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Hauke Horstmann, Roman Karkosch, Jochen Plagge, Tomas Smith, Maximilian Petri Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyCorrespondence: Hauke Horstmann, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, Hannover, 30625, Germany, Tel +49 511 5354 568, Fax +49 511 5354 685, Email hauke.horstmann@diakovere.dePurpose: Torn anterior cruciate ligaments in children are rare injuries. The incidence of concomitant avulsion fracture in the skeletally immature patient is high. Reports of arthroscopic reconstruction in the literature are sparse.Case Presentation: We present the case of a femoral avulsion fracture of the anterior cruciate ligament in a seven-year-old girl. The patient underwent arthroscopic refixation with DynacordTM Suture and Suture Button. At a follow-up of 8 weeks, the patient had free range of motion and a stable knee, with a negative Lachman- and Pivot-Shift-test in particular.Conclusion: Refixation of femoral avulsion fracture can lead to good results. Open physes and size of the knee should be taken into account. Anatomic reconstruction is compulsory to receive bone on bone healing.Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament, femoral avulsion, arthroscopy, refixation

Yuka Tsukahara,1,2 Hiroshi Kamada,2,3 Suguru Torii,2,4 Hiroshi Yamamoto,5 Fumihiro Yamasawa2 1Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, Kunitachi, Japan; 2Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan; 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; 4Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan; 5School of Sports and Health, Hosei University, Tokyo, JapanCorrespondence: Yuka Tsukahara, Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, 4-30-1 Fujimidai, Kunitachi, Japan, Email yuka.voila@gmail.comIntroduction: Little is known regarding medical knowledge pertaining to female athletes among track and field coaches and their interactions with female athletes regarding medical problems.Methods: Participants were track and field coaches (369 males and 43 females) with Japan Sport Association certification and they completed an anonymous survey on their knowledge of medical problems pertinent to female athletes including whether the coaches knew about the female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sports; their feelings about female athletes’ use of contraceptive pills; whether they speak about menses with the female athletes; and whether they have a gynecologist for consultation regarding their medical problems.Results: Females coaches were significantly more likely to be aware of the triad (odds ratio (OR), 3.44; p = 0.003); to have access to a physician able to address the gynecological problems of female athletes (OR, 9.22; p < 0.001); and to talk to their female athletes about menses (OR, 2.30; p = 0.015) than their male counterparts. Coaches with more experience tended to be aware of the triad and relative energy deficiency in sports compared with those with ≤ 5 years of experience.Conclusion: Females coaches are aware of the triad, talk about menses with their female athletes, and have access to a physi

Yasuharu Nagano,1 Takashi Oyama2 1Department of Sports and Health Science, Japan Women’s College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan; 2Faculty of Economics, Teikyo University, Tokyo, JapanCorrespondence: Yasuharu Nagano, Department of Sports and Health Science, Japan Women’s College of Physical Education, 8-19-1, Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8565, Japan, Tel/Fax +81-3-3300-5437, Email nagano.yasuharu@jwcpe.ac.jpPurpose: Determining the effects of early specialization in a specific sport is difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate its effects based on the type of sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate the proportion of participants who had been participating in a single sport, in individual or team sports from an early age and to compared the prevalence of acute and overuse injuries among these participants.Methods: A total of 1377 adult participants (team sports = 700, individual sports = 637) retrospectively completed a questionnaire assessing sports participation from elementary school to high school and injury history (acute and overuse) at high school age. The proportions of the specialized / nonspecialized groups per sport type were compared, and differences in acute or overuse injury prevalence were examined.Results: The proportion of the specialized group participants who continued to play the same single sport from elementary school age to high school age was greater in team sports (33.6%) than that in individual sports (19.2%) (p < 0.01). The specialized group participating in team sports had a greater prevalence of overuse injury at high school age than the nonspecialized group (p < 0.05) who previously participated in several sports. However, the prevalence of overuse injury at high school did not significantly differ between the specialized and nonspecialized groups participating in individual sports.Conclusion: More children who continued to play only one sport from elementary school age to high school age pla

Laura McDonald-Wedding,1 Lauren Goodwin,2 Annabel Preston,3 Gaylene McKay,4 Cylie Williams3 1Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3078, Australia; 2Department of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; 3Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia; 4Alphington Sports Medicine Exercise and Rehabilitation, Alphington, VIC, 3078, AustraliaCorrespondence: Laura McDonald-Wedding, Austin Health, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia, Tel +61 403 313 972, Email laura.mcdonaldwedding@gmail.comObjective: To quantify the prevalence and nature of injuries and their risk factors in calisthenics to, therefore, inform the practitioner what to expect from these athletes.Methods: This study was an online cross-sectional survey of calisthenics athletes. Data were collected online and the survey was distributed via social media over six months in 2020. The purpose-built survey consisted of demographic, training and loading questions. Participants were provided with an injury definition and reported their total number of injuries sustained during calisthenics including detailed information on three most significant injuries, along with mechanism of injury and risk factors. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine objective factors associated with the number of injuries.Results: There were 543 participants describing 1104 injuries. Mean (standard deviation (SD)) injury prevalence was 4.5 (3.3) per person. Of these injuries, 820 (74.3%) required training modification or treatment. Participants missed a mean (SD) 3.4 (5.1) weeks of training and engaged in a mean (SD) 10.9 (9.1) health professional consultations. The most common injuries were upper leg (24.5%), ankle/foot (22.8%) and lumbar spine (19.3%), with the majority being sprains/strains in nature (56.

Pantelis T Nikolaidis,1 Valentine D Son’kin2 1School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; 2Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow, RussiaCorrespondence: Pantelis T Nikolaidis, Email pnikolaidis@uniwa.grAbstract: The present study aimed to review the physiological aspects of adolescent track-and-field (TAF) athletes. A search of Scopus on 27/12/2022 using the syntax ABS (track-and-field) AND ABS (children) OR ABS (adolescent) showed 121 documents, and 45 were considered for further analysis. In addition, handsearching was conducted to identify Russian literature missing in Scopus. Differences were shown in performance characteristics among disciplines, especially between throwers and the other athletes. The sex difference in performance (ie, a better performance in boys than in girls) started in early adolescence. A relative age effect was more pronounced in athletes under 13 years old. Despite the wide use of nutritional supplements, an insufficient intake of vitamins has been found. The age of training onset and body weight were identified as risk factors for problems with menarche. The inclusion of track-and-field training programs in physical education was beneficial for health and physical fitness. The need to collaborate closely with parents and coaches was identified, especially, regarding education in topics such as the age of training onset, relative age effect, and doping. In conclusion, the existence of many disciplines with different anthropometric and physiological characteristics highlighted the need for a discipline-specific approach.Keywords: running, jumping, throwing, speed, strength, endurance, age, maturation

Pia M Jungmann,1,2 Thomas Lange,3 Markus Wenning,4 Frédéric A Baumann,5 Fabian Bamberg,1 Matthias Jung1 1Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; 2Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland; 3Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany; 4Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany; 5Department of Vascular Medicine, Hospital of Schiers, Schiers, SwitzerlandCorrespondence: Pia M Jungmann, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, 79106, Germany, Tel +49 761 270-38190, Fax +49 761 270-39500, Email pia.jungmann@ksgr.chPurpose: Ankle injuries are frequent sports injuries. Despite optimizing treatment strategies during recent years, the percentage of chronification following an ankle sprain remains high. The purpose of this review article is, to highlight current epidemiological, clinical and novel advanced cross-sectional imaging trends that may help to evaluate ankle sprain injuries.Methods: Systematic PubMed literature research. Identification and review of studies (i) analyzing and describing ankle sprain and (ii) focusing on advanced cross-sectional imaging techniques at the ankle.Results: The ankle is one of the most frequently injured body parts in sports. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a change in sporting behavior and sports injuries. Ankle sprains account for about 16– 40% of the sports-related injuries. Novel cross-sectional imaging techniques, including Compressed Sensing MRI, 3D MRI, ankle MRI with traction or plantarflexion-supination, quantitative MRI, CT-like MRI, CT arthrography, weight-bearing cone beam CT, dual-energy CT, ph

Thomas Gangl,1,2 Maurice Balke,2– 4 Gulen Ayhan,5 Kirsten Thuenemann1,2 1Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Friedrich-Ebert-Krankenhaus Neumuenster, Neumuenster, Schleswig Holstein, Germany; 2Surfmedizin e.V., Neumuenster, Germany; 3Sportsclinic Cologne, Cologne, Germany; 4Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany; 5Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Guadeloupe, Univ Antilles, Pointe-à -Pitre, Inserm, Ecole des hautes études en santé publique, IRSET, Rennes, UMR_S 1085 FranceCorrespondence: Thomas Gangl, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Friedrich-Ebert-Krankenhaus Neumuenster, Neumuenster, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, Tel +49 4321 405 2011, Fax +49 4321 405 2019, Email thomas.gangl@fek.dePurpose: Wingfoiling is a new popular water sport. Data on the risk of injury or overuse injuries are not yet available. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence, mechanisms and risk factors for wingfoiling related injuries and the acceptance of safety equipment.Patients and Methods: Data for this retrospective study were collected through an online standardized questionnaire. It was accessible from January 2022 to June 2022. Information on demographics, injury history, overuse complaints, use of (safety)equipment and fitness routines over the past 12 months were asked.Results: A total of 415 completed the questionnaire in full and could be included in the study. Fourteen percent (n = 59) were female, 86% (n = 356) were male. The average age was 43.5 years. Fourteen percent (n = 59) participated in competitions. Thirty-one percent (n = 129) of all participants suffered at least one injury in the past 12 months out of a total of 356 injuries. This corresponds to an injury incidence of 5.7/1000h. Typical mechanism of injury was contact with the own sports equipment. The most frequent cause was individual riding errors du

Mourad Ghrairi,1,2 Shaival Dalal,3 Esther Esteban-García,4 Philippe Chomier,5 Xavier Valle,2 Ricard Pruna2 1Department of Sports Medicine, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 2Department of Sports Medicine, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 3Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Arthro One Sports Injuries and Rehabilitation Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; 4Department of Physiotherapy, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 5Department of Rehabilitation, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Shaival Dalal, Arthro One Orthopaedic Centre, 4th Floor, NIRAMYA, Near Rajpath Club, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad, 380054, India, Tel +91-9904915211, Email shaival_dalal@yahoo.co.inPurpose: The SpeedCourt system has been confirmed as an effective and dependable tool for evaluating multi-directional change-of-direction (COD) maneuvers. It has also been employed in the rehabilitation process following Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries and for multi-directional training purposes. This study investigated by means of the SpeedCourt system determines 1) whether there is any difference in COD parameters and countermovement jumps (CMJ) between United Arab Emirates (UAE) and non-UAE professional footballers 2) whether there is any difference between the two lower limbs during change-of-direction manoeuvres.Methodology: This analysis included 100 professional football players from UAE or Non-UAE football clubs who were tested at FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence. With the help of Speedcourt system, 6-s tapping, countermovement jump (CMJ) and chase 15-s tests were performed. Comparison was done between UAE and non-UAE footballers and also between the dominant and non-dominant sides.Results: Out of the 100 players, 83 players were right foot dominant. Apart from the countermovement jump test, there was no significant difference in results between UAE and no

Yuka Tsukahara,1 Satoshi Kodama,2 Saaya Kikuchi,1 Carly Day3,4 1Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, Kuitachi, Tokyo, Japan; 2Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; 3Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; 4Franciscan Physician Network, West Lafayette, IN, USACorrespondence: Yuka Tsukahara, Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, 4-30-1 Fujimidai Kunitachi, Tokyo, 1868668, Japan, Tel +8180-3688-6128, Fax +81471-60-6112, Email yuka.voila@gmail.comPurpose: The Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) is an 18-item self-reported questionnaire that can be used to screen for sleep disorders in athletes and assess environmental, behavioral, and sports-related factors along with sleep disorders. This study aimed to analyze the reliability and validity of the ASBQ translated into Japanese (ASBQ-J).Patients and Methods: 111 female collegiate athletes completed both the initial test and retest. Independent variables were what kind of sports they perform, level as an athlete, grade (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior), and age. The reliability of the survey was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation between the total ASBQ scores and three components which were routine/environmental, behavioral, and sports factors.Results: A total of 37.8% of athletes had ASBQ scores equal or less than 36 indicating good sleep. However, 19.8% of athletes scored more than 42, indicating poor sleep. Cronbach alpha was 0.62 and 0.65 for test and retest, respectively. Intraclass correlation was 0.78 (P < 0.01), indicating sufficient internal consistency and test–retest validity. Mean ASBQ scores were 38.5 ± 5.0 and 37.0 ± 6.5 for test and retest, respectively, and it was not significantly different betw

Kaitlyn Blacha,1 Andrew Cade,1 Tyler Russell,1 Daniel Skinner2 1Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, OH, USA; 2Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, OH, USACorrespondence: Daniel Skinner, Email skinnerd@ohio.eduObjective: This interview-based thematic analysis examines the evolving professional identities and practices of osteopathic physicians (DOs) in North American professional sports (baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and soccer) to understand the extent to which DOs employ osteopathic-specific skill sets in their work with player-patients. In addition, the study sought to understand the prevalence of professional bias, interprofessional dynamics between DOs and other health professionals, and other factors such as management.Methods: This qualitative, interview-based study is grounded in twelve semi-structured interviews with 41% of DOs (all nonsurgical, primary care sports medicine trained) working with North American professional sports teams. Interviews were transcribed and coded to identify key themes and representative quotes.Results: Findings suggest that DOs believe their training and philosophical orientation positions them well to make important contributions to serving the medical needs of professional sports teams. At the same time, DOs are careful about championing an osteopathically-specific approach to patient care, such as evoking osteopathic principles of care or techniques such as Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine. This is the case for several reasons, the most important of which is a strong drive toward collaboration and collegiality within professional sports medicine teams.Conclusion: This study finds that in navigating the complexities of osteopathic identity, DOs working in professional sports are proud of their osteopathic orientation and report experiencing little discrimination, but also downplay what has historically distinguished their prac

Wisam A Witwit,1– 3 Hanna Hebelka,1,4 Anna Swärd Aminoff,1 Josefin Abrahamson,1,2 Carl Todd,1 Adad Baranto1,2 1Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 2Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; 3Department of Neuroradiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; 4Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SwedenCorrespondence: Wisam A Witwit, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Email wisamwitwit@gmail.comBackground: Young athletes are at increasing risk for spinal column injuries due to overloading the spine with excessive sports activities, with potential development of complications later in life.Purpose: The purpose of this 2-year follow-up study of young elite skiers and non-athletes was to investigate any potential change in the thoraco-lumbar findings on MRI and to outline any change in back pain prevalence with continuing sporting activity and age.Study Design: Longitudinal cross-sectional study.Methods: MRI of the thoraco-lumbar spine was performed on 30 skiers (mean age 20 years, female 43%) and 16 non-athletes (mean age 19, female 75%), available for the 2-year follow-up. The intervertebral discs were evaluated for signal, height, bulge/herniation, and additionally according to Pfirrmann classification, and the endplates were graded according to endplate defect score. Any of the following disc findings was defined as disc degenerative change: reduced signal, reduced height, bulge, or herniation. All participants answered a specific back pain questionnaire.Results: No significant difference in spinal column abnormalities, nor back pain, was found between baseline and 2-year follow-up in neither skiers nor controls. There was significantly higher prevalence of disc degenerative changes in skiers (73%) than in non-athletes (44%, p=0.05). Skiers (63%) had significantly

Katarina Sim,1 Richard Rahardja,1,2 Mark Zhu,1 Simon W Young1,2 1Department of Orthopaedics, North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; 2Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandCorrespondence: Katarina Sim, Department of Orthopaedics, North Shore Hospital, 124 Shakespeare Road, Takapuna, Auckland, 0620, New Zealand, Email katarina.sim@waitematadhb.govt.nzAbstract: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common sporting-related knee injury with a potentially detrimental impact on the athlete’s career, yet there is no formal consensus on the optimal graft choice for reconstructing the ruptured ACL in this specific population. Options for reconstruction include autograft, allograft, and artificial grafts. However, each has associated failure risk and donor site morbidity. Our operational definition of the athlete is a skeletally mature individual participating in high level activity with the expectation to return to pre-injury level of activity. The athlete has unique injury characteristics, post-operative expectations, and graft demands that differ to the general population. Long-term outcomes are of particular importance given on-going mechanical demands on the reconstructed knee. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to consolidate current literature on the various ACL reconstruction graft options, with a focus on the optimal graft for returning the athlete to activity with the lowest rate of re-injury.Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament, reconstruction, athlete, graft choice, graft failure, return to activity

Ana Filipa Silva,1– 3 Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo,4 Halil &Idot;brahim Ceylan,5 Hugo Sarmento,6 Filipe Manuel Clemente1,2,7 1Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal; 2Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal; 3The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal; 4Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; 5Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey; 6University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, 3040-256, Portugal; 7Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, 1049-001, PortugalCorrespondence: Ana Filipa Silva, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal, Tel +351 258 809 678, Email anafilsilva@gmail.comPurpose: To determine the effects of maturation stage (eg, classified in the same intervention protocol as early-, and late-mature) on linear sprinting speed adaptations to plyometric jump training (PJT) in youth (aged < 18 years) male team sports players.Patients and Methods: Eligibility criteria was determined based on PICOS: (P) healthy youth male team sport players classified in the same intervention protocol in ≥ 2 maturation-related categories, based on a recognized maturation stage-determination method, including (but not limited to) Tanner stage; peak height velocity (eg, Mirwald method); radiography-based method (eg, Fels method); (I) athletes exposed to PJT with a

Ghareeb O Alshuwaier,1 Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi,2 Abdulrahman I Alaqil,3,4 Yahya R Alsharif,1 Mohammed Shaab Alibrahim,3 Khalid S Aljaloud1 1Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, ZIP 4545, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan; 3Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, ZIP 400, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, DenmarkCorrespondence: Abdulrahman I Alaqil, Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, P.O. BOX 31982, Al-Ahsa, ZIP 400, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 555239166, Email aialaqil@kfu.edu.saPurpose: To assess the effect of low-to-moderate-intensity exercise on specific blood biomarkers and blood acidity in young Saudi Arabian professional soccer players.Methods: A total of 43 professional soccer players participated in the current study. A cross-sectional research method was used to compare the changes in the following blood biomarkers: calcium, magnesium, glucose, anion-gap metabolic acidosis, and carbon dioxide, after a range of low-to-moderate intensity training sessions. Measurements were taken in two soccer training sessions (Day 1, and Day 2). The exercise intensity was estimated by heart rate percentage of maximal heart rate. Wilcoxon signed-rank testing was used to analyze the results.Results: Significant differences were found between and pre-and post-training sessions for anion-gap metabolic acidosis: Day 1: 12.55 vs 15.4 mmol/L; Day 2: 14.15 vs 16.35 mmol/L; and magnesium: Day 1: 0.82 vs 0.74 mmol/L; Day 2: 0.85 vs 0.74 mmol/L. Exercise caused anion-gap metabolic acidosis concentrations to rise post-training; magnesium levels decreased after training sessions on Day 1 and Day 2.Conclusion: The concentrations of anion-gap metabolic a

José Leonardo Rocha de Faria,1,2 Raphael Serra Cruz,1,3,4 André Luiz Siqueira Campos,1,5 Gabriel Garcez Araújo Souza,1 Yuri Sampaio Di Cavalcanti,1 Rodrigo Araujo Goes1 1Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; 2Albert Sabin Hospital, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; 3Instituto Brasil de Tecnologias da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; 4Hospital São Vicente de Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; 5Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilCorrespondence: Raphael Serra Cruz, Tel +55 21 972347474, Email dr.serracruz@gmail.comPurpose: To analyze clinical and functional outcomes of patients submitted to posterior meniscal root repair of the medial or lateral meniscus in different settings, with at least 6 months of follow-up.Patients and Methods: Retrospective multicentric study assessing epidemiological characteristics and clinical-functional results of 22 patients who underwent meniscal root reinsertion (MRR) by transtibial technique. This study addressed different settings: isolated medial root repair, medial root repair associated with high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and lateral root repair associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Results: Twelve patients had an isolated tear of the posterior root of the medial meniscus and underwent MRR alone. Six patients had a varus axis > 5°, undergoing MRR in addition to HTO in the same surgical procedure. Four patients underwent repair of the posterior root of the lateral meniscus associated with simultaneous reconstruction of the ACL. The main results of the study were observed in the improvement of the IKDC score from 27.7% preoperatively to 69.8% in the postoperative period (p < 0.0001) and the Lysholm score of 44.4 points preoperatively to 88.4 points in the postoperative period (p < 0.0001). Significant clinical and subjective improvements were also reported.C

Luciano Andrés Rossi, Ignacio Pasqualini, Ignacio Tanoira, Maximiliano Ranalletta Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Investigation Performed at the Shoulder Unit Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCorrespondence: Luciano Andrés Rossi, Peron 4190 (C1199ABB), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Email luciano.rossi@hospitalitaliano.org.arAbstract: Numerous studies have reported high rates of return to sports following arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR) However, there is enormous controversy regarding the optimal management of these patients in the postoperative period. Controversy issues include rehabilitation, criteria for returning to sports, and the specific management of each athlete according to the sport they practice. Even though there are several rehabilitation protocols published in the literature, wide variability exists concerning the key elements of rehabilitation after an ABR. Regarding criteria for return to sports, there is a wide variation across the different published studies. The type of sports has been shown to affect an athlete’s decision to return to sports. Nevertheless, most research is evaluated by classifications that cluster different sports into categories that may have other influences in return to sports when analyzed separately. Finally, in addition to physical readiness, the athlete’s psychological state is crucial for returning to sports. However, the contribution of psychological readiness to an athlete’s return to sports after shoulder instability surgery remains uncertain and unexplored.Keywords: return to sports, Bankart, anterior shoulder instability, arthroscopy

Ioanna K Bolia, Kevin Mertz, Ethan Faye, Justin Sheppard, Sagar Telang, Jacob Bogdanov, Laith K Hasan, Aryan Haratian, Denis Evseenko, Alexander E Weber, Frank A Petrigliano USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USACorrespondence: Ioanna K Bolia, 1520 San Pablo Street Suite 2000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA, Tel +1 9703432813, Fax +1 818-658-5925, Email frank.petrigliano@med.usc.eduAbstract: Knee fibrosis is characterized by the presence of excessive connective tissue due to dysregulated fibroblast activation following local or systemic tissue damage. Knee fibrosis constitutes a major clinical problem in orthopaedics due to the severe limitation in the knee range of motion that leads to compromised function and patient disability. Knee osteoarthritis is an extremely common orthopedic condition that is associated with patient disability and major costs to the health-care systems worldwide. Although knee fibrosis and osteoarthritis (OA) have traditionally been perceived as two separate pathologic entities, recent research has shown common ground between the pathophysiologic processes that lead to the development of these two conditions. The purpose of this review was to identify the pathophysiologic pathways as well as key molecules that are implicated in the development of both knee OA and knee fibrosis in order to understand the relationship between the two diagnoses and potentially identify novel therapeutic targets.Keywords: fibrosis, molecules, knee, osteoarthritis

David Heath, David Momtaz, Abdullah Ghali, Luis Salazar, Jonathan Bethiel, Boris Christopher, Caitlyn Mooney, Katherine C Bartush UT Health San Antonio, Department of Orthopaedics, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USACorrespondence: Katherine C BartushUT Health San Antonio, Department of Orthopaedics, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-7774, San Antonio, Tx, 78229-3900, USATel +1-574-514-2499Fax +1-210-567-5125Email bartush@uthscsa.eduBackground: The rate of medial meniscus tear (MMT) in professional soccer players is high. There are no studies on objective performance metrics following medial meniscus repair in these athletes.Purpose: Examine the impact of MMT treated with surgical repair on performance metrics and career longevity in Major League Soccer (MLS) players.Methods: MLS players who sustained an MMT between 1993 and 2019 were identified via publicly available databases. These players were each matched to 2 uninjured controls by debut date, experience, position, race, ethnicity, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Demographic data and performance metrics were then collected for both groups. Matches, minutes, goals, assists, shots, shots on target, duels, and duel percentage won are collectively referred to as performance metrics. Statistical analysis compared demographic distributions and performance metrics between the MMT and control groups.Results: Thirty-three MLS players who had undergone medial meniscus repair were identified and matched to 66 controls. All performance metrics decreased in the MMT group when compared to their controls in the first year after injury. This difference remained significant even when the performance metrics were normalized with respect to time, indicating that the injured players both played less and were not as productive. At 2 years after injury, performance metrics returned to pre-injury levels and were equivalent to those of the healthy controls. Career length was found to be significantly different between the two groups at 8.81 Â

José Martins Juliano Eustaquio,1,2 Alberto Martins Fontoura Borges,2 Lorena Souza Vilela,2 Matheus Pizarro Carvalho Gouveia,2 Amanda Laruzo Rabelo,2 Camila Cohen Kaleka,3 Pedro Debieux,3,4 Octávio Barbosa Neto1 1Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM – Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; 2Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mário Palmerio Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE – Universidade de Uberaba), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; 3Knee Surgery Group, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; 4Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy Group, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP – Universidade Federal de São Paulo), São Paulo, SP, BrazilCorrespondence: José Martins Juliano EustaquioMário Palmerio Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE – Universidade de Uberaba), Av. Cecília Palmerio, s/n, Uberaba, MG, CEP: 38050175, BrazilEmail zemartinsjuliano@hotmail.com; octavio.neto@uftm.edu.brPurpose: To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of orthopedic injuries associated with the technical-tactical profiles of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) fighters, according to the fighters’ graduation level (beginner and advanced).Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study, which included the participation of amateur and professional BJJ athletes, aged between 18 and 60 years and practitioners of the sport for at least six months. All answered a mixed self-reported morbidity questionnaire. Participants were divided into four groups, according to the technical-tactical profile in the fight (keeper and passer) and the fighter’s graduation level (beginner and advanced), and also into four subgroups, divided by joining the groups in pairs above. Descriptive and analytical statistical procedures were used, with a level of statistical significance set at 5% (p < 0.05).Results: A total of 198 participants were included

Rodrigo Luiz Vancini,1 Weverton Rufo-Tavares,1 Hudson Renato de Paula Oliveira,1 Ricardo Borges Viana,2,3 Marilia dos Santos Andrade,4 Beat Knechtle,5 Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis,6 Paulo Gentil,7 Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira7 1Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brasil; 2Escola Superior de Educação Física e Fisioterapia do Estado de Goiás, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil; 3Faculdade Estácio de Sá, Goiânia, Departamento de Educação Física, Goiânia, Brasil; 4Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil; 5Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen and Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; 6School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; 7Setor de Fisiologia Humana e do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, BrasilCorrespondence: Beat KnechtleFacharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, St. Gallen, 9001, SwitzerlandEmail beat.knechtle@hispeed.chIntroduction: The use of dietary supplements and ergogenic aids (DSEA) is popular among physical activity enthusiasts. Particularly, resistance training (RT) practitioners represent important DSEA consumers due to its easy access and the appeal of claims related to muscle hypertrophy, aesthetics, and physical performance improvements.Methods: Our aim was to study knowledge, prevalence, and profile of DSEA used by Brazilian recreational RT practitioners. For this, RT practitioners of both sexes (n=129, female=58 and male=71) answered a paper-based questionnaire. The questionnaire was specifically created for the studied population to assess different aspects of the DSEA used and sociodemographic variables.Results: Seventy-seven percent of the participants (n=99) declared that they had already used DSEA. The majority (53%) searched th

Dominik Szymski,1 Leonard Achenbach,2,3 Martin Siebentritt,4 Karola Simoni,5 Norbert Kuner,5 Christian Pfeifer,1 Werner Krutsch,1,6 Volker Alt,1 Rainer Meffert,2 Kai Fehske2 1Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; 2Department of Trauma-, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; 3Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; 4Department for Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Bayreuth, Germany; 5General Medicine and Dermatology, Medical Center for General Medicine, Dermatology, Paediatrics and Internal Medicine, Costa Calma Fuerteventura, Costa Calma, Spain; 6Sports-Orthopedics, SportDocs Franken, Nuremberg, GermanyCorrespondence: Kai FehskeDepartment of Trauma-, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyTel +49 931 201 37001Fax +49 931 201 37009Email kai.fehske@ukw.deIntroduction/Background: Surfing, wind surfing and kite surfing enjoy a growing popularity with a large number of athletes worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the injury profiles and compare the injury profiles of these three extreme water sports.Materials and Methods: These data for this retrospective cohort study were collected through an online standardised questionnaire during the 2017– 18 season. The questionnaire included questions about anthropometry, skill level, injury diagnosis, injury mechanism, environmental conditions and training regimes.Results: The 626 athletes included reported 2584 injuries. On average, each athlete sustained 4.12 injuries during the season. The most frequent injury location was in the lower extremity, in particular the foot, with 49 (16.4%) injuries in surfing, 344 (18.3%) in wind surfing and 79 (19.7%) in kite surfing. Surfing demonstrated a particularly high rate of head injuries (n = 37; 12.4%). Other frequent injury types were skin lesions (up to 42.1

Spencer W Sullivan,1,2 Niles A Fleet,3 Vanessa A Brooks,3 Jennifer Bido,2 Benedict U Nwachukwu,2 Peter H Brubaker1 1Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA; 2Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA; 3Department of Sports Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USACorrespondence: Spencer W Sullivan 1109 Crowne Oaks Circle, Winston Salem, NC, 27106, USATel +1 317 775 2626Fax +1 646 885 8252Email spencer.sullivan44@gmail.comBackground: Bilateral leg power is being increasingly investigated as a proxy for the recovery of muscle performance after injury. Functional tests like the single leg hop for distance (SLHD) and single leg vertical jump (SLVJ) are often used to determine symmetry and return to play (RTP) readiness. As an injury predictor, leg power is accurately measured with the Keiser Air420 seated leg press.Purpose: To measure and analyze lower leg asymmetry in healthy collegiate athletes across each test battery.Methods: Eighty-eight healthy student-athletes (44 males, 44 females) across 14 varsity teams at Wake Forest University performed the SLHD, SLVJ, and the Keiser. Horizontal and vertical displacement were measured via the SLHD and SLVJ, respectively. Peak power was recorded via the Keiser Air420 leg press. Pearson correlations and repeated measures ANOVA were used to calculate associations and compare bilateral asymmetry indices (BAI) and raw scores.Results: There was a significant effect on each test’s raw BAI (P < 0.01). The mean absolute BAI were 5.42 ± 4.9%, 6.64 ± 4.9% and 5.36 ± 4.7% for the SLHD, SLVJ and Keiser, respectively. The SLVJ and Keiser (dominant leg r = 0.832, nondominant leg r = 0.826) were more highly correlated than the SLHD and Keiser (dominant leg r = 0.645, nondominant leg r = 0.687), all of which were statistically significant (P < 0.01).Conclusion: At the 90th percentile, healthy collegiate

Colin King, Erin Coughlan School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, CanadaCorrespondence: Colin KingSchool of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550 Main Street, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, CanadaTel +1 902 585 1309Email colin.king@acadiau.caPurpose: To gain an understanding of referee concussion knowledge, what sporting organizations were doing to prepare their referees to recognize concussions in youth sport, and what role referees could play in overall concussion safety.Materials and Methods: A total of 134 referees participated in the study across four provincial sporting organizations (rugby, soccer, ice hockey, and football). Participants completed a concussion knowledge questionnaire that explored knowledge about concussion education, recognition, management, preparedness, and the role of the referee in overall concussion management.Results: Overall, the sample was found to be moderately knowledgeable about concussions. Referees that received previous formal concussion education had statistically significant higher average scores when compared to those without formalized concussion education (P=0.001). However, only 24% of respondents reported receiving any formal education from their sporting body or referee organization. About 85% felt that referees could play an important role in concussion recognition in youth sport, but only 41% felt they were adequately equipped with the knowledge and skills to recognize these injuries.Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that national, provincial, and individual sporting organizations should ensure that all stakeholders (including referees) are formally educated about concussions to encourage a safety-first environment for youth athletes. Educational sessions should focus on the general aspects of SRC while also focusing on the specific role of the referee in concussion recognition.Keywords: sports-related concussions, officials, injury prevention, injury recognition

Kelly Ryan, Joseph Brodine Department of Family Medicine, Medstar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USACorrespondence: Kelly Ryan; Joseph Brodine Tel +1 443-777-2000Email Kelly.D.Ryan@medstar.net; Joseph.B.Brodine@medstar.netAbstract: Numerous publications have described the behaviors employed by professional jockeys on a daily basis to achieve and maintain a minimum racing weight. This narrative review provides an update of recent publications that report on the impact of such practices. Although rapid weight-loss techniques such as calorie restriction and dehydration are commonly thought to be deleterious to jockeys, little evidence exists of enduring health consequences. There is evidence to suggest that jockey training behaviors and dietary choices are not aligned with optimum preparation for the physiological demands of the sport. Further research is necessary to better measure the health impact of jockey weight-making behaviors; such data might guide reforms of athlete behavior and regulatory practices within the global sport of horse racing.Keywords: jockey, jockey health, horse racing, athlete, nutrition, bone density, body weight

Matthew R LeVasseur,1 Michael R Mancini,1 Daniel P Berthold,1,2 Antonio Cusano,1 Grace P McCann,1 Mark P Cote,1 Gregg Gomlinski,1 Augustus D Mazzocca1 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA; 2Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, GermanyCorrespondence: Matthew R LeVasseur Email mlevasseur@uchc.eduPurpose: To perform a review of the literature focusing on rehabilitation protocols in patients with acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries treated operatively and nonoperatively and to provide an updated rehabilitation treatment algorithm.Methods: Studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE database from 01/1995 to 09/2020. Included studies contained detailed rehabilitation protocols with physiologic rationale for AC joint injuries. Biomechanical studies, technique articles, radiographic studies, systematic reviews, case studies, editorials, and studies that compared nonoperative versus operative treatment without focus on rehabilitation were excluded. Following identification of the literature, an updated treatment algorithm was created.Results: The search strategy yielded 1742 studies, of which 1654 studies were excluded based on title, 60 on the abstract, and 25 on the full manuscript. One study was manually identified using article reference lists, yielding four publications presenting detailed rehabilitation protocols based on physiologic rationale. No randomized controlled trials or comparative studies were identified or cited as a basis for these rehabilitation protocols.Conclusion: Few detailed rehabilitation protocols in patients with AC joint injuries have been published. These protocols are limited by their standardization, arbitrary timelines, and provide minimal assessment of individual patient characteristics. The quality of patient care can be improved with more practical guidelines that are goal-oriented and allow for critical thinking among clinicians to address in

Andrew Kompel,1 Prashanth H Haran,1 Akira M Murakami,1 Lars Engebretsen,2– 4 Mohamed Jarraya,1,5 Frank Roemer,1,6,* Ali Guermazi1,7,* 1Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 2Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland; 3Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; 4Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; 6Department of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, & Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; 7Department of Radiology, VA Boston Health System, Boston, MA, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Andrew KompelDepartment of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 820 Harrison Avenue, FGH Building 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USATel +1 617 638-6610Fax +1 617 638-6616Email Andrew.Kompel@bmc.orgPurpose: Describe the frequency and severity of knee ligament sprains diagnosed by MRI in athletes participating at the 2016 Summer Olympic Games, their association with certain sports and assess correlations with additional knee structural injury.Patients and Methods: All knee MRIs performed in the Olympic Village and polyclinics during the 2016 Olympics were retrospectively, blindly reviewed for ligament sprains and associated knee injuries. In addition to the absence or presence of these abnormalities, athletes were stratified by age, gender and sport.Results: 11,274 athletes participated in the 2016 Olympic Games: 113 athletes received at least one knee MRI with some having bilateral or repeat MRI on the same knee. Anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament (ACL/MCL) sprains were most common, accounting for 32 of the 43 sprains (74.4%). Wrestling (10), hockey (7), athletics

Kate E Webster,1 Timothy E Hewett,2 Julian A Feller1,3 1School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; 2Hewett Global Consulting, Rochester MN & Rocky Mountain Consortium for Sports Research, Edwards, CO, USA; 3OrthoSport Victoria, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaCorrespondence: Kate E WebsterSchool of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia, Email k.webster@latrobe.edu.auAbstract: Australian Rules football is the most popular of the various codes of football played in Australia. During the game players perform frequent landing, cutting and pivoting manoeuvres that expose them to substantial risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Recent years have seen the introduction of a professional women’s league that has resulted in an exponential growth in the participation of women and girls in this sport. Unfortunately, there is a corresponding growth in ACL injury rates in female players. This review summarizes the incidence of ACL injury in both men’s and women’s Australian Rules football and reviews potential causative factors and risk reduction strategies. The final section takes an in depth look at return to sport outcomes after ACL reconstruction surgery in these populations. Whilst an ACL injury does not mean the end of a player’s career in Australian football, it certainly presents a significant challenge in terms of return to preinjury levels of form and high rates of secondary and tertiary ACL injury are also a significant concern.Keywords: Australian football, knee injury, ACL, injury prevalence, return to play

Ioanna K Bolia, Kevin Collon, Jacob Bogdanov, Rae Lan, Frank A Petrigliano USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USACorrespondence: Frank A PetriglianoUSC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, 1520 San Pablo Street Suite 2000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USATel +1 9703432813Fax +1 818-658-5925Email frank.petrigliano@med.usc.eduAbstract: Athletes participating in overhead sports are at particularly high risk of shoulder impingement syndrome. Subcoracoid impingement is defined as impingement of the anterior soft tissues of the shoulder between the coracoid process and the lesser tuberosity. Subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS) occurs due to extrinsic compression of the rotator cuff between the humeral head and coracoacromial structures or intrinsic degeneration of the supraspinatus tendon and subsequent superior migration of the humerus. Internal impingement is a major cause of shoulder pain in overhead athletes, and it occurs due to repetitive impingement of the articular surface of the rotator cuff with the glenoid during maximum abduction and external rotation of the arm. When examining athletes with suspected impingement of the shoulder, it is important to discuss the sport-specific motion that regenerates the symptoms and perform a combination of physical examination tests to improve the diagnostic accuracy. Radiographic evaluation is recommended, and the extent of soft tissue abnormalities can be assessed on ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. Management of shoulder impingement syndrome can be conservative or operative, based on the severity and chronicity of symptoms and the associated structural abnormalities. This review provides an update on the management of SIS, subcoracoid impingement, and internal impingement in the athletic population.Keywords: impingement syndromes, shoulder, subacromial impingement syndrome, joint, subcoracoid, internal, athletes

Yasuharu Nagano,1 Yui Shimada,2 Naoki Sasaki,1 Masaki Shibata1 1Faculty of Physical Education, Japan Women’s College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Sciences, Tokyo, JapanCorrespondence: Yasuharu NaganoFaculty of Physical Education, Japan Women’s College of Physical Education, 8-19-1, Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8565, JapanTel +81-3-3300-5437Fax +81-3-3300-5437Email nagano.yasuharu@jwcpe.ac.jpIntroduction: The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the prevalence and burden of “any physical complaint” in college female basketball athletes using a daily questionnaire.Methods: Fifty-four female college basketball players were recruited and followed up for 135 days using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaire.Results: The questionnaire response rate was 96.4% (95% confidence interval: 95.7– 97.1). The average daily prevalence of any problem was 44.4%, whereas that of substantial problems was 16.0%. The anatomical areas found to be most frequently affected by physical problems were the ankle (average daily prevalence: 14.5%, 95% confidence interval: 13.4– 15.7), lower back (14.4%, 95% confidence interval: 13.7– 15.2), and knee (9.6%, 95% confidence interval: 9.0– 10.2). The cumulative severity score, calculated by summing severity scores and dividing by number of respondents, showed that ankle, knee, and lower back problems exhibited greater relative burden.Discussion: Injuries common in basketball athletes, such as ankle sprain, anterior cruciate ligament injury, overuse knee pain, and low-back pain, are reflected in the present data.Keywords: epidemiology, sports injuries, overuse injuries, ankle, knee

Garrett V Christensen, Karch M Smith, Jun Kawakami, Peter N Chalmers Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USACorrespondence: Peter N ChalmersDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84105 Tel +1 503 803 0643Fax +1 314 747 2599Email Peter.Chalmers@hsc.utah.eduAbstract: Superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions are common in overhead athletes. Though some patients have asymptomatic lesions, many tears cause pain and diminished athletic performance. Accurate diagnosis of SLAP lesions can be challenging as the sensitivity and specificity of both the physical exam and advanced imaging is questionable. Management is also difficult, as treatment can be life-altering or career-ending for many athletes. If first-line nonoperative treatment fails, surgical options may be considered. The optimal surgical management of SLAP lesions in athletes is debated. Historically, return to play (RTP) rates among athletes who have undergone arthroscopic SLAP repair have been unsatisfactory, prompting clinicians to seek alternate surgical options. Biceps tenodesis (BT) has been postulated to eliminate biceps tendon-related pain in the shoulder and is increasingly used as a primary procedure for SLAP lesions. The purpose of this text is to review the current literature on the surgical management of SLAP lesions in athletes with an emphasis on the role of BT.Keywords: SLAP tear, SLAP lesion, superior labrum anterior-posterior, biceps-labral complex, throwing athlete, overhead athlete

Ahmad F Bayomy,1 Lynn Ann Forrester,1 Stephen G Crowley,2 Charles A Popkin1 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; 2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USACorrespondence: Charles A PopkinDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 3959 Broadway 8 th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USATel +1 (212) 305-4787Email cp2654@cumc.columbia.eduAbstract: The use of eponyms in the orthopedics literature has come under scrutiny, and there is a growing body of literature evaluating the utility of these terms in modern healthcare delivery. Although the field of pediatric orthopedic sports medicine is a relatively modern subspecialty, it is built on a foundation of over 100 years of pediatric musculoskeletal medicine. As a result, eponyms account for a significant portion of the vernacular used in the field. The purpose of this review is to summarize and describe the history of common eponyms relevant to pediatric sports pathology, examination maneuvers, classification systems, and surgical procedures. Use of eponyms in medicine is flawed. However, an improved understanding of these terms allows for informed use in future scientific discourse, patient care and medical education and may encourage future innovation and research into understanding pediatric orthopedic pathologies.Keywords: eponyms, orthopedics, sports medicine, pediatrics, Galeazzi, Greulich, Pyle, Beighton, Horan, apophysitis

Kenichiro Murata,1 Tsukasa Kumai,2 Norikazu Hirose2 1Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Nishi-tokyo, Japan; 2Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, JapanCorrespondence: Norikazu HiroseFaculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, JapanTel/Fax +81 42-451-1022Email toitsu_hirose@waseda.jpPurpose: Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) in childhood can result in lateral malleolus avulsion fractures; additionally, bone nonunion may occur. Physical maturity relates to the development of bone morphology and physical functionality. It is unknown how changes in physical functionality attributable to physical maturity affect young soccer players with abnormal lateral malleolus (ALM) morphology. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the bone morphology of the lateral malleolus in young soccer players and to examine its relationship with physical functionality at different maturity levels.Subjects and Methods: Two hundred and ninety young soccer players aged 6– 15 years were included. The presence of ALM was assessed using ultrasonography. The subjects were allocated to three groups based on physical maturity (Pre-, Mid-, and Post-peak height velocity age [PHVA]). The prevalence of ALM and the relationship between ALM and physical maturity were examined for body composition, foot pressure distribution, foot alignment, ankle mobility, and single-leg balance.Results: The prevalence of ALM was 17.6%. For physical maturity, the post-PHVA group showed a decrease in ankle dorsiflexion and eversion and an increase in one-leg hop distance compared to the Pre-PHVA group (P < 0.05). In the ALM group, the center of pressure during heel raising was distributed laterally in the Post-PHVA (P < 0.01), and the weight-bearing dorsiflexion angle was decreased in the Mid- and Post-PHVA (P < 0.05).Conclusion: In the Post-PHVA young soccer players, decreased ankle dorsiflexion and eversi