Search

In this article, we explore the topic of supply chain resilience (SCR) in an open-system context. Systems theory and cybernetics are important methodologies in the analysis of complex networks. However, relatively little is known about their application in the supply chain (SC) operations. Using systems theory and cybernetics for SCR conceptualization, we argue that a systems-theoretical lens can help to extend the state-of-the-art research to describe SCR based on the concept of balancing vulnerability and recoverability over time. Toward this end, we define and test a new resilience measure for SCR using the Bayesian network approach with a compounding function of vulnerability and recoverability. We further propose managerial actions for implementing an open-system view of SCR. To demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of our method, we measure and analyze the resilience levels of a manufacturer. Our results provide useful decision-making support and can be valuable for SC managers seeking to balance risk mitigation and recovery capabilities. The framework and measure developed can also be used to guide firms seeking to analyze the impact of disruptions on SCs through the consideration of both performance degradation and recovery.

Summary Our planet is an open system, subject to an energy flux that favours the emergence of some complex structures, thanks to the support of internal cycles involving energy and matter transformations. The description of their alternance can be pursued through the narrative of their evolution, starting from simple activities, and then moving towards large scale systems, more complex and more connected. The interchanges occur through deep technological transformations, whose dynamics affected the economic development and different aspects of human history. In this framework the warning on the perils of climate changes due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is evidencing the necessity of limiting their use, despite the implied enormous infrastructural changements.

Along the progress of the era and technological developments, making the human lifestyle cannot be separated from its use. In digital era nowadays, technology is used to make human needs easily. A website is important for the progress of an Association. One of the ways that the Association's Website can grow is by maintaining the Website. The APTISI website is designed using the WordPress CMS (Content Management System). WordPress is an open system software and designed by the PHP programming language and MySQL database. This study is aim to develop a website by increasing the credibility of the association. In order to improve the statistics on website visits, it is necessary to have innovation and creativity in viewing and posting news on the website. The APTISI website make use of probability calculations and statistical data using a monitoring tool called statcounter. This tool functions to count the number of visitors based on unique visits which can be seen in the statistics column. In addition, the use of this statcounter is useful as a standard reference for website admins to update the viewboard on a better website in the future.standard for website admins to update the appearance of a better website in the future

Th article describes the specifis, principles and methods of synergetics as a promising area of modern research. Synergetics is presented by the author as a holistic integral paradigm used in many sciences which confims its interdisciplinary and even universal nature. Th object of this paradigm is the interaction of complex systems, and since the mere concept ‘system’ is widely used in many scientifi filds, the relevance of synergetics is beyond doubt. Th author describes the main characteristics of the structure and functioning of a system. Th key concepts of synergetics and their explanation are also given. Further, the article discusses the branches of linguistics which use principles of synergetics – linguosynergetics and functional linguosynergetics as its variety. Since the study of text and discourse and their parameters as complex systems is of particular interest to many linguists, linguosynergetics has become one of the demanded scientifi paradigms in this area of research. Th author points out the objectives and tasks of linguistic synergetics, and functional linguosynergetics in particular, their basic concepts, principles and methods. Attention is also paid to the functioning of linguistic means, as well as the formation and interpretation of meaning depending on certain discursive space. Th author comes to the conclusion that thanks to synergetics language can be studied from specifi angles, and the application of its principles greatly contributes to the theory of the evolution of language. Linguosynergetics provides ample opportunities for describing language/text/discourse as a complex dynamic open system, and functional linguosynergetics, in turn, helps describe the features of its functioning and evolution.

Team management is needed to support the achievement of organizational goals. One form of good team management also includes efforts to understand and develop the team. The purpose of team development is to ensure that the team can consistently produce the required performance to help organizational processes. This study uses the Open-System model as an effort to understand and carry out team development. The object of this study is the components in one of the teams, namely the Human Resource Development (PSDM) team with team members and the team's environmental conditions. The data collection methods used were interviews with team members, observations of the team's work environment, and document studies on team performance profiles. Data analysis is carried out by integrating findings that have been categorized based on the Open-System model qualitatively. The findings of this study indicate that the Open-System model is able to provide a structured picture of the condition and performance of the HRD team. The main problem condition is that the team work target is not yet solid. The intervention used in responding to the team's assessment results is the preparation of team performance targets using special key performance indicators for the team, so this research is very helpful in developing excellent performance.

The paper (1) provides a comparative analysis of the programs of reforms of philosophy developed by Christian Wolff and the members of the Eclecticist school; (2) it reveals the critical foundations of the concepts of the system by both schools and (3) assesses the prospects of their further development. Although Wolff is often inconsistent, nevertheless, he is largely closer to Descartes and Leibniz, and therefore to the Platonic tradition. The Eclecticists, on the other hand, are closer to the Peripatetic tradition, and therefore to empiricism. From the point of view of the history of philosophical methodology, Wolff’s program combines Cartesianism and the German tradition of methodical thinking (J. Jung, E. Weigel and Leibniz), which both were oriented towards mathematics. The Eclecticists, on the other hand, used the dialectical model, which they modernized by introducing the principle of historicism and applying it to the history of philosophy. When the program of the Eclecticists was guided by the critical selection of knowledge by members of the “scientific community” and the concept of an open system, Wolff’s synthesis of knowledge is carried out on the basis of a rigorous method. He puts forward a fundamentally new idea of a universal system based on new normative requirements for the system-forming principle, namely, it must be fundamental, generally valid and immanent in the system of knowledge. Wolff does not reject the critical program of the Eclecticists. In debates with them, he tries to prove that the successful implementation of their program is possible only if there is a basic system of truths and a reliable method. In his treatise On the Difference Between Systematic and Non-systematic Intellect, Wolff laid the foundation of “systematic eclecticism” and “speculative criticism”, which was substantiated in the works by “classics of German idealism”, primarily by C. L. Reinhold and Hegel.

The spectral properties of a quantum system are essential when probing theoretical predictions against experimental data. For an open quantum system strongly interacting with its environment, spectral features are challenging to calculate. Here we demonstrate that the stochastic Hierarchy of Pure States (HOPS) approach is well suited to calculate the response of an open quantum system to a, possibly strong, coherent probe driving. For weak driving, where Kubo's linear response theory is applicable, it turns out that the HOPS method is highly efficient since fluctuations inherent to the stochastic dynamics cancel for the response function and, thus, allow us to obtain the susceptibility easily. Our results are in agreement with experimental data for a strongly damped spin system showing that the transition from oscillatory to overdamped motion is also reflected by the transmission spectrum. As a further application we demonstrate that the susceptibility, quantifying the amplitude of the response, as a function of temperature exhibits a maximum which is the hallmark of stochastic resonance. Beyond the linear regime, the exact open system dynamics shows the asymptotic Floquet state. We use the topic of probe driving and response to present the HOPS approach in a novel and self-contained way. This includes the importance sampling scheme which yields the nonlinear HOPS as well as the stochastic treatment of a thermal initial environmental state within the zero temperature formalism. Special attention is given to the exponential representation of the algebraic Ohmic bath correlation function and the truncation condition for the hierarchy.

The aim of the article is to analyze theoretical and methodological provisions related to the definition of directions and principles of implementation of a systematic approach to the use of optical research methods, in particular micro-objects. Subject of research is substantiation and formulation of the classification characteristics of such systematic approach, considering the requirements of forensic techniques. Methodology: The study applies such methods of scientific knowledge as dialectical method, system and structural method, logic and legal method, methods of systematic analysis, logical method. Research results: The article studies the problematic issues of a systematic approach to the choice of scientific and technical methods and means for micro-object examination. Practical consequences: The authors argue that optical methods of the micro-object examination require classifying and systematizing to provide a holistic view of their potentials, as well as the nature of the information that can be obtained about the object being examined. Value / originality: The analysis of clarified classification characteristics and requirements for examination methods in forensic science enables to propose the algorithm of the systemic approach to the creation of the open system classification of methods of micro-object examination and to make justified conclusions.

Elite sporting systems are often descriptions of established practices with little regard for national contexts. This paper examined the influence of contextual factors on the elite sporting system of South-Africa. The contextual factors were evaluated through the lens of systems theory (Components: Economic, social, political, legal, and technology). A maximum variation strategy was used to select experts from SA and varied European countries and South African governmental stakeholders. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Deductive and inductive methods were utilised during the thematic analysis. The preceding Apartheid regime, the complexity of the ‘quota system’, and the prevailing social and economic environment were identified as the major contextual aspects penetrating the elite sporting system of SA. This study emphasised the importance of understanding the national contexts of elite sporting systems, as this information can provide pertinent input when revising policies differently in order to achieve international sporting success.

In this study, the thermal decomposition kinetics of ammonium nitrate (AN) under nonisothermal conditions in an open system at different heating rates has been examined using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. An equation for the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of AN in an open system has been proposed based on the experiments.

Herein, a computational platform FluorSimStudio was developed for processing fluorescence decay curves in molecular systems, which implements the concept of complex analysis of experimental information based on the simulation modeling and data mining methods. Data analysis includes partitioning the fluorescence decay curves into clusters according to the degree of likeness in some measure of similarity, finding the median cluster members (medoids), applying the data reduction method and visualizing the experimental data in a two-dimensional space. Analysis of the decay curves is carried out by the analytical or simulation models of optical processes occurring in molecular systems. The visualization of data clusters in the original and transformed time spaces is done with the aim of user interaction. A functional scheme of the platform is proposed, the choice of software for ensuring high computing performance is substantiated, a web application of the platform is implemented ( https://dsa-cm.shinyapps.io/FluorSimStudio ), and the results of a comparative analysis of the simulation algorithms are presented. The performance of the computational platform was confirmed by examples of the analysis of data sets representing systems of free fluorophores and in the presence of the Forster electronic excitation energy transfer process. The computational platform is an open system and allows permanent addition of complex analysis models, taking into account the development of new algorithms for modeling the energy transfer processes in molecular systems, studied with the use of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy systems.

This study is devoted to the consideration of a method for assessing the stability of systems with pulse-width modulation, based on the linearization of its equivalent system with pulse-width modulation. An approximate study of the dynamic modes of operation of systems with pulse-width modulation, taking into account the stability for the system of automatic control of the supply current of electromagnets under the conditions of external and internal interference, is carried out. Variants of execution of schemes of pulse-width regulators for the power supply of an electromagnet based on a unipolar and bipolar element with pulse-width modulation are presented. The possibility of linearization of systems with pulse-width modulation for the subsequent detailed assessment of the stability of such systems is shown. The prospects of using functional differential equations for stability analysis of automatic systems with pulse-width modulation are shown. The frequency characteristics of an equivalent pulse system are analyzed using the example of a current stabilization system of high-power electromagnets with a pulse-width regulator, taking into account the replacement of the latitude modulation by the amplitude one. Based on the analysis of the resulting transfer function, which is a stable linearized equivalent open system, the ways of evaluating the stability of the original system with pulse-width modulation using the Nyquist stability criterion are proposed. The conclusion is made about the advantage of a system with PWM, in relation to a system with AIM, in terms of stability, and recommendations are given for the use of the obtained data in the analysis oftransients in such systems.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate which critical success factors (CSFs) influence interaction on campuses as identified by the facility directors (FDs) of Dutch university campuses and to discuss how these compare with the literature. Design/methodology/approach All 13 Dutch university campus FDs were interviewed (office and walking interview), focussing on CSFs relating to spaces and services that facilitate interaction. Open coding and thematic analysis resulted in empirically driven categories indicated by the respondents. Similarities and differences between the CSFs as previously identified in the literature are discussed. Findings The following categories emerged: constraints, motivators, designing spaces, designing services, building community and creating coherence. The campus is seen as a system containing subsystems and is itself part of a wider system (environment), forming a layered structure. Constraints and motivators are part of the environment but cannot be separated from the other four categories, as they influence their applicability. Research limitations/implications This study was limited to interviews with FDs and related staff. The richness of the findings shows that this was a relevant and efficient data collection strategy for the purpose of this study. Practical implications By viewing the campus as an open system, this study puts the practical applicability of CSFs into perspective yet provides a clear overview of CSFs related to campus interaction that may be included in future campus design policies. Social implications This (more) complete overview of CSFs identified in both literature and practice will help FDs, policymakers and campus designers to apply these CSFs in their campus designs. This improved campus design would increase the number of knowledge sharing interactions, contributing to innovation and valorisation. This could create a significant impact in all research fields, such as health, technology or well-being, benefitting society as a whole. Originality/value This study provides a comprehensive overview and comparison of CSFs from both literature and practice, allowing more effective application of CSFs in campus design policies. A framework for future studies on CSFs for interaction on campuses is provided.

В статті розглядаються питання впровадження сучасної концепції Інтернет речей (Іnternet of things) на базі IoT-платформи для створення безпечного середовища, яке забезпечує безпеку, комфорт і ресурсозбереження для всіх користувачів. Безпека людей – це важливий фактор, до якого не можна підходити «формально». Він повинен визначати, як система реагує на присутність певних вразливих категорій людей: немовлят, дітей дошкільного віку, вагітних жінок, людей з обмеженими можливостями тощо. Для них існують специфічні обмеження, незалежно від приміщення і тих людей, що там знаходяться. Визначено, що недоліком технології управління «SMART будинком» за профілями є можливість ненавмисного нанесення шкоди певним категоріям людей. На прикладі «SMART будинку» показано, як за допомогою розробленої моделі інтелектуального динамічного синтезу профілів користувачів можна забезпечити компроміс між комфортом і безпекою. Сучасна система безпечного середовища повинна вміти приймати рішення в кожній конкретній ситуації і підлаштовуватися під певні категорії, знаходячи компроміс (з огляду на пріоритети профілів і обмеження). Запропонована модель гнучкого управління параметрами устаткування в системі «SMART будинок» з підвищеним ступенем комфорту і безпеки за рахунок динамічного синтезу компромісного профілю користувача є варіативною і може бути впроваджена в будь якому приміщені, наприклад у дитячих садках, закладах освіти тощо. Ця модель є відкритою системою і може корегуватися і вдосконалюватися відповідно до конкретних умов.

We consider the problem of resource provisioning for real-time cyber-physical applications in an open system environment where there does not exist a global resource scheduler that has complete knowledge of the real-time performance requirements of each individual application that shares the resources with the other applications. Regularity-based Resource Partition (RRP) model is an effective strategy to hierarchically partition and assign various resource slices among the applications. However, RRP model does not consider changes in resource requests from the applications at run time. To allow for the run time adaptation to resource requirement changes, we consider in this paper the issues in online resource partition reconfiguration, including semantics issues that arise in configuration transitions that may cause application failures. Based on the reconfiguration semantics, we study the online resource reconfigurability problem under the RRP model where the availability factors of resource partitions may be reconfigured at run time. We formalize and solve the Dynamic Partition Reconfiguration (DPR) problem for uniform environment where the minimal intervals assigned to each task for execution on each resource are the same. Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approaches in different scenarios. We also present a case study using the autonomous F1/10 model car; the controller of the F1/10 car requires resource adaptation to satisfy the computing needs of its PID controller and vision system under different operating conditions. Our implementation demonstrates the effectiveness and benefit of online resource partition reconfiguration using the proposed approach in a real-world cyber-physical system.

The System approach views the organization as a unified, purposeful system composed of interrelated parts. This way the manager can look at the organization as a whole or part of the larger outside environment. Activity of any part affects all other parts of the organization. A system can be biological, physical or social. The concept of systems approach was initiated in ancient Indian system of medicine. During Second World War the concept was applied to education technology. The body of people which constitutes an academic institution is influenced by the environment of society, other institutions, industry, government and politicians. Hence to consider a holistic approach an academic institution must be viewed as a system. Pupils entering the academic institutions are the input and results and their placements are the output of academic Institutions. Feed back and diagnosis of the result are activities influenced by the environmental elements. Attributes of an academic institutions from systems approach should be its Interdependence, Holism - emergent properties, Goal seeking, Open system, Transformation, Entropy, Regulation, Hierarchy, Equifinality, Multifinality.

The study analyzed the principles of interaction between the national legal system such as the reception of law. The reception of law, being a cultural phenomenon of social progress, occurs in a specific social environment backed up by the growing political, economic, social, and legal integration. It serves as a significant factor of mutual enrichment with universal human values. The process is governed by certain methodological prerequisites, such as principles validated by the objective evolution of nature and society. The research is based on the systemic approach to legal phenomena and the dialectical method, which calls for their study in being, functioning, and development. The meaning and significance of the widely used categories of the legal discourse of social phenomena, such as methodology, interaction, and movement, have been analyzed. Among the variety of movement interpretations, the most fruitful one in the legal science is the extended interpretation by Hegel and its identification with sublation in the dialectical method, emphasizing the unity of movement and legal matter. Such understanding of movement necessitates permanent improvement of the legal system and search for conditions and ways of its stable functioning in the existing external environment. The author notes the possible applications of natural sciences principles, such as Le Chateliers principle and Prigogines principle of minimum entropy production, reflecting the facts of stability and directionality of the establishment of a new stability in the reviewed system and other open system interactions. A set of methodological principles of interaction between national legal systems have been formulated based on the systemic approach and the natural sciences achievements that allow to understand the stability factors of a legal system and the internal reaction of a legal system and its external environment during the reception of law.

The literature shows disparities in how fundamental systems engineering concepts in the area of requirements engineering, such as stakeholder needs, system requirements, requirements elicitation, requirements derivation, and requirements decomposition, are used within the communities‐of‐practice and in research. Such disparities can lead to conceptual and application inconsistencies, which have been shown to contribute to the formulation of poor requirements. In this paper, such concepts are articulated using systems theory as the underlying theoretical framework. The concepts of problem space, solution space, open system, and closed system are central to this work. It is argued that the proposed articulations facilitate avoiding usage disparity, ultimately resulting in better formulation of requirements. These articulations are supported by in‐depth examples that comprehensively cover different types of needs and requirements, and provide step‐by‐step insights into how elicitation, derivation, and decomposition occur within a problem formulation effort.

The minimal dissymmetry effect, which manifests itself within Curie’s principle, is a consequence of the limiting principles of thermodynamics: the second law for a closed system and the entropy-production minimum for an open system. Also being a limiting principle, the minimal dissymmetry effect makes it possible to introduce a quantitative characteristic of dissymmetry into classical Curie’s principle. It is shown that the dissymmetry of a dynamic form of growth and dissolution of natural diamond crystals is due to the complex effect of several factors of different scales and strengths.

The article focuses on describing the phenomenon of design thinking on the basis of synergetic approach methodology. The author studies the category of design thinking as a methodology of generating innovations, as well as determines its characteristic features, namely, accumulating ideas with the help of creative thinking; making risky decisions at the primary stages of a project; empathy with the user of the service; no fear of failure; testing ideas on a number of customers in advance; ergonomic value of a service or product. The realisation of the synergetic approach in accord with the category of design thinking is described by means of the main principles of synergy, including its homeostatic, hierarchic and open character, linearity / non-linearity, observation. The author comes to the conclusion that design thinking as a methodology of solving non-linear tasks is an open system with non-linear relations between the components and sub-systems which is capable of self-development and self-organisation. Moreover, the development of such a system includes the processes of bifurcation which re-direct the self-development of a system towards innovation.

As multiple functions have been added to single-core-based engine electronic control units (ECUs) in vehicles, automotive researchers and manufacturers have actively studied multi-core architecture for engine ECUs. Multi-core architecture can provide load balancing and parallelism that can meet the requirements of international organization standard (ISO) 26262. However, since real-world engine ECUs have the most complex automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR)-based control logic and datasets among automotive ECUs, developing multi-core-based engine ECUs is a substantial amount of work. Thus, automotive researchers and manufacturers will need new methodologies for multi-core-based engine ECUs. In this paper, we focus on designing a multi-core migration methodology and applying it to a real-world AUTOSAR-based engine ECU from HYUNDAI. We verify its practicability and enhanced performance. In conclusion, through connection with other automotive domain ECUs, it is demonstrated that a multi-core engine ECU using our migration technology can be applied in real-world automotive vehicles, leading to a significant improvement in performance.

Nowadays, artificial intelligence entities operate autonomously and they actively participate in everyday social activities. At a macro-perspective, they play the role of mediator between people and their actions, as components of the fundamental structure of every social activity. At a micro-perspective, they can be considered as fixed critical points whose hypostasis is not subject to established legal framework. A key point is that embedding artificial intelligence entities in everyday activities may maximize legal uncertainty both at the macro and micro-level, as well as at the interim phase, i.e., the switch between the two levels. In this paper, we adapt a well-known concept from Category Theory, namely that of the pushout, in order to approximate the core interpretation legal framework of such activities, by considering each level as an open system. The purpose of using Systems Theory in combination with Category Theory is to introduce a mathematical approach to uniquely interpret complex legal social activities and to show that this novel area of artificially enhanced activities is of prime and practical importance and significance to law and computer science practitioners.

In terms of the leap-forward development for education experiment, both the Chinese and English educational experiment have been very successful, while the progress of the children’s mathematics education experiment in China has been relatively slow. It is believed that the main reason for this is the lack of an efficient cognitive tool or system that supports students’ study and exploration and correspondingly covers the whole curriculum of children’s math education. In recent years, basic mathematics education cognitive tools have undergone rapid development, whereas the lack of a common normalization method for continued in-depth inquiry of the relationships among Objects, Algebra, and Geometry (OAG) has led to the fragmentation of students’ mathematical knowledge. Thus, it is difficult for students to develop a systematic understanding of mathematics. Therefore this project attempts to construct a Children’s Mathematics Exploring System (CMES), which integrates with cognition theory, method, and contents of basic mathematics education to query the essence of the relationships among OAG. Specifically, the functions of CMES include the following: (1) providing cognitive tools with typical characteristics for the relationships among OAG; (2) offering a general normalized open system on which sustainable in-depth research can be conducted and a conversion tool through which the complete textbook unit of the basic mathematics education can be converted to reveal the relationships among OAG; and (3) presenting a set of cognitive theories, methods, and a system of basic mathematics education to further explore the relationships among OAG. This project will accelerate the development of cognitive technology in basic mathematics education, widen its practical applications, reduce the difficulty of mathematics cognition, and finally improve the quality and efficiency of basic mathematics education.

The objective of this research was to evaluate how university support and teaching entrepreneurial competencies affect students' entrepreneurial com-petencies. As an empirical test, a sample of 201 software engineering and graphic design students from a university in Northwest Mexico was taken, where it was possible to corroborate three hypotheses. The results suggest that entrepreneurial competencies are influenced by external aspects, where the university can be understood as an open system, but also, as a part of a wider system within the triple helix. This shows that the joint work between the contextual and individual part can benefit the generation of innovation and development for society, especially in a country where there is a lack of R&D, although the practice of entrepreneurship is high. As a result, the uni-versity can play a relevant role when developing entrepreneurial competen-cies to train students to become entrepreneurs through innovation and tech-nology.

The objective of the article is to highlight and consider the main directions for improving the modern enterprise management system, since that in the modern market conditions, the issue of effective development for industrial enterprises becomes more relevant, while the fundamental bearing core of the enterprise's internal environment is the management efficiency. The main problem is the managerial inefficiency of an excessively large structure that is not well suited to the work in market conditions. Methodology. In the course of this analysis, the management system of an industrial enterprise was considered as a complex open system with the use of the system analysis methodology in the study, which made it possible to identify the main directions for its improvement. Results. Enterprise management is a continuous process of influencing the performance of an employee, group or enterprise as a whole for the best results in terms of achieving the goal, which has been set. The management process is provided by the trained management professionals who shape and manage the organization by setting goals and developing ways to achieve them. To do this, management must find an effective way to combine the key variables that characterize tasks and people, while taking into account the obvious and potential external and internal risks and threats. Setting goals and providing them with policies, strategies, procedures and rules, the necessary management mechanisms contribute to the solution of this task. Motivation and control also play a significant role in ensuring that the tasks are completed effectively. However, the key in this is precisely management, which is most obvious and directly related to the systematic coordination of tasks and, accordingly, the formal relationships of people performing them, and the correctly selected management process toolkit allows the enterprise to achieve the greatest efficiency. Practical implications. The performed analysis of the features of the functioning of the enterprise management system allows us to determine the following areas for improving the modern enterprise management system: improving the business processes of the enterprise, ensuring high-quality control in the enterprise management system, and introducing the enterprise risk-management. Value/originality. The use of system analysis made it possible to determine and substantiate the main directions of improving the modern enterprise management system.

Public administration as a science was formed in the twentieth century. The article defines public administration as a multifaceted concept that covers public administration and local self-government. This is a whole scientific direction, which has such objects of research as: public management (public service), analytics of government programs and policies (strategic planning); interaction between the state, business and citizens (GR-management). With this in mind, public administration is a system that consists of state, local, non-profit structures created to meet public interests and resolve collective problems. The work formulates a modern concept of public administration, which is a complex open system of human relationships that are implemented by public authorities using methods, mechanisms, tools and other components based on the principles of openness, transparency of public administration and public administration. Therefore, before it is necessary to lay the foundations for an integrated, systematic approach to the creation of a unified concept of public administration, taking into account a number of modern heterogeneous areas of its development, which have so far represented individual scientific developments. From such positions, theoretical attempts to apply the categorical and instrumental apparatus of management should be extended to all aspects of the functioning of modern public administration and brought to a certain completed paradigm. First, an organic synthesis of autonomously existing branches of scientific knowledge of state and public administration is needed, it is the starting point of research and the reproduction of a real socioeconomic social trend. Secondly, the leading idea of the scientific approach to the study of social transformations is the transition from the formational to the civilizational concept of development and the revision of the foundations of the functioning of society. Thirdly, within the framework of today's post-industrial era and the formation of an international information space, the idea of a network paradigm for managing public processes at the state level is becoming more and more relevant, based on a network of real and virtual connections at the city, regional and state levels. The concept is based on the methodological basis in the historical aspect. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the concept of management and public administration has gradually changed, such a phenomenon as public management or public management comes into force (when public administration begins to introduce into the activities of public authorities on the basis of components of management of organizations and the economy of enterprises, such as: marketing, supply demand, efficiency, decentralization, optimization, etc.).

The limiting free form of a crystal growing in an open system in kinetic and diffusion modes of stationary process has been geometrically described based on the limiting principle of nonequilibrium thermodynamics (entropy-production minimum). An analog for an equilibrium closed thermodynamic system is the Wulff theorem. However, the equilibrium form of a mineral crystal can barely be found in nature, whereas the stationary form is abundant and (taking into account the natural variations in the growth rates of faces) is presented by a class of full-face morphological types of polyhedral crystals of simple habit crystallographic form.

The application of “exact/complete” initial Hamiltonian of an open optical system and its surroundings and “approximate” effective Hamiltonian for the derivation of the kinetic equation of the open optical system is analyzed in the conditions of the Markovian approximation and the representation of the open system surroundings (thermostat) as a delta-correlated noise. It is shown that the characteristic time hierarchy of the open system naturally necessitates a transition from the aforementioned exact Hamiltonian to the approximate effective Hamiltonian for the subsequent use of the Markovian approximation and the model of delta-correlated surroundings of the open system in the local approach. The Schrodinger equation for the wavevector of the open system and its surroundings is a quantum stochastic differential equation, from which the kinetic equation describing both familiar and new results can be derived easily in the standard manner.

Performance measurement system is an instrument that supports better organizational performance. This theme has evolved over time, while systems have become multidimensional and intent on projecting the future. In addition, in an open system logic, the understanding of the stakeholders becomes relevant to a performance measurement system. For this reason, the system model called Prism de Performance draws attention because it is based on stakeholders. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the perception of public managers who work in the implementation of strategic planning and performance on performance measurement systems, with an emphasis on the Performance Prism. Through a questionnaire data were obtained and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis statistical model. As a result, it was found that the focus on stakeholders is considered important for a dimension of a performance measurement system and that the Performance Prism is not known by professionals who work with the implementation of strategic planning and monitoring of results, even though the model is applicable to non-profit entities.

Tough micro-double-network (mu-DN) ion gels, composed of interpenetrating inorganic and organic networks swollen with 80 wt % of an ionic liquid, were fabricated in an open system using nonvolatile materials: silica nanoparticles for the inorganic network, a cross-linkable polymer for the organic network, and an ionic liquid. The cross-linkable copolymer, poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-N-succinimidyl acrylate) synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, was cross-linked in situ with a diamine to form the organic network. On the application of load, the inorganic network was partly destroyed resulting in substantial energy dissipation, but the organic network acted as hidden length to suppress the macroscopic destruction of the mu-DN ion gel. The modulus, fracture strength, and strain-to-break of the mu-DN ion gels were tuned by varying the cross-linking degree of the organic network, which could be controlled by changing either the succinimidyl acrylate content of the cross-linkable polymer or the cross-linkable polymer concentration in the precursor solution.

The Regional Innovation System (RIS) is a popular concept for approaching research on geographies of innovation. Political research and innovation studies in emerging economies suggest that there are much different institutional preconditions for and far more types of innovation than hitherto considered. It is thus unlikely that the RIS model as derived from “best practice” cases in the Global North has sufficient explanatory power for regional innovation dynamics in less developed regions in China. From an empirical qualitative analysis on Chongqing, China, as a non-“best practice” case, we find that it is more appropriate to consider separate RIS within one region. The analysis shows that different RIS-frameworks matter for different actors, who engage in different types of innovation. These frameworks are exclusive and do not provide their functions equally to all innovation actors in place. The separation of RIS frameworks acknowledges the co-existence of different structures and trajectories, which is explicitly helpful for understanding regional innovation dynamics in China, where the national government currently aims to transform its innovation model from state-control to an open system of innovation. This paper further discusses how the notion of separate RIS is more appropriate for capturing regional innovation dynamics in the Chinese context in contrast to previous concepts of emerging RIS or fragmented regions.

In the present communication, an attempt is made to demonstrate (once again) some of the problems with the derivation of the “generalized Lippmann equation” considered to be valid by many researchers for solid electrodes and to address the problems in the framework of the Gibbs model of the interface by using only the basic principles of thermodynamics. By surveying the relevant literature, it has been shown that during the derivation of the equation, it was completely ignored that the Gibbs-Duhem equation (i.e., the electrocapillary equation) is a mathematical consequence which follows directly from the homogeneous degree one property of the corresponding thermodynamic potential function; consequently, the resulting expression cannot be correct. Some alternative approaches have also been considered. The adequacy of the open system and the partly closed system approach has been critically discussed, together with the possibility of introducing new thermodynamic potential functions.

Steady-state oscillations of nanoparticle populations in the system of colliding monomers and seed-clusters are observed for the range of the seed-cluster source with diffusion and ballistic collis...

This paper describes the process of developing a framework and an instrument for measuring and ascertaining the openness of a system applicable to system architectures and their implementations. An Open System is a system whose architecture uses standards for its key interfaces, where these standards are widely used, consensus based, published and maintained by recognised industry standards' organisations, and its systems design is modular, i.e. each module has minimal dependencies on other modules, and has been subjected to successful confirmation that ensure the openness of its key interfaces. Our process included in-depth review of pertinent literature in the areas of Open Systems and Open Architecture, followed by a selection of the appropriate methodology to use. We chose the Goal-Question-Metric (GQM) methodology to allow us to select relevant goals, factors and metrics that can be used to measure a system's level of openness. The paper details these goals, factors and metrics. We carried out studies of these factors with fourteen experts in Open Systems Engineering: an initial study with seven of these experts to help us refine the selected goals, factors and metric, with a second confirmatory study performed in conjunction with the remaining seven experts. The GQM methodology enabled us to select appropriate goals and factors that can affect system openness, especially in the Maritime industry. These factors are both technical and non-technical, and they are: (a) the prevailing culture of the organisation developing and/or hosting the system, (b) the prevailing culture of the employees of that organisation, (c) the system architecture produced as a result of the prevailing culture, (d) the system interfaces, (e) system design, (f) the degree of openness of the data used by the system, and (g) system implementation. The process provided a structure that we used to generate the relevant questions of these goals and the metrics that can be used to measure the degree of openness of the goals. The goals, questions and metrics are detailed in the Appendices.

Physical Internet based supply chains create open, global logistics systems that enable new types of collaboration among participants. The open system allows the logistical examination of vehicle technology innovations such as the platooning concept. This article explores the multiple platoon collaboration. For the reconfiguration of two platoons a heuristic and a reinforcement learning (RL) based models have been developed. To our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to apply an RL-based decision model to solve the problem of controlling platoon cooperation. Vehicle exchange between platoons is provided by a virtual hub. Depending on the various input parameters, the efficiency of the model was examined through numerical examples in terms of the target function based on the transportation cost. Models using platoon reconfiguration are also compared to the cases where no vehicle exchange is implemented. We have found that a reinforcement learning based model provides a more efficient solution for high incoming vehicle numbers and low dispatch interval, although for low vehicle numbers heuristics model performs better.

Higher education is a level of education after secondary education that includes diploma, undergraduate, master's, specialist, and doctoral education programs organized by higher education. Higher education is held in an open system. If the education process in an educational institution is correct, the educational goals will be achieved. If the education process is not correct, it will be difficult to achieve educational goals. The objective of this research is to study the capacity of Islamic Institute of Bengkulu State in improving competitiveness of higher education (Study of Policies at Islamic Institute of Bengkulu State, Indonesia). The data consist of the policy effective at The State Islamic Institute Bengkulu, Indonesia from 2013 to 2016. Analysis tool used is the SWOT analysis by calculating the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The study shows the functioning of market segmentation strategy, targeting strategy, positioning strategy, differentiation, focus and efficiency as element the competitive power at The State Islamic Institute Bengkulu. This confirms the importance of applying a total quality management system for enhanced health of the organization a higher educational institution. The contribution of this research is aimed at university managers to increase competition and the achievement of missions and missions, it is necessary to encourage the improvement of lecturer qualifications with further education, learning activities, research and community service with adequate facilities and budget funds so that the quality of resources can be improved so that it will automatically encourage improvement in the quality of education in higher education.

The study of the laws of nature has traditionally been pursued in the limit of isolated systems, where energy is conserved. This is not always a valid approximation, however, as the inclusion of features such as gain and loss, or periodic driving, qualitatively amends these laws. A contemporary frontier of metamaterial research is the challenge open systems pose to the characterization of topological matter1,2. Here, one of the most relied upon principles is the bulk–boundary correspondence (BBC), which intimately relates the surface states to the topological classification of the bulk3,4. The presence of gain and loss, in combination with the violation of reciprocity, has been predicted to affect this principle dramatically5,6. Here, we report the experimental observation of BBC violation in a non-reciprocal topolectric circuit7, which is also referred to as the non-Hermitian skin effect. The circuit admittance spectrum exhibits an unprecedented sensitivity to the presence of a boundary, displaying an extensive admittance mode localization despite a translationally invariant bulk. Intriguingly, we measure a non-local voltage response due to broken BBC. Depending on the a.c. current feed frequency, the voltage signal accumulates at the left or right boundary, and increases as a function of nodal distance to the current feed. Boundary-localized bulk eigenstates given by the non-Hermitian skin effect are observed in a non-reciprocal topological circuit. A fundamental revision of the bulk–boundary correspondence in an open system is required to understand the underlying physics.

To many, economics is seen as increasingly divorced from reality. I shall argue that one of the causes of this divorce is the attachment to closed-system theorising, and advocate instead the method of open systems with partial and temporary closures. Definitions of closed and open systems are examined. It is evident that there are many different criteria which may define open systems. Theorists differ in their emphasis on one or other criterion. There are also different dimensions of openness: openness to non-economic factors; the openness of economic theories themselves; the interplay of micro- and macro-economics; and the treatment of time. These are explored, using Keynes’s General Theory as a case study of an open system. RESUMO Para muitos, a economia é vista como cada vez mais divorciada da realidade. Argumentarei que uma das causas desse divórcio é o apego à teorização de sistemas fechados e defenderei, em vez disso, o método de sistemas abertos com fechamentos parciais e temporários. Definições de sistemas fechados e abertos são examinadas. É evidente que existem muitos critérios diferentes que podem definir sistemas abertos. Os teóricos diferem em sua ênfase em um ou outro critério. Existem também diferentes dimensões de abertura: abertura a fatores não econômicos; a abertura das próprias teorias econômicas; a interação da micro e macroeconomia; e o tratamento do tempo. Estes são explorados, usando a teoria geral de Keynes como um estudo de caso de um sistema aberto.

The possibility of applying a new form of personnel training on the principle of an open system that includes training modules that are embedded in the educational program based on «best practices» has been analysed. When implementing the educational program, the circle of participants has been expanded. The participants are partner universities and enterprises that provide access to new technologies and material and technical base. The proposed practice-oriented model of education allows us to form a rational mechanism for co-financing educational programs by all its participants. An approach to personnel training with a reserve of high professional growth based on a practice-oriented educational environment has been proposed. The conducted analysis of normative legal acts has made it possible to determine the most effective forms of interaction between participants in the educational platform and new principles for organizing advanced training. The role of innovative scientific and technological centers in the formation of a new model of personnel training has been determined.

A safe operation of a wastewater collection and transport system must consider the probability of overflow events in and off the industry limits. In this paper the reliability of the collection and wastewater transport system of a refinery is assessed by using Cox reliability models. These models were adjusted to take into account the complex nature of the system. Rainfall is considered a model covariable since we are dealing with an open system. The probabilities of overflow from one retention tank either to another or to the water body were evaluated. The results indicate that through the creation of two scenarios, with different rainfall indices, in which it was possible to verify that the higher the index, the lower the reliability of the system. In conditions of rain, non-pumping, and in a one-day retention time, the reliability of the system did not exceed 76 % with a probability of overflow of 24 %. Nevertheless, after 4-day retention, the estimated reliability of the system dropped to 11.6 % and the probability of overflow increased to 88.4 %. And the system gets even more chaotic, if in the presence of rain, the activation of the pumps does not occur. The presence of rain is a factor that accelerates the occurrence of overflow.

The Alternating-time Temporal Logic (ATL) is a temporal logic for formal verification of open systems, which supports selective quantification over paths. The open system can be represented as a game where the system and the environment pick their moves in turn or simultaneously. The ATL model checker Mocha has been developed by using Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), and successfully employed for open system verification. However, since Mocha symbolically manipulates a set of states by a BDD, it is hard to generate a winning strategy as a witness or a counter-example. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to efficiently construct a winning strategy tree and report that our technique has been successfully implemented on Mocha.

This paper presents an investigation of the open-system Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) network on property values. An open-system BRT is one where bus feeder lines can enter and leave the BRT system, depending on their origin or destination so the BRT system infrastructure is shared by multiple routes. Brisbane, Australia is the empirical setting where smartcard (GoCard) data shows that 43% of bus passengers accessed the BRT system from feeder line stops. The paper investigates whether feeder line stops are important for increasing network accessibility in Brisbane’s open-system BRT. The hypothesis underpinning the study is that the improved accessibility resulting from an open-system BRT network results in higher property values within feeder line corridors in addition to simply around the BRT system. A Geographically Weighted Generalized Linear Model (GWGLM) is used to investigate property value premiums and their spatial distribution. GWGLM makes an improvement over Geographically Weighted Regression Model (GWR) by providing flexible local and global variable settings that decrease the risk of multi-collinearity in local models. The results identify property value uplift of up to 1.64% for every 100 m closer to feeder bus stops with frequent services in western and eastern Brisbane suburbs. Future studies should pay attention to the type of BRT operation (whether open- or closed-) in investigating the value of accessibility from BRT implementation. The results are policy relevant for the debate between whether BRT systems should be open or closed.

The paper considers theoretical and methodological foundations for studying network mechanisms of innovative development in the Republic of Belarus and in order to reach the purpose it is necessary to specify the concept of a systematic approach in the context of the study of the indicated mechanisms and develop a methodology for conducting such investigations. Systematic and historical approaches, principles of synergetics have been used as research methods. The paper substantiates the necessity to study the network mechanisms of innovative development in the Republic of Belarus from the point of view of a systematic approach. In this case, the author has refused traditional contrast of stable, essential, regularly repeating connections and relationships in the system to random, chaotic processes, and he has proceeded from the need to consistently apply a law of hierarchical compensation, as well as taking into account such features of the development of the modern economy as the rapid evolution of network technologies, further development of the risk economy, emergence of new challenges for traditional (including old industrial) industries. This has made it possible to define a systematic approach as a se quential and comprehensive examination of an object not as isolated from external influences, but as half-closed, but with an approach to an open system in which the synergetic processes generated by evolution of network technologies, development of the risk economy, and emergence of new challenges for industrial production (including traditional ones). It has been established that a consistent and comprehensive review of the network mechanisms of innovative development in the Republic of Belarus requires not only to determine initial categories and concepts, to show general and special determining factors, genesis and development trends, but also to conduct constant monitoring aimed at identifying dynamics of needs and interests of political-economic and economic entities involved in this process, as well as material and social technologies for implementation of the needs and interests.

Objectives This research aimed to evaluate the performance of a closed blood collection system and to compare it with an open system in terms of feasibility, tolerability by the donor, quality of blood collected and bacterial contamination. Methods Eight feline blood donors were prospectively and randomly subjected to both collection methods. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated before sedation, after sedation and after blood collection. The duration of the donation, the formation of a hematoma, and the degree of hemolysis and packed cell volume (PCV) of each blood unit were evaluated. Aliquot samples were aseptically collected from each unit and tested for bacterial contamination by culture and PCR on days 0, 14 and 28 of storage. Results There was no significant difference between collection methods for HR and RR at any time point. Before sedation, the mean systolic BP was significantly higher with the closed system (closed 169 mmHg, open 137 mmHg; P = 0.003). The average duration of collection was significantly shorter with the closed system (closed 3 mins 10 s, open 8 mins; P = 0.035); however, the prevalence of a successful blood collection with a single venipuncture and hematoma formation were not significantly different between systems. The mean unit PCV was significantly higher with the open system (closed 31%, open 34%; P = 0.026). On bacterial culture, 15/16 units were negative at all time points (closed 7; open 8). Using PCR, 5/16 units were positive for Ralstonia species for at least one time point (closed 3; open 2). Conclusions and relevance Our designed closed system appears to be well adapted to feline blood collection and was well tolerated by the donors, performing similarly to an open system, and could represent a valuable clinical device for the development of a feline blood bank, namely feline blood storage.

Remote sensing and manipulation of quantum emitters are functionalities of significant practical importance in quantum optics. Unfortunately, these abilities are considered as fundamentally challenging in systems of inhibited spontaneous emission. The reason is intimately related to the common perception that, in order to nullify the spontaneous emission decay rate, the system has to be electromagnetically closed, meaning that all loss channels should be avoided, including radiation. However, since radiation is prohibited in these systems, far-field sensing and by reciprocity, also far-field manipulation are considered impossible. Here, we suggest a possible solution to this challenge and theoretically propose an electromagnetically open system that may exhibit a complete inhibition of spontaneous emission while supporting guiding waves. This peculiar functionality is achieved through a feedback wave mechanism that is found in parity-time-symmetric structure. The analysis is based on an exact Green's function derivation as well as full wave simulations involving a realistic design for the sake of future experimental validation.

The article reviews a preventive maintenance system for repairs, the main disadvantage of which is that it is essentially an open system of technical control that does not take into account objective assessment of rolling stock «as it is». The objective of the study was to review and summarize the existing researches and to word the proposals to develop the system of rolling stock maintenance. Based on the analysis of the researches in that field it is proposed to reduce material and labor costs for maintenance of cars by making the system of technical diagnostics closed. As a feedback, it is advisable to use an automatic test diagnostic control system that detects car defects while the train is running. It will significantly reduce the number of manual operations for inspecting rolling stock in the arrival parks of sorting stations and automate decision-making on possibility of subsequent operation of controlled rolling stock based on its actual condition. A technique is proposed for evaluating the results of technical diagnostics of rolling stock in which probabilistic estimates are used, dividing the most significant defects of the controlled object into three classes according to the degree of their significance for operation safety. It has been established that Weibull distribution corresponds to fatigue defective phenomena, while Rayleigh distribution corresponds to wear phenomena with constant or periodic workload. To identify defective car wheels and axle boxes, a dynamic system is proposed, which includes: the controlled object which is a wheel or axle box, automatic test diagnostic equipment and a resolver for deciding on further operation of the identified defective car. The optimal equation of the separating function of «false alarm» and «acceptance» is obtained on the basis of the Bayes criterion, which minimizes the average risk of making a wrong decision.