (e.g. Pantoea spp., Citrobacter spp., Morganella spp., Pseudomonas, Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli) and parasites (e.g. Ophionyssus natricis, coccidia, Dicrocoelidae) were detected in both P. sicula and P. sicula klemmerii individuals. Insular population presented similar bacterial and parasitic diversity to its mainland counterpart. Ampicillin was the antimicrobial with the highest resistance rate. Conclusion This study highlighted various bacteria and parasites, some of them potentially zoonotic. Further studies are needed to better understand the epidemiology and transmission routes of these pathogens along with their impact on the welfare and behaviour of Italian wall lizards.

Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais) frequently parasitizes snakes kept under human care. This mite is known to mechanically transmit the bacteria Proteus hydrophilus , which can cause hemorrhagic sepsis in snakes . This is the first record of O. natricis mite in Python reticulatus (Schneider) collected in captivity, in Brazil. The micrographs and drawings generated in this study, based on optical light microscopy and SEM observations, highlight an important identifying characteristic of O. natricis : The dorsal surface has two shields, consisting of propodosomal and pygidial, and the ventral surface has only the sternal shield trapezoidal with two pairs of setae, and pores on the edge. The identification of adults female of O. natricis mites in P. reticulatus collected in wild animals kept under human care, in Brazil, provides additional anatomical information to help identify the species by providing more necessary information to understand the morphology of snake mites. Primeiro registro de Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais) (Acari: Macronyssidae) em Python reticulatus (Schneider) (Pythonidae) no Brasil Resumo. Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais) frequentemente parasita cobras mantidas sob cuidados humanos. Este acaro e conhecido por transmitir mecanicamente a bacteria Proteus hydrophilus , que pode causar sepse hemorragica em cobras. Este e o primeiro registro O. natricis em Python reticulatus (Schneider) coletados em cativeiro, no Brasil. O estudo foi realizado com o auxilio de microscopia optica e observacoes de MEV, gerando desenhos e micrografias, o que permitiu observar importantes caracteristicas de identificacao da femea de O. natricis : superficie dorsal com dois escudos, consistindo em propodossoma e pigidial, ja a superficie ventral possui apenas o escudo esternal com forma trapezoidal, com dois pares de cerdas e poros na borda. A identificacao das femeas adultas de O. natricis coletados em P. reticulatus mantidas sob cuidados humanos no Brasil, fornece informacoes anatomicas adicionais para ajudar na identificacao da especie fornecendo mais informacoes necessarias na compreensao da morfologia dos acaros das cobras.

International audience; We report for the first time the presence of the snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais) (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) on captive snakes kept in Panama City, Panama. This occurrence adds a new record to the geographical distribution of O. natricis as well as confirming its high prevalence on captive reptiles. Several Boidae species, Boa constrictor, Epicrates maurus, Corallus ruschenbergerii, Corallus caninus and a Pythonidae, Python regius were found infested with intensities varying from 10 to 2200 mites each. These findings represent the second record of O. natricis for Central America.

Different mite species occurring in animals may infest humans temporarily. Such agents should be considered a possible cause of erythemateous and sometimes pruritic skin reactions of unclear origin. Pseudoscabies is a common problem in occupationally exposed humans, e.g. farmers, veterinarians or pet owners. Those selflimiting dermatoses may often be misdiagnosed. Several species including Sarcoptes scabiei, Notoedres cati, Cheyletiella spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Ophionyssus natricis and Neotrombicula autumnalis may infest human skin, causing symptoms.

We report the First occurrence in Australia of an exotic mite parasite of lizards, Hirstiella diolii Baker (Prostigmata, Pterygosomatidae), and its association with iguanas at the Taronga Zoo in Sydney. We also report on the spread of the exotic snake mite Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais) to native populations of skinks, provide a key to the mites associated with Australian lizards and review how to distinguish chiggers from pterygosomatid mites.

The common snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Parasitiformes: Macronyssidae), is a blood feeding, mesostigmatid mite that parasitizes reptiles. Anemia, dehydration, dermatitis, and several blood-borne infectious diseases have been linked to infestations (Camin, 1948Camin, 1953, Chiodini, et al, 1983). Severe pruritic dermatitis has been reported in humans bitten by Ophionyssus natricis (Schultz, 1975, Beck, 1996). All levels of Ophionyssus natricis infestation should be considered a serious problem worthy of prompt treatment. This article describes the general morphology, biology, and behavior of each life stage and discusses the components of an integrated control and prevention program for the maintenance of mite-free snake collections.

The most commonly encountered ectoparasite in captive snakes is the hematophagous snake mite (Ophionyssus natricis). Infected snakes often exhibit lethargy, dysecdysis, pruritus, crusting dermatitis (sometimes progressing to abscesses), and behavioral changes (increased bathing time, rubbing against objects). Anemia and septicemia are occasional complications. Eliminating snake mites from a collection is frustrating. Insecticidal and acaricidal compounds used in mammals can be used against O. natricis infestation in reptiles, but they all are potentially neurotoxic to reptiles. The use of a biological agent to control the snake mite was first developed by using the predatory mites Hypoaspis miles and Hypoaspis aculeifer. However, no data are available regarding the potential of these mites to control O. natricis. Furthermore, the survival and predatory behavior of H. aculeifer and H. miles decreases above 28 degrees C, which is the lower value of the optimal temperature zone range required for rearing snakes. The aim of this study is to identify the ability of the predatory mite Cheyletus eruditus to control O. natricis. In the first experiment, 125 O. natricis mites where placed in separate plastic tubes together with the same number of C. eruditus mites. After 48 hr, the survival rate of snake mites was 6% compared with 92% in the control group (n = 125, P0,001). In the second experiment, 11 infested (average of 13 O. natricis per snake) ball pythons, with an average of 13 O. natricis per individual, were placed in separate cages with 1,000 C. eruditus mites + vermiculite After 15 days, only an average of two mites per snake remained, compared with 48 per snake in the control group (t-test, P0,01).

Different mite species may infest humans temporarily; such arthropods should be considered a possible cause of pruritic skin reactions of unclear origin. Pseudo-scabies is a common problem. This self-limiting dermatosis may often be misdiagnosed. Several mite species including Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis, Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis, Notoedres cati, Cheyletiella yasguri, Cheyletiella blakei, Dermanyssus gallinae and Ophionyssus natricis may infest human skin, causing symptoms. Other less common animal mites, Neotrombicula autumnalis and foodstuff mites are also discussed.

This study was carried out to increase information about Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais, 1844) detected on the sea snake (Natrix tessellata). The mite individuals collected from the cage of a sea snake were brought to our laboratory by the owner of the snake. They werepreserved in 70% alcohol, and then the mites were mounted on slides in Canada balsam, after making them transparent in lacto phenol for a few days. They were identified to species in respect of their morphological characters under the light microscope. A total of nine mite individuals were collected from the cage of a sea snake, and all of them were identified as Ophionyssus natricis as the result of microscopical examination. Ophionyssus natricis was recorded from the sea snake for the first time in Turkey. knowledge about this mite is provided in this paper.

Zhang, M. Y. and K.Uchikawa, 1993. Occurrence of Ophionyssus natricis on zoo snakes in Japan(Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae). J. Acarol. Soc. Jpn. 2(2):75-78.Ophionyssus natricis(Megnin)is recorded from Japan for the first time. Since this mite is foreseen to occur on zoo snakes frequently, its morphology is given, basing on the specimens taken from the snakes in the Zoological Park of Ehime Prefecture, Tobe, and Ueno Zoo. The control measures for this mite can be found in any textbook. The Japanese name, hebioosashidani, is proposed for O. natricis.

Histopathological effects of ectoparasites on integument were examined for a wild population of the side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana. These included the trombiculid Neotrombicula californica, the pterygosomatid mite Geckobiella texana; the macronyssid mite Ophionyssus natricis (Macronyssidae) and the ixodid tick Ixodes pacificus. A diffuse inflammatory response occurred at the site of chigger and tick attachment which consisted of histiocyte, heterophil, fibroblast and lymphocyte infiltration that often extended into the dermis. Granuloma formation also was noted. The most prevalent parasite was N. californica which frequently occurred in large aggregations above the eyelids. Ectoparasites were most abundant from February through April.

Objective To identify the acari present on pet Burmese pythons in Malaysia and to determine whether there is any potential public health risk related to handling of the snakes. Methods Two sub-adult Burmese pythons kept as pets for a period of about 6 to 7 months by different owners, were brought to an exotic animal practice for treatment. On a complete medical examination, some ticks and mites (acari) were detected beneath the dorsal and ventral scales along body length of the snakes. Ticks were directly identified and mites were mounted prior to identification. Results A total of 12 ticks represented by 3 males, 2 females and 7 nymphal stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (R. sanguineus) were extracted from the first python while the other one was with 25 female Ophionyssus natricis (O. natricis) mesostigmatid mites. Only adult female mites were found. These mites are common ectoparasites of Burmese pythons. Conclusions Both the acarine species found on the Burmese pythons are known vectors of pathogens. This is the first record that R. sanguineus has been reported from a pet Burmese python in Malaysia.

Duration of attachment was determined for the mites Neotrombicula californica and Geckobiella texana and the tick Ixodes pacificus on the iguanid lizards Sceloporus graciosus and Uta stansburiana from southern California. Neotrombicula californica infestations lasted approximately 1 wk. Attachment of Ixodes pacificus larvae and nymphs lasted approximately 8 days on S. graciosus and 16 days on U. stansburiana. Geckobiella texana remained attached to S. graciosus for 5 days and to U. stansburiana for 28 days.

Various aspects of reproductive behavior were investigated in the mites Dermanyssus gallinae, Ophionyssus natricis, Ornithonyssus bacoti , and Ornithonyssus sylviarum. Results of observations and experiments were compared on such topics as: the effect of mating on feeding, oviposition and longevity of the females; effect of feeding on mating; site of mating; longevity of spermatozoa in the female; and multiple mated females' effect on sex ratio of progeny.

A highly porous, finely divided, amorphous type of silica acrogel, SG 67, with an average particle size of 3 micra was found to be very effective for the control of the snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais), infesting snakes and lizards, and the cages housing them. The compound kills by adsorbing the lipids (waxes) making up the waterproof layer of the epicuticle of arthropods causing the loss of abnormal quantities of body fluids in comparatively short periods of time. The dust compound is composed of 95.3% silica aerogel with 4.7% ammonium fluosilicate impregnated in less than a continuous monomolecular film on its internal surfaces. The ammonium fluosilicate gives the compound a strong positive charge enabling it to adhere well to the bodies of mites as well as to the horizontal and vertical surfaces of the construction materials used for the reptile cages and to the particles of sand and vermiculite used to cover the floors of the cages. The ammonium fluosilicate greatly increases the insecticidal effectiveness of the dust compound, but does not detract from the ability of the silica aerogel particles to adsorb the lipids from the epicuticle. A gopher snake placed into 10 ounces of SG 67 for a period of 1 week, a ring-neck snake submerged in approximately 1 ounce of the compound for more than 18 hours, and an alligator lizard thoroughly doused with the dust suffered no ill effects from the compound. More than 100 snakes and lizards now have been successfully treated with the compound for the control of snake mites and none has been affected adversely by the compound. A single dusting with 7 ounces of SG 67 per reptile cage, 6 feet long by 3 feet wide and 1 ½ feet high, on the inside framework and the vermiculite and sand flooring of the cage controlled the mites within the cage, as well as on reptiles housed in the cage, for a period of 16 months. Without exception, merely placing the reptiles in the cages and allowing them to crawl over the treated surfaces of the cages was sufficient to accomplish rapid control of the mites on the reptiles.

A family presented with a papular vesiculo-bullous eruption of the skin, found to be caused by the snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Cervais, 1844). A pet python was the primary host. Treatment of the animal and its environment led to clearance of the human skin lesions.

Necrotic hepatitis resembling black disease of ruminants is described in a group of five water snakes (Natrix sipedon pictiventirs). Lesions varied from multifocal granulomas to massive coagulation necrosis. A bacterium recovered from the livers could not be classified, but closely resembled Eubacterium tarantellus. The bacterium was isolated from all snake livers and from snake mites (Ophionyssus natricis) which were probably implicated in the transmission of the disease and it is possible that trematodes were concerned in producing the initial damage to the liver.

Extract Madam:– In June 1985, a juvenile common bluetongue skink, Tiliqua scincoides, died at Wellington Zoological gardens. This animal was one of the progeny of three lizards imported from Melbourne Zoo in 1982. They joined a T. scincoides (origin unknown) already in residence at Wellington Zoo. Other juveniles had died on occasions but there were no records indicating whether the cause had been established.

low humidity adversely affected the hatching process but not the rate of embryonic development of eggs of the closely related Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais). Similar information for the northern fowl mite is not available. II. Effect of constant relative hum dity on the li of northern fowl mite e gs.* Very low humidity caused only a small decrease in egg hatch (74.2% hatch at 20% relative humidity). Thus, the effect of relative humidity on the hatching percentage was less marked than that of temperature (no hatch at 40 C). The effect of relative humidity on the incubation period of eggs of parasitic mites has been studied little. Changes in relative humidity did not seem to affect the incubation period of northern fowl mites (Combs and Lancaster, 1965, loc. cit.) or Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst) (Skaliy and Hayes, 1949, American Journal of Tropical Medicine 29: 759772), at least at optimal temperatures. Thus, under the conditions of the present experimental study, temperature was probably the chief factor influencing embryonic development.

The snake mite was first reported by Metaxa (1823) from specimens taken from snakes in a captive collection in Florence, Italy. Dug~s (1834) discovered the mite in France and suggested its relationship to a bird mite, Dermanyssus aviumn. In 1844 Gervais described and named the snake mite Dermanyssus natricis. M~gnin (1884) later redescribed this mite and erected the genus Ophionyssus, but this generic name was not generally accepted because he apparently mistook the narrow, elongate genito-ventral shield for the genital aperture, but he pointed out that the chelicerae were shear-like rather than stylet-like, as in other Dermanyssidae; and that the dorsal shield was small and did not cover the greater part of the dorsum, as in most of the closely related genera. Hirst (1915) discovered some mites on an American "Couper's snake", probably Drymarchon corais couperi, at the London Zoological Gardens and, on the basis of five adult female specimens, described a new species, Ichoronyssus serpentium, which he admitted might be identical with Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais). Under the name Liponyssus natricis, Berlese (1918) redescribed a snake mite, which he believed to be the same species originally described by Gervais. He stated that the only difference between his mite and that of Hirst's was that the former had only a single dorsal shield while the latter, according to Hirst's description, had two dorsal shields. Hirst and Berlese both pointed out M~gnin's error, but neither accepted his genus Ophionyssus. In a later paper, Hirst (1921a) described as new another species of reptile mite, Liponyssus arabicus, using a single female specimen from a lizard, Agama adramitana Anderson. That same year, Hirst (1921b) reported that he had examined specimens labeled L. natricis, which he had received from Berlese,3 and he stated that Berlese had overlooked the minute posterior dorsal shield which these mites had. After examining these specimens, Hirst stated that L. arabicus was identical with L. natricis, but he still maintained that L. natricis and I. serpentium, which he

In order to study certain phases of the life cycle of the snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais), it was found necessary to devise some method of isolating individual mites under as nearly natural conditions as possible. Several artificial media, including liquid snake blood and snake blood agar, were tried without success, as the parasites either failed to feed or became bogged down in the media. Another solution was to find some method of isolating the parasites on the natural host in a manner that would permit observation of them. Several methods, employing various designs of celluloid cells, were tried with varying degrees of success and failure. In devising a workable chamber, three main difficulties were encountered. Either the snake host or the mites were killed or, if neither were harmed, the mites were able to escape from the cell. Finally, after many unsuccessful attempts, a chamber, which retained the parasites without harming them or their hosts, was perfected. Celluloid sheeting, celluloid tubing, microscope slide cover glasses, and acetone were the only materials used in the construction of the isolation chamber. A base (Fig. la), 12 mm. square, was cut from a sheet of celluloid; a hole, 7 mm. in diameter, was punched in the center with a paper punch; and four small holes, one in each corner, were drilled with a half-round surgical needle. A ring, 5 mm. in length, was then sliced from a celluloid tube whose inside diameter was 7 mm. and whose