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1. National soil data in EU countries, where do we stand?

Author

Cornu, S., Keesstra, S., Bispo, A., Fantappie, M., van Egmond, F., Smreczak, B., Wawer, R., Pavlů, L., Sobocká, J., Bakacsi, Z., Farkas‐Iványi, K., Molnár, S., Møller, A.B., Madenoglu, S., Feiziene, D., Oorts, K., Schneider, F., Gonçalves, M.C., Mano, R., Garland, G., Skalský, R., O'Sullivan, L., Kasparinskis, R., Chenu, C., Cornu, S., Keesstra, S., Bispo, A., Fantappie, M., van Egmond, F., Smreczak, B., Wawer, R., Pavlů, L., Sobocká, J., Bakacsi, Z., Farkas‐Iványi, K., Molnár, S., Møller, A.B., Madenoglu, S., Feiziene, D., Oorts, K., Schneider, F., Gonçalves, M.C., Mano, R., Garland, G., Skalský, R., O'Sullivan, L., Kasparinskis, R., and Chenu, C.

Abstract

At European scale, soil characteristics are needed to evaluate soil quality, soil health and soil-based ecosystem services in the context of the European Green Deal. While some soil databases exist at the European scale, a much larger wealth of data is present in individual European countries, allowing a more detailed soil assessment. There is thus an urgent and crucial need to combine these data at the European scale. In the frame of a large European Joint Programme on agricultural soils launched by the European Commission, a survey was conducted in the spring of 2020, in the 24 European participating countries to assess the existing soil data sources, focusing on agricultural soils. The survey will become a contribution to the European Soil Observatory, launched in December 2020, which aims to collect metadata of soil databases related to all kind of land uses, including forest and urban soils. Based upon a comprehensive questionnaire, 170 soil databases were identified at local, regional and national scales. Soil parameters were divided into five groups: 1. main soil parameters according to the Global Soil Map specifications; 2. other soil chemical parameters; 3. other physical parameters; 4. other pedological parameters; and 5. soil biological features. A classification based on the environmental zones of Europe was used to distinguish the climatic zones. This survey shows that while most of the main pedological and chemical parameters are included in more than 70 % of the country soil databases, water content, contamination with organic pollutants and biological parameters are the least frequently reported parameters. Such differences will have consequences when developing an EU policy on soil health as proposed under the EU soil strategy for 2023 and using the data to derive soil health indicators. Many differences in the methods used in collecting, preparing, and analysing the soils were found, thus requiring harmonisation procedures and more cooperation amon

Published
2023
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2. Identification of the co-existence of low total organic carbon contents and low pH values in agricultural soil in north-central Europe using hot spot analysis based on GEMAS project data

Author

Xu, Haofan, Demetriades, Alecos, Reimann, Clemens, Jimenez, Juan J., Filser, Juliane, Zhang, Chaosheng, Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Duris, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V, Filzmoser, P., Flem, B., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fugedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V, De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kirby, J., Klos, V, Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B., I, Maquil, R., Matschullat, J., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V, Pfleiderer, S., Ponavic, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I, Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I, Sellersjo, E., Slaninka, I, Soriano-Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V, Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevi, D., Zissimos, A., Zomeni, Z., Xu H., Demetriades A., Reimann C., Jimenez J.J., Filser J., Zhang C., GEMAS Project Team: Albanese S., Andersson M., Baritz R., Batista M.J., Bel-lan A., Birke M., Cicchella D., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Dinelli E., Ďuriš M., Dusza-Dobek A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Filzmoser P., Flem B., Flight D.M.A., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fügedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., De Groot W., Gulan A., Halamić J., Haslinger E., Hayoz P., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Jordan G., Kirby J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwecko P., Kuti L., Ladenberger A., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky P., Mann A., Mackovych D., McLaughlin M., Malyuk B.I., Maquil R., Matschullat J., Meuli R.G., Mol G., Négrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts K., Pasieczna A., Petersell V., Pfleiderer S., Poňavič M., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Radusinović S., Sadeghi M., Salpeteur I., Scanlon R., Schedl A., Scheib A., Schoeters I., Sellersjö E., Slaninka I., Soriano-Disla J.M., Šorša A., Svrkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojević D., Zissimos A., Zomeni Z., Haofan, Xu, Alecos, Demetriade, Clemens, Reimann, Juan J, Jiménez, Juliane, Filser, Chaosheng, Zhang, Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flem, B., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Matschullat, J., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zissimos, A., and Zomeni, Z.

Subjects
Pollution, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hot spot analysis, Hot spot analysi, media_common.quotation_subject, Hot spot (veterinary medicine), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, GEMAS, chemistry.chemical_compound, Environmental Chemistry, European agricultural soil, TOC, pH, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Total organic carbon, North central, business.industry, chemistry, Agriculture, Environmental chemistry, Carbon dioxide, Spatial ecology, Environmental science, Soil fertility, business
Abstract

Total organic carbon (TOC) contents in agricultural soil are presently receiving increased attention, not only because of their relationship to soil fertility, but also due to the sequestration of organic carbon in soil to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In this research, the spatial patterns of TOC and its relationship with pH at the European scale were studied using hot spot analysis based on the agricultural soil results of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soil (GEMAS) project. The hot and cold spot maps revealed the overall spatial patterns showing a negative correlation between TOC contents and pH values in European agricultural soil. High TOC contents accompanying low pH values in the north-eastern part of Europe (e.g., Fennoscandia), and low TOC with high pH values in the southern part (e.g., Spain. Italy, Balkan countries). A special feature of co-existence of comparatively low TOC contents and low pH values in north-central Europe was also identified on hot and cold spot analysis maps. It has been found that these patterns are strongly related to the high concentration of SiO2 (quartz) in the coarse-textured glacial sediments in north-central Europe. The hot spot analysis was effective, therefore, in highlighting the spatial patterns of TOC in European agricultural soil and helpful to identify hidden patterns. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2019

3. A new method for the simultaneous measurement of pH-dependent cation exchange capacity and pH buffering capacity

Author

Oorts, K., Vanlauwe, B., Pleysier, J., and Merckx, R.

Subjects
Soils -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

The pH dependent cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH buffering capacity (pH BC) are two crucial properties in soil fertility management of variable charge soils. However, they are rarely measured, since most of the existing methods are cumbersome and time-consuming. We propose a new method, based on the silver-thiourea (AgTU) method, for the simultaneous measurement of pH dependent CEC and the pH BC. In general, this method consists of first increasing the pH of the soil to about pH 7 and then gradually acidifying the soil by titrating with HN[O.sub.3], while measuring pH and CEC after each equilibration. This way, both CEC at different pH values and the pH BC are measured on the same sample, without the multiple washing steps needed in other procedures. Various aspects of the proposed method were tested and the results obtained were compared with the ion adsorption method. The modified AgTU method obtains field relevant results and is suitable for the routine analysis of large numbers of samples.

Published
2004

4. Use of GEMAS data for risk assessment of cadmium in European agricultural and grazing land soil under the REACH Regulation

Author

Birke, M., Reimann, C., Oorts, K., Uwe, R., Alecos, D., Dinelli, E., Ladenberger, A., Halamić, J., Mateja, G., Jähne Klingberg, F., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel Ian, A., Cicchella, D., De Vos, W., Duris, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernsten, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fügedi, U., Gilcucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., ’Connor, P. O, Ottesen, R. T., Pasnieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavi c, M., Prazeres, C., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sefcik, P., Sellersjo, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Tendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zomeni, Z., Zissimos, A., ALBANESE, STEFANO, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, LIMA, ANNAMARIA, Birke, M., Reimann, C., Oorts, K., Uwe, R., Alecos, D., Dinelli, E., Ladenberger, A., Halamić, J., Mateja, G., Jähne Klingberg, F., Albanese, Stefano, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel Ian, A., Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, Benedetto, De Vos, W., Duris, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernsten, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fügedi, U., Gilcucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Lima, Annamaria, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., ’Connor, P. O, Ottesen, R. T., Pasnieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavi c, M., Prazeres, C., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sefcik, P., Sellersjo, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Tendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zomeni, Z., Zissimos, A., Birke, Manfred, Reimann, Clemen, Oorts, Koen, Rauch, Uwe, Demetriades, Aleco, Dinelli, Enrico, Ladenberger, Anna, Halamić, Josip, Gosar, Mateja, and Jähne-Klingberg, Fabian

Subjects
Pollution, agricultural soil, grazing land soil, risk assessment, REACH, cadmium, Soil test, media_common.quotation_subject, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Agricultural soil, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Geochemistry and Petrology, Grazing, Environmental Chemistry, Risk assessment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Hydrology, Cadmium, business.industry, Forestry, Expert group, Chemistry, chemistry, Agriculture, Soil water, Earth Sciences, business, Grazing land soil
Abstract

Over 4000 soil samples were collected for the “Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europe” (GEMAS) project carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. Cadmium concentrations are reported for the

Published
2016

6. GEMAS: Cobalt, Cr, Cu and Ni distribution in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe

Author

ALBANESE, STEFANO, LIMA, ANNAMARIA, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, Sadeghi, M., Cicchella, D., Dinelli, E., Valera, P., Falconi, M., Demetriades, A., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., De Vos, W., Ďuriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Reimann, C., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano Disla, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zomeni, Z., Albanese, Stefano, Sadeghi, M., Lima, Annamaria, Cicchella, D., Dinelli, E., Valera, P., Falconi, M., Demetriades, A., DE VIVO, Benedetto, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., De Vos, W., Ďuriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Reimann, C., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano Disla, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zomeni, Z., Albanese, S., Lima, A., De Vivo, B., Batista, M.J., Bel-lan, A., Duris, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O.A., Flight, D.M.A., Fugedi, U., Halamic, J., Malyuk, B.I., Meuli, R.G., Negrel, P., Ottesen, R.T., Ponavic, M., Radusinovic, S., Sellersjo, E., Soriano-Disla, J.M., Sorsa, A., and Vidojevic, D.

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Soil test, Metal, Mafic-ultramafic rocks, Soil guidelines, Earth science, European soil, Mineralogy, cobalt, crom, distribution, Ni, Cu, Ophiolite, Metals, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ultramafic rock, Grazing, Geochemical mapping, Economic Geology, Glacial period, Mafic, European soil Mafic–ultramafic rocks Metals Geochemical mapping Soil guidelines, Scale (map), Geology, Mafic-ultramafic rock
Abstract

In the framework of the GEMAS project, 2211 samples of agricultural soil (Ap, 0-20cm, regularly ploughed fields), and 2118 samples from land under permanent grass cover (Gr, 0-10cm, grazing land soil) were collected across almost the whole European continent, at a density of 1 sample site/2500km2, in accordance with a common sampling protocol.Among many other elements, the concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu and Ni in European soil were determined by ICP-MS after a hot aqua extraction, and WD-XRFS analytical methods, and their spatial distribution patterns generated by means of a GIS software.The presence of mafic and ultramafic rocks, ophiolite complexes and mineralisation, is widespread across the European continent, and seems to explain most of the variability of the elements studied in this paper. A large belt, north of the last glaciation maximum limit, is generally dominated by lower concentrations compared with central European and Mediterranean areas and to some areas in Northern Europe where higher Co, Cr, Cu and Ni values also occur.The application of the guideline value set for Cu and Ni by the EU Directive 86/278/EEC to the Ap soil samples of the GEMAS data set highlighted that at the continental scale the use of a unique reference interval is a tool of limited effectiveness; the lithological variation, occurring across a whole continent, generates changes in the geochemistry of soil, which cannot be accommodated by using a single reference interval even if it is very wide. The GEMAS data set should form the sound basis to set at the European scale the geochemical background reference intervals, at least, for regions sharing common lithological settings and a common geological history. •Geochemistry of Co, Cr, Cu and Ni•Mineral deposits in Europe with Co, Cr, Cu and Ni•Distribution of Co, Cr, Cu and Ni in European agricultural and grazing land soil•Comparison of aqua regia extractable and total element concentrations in soil•Comparison of Cu and Ni concentrations with European guideline values. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2015

7. GEMAS: Cadmium distribution and its sources in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe - Original data versus clr-transformed data

Author

BIRKE M., REIMANN C, RAUCH U., LADENBERGER A., DEMETRIADES A., JÄHNEKLINGBERG F., OORTS K, GOSAR M., DINELLI D., HALAMIĆ J., ALBANESE S., ANDERSSON M., BARITZ R., BATISTA M. J., BEL-IAN A., CICCHELLA D., DE VIVO B., DE VOS W., ĎURIŠ M., DUSZA-DOBEK A., EGGEN O. A., EKLUND M., ERNSTEN V., FILZMOSER, FLIGHT D. M. A., FORRESTER S., FÜGEDI U., GILCUCIS A., GREGORAUSKIENE V., DE GROOT W., GULAN A., HASLINGER E., HAYOZ P., HOOGEWERFF J., HRVATOVIC H., HUSNJAK S., JANIK L., JORDAN G., KAMINARI M., KIRBY J., KLOS V., KWEĆKO P., KUTI L., LIMA A., LOCUTURA J., LUCIVJANSKY P., MANN A., MACKOVYCH D., MCLAUGHLIN M., MALYUK B. I., MAQUIL R., MEULI R. G., MOL G., NÉGREL P., O’CONNOR P., OTTESEN R. T., PASNIECZNA A., PETERSELL V., PFLEIDERER S., POŇAVIČ M., PRAZERES C., RADUSINOVIĆ S., SALPETEUR I., SADEGHI M., SCANLON R., SCHEDL A., SCHEIB A., SCHOETERS I., ŠEFČIK P., SELLERSJÖ E., SLANINKA I., SORIANO-DISLA J. M., ŠORŠA A., SVRKOTA R., STAFILOV T., TARVAINEN T., TENDAVILOV V., VALERA P., VEROUGSTRAETE V., VIDOJEVIĆ D., ZOMENI Z., ZISSIMOS A., Birke, Manfred, Reimann, Clemen, Rauch, Uwe, Ladenberger, Anna, Demetriades, Aleco, Jähne-Klingberg, Fabian, Oorts, Koen, Gosar, Mateja, Dinelli, Enrico, Halamić, Josip, Birke, M., Reimann, C, Rauch, U., Ladenberger, A., Demetriades, A., Jähneklingberg, F., Oorts, K, Gosar, M., Dinelli, D., Halamić, J., Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., BEL-IAN, A., Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, B., DE VOS, W., Ďuriš, M., DUSZA-DOBEK, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernsten, V., Filzmoser, Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fügedi, U., Gilcucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., DE GROOT, W., Gulan, A., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Kwećko, P., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O’Connor, P., Ottesen, R. T., Pasnieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Radusinović, S., Salpeteur, I., Sadeghi, M., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Šefčik, P., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., SORIANO-DISLA, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Tendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zomeni, Z., and Zissimos, A.

Subjects
Cadmium, Agricultural soil, Compositional data analysis, PCA, Continental-scale geochemical mapping, Europe, Soil test, Weathering, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Compositional data analysi, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Grazing, Aqua regia, Glacial period, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, business.industry, Anomaly (natural sciences), chemistry, Agriculture, Economic Geology, Quaternary, business, Geology
Abstract

Over 4000 agricultural and grazing land soil samples were collected for the “Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europe” (GEMAS) project carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. The samples were collected in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km 2 at a density of 1 sample site per 2500 km 2 . All samples were analysed by ICP-MS following an aqua regia extraction. The European median Cd concentration is 0.182 mg/kg in agricultural soil and 0.197 mg/kg in grazing land soil (including eastern Ukraine). The Cd map demonstrates the existence of two different geochemical background regimes in northern and southern Europe, separated by the southern limit of the Quaternary glaciation. Cadmium shows two times higher background concentrations in the older and more weathered southern European soil than in northern European soil. The spatial distribution patterns of Cd in the collected soil samples are mainly governed by geology (parent material and mineralisation), as well as weathering, soil formation and climate since the last glaciation period. Locally, in several areas, the natural anomaly pattern is overprinted by anthropogenic emissions from former mining, ore processing and related metal industries. Some Cd anomalies can be attributed to urbanisation and the use of fertilisers. A comparison of the raw data Cd concentration map with its clr-transformed counterpart and selected single element ratio maps demonstrates that substantial additional information about sources and processes governing the distribution of Cd in agricultural soil at the European scale can be obtained. Results of a PCA, carried out following the classical approach (standardised) versus a PCA based on the statistically acceptable approach, using clr-transformed data, are quite comparable.

Published
2017

9. GEMAS : Indium in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe - Its source and geochemical distribution patterns

Author

Ladenberger, Anna, Demetriades, Alecos, Reimann, Clemens, Birke, Manfred, Sadeghi, Martiya, Uhlbäck, Jo, Andersson, Madelen, Jonsson, Erik, Albanese, S., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-lan, A., Cicchella, D., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., uri?, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M A, Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavic, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J. M., or?a, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zomeni, Z., Ladenberger, A., Demetriades, A., Reimann, C., Birke, M., Sadeghi, M., Uhlbäck, J., Andersson, M., Jonsson, E., Albanese, S., Baritz, R., Batista, M.J., Bel-lan, A., Cicchella, D., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O.A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D.M.A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B.I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R.G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R.T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Ponavic, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J.M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zomeni, Z., Uhlback, J., Albanese, Stefano, Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., DE VIVO, Benedetto, Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Falconi, M., Flight, D. M. A., Halami ć, J., Lima, Annamaria, Malyuk, B. I., Meuli, R. G., Ottesen, R. T., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Radusinović, S., Soriano Disla, J. M., Stafilov, T., and Vidojević, D.

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Land use, Lithology, Iindium, Geochemistry, Agricultural soil, Grazing land soil, Continental-scale, Europe, Weathering, Soil science, Spatial distribution, Karst, Indium, Soil series, Geochemistry and Petrology, Grazing, Economic Geology, Geology
Abstract

Indium is a very rare element, which is usually not reported in geochemical data sets. It is classified as a critical metal, with important applications in the electronics industry, especially in the production of solar panels and liquid-crystal displays (LCDs).Over 4000 samples of agricultural and grazing land soil have been collected for the "Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europe" (GEMAS) project, carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. Indium concentrations in soil have been analysed using aqua regia extraction followed by ICP-MS. Median values of In for both land use types are nearly identical, 0.0176. mg/kg for agricultural soil and 0.0177. mg/kg for grazing land soil.The spatial distribution patterns of In in European soil are mainly controlled by geology and the presence of Zn and Sn mineralisation. The preference of In to accumulate in the fine-grained fraction of soil with high clay content dominates the major anomaly patterns on the geochemical maps. In the Mediterranean region, secondary In enrichment is visible in karst areas. A notable feature of the In spatial distribution is the large difference between northern and southern Europe, with median values of 0.012 and 0.021. mg. In/kg, respectively, suggesting that, in addition to lithology, weathering and climate are important factors influencing In soil enrichment over time. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2015

10. GEMAS: PREDICTION OF SOLID-SOLUTION PHASE PARTITIONING COEFFICIENTS (K-d) FOR OXOANIONS AND BORIC ACID IN SOILS USING MID-INFRARED DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Author

Janik, L. J., Forrester, S. T., Soriano Disla, J. M., Kirby, J. K., Mclaughlin, M. J., Reimann, C., ALBANESE, STEFANO, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., duriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., LIMA, ANNAMARIA, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., O’Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Ponnavic, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I., Sellersj€o, E., Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., Zomeni, Z., Janik, L. J., Forrester, S. T., Soriano Disla, J. M., Kirby, J. K., Mclaughlin, M. J., Reimann, C., Albanese, Stefano, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., DE VIVO, Benedetto, De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., duriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, Annamaria, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., O’Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Ponnavic, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I., Sellersj€o, E., Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., and Zomeni, Z.

Subjects
Anions, Soil, Solid-solution partitioning coefficients (K-d), Metal, metalloid, Anions Metal/metalloid Solid-solution partitioning coefficients (Kd) Mid-infrared spectroscopy Partial least squares regression Soil, Mid-infrared spectroscopy, Partial least squares regression
Abstract

The authors' aim was to develop rapid and inexpensive regression models for the prediction of partitioning coefficients (K-d), defined as the ratio of the total or surface-bound metal/metalloid concentration of the solid phase to the total concentration in the solution phase. Values of K-d were measured for boric acid (B[OH](3)(0)) and selected added soluble oxoanions: molybdate (MoO42-), antimonate (Sb[OH](6-)), selenate (SeO42-), tellurate (TeO42-) and vanadate (VO43-). Models were developed using approximately 500 spectrally representative soils of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soils of Europe (GEMAS) program. These calibration soils represented the major properties of the entire 4813 soils of the GEMAS project. Multiple linear regression (MLR) from soil properties, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance Fourier-transformed (DRIFT) spectra, and models using DRIFT spectra plus analytical pH values (DRIFT+pH), were compared with predicted log Kd+1 values. Apart from selenate (R-2=0.43), the DRIFT+pH calibrations resulted in marginally better models to predict log Kd+1 values (R-2=0.62-0.79), compared with those from PSLR-DRIFT (R-2=0.61-0.72) and MLR (R-2=0.54-0.79). The DRIFT+pH calibrations were applied to the prediction of log Kd+1 values in the remaining 4313 soils. An example map of predicted log Kd+1 values for added soluble MoO42- in soils across Europe is presented. The DRIFT+pH PLSR models provided a rapid and inexpensive tool to assess the risk of mobility and potential availability of boric acid and selected oxoanions in European soils. For these models to be used in the prediction of log Kd+1 values in soils globally, additional research will be needed to determine if soil variability is accounted on the calibration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1-12. (c) 2014 SETAC

Published
2015

11. GEMAS: Prediction of solid-solution partitioning coefficients (Kd) for cationic metals in soils using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Author

Janik, L. J., Forrester, S. T., Soriano Disla, J. M., Kirby, J. K., McLaughlin, M. J., Reimann, C., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwećko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E, Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zomeni, Z., ALBANESE, STEFANO, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, LIMA, ANNAMARIA, Janik, L. J., Forrester, S. T., Soriano Disla, J. M., Kirby, J. K., Mclaughlin, M. J., Reimann, C., Albanese, Stefano, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., DE VIVO, Benedetto, De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwećko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, Annamaria, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A. J., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E, Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., and Zomeni, Z.

Subjects
Cations Solid-solution partitioning coefficients (Kd) Mid-infrared spectroscopy Partial least squares regression Soil
Abstract

Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models, using mid-infrared (MIR) diffuse reflectance Fourier-transformed (DRIFT) spectra,wereusedtopredictdistributioncoefficient(Kd)valuesforselectedaddedsolublemetalcations(Agþ,Co 2þ,Cu 2þ,Mn 2þ,Ni 2þ, Pb2þ, Sn 4þ, and Zn2þ) in 4813 soils of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soils (GEMAS) program. For the development of the PLSR models, approximately 500 representative soils were selected based on the spectra, and Kd values were determined using a singlepointsolublemetal orradioactiveisotopespike.Theoptimummodels, usingacombinationofMIR–DRIFTspectra andsoilpH,resulted ingoodpredictionsforlogKdþ1forCo,Mn,Ni,Pb,andZn(R20.83)butpoorpredictionsforAg,Cu,andSn(R2

Published
2015

12. GEMAS: CNS concentrations and C/N ratios in European agricultural soil

Author

Matschullat, Jörg, primary, Reimann, Clemens, additional, Birke, Manfred, additional, dos Santos Carvalho, Debora, additional, Albanese, S., additional, Anderson, M., additional, Baritz, R., additional, Batista, M.J., additional, Bel-Ian, A., additional, Cicchella, D., additional, Demetriades, A., additional, De Vivo, B., additional, De Vos, W., additional, Dinelli, E., additional, Ďuriš, M., additional, Dusza-Dobek, A., additional, Eggen, O.A., additional, Eklund, M., additional, Ernsten, V., additional, Fabian, K., additional, Filzmoser, P., additional, Flight, D.M.A., additional, Forrester, S., additional, Fügedi, U., additional, Gilucis, A., additional, Gosar, M., additional, Gregorauskiene, V., additional, De Groot, W., additional, Gulan, A., additional, Halamić, J., additional, Haslinger, E., additional, Hayoz, P., additional, Hoogewerff, J., additional, Hrvatovic, H., additional, Husnjak, S., additional, Jähne-Klingberg, F., additional, Janik, L., additional, Jordan, G., additional, Kaminari, M., additional, Kirby, J., additional, Klos, V., additional, Kwećko, P., additional, Kuti, L., additional, Ladenberger, A., additional, Lima, A., additional, Locutura, J., additional, Lucivjansky, P., additional, Mann, A., additional, Mackovych, D., additional, McLaughlin, M., additional, Malyuk, B.I., additional, Maquil, R., additional, Meuli, R.G., additional, Mol, G., additional, Négrel, P., additional, O'Connor, P., additional, Oorts, K., additional, Ottesen, R.T., additional, Pasnieczna, A., additional, Petersell, V., additional, Pfleiderer, S., additional, Poňavič, M., additional, Prazeres, C., additional, Radusinović, S., additional, Rauch, U., additional, Sadeghi, M., additional, Salpeteur, I., additional, Scanlon, R., additional, Schedl, A., additional, Scheib, A., additional, Schoeters, I., additional, Šefčik, P., additional, Sellersjö, E., additional, Slaninka, I., additional, Soriano-Disla, J.M., additional, Šorša, A., additional, Svrkota, R., additional, Stafilov, T., additional, Tarvainen, T., additional, Tendavilov, V., additional, Valera, P., additional, Verougstraete, V., additional, Vidojević, D., additional, Zissimos, A., additional, and Zomeni, Z., additional

Published
2018
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13. U-Th signatures of agricultural soil at the European continental scale (GEMAS): Distribution, weathering patterns and processes controlling their concentrations

Author

Négrel, Philippe, primary, De Vivo, Benedetto, additional, Reimann, Clemens, additional, Ladenberger, Anna, additional, Cicchella, Domenico, additional, Albanese, Stefano, additional, Birke, Manfred, additional, De Vos, Walter, additional, Dinelli, Enrico, additional, Lima, Annamaria, additional, O'Connor, Patrick J., additional, Salpeteur, Ignace, additional, Tarvainen, Timo, additional, Andersson, M., additional, Baritz, R., additional, Batista, M.J., additional, Bel-lan, A., additional, Demetriades, A., additional, Ďuriš, M., additional, Dusza-Dobek, A., additional, Eggen, O.A., additional, Eklund, M., additional, Ernstsen, V., additional, Filzmoser, P., additional, Flight, D.M.A., additional, Forrester, S., additional, Fuchs, M., additional, Fügedi, U., additional, Gilucis, A., additional, Gosar, M., additional, Gregorauskiene, V., additional, De Groot, W., additional, Gulan, A., additional, Halamić, J., additional, Haslinger, E., additional, Hayoz, P., additional, Hoffmann, R., additional, Hoogewerff, J., additional, Hrvatovic, H., additional, Husnjak, S., additional, Janik, L., additional, Jordan, G., additional, Kaminari, M., additional, Kirby, J., additional, Klos, V., additional, Krone, F., additional, Kwecko, P., additional, Kuti, L., additional, Locutura, J., additional, Lucivjansky, P., additional, Mann, A., additional, Mackovych, D., additional, McLaughlin, M., additional, Malyuk, B.I., additional, Maquil, R., additional, Meuli, R.G., additional, Mol, G., additional, Oorts, K., additional, Ottesen, R.T., additional, Pasieczna, A., additional, Petersell, V., additional, Pfleiderer, S., additional, Poňavič, M., additional, Prazeres, C., additional, Rauch, U., additional, Radusinović, S., additional, Sadeghi, M., additional, Scanlon, R., additional, Schedl, A., additional, Scheib, A., additional, Schoeters, I., additional, Sellersjö, E., additional, Slaninka, I., additional, Soriano-Disla, J.M., additional, Šorša, A., additional, Srvkota, R., additional, Stafilov, T., additional, Trendavilov, V., additional, Valera, P., additional, Verougstraete, V., additional, Vidojević, D., additional, and Zomeni, Z., additional

Published
2018
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14. Soil legacy data rescue via GlobalSoilMap and other international and national initiatives

Author

Arrouays, D., Leenaars, J., Richer-de-Forges, A., Adhikari, K., Ballabio, C., Greve, M., Grundy, M., Guerrero, E., Hempel, J., Hengl, T., Heuvelink, G., Batjes, N., Carvalho, E., Hartemink, A., Hewitt, A., Hong, S., Krasilnikov, P., Lagacherie, P., Lelyk, G., Libohova, Z., Lilly, A., McBratney, A., McKenzie, N., Vasquez, G., Mulder, V., Minasny, B., Montanarella, L., Odeh, I., Padarian, J., Poggio, L., Roudier, P., Saby, N., Savin, I., Searle, R., Solbovoy, V., Thompson, J., Smith, S., Sulaeman, Y., Vintila, R., Viscarra Rossel, Raphael, Wilson, P., Zhang, G., Swerts, M., Oorts, K., Karklins, A., Feng, L., Ibelles Navarro, A., Levin, A., Laktionova, T., Dell'Acqua, M., Suvannang, N., Ruam, W., Prasad, J., Patil, N., Husnjak, S., Pásztor, L., Okx, J., Hallet, S., Keay, C., Farewell, T., Lilja, H., Juilleret, J., Marx, S., Takata, Y., Kazuyuki, Y., Mansuy, N., Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Skalsky, R., Sobocka, J., Kobza, J., Eftekhari, K., Alavipanah, S., Moussadek, R., Badraoui, M., Da Silva, M., Paterson, G., Gonçalves, M., Theocharopoulos, S., Yemefack, M., Tedou, S., Vrscaj, B., Grob, U., Kozák, J., Boruvka, L., Dobos, E., Taboada, M., Moretti, L., Rodriguez, D., Arrouays, D., Leenaars, J., Richer-de-Forges, A., Adhikari, K., Ballabio, C., Greve, M., Grundy, M., Guerrero, E., Hempel, J., Hengl, T., Heuvelink, G., Batjes, N., Carvalho, E., Hartemink, A., Hewitt, A., Hong, S., Krasilnikov, P., Lagacherie, P., Lelyk, G., Libohova, Z., Lilly, A., McBratney, A., McKenzie, N., Vasquez, G., Mulder, V., Minasny, B., Montanarella, L., Odeh, I., Padarian, J., Poggio, L., Roudier, P., Saby, N., Savin, I., Searle, R., Solbovoy, V., Thompson, J., Smith, S., Sulaeman, Y., Vintila, R., Viscarra Rossel, Raphael, Wilson, P., Zhang, G., Swerts, M., Oorts, K., Karklins, A., Feng, L., Ibelles Navarro, A., Levin, A., Laktionova, T., Dell'Acqua, M., Suvannang, N., Ruam, W., Prasad, J., Patil, N., Husnjak, S., Pásztor, L., Okx, J., Hallet, S., Keay, C., Farewell, T., Lilja, H., Juilleret, J., Marx, S., Takata, Y., Kazuyuki, Y., Mansuy, N., Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Skalsky, R., Sobocka, J., Kobza, J., Eftekhari, K., Alavipanah, S., Moussadek, R., Badraoui, M., Da Silva, M., Paterson, G., Gonçalves, M., Theocharopoulos, S., Yemefack, M., Tedou, S., Vrscaj, B., Grob, U., Kozák, J., Boruvka, L., Dobos, E., Taboada, M., Moretti, L., and Rodriguez, D.

Abstract

Legacy soil data have been produced over 70 years in nearly all countries of the world. Unfortunately, data, information and knowledge are still currently fragmented and at risk of getting lost if they remain in a paper format. To process this legacy data into consistent, spatially explicit and continuous global soil information, data are being rescued and compiled into databases. Thousands of soil survey reports and maps have been scanned and made available online. The soil profile data reported by these data sources have been captured and compiled into databases. The total number of soil profiles rescued in the selected countries is about 800,000. Currently, data for 117, 000 profiles are compiled and harmonized according to GlobalSoilMap specifications in a world level database (WoSIS). The results presented at the country level are likely to be an underestimate. The majority of soil data is still not rescued and this effort should be pursued. The data have been used to produce soil property maps. We discuss the pro and cons of top-down and bottom-up approaches to produce such maps and we stress their complementarity. We give examples of success stories. The first global soil property maps using rescued data were produced by a top-down approach and were released at a limited resolution of 1 km in 2014, followed by an update at a resolution of 250 m in 2017. By the end of 2020, we aim to deliver the first worldwide product that fully meets the GlobalSoilMap specifications.

Published
2017

15. The concept of compositional data analysis in practice--total major element concentrations in agricultural and grazing land soils of Europe

Author

Reimann C., Filzmoser P., Fabian K., Hron K., Birke M., Demetriades A., Ladenberger A., Albanese S., Andersson M., Arnoldussen A., Baritz R., Batista M. J., Bel lan A., Cicchella D., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Duris M., Dusza Dobek A., Eggen O. A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Finne T. E., Flight D., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fugedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., Gulan A., Halamic J., Haslinger E., Hayoz P., Hobiger G., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Johnson C. C., Jordan G., Kirby J., Kivisilla J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwecko P., Kuti L., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky P., Mackovych D., Malyuk B. I., Maquil R., McLaughlin M. J., Meuli R. G., Miosic N., Mol G., Négrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts K., Ottesen R. T, Pasieczna A., Petersell V., Pfleiderer S., Ponavic M., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Salpeteur I., Schedl A., Scheib A., Schoeters I., Sefcik P., Sellersjö E., Skopljak F., Slaninka I., Šorša A., Srvkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojevic D., Zissimos A. M., Zomeni Z., DINELLI, ENRICO, Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., Fabian, K., Hron, K., Birke, M., Demetriades, A., Dinelli, E., Ledenberger, A., GEMAS Project, Team, Albanese, Stefano, Cicchella, D., DE VIVO, Benedetto, Lima, Annamaria, Valera, P., Reimann C., Filzmoser P., Fabian K., Hron K., Birke M., Demetriades A., Dinelli E., Ladenberger A., Albanese S., Andersson M., Arnoldussen A., Baritz R., Batista M.J., Bel-lan A., Cicchella D., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Duris M., Dusza-Dobek A., Eggen O.A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Finne T.E., Flight D., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fugedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., Gulan A., Halamic J., Haslinger E., Hayoz P., Hobiger G., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Johnson C.C., Jordan G., Kirby J., Kivisilla J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwecko P., Kuti L., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky P., Mackovych D., Malyuk B.I., Maquil R., McLaughlin M.J., Meuli R.G., Miosic N., Mol G., Négrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts K., Ottesen R.T, Pasieczna A., Petersell V., Pfleiderer S., Ponavic M., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Salpeteur I., Schedl A., Scheib A., Schoeters I., Sefcik P., Sellersjö E., Skopljak F., Slaninka I., Šorša A., Srvkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojevic D., Zissimos A.M., and Zomeni Z.

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Multivariate analysis, XRF, Agricultural soil, Major elements, Europe, Geochemistry, Compositional data, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries, Stability (probability), Data type, Major element, Soil, Statistics, Environmental Chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Waste Management and Disposal, Mathematics, geochemistry, Measure (data warehouse), Compositional data, Agricultural Soils, Grazing soils, agricultural soil, major elements, Agriculture, Pollution, compositional data, Trace Elements, Euclidean distance, Variable (computer science), Exploratory data analysis, Multivariate Analysis, Europa, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

Applied geochemistry and environmental sciences invariably deal with compositional data. Classically, the original or log-transformed absolute element concentrations are studied. However, compositional data do not vary independently, and a concentration based approach to data analysis can lead to faulty conclusions. For this reason a better statistical approach was introduced in the 1980s, exclusively based on relative information. Because the difference between the two methods should be most pronounced in large-scale, and therefore highly variable, datasets, here a new dataset of agricultural soils, covering all of Europe (5.6 million km2) at an average sampling density of 1 site/2500 km2, is used to demonstrate and compare both approaches. Absolute element concentrations are certainly of interest in a variety of applications and can be provided in tabulations or concentration maps. Maps for the opened data (ratios to other elements) provide more specific additional information. For compositional data XY plots for raw or log-transformed data should only be used with care in an exploratory data analysis (EDA) sense, to detect unusual data behaviour, candidate subgroups of samples, or to compare pre-defined groups of samples. Correlation analysis and the Euclidean distance are not mathematically meaningful concepts for this data type. Element relationships have to be investigated via a stability measure of the (log-)ratios of elements. Logratios are also the key ingredient for an appropriate multivariate analysis of compositional data, Geological Survey of Norway, Noruega, Institute for Statistics and Probability Theory, Vienna University of Technology, Austria, Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, República Checa, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Alemania, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Grecia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Bologna, Italia, Geological Survey of Sweden, Suecia

Published
2011

16. Discover INSPIRE compliant harmonised soil data and services. Assessment and Strategic Development of INSPIRE compliant Geodata-Services for European Soil Data

Author

Feiden K, Kirchenbauer V, Kruse F, Englisch M, Leitgeb E, Reiter R, Schild A, Ansorge Ch, Biedermann M, Freudenschuß A, Huber S, Legat R, Obersteiner E, Offenthaler I, Pasch B, Peterseil J, Schentz H, Schleidt K, Tramberend P, Tulipan M, Vincze L, Wandaller B, Spiegel H, Baumgarten A, H, Berthold, Bretz B, Klug H, Oorts K, M, Van Damme, Heirman J, Aleksandrov G, Georgiev G, Valcheva Z, Zdravkov R, Georgiev B, Kercheva M, Kolev N, Rousseva S, Shishkov T, Teoharov M, Doubrava P, Faugnerova J, Hradec J, Jirásková L, Kvapil J, Petruchova J, Stehlíková M, Hřebíček J, Konečný M, Ráček J, Rezník T, Baritz R, Clos P, E, Eberhardt, Gartmann R, Wytzisk A, Fitzner D, Klien E, Maidhof M, Müller J, Birkso L, Krogh P, Münier B, Pérez V, J, Pascual, Rubio J, H, Lilja, Uusitalo R, Gartner L, Rouessard A, Ryckelynck G, Schott M, Weber S, Bassoukos T, Karatzas K, Arvantidis N, Demetriades A, Economou S, Theocharopoulus S, Vavoulidou L, K, Antal, Berényi Üveges J, N, Nagy, Szabó L, Pásztor L, Laborczi A, Centeri C, Gál A, Michéli E, Waltner I, Dobos E, Holndonner P, Hudák É, Seres A, Vogo J, Creamer R, M, De Buitleir, Fealy R, Białousz S, Chmiel J, Fijałkowska A, Rózycki S, Figueiredo C, Tilsner D, Castelo Branco M, M, Da Conceição Goncalves, Martins J, Simota C, Vintila R, Bielek P, Houšková B, Kriegerová-Kurincová I, Sviček M, Fulajtár E, Sobocká J, Hurár V, Skalský R, Kováčiková I, C, Jordan, Higgins A, Vernik T, Vrščaj B, G, Hudson, A, Lilly, and N, Sang

Published
2012
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20. Soil legacy data rescue via GlobalSoilMap and other international and national initiatives

Author

Arrouays D., Leenaars J.G.B., Richer-de-Forges A.C., Adhikari K., Ballabio C., Greve M., Grundy M., Guerrero E., Hempel J., Hengl T., Heuvelink G., Batjes N., Carvalho E., Hartemink A., Hewitt A., Hong S.-Y., Krasilnikov P., Lagacherie P., Lelyk G., Libohova Z., Lilly A., McBratney A., McKenzie N., Vasquez G.M., Mulder V.L., Minasny B., Montanarella L., Odeh I., Padarian J., Poggio L., Roudier P., Saby N., Savin I., Searle R., Solbovoy V., Thompson J., Smith S., Sulaeman Y., Vintila R., Rossel R.V., Wilson P., Zhang G.-L., Swerts M., Oorts K., Karklins A., Feng L., Levin A., Laktionova T., Dell'Acqua M., Suvannang N., Ruam W., Prasad J., Patil N., Husnjak S., Pásztor L., Okx J., Hallet S., Keay C., Farewell T., Lilja H., Juilleret J., Marx S., Takata Y., Kazuyuki Y., Mansuy N., Panagos P., Skalsky R., Sobocka J., Kobza J., Eftekhari K., Alavipanah S.K., Moussadek R., Badraoui M., Paterson G., Gonçalves M.D.C., Theocharopoulos S., Yemefack M., Tedou S., Vrscaj B., Grob U., Kozák J., Boruvka L., Dobos E., Taboada M., Moretti L., Rodriguez D., Ibelles Navarro A.R., Van Liedekerke M., Da Silva M., Arrouays D., Leenaars J.G.B., Richer-de-Forges A.C., Adhikari K., Ballabio C., Greve M., Grundy M., Guerrero E., Hempel J., Hengl T., Heuvelink G., Batjes N., Carvalho E., Hartemink A., Hewitt A., Hong S.-Y., Krasilnikov P., Lagacherie P., Lelyk G., Libohova Z., Lilly A., McBratney A., McKenzie N., Vasquez G.M., Mulder V.L., Minasny B., Montanarella L., Odeh I., Padarian J., Poggio L., Roudier P., Saby N., Savin I., Searle R., Solbovoy V., Thompson J., Smith S., Sulaeman Y., Vintila R., Rossel R.V., Wilson P., Zhang G.-L., Swerts M., Oorts K., Karklins A., Feng L., Levin A., Laktionova T., Dell'Acqua M., Suvannang N., Ruam W., Prasad J., Patil N., Husnjak S., Pásztor L., Okx J., Hallet S., Keay C., Farewell T., Lilja H., Juilleret J., Marx S., Takata Y., Kazuyuki Y., Mansuy N., Panagos P., Skalsky R., Sobocka J., Kobza J., Eftekhari K., Alavipanah S.K., Moussadek R., Badraoui M., Paterson G., Gonçalves M.D.C., Theocharopoulos S., Yemefack M., Tedou S., Vrscaj B., Grob U., Kozák J., Boruvka L., Dobos E., Taboada M., Moretti L., Rodriguez D., Ibelles Navarro A.R., Van Liedekerke M., and Da Silva M.

Abstract

Legacy soil data have been produced over 70 years in nearly all countries of the world. Unfortunately, data, information and knowledge are still currently fragmented and at risk of getting lost if they remain in a paper format. To process this legacy data into consistent, spatially explicit and continuous global soil information, data are being rescued and compiled into databases. Thousands of soil survey reports and maps have been scanned and made available online. The soil profile data reported by these data sources have been captured and compiled into databases. The total number of soil profiles rescued in the selected countries is about 800,000. Currently, data for 117, 000 profiles are compiled and harmonized according to GlobalSoilMap specifications in a world level database (WoSIS). The results presented at the country level are likely to be an underestimate. The majority of soil data is still not rescued and this effort should be pursued. The data have been used to produce soil property maps. We discuss the pro and cons of top-down and bottom-up approaches to produce such maps and we stress their complementarity. We give examples of success stories. The first global soil property maps using rescued data were produced by a top-down approach and were released at a limited resolution of 1 km in 2014, followed by an update at a resolution of 250 m in 2017. By the end of 2020, we aim to deliver the first worldwide product that fully meets the GlobalSoilMap specifications. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

21. Charge characteristics of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol under some multipurpose trees

Author

Vanlauwe, B., Sanginga, N., Merckx, R., Cofie, O. O., and Oorts, K.

Subjects
HUMUS, SOIL science, BOTANY, BIOCHEMISTRY, WEATHERING
Abstract

Soil organic matter (SOM) has a key role in maintaining soil fertility in weathered soils in the tropics. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of different SOM fractions to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a tropical soil as influenced by organic matter inputs of different biochemical composition. Soil samples were collected from a 16-yr old arboretum established on a Ferric Lixisol, under five multipurpose tree species: Leucaena leucocephala, Dactyladenia barteri, Afzelia africana, Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Treculia africana. Fractions were obtained by wet sieving and sedimentation after dispersion with Na2CO3. Fractions larger than 0.053 mm were separated into mineral and organic components by flotation on water. Relationships between CEC and pH were determined using the silverthioureum-method. For all treatments the organic fractions had the highest CEC, expressed on a dry matter basis, and the CEC of the fractions smaller than 0.053 mm was inversely related to theirparticle size: clay (< 0.002 mm) > fine silt (0.002-0.02 mm) > coarse silt (0.02-0.053 mm). A positive correlation (significant at the 0.01 probability level) existed between the slope of the fitted CEC-pH relationships and the organic C concentrations of the whole soil and both silt fractions. The clay and fine silt fractions were responsible for 85 to 90% of the CEC of the soil. Organic inputs with a high C/N and lignin/N ratio produced fine and coarse silt sized SOM fractions with the highest charge density. Therefore, inputs of slowly decomposing organic residues seem to be promising for increasing the CEC ofhighly weathered soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2000
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22. GEMAS: Spatial analysis of the Ni distribution on a continental-scale using digital image processing techniques on European agricultural soil data

Author

Jordan, Gyozo, Petrik, Attila, De Vivo, Benedetto, Albanese, Stefano, Demetriades, Alecos, Sadeghi, Martiya, M. Andersson, R. Baritz, M. J. Batista, A. Bel-lan, M. Birke, D. Cicchella, W. De Vos, E. Dinelli, M. Ďuriš, A. Dusza-Dobek, O. A. Eggen, M. Eklund, V. Ernstsen, P. Filzmoser, D. M. A. Flight, S. Forrester, M. Fuchs, U. Fügedi, A. Gilucis, M. Gosar, V. Gregorauskiene, W. De Groot, A. Gulan, J. Halamić, E. Haslinger, P. Hayoz, R. Hoffmann, J. Hoogewerff, H. Hrvatovic, S. Husnjak, L. Janik, M. Kaminari, J. Kirby, V. Klos, F. Krone, P. Kwecko, L. Kuti, A. Ladenberger, A. Lima, J. Locutura, P. Lucivjansky, A. Mann, D. Mackovych, M. McLaughlin, B. I. Malyuk, R. Maquil, R. G. Meuli, G. Mol, P. Négrel, P. O'Connor, K. Oorts, R. T. Ottesen, A. Pasieczna, V. Petersell, S. Pfleiderer, M. Poňavič, C. Prazeres, U. Rauch, S. Radusinović, C. Reimann, I. Salpeteur, R. Scanlon, A. Schedl, A. Scheib, I. Schoeters, E. Sellersjö, I. Slaninka, J. M. Soriano-Disla, A. Šorša, R. Svrkota, T. Stafilov, T. Tarvainen, V. Trendavilov, P. Valera, V. Verougstraete, D. Vidojević and Z. Zomeni., Jordan, Gyozo, Petrik, Attila, De Vivo, Benedetto, Albanese, Stefano, Demetriades, Aleco, Sadeghi, Martiya, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Reimann, C., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J. M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., D. Vidojević and Z. Zomeni., and The GEMAS Project Team: M. Andersson, R. Baritz, M.J. Batista, A. Bel-lan, M. Birke, D. Cicchella, W. De Vos, E. Dinelli, M.Ďuriš, A. Dusza-Dobek, O.A. Eggen, M. Eklund, V. Ernstsen, P. Filzmoser, D.M.A. Flight, S. Forrester, M. Fuchs, U. Fügedi, A. Gilucis, M. Gosar, V. Gregorauskiene, W. De Groot, A. Gulan, J. Halamić, E. Haslinger, P. Hayoz, R. Hoffmann, J.Hoogewerff, H. Hrvatovic, S. Husnjak, L. Janik, M. Kaminari, J. Kirby, V. Klos, F. Krone, P. Kwecko, L. Kuti, A. Ladenberger, A. Lima, J. Locutura, P. Lucivjansky, A. Mann, D. Mackovych, M. McLaughlin, B.I. Malyuk, R. Maquil, R.G. Meuli, G. Mol, P. Négrel, P. O'Connor, K. Oorts, R.T. Ottesen, A. Pasieczna, V. Petersell, S. Pfleiderer, M. Poňavič, C. Prazeres, U. Rauch, S. Radusinović, C. Reimann, I. Salpeteur, R. Scanlon, A. Schedl, A. Scheib, I. Schoeters, E. Sellersjö, I. Slaninka, J.M. Soriano-Disla, A. Šorša, R. Svrkota, T. Stafilov, T. Tarvainen, V.Trendavilov, P. Valera, V. Verougstraete, D. Vidojević and Z. Zomeni

Subjects
Outcrop, Lithology, Soil science, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Numerical differential calculation, Soil parent material, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ultramafic rock, Spatial pattern, Digital image processing, Lineament analysi, Univariate statistic, Common spatial pattern, Economic Geology, Economic geology, Scale (map), Geomorphology, Geology, Smoothing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

This study demonstrates the use of digital image processing for the spatial pattern recognition and characterisation of Ni concentrations in topsoil in Europe. Moving average smoothing was applied to the TIN-interpolated grid model to suppress small irregularities. Digital image processing was applied then to the grid. Several NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE oriented features were revealed at the continental scale. The dominant NE-SW linear features follow the Variscan and Alpine orogenies. The highest variability zones are in the Alps and the Balkans where mafic and ultramafic rocks outcrop. A single major E-W oriented north-facing feature runs along the last continental glaciation zone. This zone also coincides with a series of local maxima in Ni concentration along the glaciofluvial deposits. The NW-SE elongated features are located in the Pyrenees, northern Italy, Hellas and Fennoscandia. This study demonstrates the advantages of digital image processing analysis in identifying and characterising spatial geochemical patterns unseen before on conventional colour-surface maps.

Published
2018

23. Bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in European soils: A baseline for provenancing studies

Author

Mike J. McLaughlin, M. Kaminari, F. Krone, S. Forrester, D. Mackovych, José M. Soriano-Disla, P. Sefcik, Anna Ladenberger, V. Klos, A. Gilucis, Robert Frei, O. Connor, Dee Flight, Thalita van Aswegen, Annamaria Lima, J. Locutura, Josip Halamić, V. Ernstsen, P. Hayoz, V. Gregorauskiene, M. Ďuriš, Philippe Négrel, Timo Tarvainen, G. Jordan, Jörg Matschullat, U. Rauch, S. Pfleiderer, B. I. Malyuk, W. Petersell, Martiya Sadeghi, M. Poňavič, Anna Pasieczna, Andreas Scheib, Stefano Albanese, Alecos Demetriades, H. Hrvatovic, Malcolm R. Reid, A. Schedl, Rolf Tore Ottesen, S. Radusinović, Jurian Hoogewerff, U. Fugedi, M. Andersson, I. Salpeteur, W. De Vos, M. Eklund, R. Scanlon, R. Maquil, A. Gulan, I. Schoeters, Paolo Valera, Enrico Dinelli, B. De Vivo, Stjepan Husnjak, Domenico Cicchella, Claudine H. Stirling, Rainer Baritz, Clemens Reimann, C. Reimann, F. Skopljak, V. Verougstraete, E. Sellersjö, Maria João Batista, C. Prazeres, I. Slaninka, O. A. Eggen, F. Kwećko, A. Mann, Ajka Šorša, J. Kivisilla, L. Janik, Manfred Birke, L. Kuti, R. Hoffmann, D. Vidojević, M. Fuchs, Peter Filzmoser, S. Pramuka, D. P. Lucivjansky, Z. Zomeni, R. Srvkota, R. K. Oorts, Trajče Stafilov, E. Haslinger, R. G. Meuli, Karin Margarita Frei, V. Trendavilov, Aaron Clayton, A. Bel-lan, Andreas M. Zissimos, A. Dusza-Dobek, W. De Groot, G. Mol, Henriette Ueckermann, Jason K. Kirby, Hoogewerff J.A., Reimann C., Ueckermann H., Frei R., Frei K.M., van Aswegen T., Stirling C., Reid M., Clayton A., Ladenberger A., GEMAS Project Team: Albanese S., Andersson M., Baritz R., Batista M.J., Bel-lan A., Birke M., Cicchella D., De Vivo B., De Vos W., Dinelli E., Ďuriš M., Dusza-Dobek A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Filzmoser P., Flem B., Flight D.M.A., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fügedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., De Groot W., Gulan A., Halamić J., Haslinger E., Hayoz P., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Jordan G., Kirby J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwecko P., Kuti L., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky P., Mann A., Mackovych D., McLaughlin M., Malyuk B.I., Maquil R., Matschullat J., Meuli R.G., Mol G., Négrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts K., Pasieczna A., Petersell V., Pfleiderer S., Poňavič M., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Radusinović S., Sadeghi M., Salpeteur I., Scanlon R., Schedl A., Scheib A., Schoeters I., Sellersjö E., Slaninka I., Soriano-Disla J.M., Šorša A., Svrkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojević D., Zissimos A., Zomeni Z., Jurian A, Hoogewerff, Clemens, Reimann, Henriette, Ueckermann, Robert, Frei, Karin M, Frei, Thalita, van Aswegen, Claudine, Stirling, Malcolm, Reid, Aaron, Clayton, Anna, Ladenberger, Albanese, S., Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., Bel-lan, A., Birke, M., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., A Flight, D. M., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Kivisilla, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwećko, F., Kuti, L., Lima, A., Locutura, J., P Lucivjansky, D., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Matschullat, J., Mclaughlin, M., I Malyuk, B., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Negrel, P., Connor, O., K Oorts, R., Ottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, W., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Pramuka, S, Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Reimann, C., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., J Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Šefčik, P., Sellersjö, E., Skopljak, F., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J. M., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zissimos, A., and Zomeni, Z.

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, Strontium isotopes, European soils, Baseline, Provenancing, Archaeology, Forensic science, Reference data (financial markets), European soil, Soil science, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Kriging, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sampling (statistics), Variance (accounting), Pollution, Random forest, Chemistry, Soil water, Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Scale (map)
Abstract

We present Sr-87/Sr-86 isotope ratios for similar to 1200 selected soil samples, collected by the GEMAS consortium from grazing (Gr) and agricultural (Ap) soils in Europe with the aim to better understand the strontium isotope distribution in the bioavailable fraction of the top-soil and its potential for provenancing applications. Spatial analysis shows that there is a clear distinction between coastal (100 km) samples in their variance and that this variance is mirrored in the sodium concentration, suggesting an important but highly variable contribution from seaspray. We present two Sr-87/Sr-86 maps at 25 km x 25 km scale: one based solely on the measured data using a classical kriging approach and one based on a Random Forest model using complementary GEMAS data to predict the strontium isotope composition at the remaining 3000+ GEMAS sampling locations, including appropriate uncertainty assessment. Using a forensic Bayesian likelihood ratio approach, a tool was developed in R to create provenancing likelihood ratio maps. The maps delineate areas of high and low likelihood and allow investigators to direct their resources to areas of interest. For actual forensic case work either the measured or the modelled data can be used as reference data for the overall distribution of Sr-87/Sr-86 values in Europe. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All tights reserved.

Published
2019

24. U-Th signatures of agricultural soil at the European continental scale (GEMAS): Distribution, weathering patterns and processes controlling their concentrations

Author

S. Forrester, D. Mackovych, H. Hrvatovic, Ignace Salpeteur, Enrico Dinelli, F. Krone, M. Poňavič, M. Kaminari, Rolf Tore Ottesen, V. Verougstraete, W. De Groot, G. Mol, M. Fuchs, P. Kwecko, L. Janik, Walter De Vos, M. Eklund, Maria João Batista, Annamaria Lima, José M. Soriano-Disla, Alecos Demetriades, V. Gregorauskiene, B. I. Malyuk, Anna Ladenberger, Mike J. McLaughlin, R. G. Meuli, A. Mann, R. Srvkota, Ajka Šorša, U. Rauch, S. Pfleiderer, Manfred Birke, L. Kuti, V. Petersell, M. Ďuriš, Philippe Négrel, P. Hayoz, Martiya Sadeghi, A. Dusza-Dobek, R. Scanlon, D. Vidojević, R. Hoffmann, C. Prazeres, I. Schoeters, Stefano Albanese, Jurian Hoogewerff, J. Locutura, Benedetto De Vivo, Jason K. Kirby, Anna Pasieczna, R. Maquil, A. Schedl, A. Gulan, Stjepan Husnjak, Domenico Cicchella, Rainer Baritz, S. Radusinović, U. Fugedi, M. Andersson, Timo Tarvainen, Paolo Valera, Koen Oorts, G. Jordan, Clemens Reimann, E. Sellersjö, I. Slaninka, O. A. Eggen, Andreas Scheib, Trajče Stafilov, E. Haslinger, P. O'Connor, P. Lucivjansky, Z. Zomeni, V. Klos, Peter Filzmoser, Mateja Gosar, V. Ernstsen, A. Gilucis, V. Trendavilov, A. Bel-lan, Josip Halamić, Dee Flight, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Geological Survey of Norway, Geological Survey of Sweden, sgu, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Geological Survey of Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Institut Gilbert-Laustriat : Biomolécules, Biotechnologie, Innovation Thérapeutique, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis (UNSA), Négrel, Philippe, De Vivo, Benedetto, Reimann, Clemen, Ladenberger, Anna, Cicchella, Domenico, Albanese, Stefano, Birke, Manfred, De Vos, Walter, Dinelli, Enrico, Lima, Annamaria, O'Connor, Patrick J., Salpeteur, Ignace, Tarvainen, Timo, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M.J., Bel-lan, A., Demetriades, A., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O.A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D.M.A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B.I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R.G., Mol, G., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R.T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinović, S., Sadeghi, M., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J.M., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zomeni, Z., Negrel, P., De Vivo, B., Reimann, C., Ladenberger, A., Cicchella, D., Albanese, S., Birke, M., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Lima, A., O'Connor, P. J., Salpeteur, I., Tarvainen, T., Batista, M. J., Duris, M., Eggen, O. A., Flight, D. M. A., Fugedi, U., Halamic, J., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Meuli, R. G., Ottesen, R. T., Ponavic, M., Radusinovic, S., Sellersjo, E., Soriano-Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., and Vidojevic, D.

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Lithology, Weathering, Geochemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural soil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Aqua regia, Environmental Chemistry, Organic matter, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Bedrock, Thorium, 15. Life on land, Pollution, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Uranium, Mafic, agricultural soil, weathering, geochemistry, uranium, thorium, Calcareous
Abstract

Agricultural soil (Ap-horizon, 0–20 cm) samples were collected in Europe (33 countries, 5.6 million km2) as part of the GEMAS (GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil) soil-mapping project. The GEMAS survey area includes diverse groups of soil parent materials with varying geological history, a wide range of climate zones, and landscapes. The soil data have been used to provide a general view of U and Th mobility at the continental scale, using aqua regia and MMI® extractions. The U-Th distribution pattern is closely related to the compositional variation of the geological bedrock on which the soil is developed and human impact on the environment has not concealed these genuine geochemical features. Results from both extraction methods (aqua regia and MMI®) used in this study support this general picture. Ternary plots of several soil parameters have been used to evaluate chemical weathering trends. In the aqua regia extraction, some relative Th enrichment-U loss is related to the influence of alkaline and schist bedrocks, due to weathering processes. Whereas U enrichment-Th loss characterizes soils developed on alkaline and mafic bedrock end-members on one hand and calcareous rock, with a concomitant Sc depletion (used as proxy for mafic lithologies), on the other hand. This reflects weathering processes sensu latu, and their role in U retention in related soils. Contrary to that, the large U enrichment relative to Th in the MMI® extraction and the absence of end-member parent material influence explaining the enrichment indicates that lithology is not the cause of such enrichment. Comparison of U and Th to the soil geological parent material evidenced i) higher capability of U to be weathered in soils and higher resistance of Th to weathering processes and its enrichment in soils; and, ii) the MMI® extraction results show a greater affinity of U than Th for the bearing phases like clays and organic matter. The comparison of geological units with U anomalies in agricultural soil at the country scale (France) enables better understanding of U sources in the surficial environment and can be a useful tool in risk assessments.

Published
2018

25. GEMAS: CNS concentrations and C/N ratios in European agricultural soil

Author

G. Jordan, Andreas Scheib, Rolf Tore Ottesen, Clemens Reimann, S. Pfleiderer, E. Sellersjö, P. Hayoz, O. A. Eggen, Timo Tarvainen, Mike J. McLaughlin, M. Poňavič, V. Tendavilov, A. Bel-Ian, Alecos Demetriades, B. De Vivo, M. Eklund, Jurian Hoogewerff, Jason K. Kirby, S. Forrester, D. Mackovych, R. Maquil, Stjepan Husnjak, Rainer Baritz, Dee Flight, W. De Groot, G. Mol, Karl Fabian, V. Klos, A. Gilucis, D. Vidojević, Z. Zomeni, I. Schoeters, J. Locutura, U. Rauch, Koen Oorts, Jörg Matschullat, P. Sefcik, B. I. Malyuk, A. Schedl, M. Kaminari, H. Hrvatovic, Maria João Batista, Josip Halamić, I. Salpeteur, V. Ernsten, Andreas M. Zissimos, José M. Soriano-Disla, P. Kwecko, R. Svrkota, V. Gregorauskiene, Domenico Cicchella, S. Radusinović, A. Dusza-Dobek, U. Fugedi, A. Gulan, Enrico Dinelli, W. De Vos, V. Verougstraete, Stefano Albanese, R. G. Meuli, L. Janik, A. Pasnieczna, Paolo Valera, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, I. Slaninka, Anna Ladenberger, Mateja Gosar, E. Haslinger, Peter Filzmoser, M. Ďuriš, Philippe Négrel, P. O'Connor, Martiya Sadeghi, M. Anderson, Trajče Stafilov, P. Lucivjansky, Debora dos Santos Carvalho, Annamaria Lima, R. Scanlon, C. Prazeres, A. Mann, Ajka Šorša, Manfred Birke, L. Kuti, V. Petersell, Matschullat, Jörg, Reimann, Clemen, Birke, Manfred, dos Santos Carvalho, Debora, Albanese, S., Anderson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M.J., Bel-Ian, A., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O.A., Eklund, M., Ernsten, V., Fabian, K., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D.M.A., Forrester, S., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Jähne-Klingberg, F., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Kwećko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B.I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R.G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O'Connor, P., Oorts, K., Ottesen, R.T., Pasnieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Radusinović, S., Rauch, U., Sadeghi, M., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Šefčik, P., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J.M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Tendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zissimos, A., Zomeni, Z., Batista, M. J., Eggen, O. A., Flight, D. M. A., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Meuli, R. G., Ottesen, R. T., and Soriano-Disla, J. M.

Subjects
Pollution, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Lower limit, Total organic carbon (TOC), Sulphur, Environmental Chemistry, Sampling density, Carbon, GEMAS project, Arable soil, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, Sampling (statistics), 15. Life on land, Eastern european, Chemistry, Agriculture and Soil Science, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Total nitrogen, Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Physical geography, business
Abstract

A reliable overview of measured concentrations of TC, TN and TS, TOC/TN ratios, and their regional distribution patterns in agricultural soil at the continental scale and based on measured data has been missing - despite much previous work on local and the European scales. Detection and mapping of natural (ambient) background element concentrations and variability in Europe was the focus of this work. While total C and S data had been presented in the GEMAS atlas already, this work delivers more precise (lower limit of determination) and fully quantitative data, and for the first time high-quality TN data. Samples were collected from the uppermost 20 cm of ploughed soil (Ap horizon) at 2108 sites with an even sampling density of one site per 2500 km2 for one individual land-use class (agricultural) across Europe (33 countries). Laboratory-independent quality control from sampling to analysis guaranteed very good data reliability and accuracy. Total carbon concentrations ranged from 0.37 to 46.3 wt% (median: 2.20 wt%) and TOC from 0.40 to 46.0 wt% (median: 1.80 wt%). Total nitrogen ranged from 0.018 to 2.64 wt% (median: 0.169 wt%) and TS from 0.008 to 9.74 wt% (median: 0.034 wt%), all with large variations in most countries. The TOC/TN ratios ranged from 1.8 to 252 (median: 10.1), with the largest variation in Spain and the smallest in some eastern European countries. Distinct and repetitive patterns emerge at the European scale, reflecting mostly geogenic and longer-term climatic influence responsible for the spatial distribution of TC, TN and TS. Different processes become visible at the continental scale when examining TC, TN and TS concentrations in agricultural soil Europe-wide. This facilitates large-scale land-use management and allows specific areas (subregional to local) to be identified that may require more detailed research.

Published
2018

26. GEMAS: establishing geochemical background and threshold for 53 chemical elements in European agricultural soil

Author

Clemens Reimann, S. Radusinović, U. Fugedi, E. Sellersjö, W. De Vos, I. Schoeters, V. Verougstraete, O. A. Eggen, D. Vidojević, Enrico Dinelli, U. Rauch, Rolf Tore Ottesen, Andreas M. Zissimos, G. Jordan, Andreas Scheib, V. Tendavilov, Anna Ladenberger, José M. Soriano-Disla, Timo Tarvainen, Karl Fabian, Jurian Hoogewerff, R. Maquil, A. Dusza-Dobek, Koen Oorts, Annamaria Lima, P. Hayoz, W. De Groot, G. Mol, L. Janik, Josip Halamić, Jörg Matschullat, B. I. Malyuk, Z. Zomeni, A. Schedl, S. Pfleiderer, Alecos Demetriades, A. Pasnieczna, P. Kwecko, R. Svrkota, Domenico Cicchella, V. Gregorauskiene, R. G. Meuli, M. Poňavič, Maria João Batista, R. Scanlon, A. Gilucis, M. Eklund, Mike J. McLaughlin, M. Ďuriš, Philippe Négrel, Patrice de Caritat, Jason K. Kirby, Stefano Albanese, Martiya Sadeghi, C. Prazeres, M. Kaminari, M. Anderson, Trajče Stafilov, Dee Flight, A. Mann, Ajka Šorša, Mateja Gosar, Paolo Valera, P. Lucivjansky, Manfred Birke, L. Kuti, V. Petersell, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, E. Haslinger, P. O'Connor, V. Klos, V. Ernsten, A. Bel-Ian, I. Slaninka, Peter Filzmoser, B. De Vivo, Stjepan Husnjak, Rainer Baritz, H. Hrvatovic, I. Salpeteur, J. Locutura, S. Forrester, D. Mackovych, A. Gulan, P. Sefcik, Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Geological Survey of Norway, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME), IGME, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Departimento di Scienze della Terra [Napoli], Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Institut Gilbert-Laustriat : Biomolécules, Biotechnologie, Innovation Thérapeutique, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis (UNSA), Geological Survey of Sweden, sgu, Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Reimann, Clemen, Fabian, Karl, Birke, Manfred, Filzmoser, Peter, Demetriades, Aleco, Négrel, Philippe, Oorts, Koen, Matschullat, Jörg, de Caritat, Patrice, Albanese, S., Anderson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M.J., Bel-Ian, A., Cicchella, D., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Dinelli, E., Ďuriš, M., Dusza-Dobek, A., Eggen, O.A., Eklund, M., Ernsten, V., Flight, D.M.A., Forrester, S., Fügedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., De Groot, W., Gulan, A., Halamić, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Jähne-Klingberg, F., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Klos, V., Kwećko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, A., Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., McLaughlin, M., Malyuk, B.I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R.G., Mol, G., O'Connor, P., Ottesen, R.T., Pasnieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Prazeres, C., Radusinović, S., Rauch, U., Salpeteur, I., Scanlon, R., Schedl, A., Scheib, A., Schoeters, I., Šefčik, P., Sellersjö, E., Slaninka, I., Soriano-Disla, J.M., Šorša, A., Svrkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Tendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojević, D., Zissimos, A., Zomeni, Z., Sadeghi, M., Reimann, C., Fabian, K., Birke, M., Filzmoser, P., Demetriades, A., Negrel, P., Oorts, K., Matschullat, J., de Caritat, P., Batista, M. J., Duris, M., Eggen, O. A., Flight, D. M. A., Fugedi, U., Halamic, J., Jahne-Klingberg, F., Kwecko, P., Mclaughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Meuli, R. G., Ottesen, R. T., Ponavic, M., Radusinovic, S., Sefcik, P., Sellersjo, E., Soriano-Disla, J. M., Sorsa, A., and Vidojevic, D.

Subjects
Soil test, Geochemical threshold, 010501 environmental sciences, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural soil, Ecology and Environment, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Environmental Chemistry, Aqua regia, Continental scale, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, business.industry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Contamination, Pollution, Europe, Chemistry, chemistry, Agriculture and Soil Science, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental chemistry, Smelting, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Earth Sciences, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, business, Background variation
Abstract

The GEMAS (geochemical mapping of agricultural soil) project collected 2108 Ap horizon soil samples from regularly ploughed fields in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km(2). The

Published
2018
Full Text
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27. The GEMAS periodic table of mineralisation and mineral deposits in Europe

Author

ALBANESE, STEFANO, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, LIMA, ANNAMARIA, DEMETRIADES, A., REIMANN, C., BIRKE, M., ALBANESE, S., ANDERSSON, M., BARITZ, R., BATISTA, M. J., BEL-LAN, A., CICCHELLA, D., DE VIVO, B., DE VOS, W., DINELLI, E., DURIŠ, M., DUSZA-DOBEK, A., EGGEN, O. A., EKLUND, M., ERNSTSEN,V., FILZMOSER,P., FLIGHT,D. M. A., FORRESTER, S., FUCHS, M., FÜGEDI, U., GILUCIS, A., GOSAR, M., GREGORAUSKIENE, V., DE GROOT, W., GULAN, A., HALAMIC, J., HASLINGER, E., HAYOZ, P., HOFFMANN, R., HOOGEWERFF, J., HRVATOVIC, H., HUSNJAK, S., JANIK,L., JORDAN, G., KAMINARI,M., KIRBY, J., KLOS, V., KRONE, F., KWECKO, P., KUTI, L., LADENBERGER, A., LIMA, A., LOCUTURA, J., LUCIVJANSKY, P., MANN, A., MACKOVYCH, D., MCLAUGHLIN, M., MALYUK, B. I., MAQUIL, R., MEULI, R. G., MOL, G., NÉGREL, P., O'CONNOR, P., OORTS, K., OTTESEN, R. T., PASIECZNA, A., PETERSELL, V., PFLEIDERER,S., PONAVIC, M., PRAZERES, C., RAUCH, U., RADUSINOVIC, S., SALPETEUR, I., SADEGHI, M., SCANLON, R., SCHEDL, A., SCHEIB, A., SCHOETERS, I., SELLERSJÖ, E., SLANINKA, I., SORIANO-DISLA, J. M., ŠORŠA, A., SVRKOTA, R., STAFILOV, T., TARVAINEN, T., TRENDAVILOV, V., VALERA, P., VEROUGSTRAETE, V., VIDOJEVIC, D., ZOMENI, Z., Association Applied Geochemistry, Albanese, Stefano, DE VIVO, Benedetto, and Lima, Annamaria

Published
2015

28. The GEMAS periodic table of agricultural soil in Europe

Author

ALBANESE, STEFANO, DE VIVO, BENEDETTO, LIMA, ANNAMARIA, REIMANN C., BIRKE M., FABIAN K., DEMETRIADES A., ALBANESE S., ANDERSSON M., BARITZ R., BATISTA M. J., BEL-LAN A., CICCHELLA D., DE VIVO B., DE VOS W., DINELLI E., DURIŠ M., DUSZA-DOBEK A., EGGEN O. A., EKLUND M., ERNSTSEN V., FILZMOSER P., FLIGHT D. M. A., FORRESTER S., FUCHS M., FÜGEDI U., GILUCIS A., GOSAR M., GREGORAUSKIENE V., DE GROOT W., GULAN A., HALAMIC J., HASLINGER E., HAYOZ P., HOFFMANN R., HOOGEWERFF J., HRVATOVIC H., HUSNJAK S., JANIK L., JORDAN G., KAMINARI M., KIRBY J., KLOS V., KRONE F., KWECKO P., KUTI L., LADENBERGER A., LIMA A., LOCUTURA J., LUCIVJANSKY P., MANN A., MACKOVYCH D., MCLAUGHLIN M., MALYUK B. I., MAQUIL R., MEULI R. G., MOL G., NÉGREL P., O'CONNOR P., OORTS K., OTTESEN R. T., PASIECZNA A., PETERSELL V., PFLEIDERER S., PONAVIC M., PRAZERES C., RAUCH U., RADUSINOVIC S., SALPETEUR I., SADEGHI M., SCANLON R., SCHEDL A., SCHEIB A., SCHOETERS I., SELLERSJÖ E., SLANINKA I., SORIANO-DISLA J. M., ŠORŠA A., SVRKOTA R., STAFILOV T., TARVAINEN T., TRENDAVILOV V., VALERA P., VEROUGSTRAETE V., VIDOJEVIC D., ZOMENI Z., Albanese, Stefano, DE VIVO, Benedetto, and Lima, Annamaria

Published
2015

29. Geochemical evidence of aeolian deposits in European soils

Author

Scheib A.J., Birke M., Dinelli E., Albanese S., Andersson M., Baritz R., Batista M.J., Bel-lan A., Cicchella D., Demetriades A., De Vivo B., De Vos W., DuriS M., Dusza-Dobek A., Eggen O.A., Eklund M., Ernstsen V., Filzmoser P., Flight D.M.A., Forrester S., Fuchs M., Fugedi U., Gilucis A., Gosar M., Gregorauskiene V., De Groot W., Gulan A., Halamic J., Haslinger E., Hayoz P., Hoffmann R., Hoogewerff J., Hrvatovic H., Husnjak S., Janik L., Jordan G., Kaminari M., Kirby J., Kivisilla J., Klos V., Krone F., Kwecko P., Kuti L., Ladenberger A., Lima A., Locutura J., Lucivjansky D.P., Mann A., Mackovych D., McLaughlin M., Malyuk B.I., Maquil R., Meuli R.G., Mol G., Negrel P., O'Connor P., Oorts R.K., Ottesen R.T., Pasieczna A., Petersell W., Pfleiderer S., Pon aviC M., Pramuka S., Prazeres C., Rauch U., Radusinovic S., Reimann C., Salpeteur I., Sadeghi M., Scanlon R., Schedl A., Schoeters I., SefCik P., Sellersjo E., Skopljak F., Slaninka I., Sor Sa A., Srvkota R., Stafilov T., Tarvainen T., Trendavilov V., Valera P., Verougstraete V., Vidojevic D., Zomeni Z., Scheib, A. J., Birke, M., Dinelli, E, Albanese, Stefano, Andersson, M., Baritz, R., Batista, M. J., BEL LAN, A., Cicchella, D., Demetriades, A., DE VIVO, Benedetto, DE VOS, W., Duris, M., DUSZA DOBEK, A., Eggen, O. A., Eklund, M., Ernstsen, V., Filzmoser, P., Flight, D. M. A., Forrester, S., Fuchs, M., Fugedi, U., Gilucis, A., Gosar, M., Gregorauskiene, V., DE GROOT, W., Gulan, A., Halamic, J., Haslinger, E., Hayoz, P., Hoffmann, R., Hoogewerff, J., Hrvatovic, H., Husnjak, S., Janik, L., Jordan, G., Kaminari, M., Kirby, J., Kivisilla, J., Klos, V., Krone, F., Kwecko, P., Kuti, L., Ladenberger, A., Lima, Annamaria, Locutura, J., Lucivjansky, P., Mann, A., Mackovych, D., Maclughlin, M., Malyuk, B. I., Maquil, R., Meuli, R. G., Mol, G., Négrel, P., O’Connor, P., Oorts, K., Rottesen, R. T., Pasieczna, A., Petersell, V., Pfleiderer, S., Poňavič, M., Pramuka, S., Prazeres, C., Rauch, U., Radusinovic, C., Reimann, C., Salpeteur, I., Sadeghi, M., Scanlon, A., Schedl, A., Schoeters, I., Sefcik, P., Sellersjö, E., Skopljak, F., Slaninka, I., Šorša, A., Srvkota, R., Stafilov, T., Tarvainen, T., Trendavilov, V., Valera, P., Verougstraete, V., Vidojevic, D., and Zomeni, Z.

Subjects
aeolian deposit, genetic structures, soil
Abstract

Hafnium (Hf) and zirconium (Zr) concentrations measured in over 4100 agricultural soil samples from Europe were assessed with the focus on their relationship to the distribution of aeolian deposits, such as loess and coversands. Comparison of extractable (aqua regia; ICP-MS) and total (XRFS) concentrations shows that only 1.0 to 1.7% of the total Hf and Zr is chemically extractable because of the resistant nature of their host minerals. Resistate minerals, such as zircon, are commonly found in the predominantly silty fraction of loess deposits. In this study a statistical analysis of total Hf and Zr soil data from areas with and without loess was carried out to derive threshold values of 10 mg kg−1 (Hf) and 318 mg kg−1 (Zr). These values were subsequently applied across the project area in an attempt to indicate the presence of aeolian deposits. The spatial distribution of abovethreshold concentrations suggests a more extensive and coherent loess belt across central and eastern Europe, providing additional evidence of loess across Brittany, Aquitaine and near the Vosges mountains in France as well as in the basins of central and northern Spain. Above-threshold concentrations were also detected in loess regardless of its thickness, emphasising the importance of the abundance of zircon in the upper part of the soil profile rather than the actual thickness of the deposit. Soil data however, failed to indicate various loess facies within most of the Pannonian Basin, suggesting that this approach only works where deposits contain a sufficient amount of zircon. This may also explain why the extensive coversands across northern Germany and Poland were largely undetected. This study demonstrates that continental-scale soil geochemical data can help identify and map the distribution of zircon-rich loess and coversand, and subsequently enhance and improve current knowledge of the extent of these deposits.

Published
2014

30. The availability of copper in soils historically amended with sewage sludge, manure, and compost

Author

I. Schoeters, Enzo Lombi, Mike J. McLaughlin, Erik Smolders, Koen Oorts, Sharyn Zrna, Yibing Ma, Smolders, E, Oorts, K, Lombi, Enzo, Schoeters, I, Ma, Y, Zrna, S, and Mclaughlin, M

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Metal salts, salts, Sewage, chemistry.chemical_element, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, engineering.material, complex mixtures, Soil, field trial, amended soil, manures, natural sciences, Solubility, Waste Management and Disposal, organic amendment, Water Science and Technology, sewage sludge, Chemistry, Metal binding, Compost, business.industry, fungi, food and beverages, toxicity, Plants, Pollution, Manure, Copper, Agronomy, in control, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, engineering, Salts, business, metal binding sites
Abstract

Metals in soils amended with sewage sludge are typically less available compared with those in soils spiked with soluble metal salts. However, it is unclear if this difference remains in the long term. A survey of copper (Cu) availability was made in soils amended with sewage sludge, manure, and compost, collectively named organic amendments. Paired sets of amended and control soils were collected from 22 field trials where the organic amendments had aged up to 112 yr. Amended soils had higher total Cu concentrations (range, 2-220 mg Cu kg−1; median, 15 mg Cu kg−1) and organic C (range, 1-16 g kg−1; median, 4 g kg−1) than control soils. All samples were freshly spiked with CuCl2, and the toxicity of added Cu to barley was compared between amended and control soils. The toxicity of added Cu was significantly lower in amended soils than in control soil in 15 sets by, on average, a factor of 1.4, suggesting that aged amendments do not largely increase Cu binding sites. The fraction of added Cu that is isotopic exchangeable Cu (labile Cu) was compared between control soils freshly spiked with CuCl2 and amended soils with both soils at identical total Cu concentrations. Copper derived from amendments was significantly less labile (on average 5.9-fold) than freshly added Cu in 18 sets of soils. This study shows that Cu availability after long-term applications of organic amendments is lower than that of freshly added Cu2+ salts, mainly because of its lower availability in the original matrix and ageing reactions than because of increased metal binding sites in soil. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Published
2012

31. Bioavailability and Ecotoxicity of Lead in Soil: Implications for Setting Ecological Soil Quality Standards.

Author

Oorts K, Smolders E, Lanno R, and Chowdhury MJ

Subjects
Animals, Biological Availability, Lead toxicity, Soil chemistry, Oligochaeta, Soil Pollutants analysis
Abstract

Ecological soil quality standards for lead (Pb) that account for soil Pb bioavailability have not yet been derived. We derived such standards based on specific studies of the long-term bioavailability and toxicity of Pb to soil organisms and a compilation of field data on the bioaccumulation of Pb in earthworms. Toxicity thresholds of Pb to plants, invertebrates, or microorganisms vary over more than 2 orders of magnitude, and the lowest values overlap with the range in natural Pb background concentrations in soil. Soils freshly spiked with Pb 2+ salts exhibit higher Pb bioavailability and lower toxic thresholds than long-term aged and leached equivalents. Comparative toxicity tests on leaching and aging effects suggest using a soil Pb threshold that is 4.0 higher, to correct thresholds of freshly spiked soils. Toxicity to plants and earthworms, and microbial N-transformation and bioaccumulation of Pb in earthworms increase with decreasing effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC) of the soil, and models were derived to normalize data for variation of the eCEC among soils. Suggested ecological quality standards for soil expressed as total soil Pb concentration are lower for Pb toxicity to wildlife via secondary poisoning compared with direct Pb toxicity to soil organisms. Standards for both types of receptors vary by factors of approximately 4 depending on soil eCEC. The data and models we have collated can be used for setting ecological soil quality criteria for Pb in different regulatory frameworks. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1950-1963. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC., (© 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.)

Published
2021
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32. Validating the Use of a Toxicity Database for Prediction of Plant Cover and Biodiversity in Multi-Metal Mining-Impacted Soils.

Author

Guzmán-Rangel G, Torres Díaz AN, Pavón Meza EL, Oorts K, and Smolders E

Subjects
Arsenic analysis, Mexico, Risk Assessment, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Biodiversity, Databases as Topic, Metals analysis, Mining, Plants drug effects, Soil chemistry
Abstract

The validity of soil toxicity databases for predicting ecological impacts in the field is rarely explored. The present study was set up to test whether laboratory toxicity data and the combined concepts of metal availability and mixture toxicity can predict ecological impact in mining-affected soils. Metal and As contamination gradients were sampled approximately 5 different mines in Mexico where plant cover and abundances exhibited clear dose-related responses. Soils were analyzed for total and isotopically exchangeable (labile) concentrations of Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As and for soil properties affecting the availability of these elements. Six different indices of toxic doses were compared to evaluate their accuracy in describing the field response expressed as relative abundance and cover. Each index was based on a different method to calculate the sum of toxic units ( Σ TUs) in soil, with 1 toxic unit equal to the concentration of the element in soil yielding 50% adverse effect on plants with median sensitivity as recorded in a recent database of salt-spiked soils. Toxic concentrations in the mine-impacted soils were dominated by Zn and As. In the field, 50% reduced cover or abundance was found at 10 to 13 Σ TUs if these were based on total soil concentrations and thresholds derived from freshly spiked soils, indicating a largely overestimated toxic effect. If thresholds were corrected for differences in availability among freshly spiked soils and spiked and laboratory-aged soils, the overestimation of field toxicity was 5- to 6-fold, irrespective of the consideration of soil properties. Finally, the Σ TU calculated only with labile metals and As overestimated the field toxicity by factors 1.1 to 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1-7; i.e., rather accurate and indicating some Zn-As antagonism as confirmed in experimental studies). That latter index of dose yielded a bell-shaped response on species richness peaking at approximately 1.6 Σ TU. Overall, the present study shows that the current toxicity databases of metals can predict the impact of metal contamination on plant communities within factor 2, expressing the dose as soil-labile concentrations and using the concentration addition concept in these mixed polluted environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1826-1838. © 2020 SETAC., (© 2020 SETAC.)

Published
2020
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33. Effects of Silver Nitrate are a Conservative Estimate for the Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Algae Growth and Daphnia magna Reproduction.

Author

Mertens J, Oorts K, Leverett D, and Arijs K

Subjects
Animals, Daphnia physiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Microalgae growth & development, Models, Theoretical, Particle Size, Reproduction drug effects, Surface Properties, Daphnia drug effects, Metal Nanoparticles toxicity, Microalgae drug effects, Silver toxicity, Silver Nitrate toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
Abstract

Silver (Ag) salts have been shown to be highly toxic to freshwater organisms. There is nevertheless still a high level of uncertainty as to the aquatic effects of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs), and how these relate to the effects of soluble Ag salts. As part of the substance evaluation for Ag of the European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals regulation, we have generated new data to justify read-across from soluble Ag salts to AgNPs. The aquatic toxicity to algae growth and Daphnia magna reproduction, fate, and behavior of AgNO 3 versus AgNPs were tested and compared. Chloride salts in the test media were replaced with equimolar concentrations of nitrate salts. Total Ag, "conventionally" dissolved Ag (0.45 µm), and "truly" dissolved Ag (3 kDa) were determined. Algae were the most sensitive test species to AgNO 3 (10% effect concentration [EC10] 0.10 µg Ag/L) when expressed as conventionally dissolved Ag. The corresponding value for AgNPs was 0.26 µg/L. For D. magna reproduction, the lowest EC10 values were 3.49 µg Ag/L for AgNO 3 and 33.4 µg Ag/L for AgNPs. Using measured Ag concentrations, AgNO 3 was experimentally shown to be more toxic than AgNPs for all Ag fractions. We explain these observations by a different dissolution behavior of AgNO 3 versus AgNPs. The results provide experimental confirmation that AgNO 3 can be used as a conservative estimate for the aquatic effects of AgNPs at comparable Ag concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1701-1713. © 2019 SETAC., (© 2019 SETAC.)

Published
2019
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34. Effects of Soil Properties on the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Lead in Soil Invertebrates.

Author

Lanno RP, Oorts K, Smolders E, Albanese K, and Chowdhury MJ

Subjects
Animals, Arthropods drug effects, Arthropods growth & development, Bioaccumulation, Carbon chemistry, Ion Exchange, Lead toxicity, Oligochaeta drug effects, Oligochaeta growth & development, Reproduction drug effects, Soil Pollutants chemistry, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Lead metabolism, Soil chemistry, Soil Pollutants metabolism
Abstract

The present study examined the effects of soil physical and chemical properties on the toxicity of lead (Pb) to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and collembolans (Folsomia candida), and on bioaccumulation of Pb by earthworms, in soils amended with Pb salts. Toxicity tests were conducted in 7 soils varying in soil properties (pH 4.7-7.4, effective cation exchange capacity [eCEC] 4-42 cmol c /kg, organic carbon 10-50 g C/kg) that were leached and pH corrected after spiking with PbCl 2 . The median effect concentrations (EC50s) based on total soil Pb concentrations ranged from 35 to 5080 mg Pb/kg for earthworms and 389 to >7190 mg/kg for Collembola. Significant positive correlations were observed between log (EC50) for earthworm reproduction and log (eCEC, total C, exchangeable Ca and Mg, or clay content), but no significant correlations were observed between Pb toxicity to Collembola and soil properties. Expressing Pb dose as either the free ion (Pb 2+ ) activity in porewater or as the measured dissolved porewater concentration of Pb did not explain differences in toxicity among soils. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for Pb in earthworms ranged up to >10-fold across 6 soil treatments, with a median of 0.16, and the BAF was significantly correlated with eCEC (p = 0.038, r = -0.84), but not with any other soil properties. Soil properties related to eCEC (total C, exchangeable Ca and Mg, clay content) had a significant effect on Pb toxicity and bioaccumulation in earthworms, but no relationship was found for Collembola. As a major soil property affecting the bioavailability of Pb, CEC should be incorporated into any soil hazard assessment of Pb as a modifying factor of toxicity and bioaccumulation for earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1486-1494. © 2019 SETAC., (© 2019 SETAC.)

Published
2019
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35. Transformation-dissolution reactions partially explain adverse effects of metallic silver nanoparticles to soil nitrification in different soils.

Author

Bollyn J, Willaert B, Kerré B, Moens C, Arijs K, Mertens J, Leverett D, Oorts K, and Smolders E

Subjects
Half-Life, Models, Theoretical, Solubility, Toxicity Tests, Water chemistry, Metal Nanoparticles toxicity, Nitrification, Silver toxicity, Soil chemistry
Abstract

Risk assessment of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) is critically affected by the concern that toxicity goes beyond that of the metallic ion. The present study addressed this concern for soils with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the Ag-sensitive nitrification assay. Three agricultural soils (A, B, and C) were spiked with equivalent doses of either AgNP (diameter = 13 nm) or AgNO 3 . Soil solution was isolated and monitored over 97 d with due attention to accurate Ag fractionation at low (∼10 μg L -1 ) Ag concentrations. Truly dissolved (<1 kDa) Ag in the AgNO 3 -amended soils decreased with reaction half-lives of 4 to 22 d depending on the soil, denoting important Ag-aging reactions. In contrast, truly dissolved Ag in AgNP-amended soils first increased by dissolution and subsequently decreased by aging, the concentration never exceeding that in the AgNO 3 -amended soils. The half-lives of AgNP transformation-dissolution were approximately 4 d (soils A and B) and 36 d (soil C). The Ag toxic thresholds (10% effect concentrations, milligrams of Ag per kilogram of soil) of nitrification, evaluated at 21 or 35 d after spiking, were similar between the 2 Ag forms (soils A and B) but were factors of 3 to 8 lower for AgNO 3 than for AgNP (soil C), largely corroborating dissolution differences. This fate and bioassay showed that AgNPs are not more toxic than AgNO 3 at equivalent total soil Ag concentrations and that differences in Ag dissolution at least partially explain toxicity differences between the forms and among soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2123-2131. © 2018 SETAC., (© 2018 SETAC.)

Published
2018
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36. A framework for ecological risk assessment of metal mixtures in aquatic systems.

Author

Nys C, Van Regenmortel T, Janssen CR, Oorts K, Smolders E, and De Schamphelaere KAC

Subjects
Animals, Aquatic Organisms drug effects, Biological Availability, Computer Simulation, Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water, Netherlands, Rivers chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Aquatic Organisms metabolism, Ecosystem, Metals toxicity, Models, Theoretical, Risk Assessment
Abstract

Although metal mixture toxicity has been studied relatively intensely, there is no general consensus yet on how to incorporate metal mixture toxicity into aquatic risk assessment. We combined existing data on chronic metal mixture toxicity at the species level with species sensitivity distribution (SSD)-based in silico metal mixture risk predictions at the community level for mixtures of Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb, to develop a tiered risk assessment scheme for metal mixtures in freshwater. Generally, independent action (IA) predicts chronic metal mixture toxicity at the species level most accurately, whereas concentration addition (CA) is the most conservative model. Mixture effects are noninteractive in 69% (IA) and 44% (CA) and antagonistic in 15% (IA) and 51% (CA) of the experiments, whereas synergisms are only observed in 15% (IA) and 5% (CA) of the experiments. At low effect sizes (∼ 10% mixture effect), CA overestimates metal mixture toxicity at the species level by 1.2-fold (i.e., the mixture interaction factor [MIF]; median). Species, metal presence, or number of metals does not significantly affect the MIF. To predict metal mixture risk at the community level, bioavailability-normalization procedures were combined with CA or IA using SSD techniques in 4 different methods, which were compared using environmental monitoring data of a European river basin (the Dommel, The Netherlands). We found that the simplest method, in which CA is directly applied to the SSD (CA SSD ), is also the most conservative method. The CA SSD has median margins of safety (MoS) of 1.1 and 1.2 respectively for binary mixtures compared with the theoretically more consistent methods of applying CA or IA to the dose-response curve of each species individually prior to estimating the fraction of affected species (CA DRC or IA DRC ). The MoS increases linearly with an increasing number of metals, up to 1.4 and 1.7 for quinary mixtures (median) compared with CA DRC and IA DRC , respectively. When our methods were applied to a geochemical baseline database (Forum of European Geological Surveys [FOREGS]), we found that CA SSD yielded a considerable number of mixture risk predictions, even when metals were at background levels (8% of the water samples). In contrast, metal mixture risks predicted with the theoretically more consistent methods (e.g., IA DRC ) were very limited under natural background metal concentrations (<1% of the water samples). Based on the combined evidence of chronic mixture toxicity predictions at the species level and evidence of in silico risk predictions at the community level, a tiered risk assessment scheme for evaluating metal mixture risks is presented, with CA SSD functioning as a first, simple conservative tier. The more complex, but theoretically more consistent and most accurate method, IA DRC , can be used in higher tier assessments. Alternatively, the conservatism of CA SSD can be accounted for deterministically by incorporating the MoS and MIF in the scheme. Finally, specific guidance is also given related to specific issues, such as how to deal with nondetect data and complex mixtures that include so-called data-poor metals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:623-642. © 2017 SETAC., (© 2017 SETAC.)

Published
2018
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37. Soil legacy data rescue via GlobalSoilMap and other international and national initiatives.

Author

Arrouays D, Leenaars JGB, Richer-de-Forges AC, Adhikari K, Ballabio C, Greve M, Grundy M, Guerrero E, Hempel J, Hengl T, Heuvelink G, Batjes N, Carvalho E, Hartemink A, Hewitt A, Hong SY, Krasilnikov P, Lagacherie P, Lelyk G, Libohova Z, Lilly A, McBratney A, McKenzie N, Vasquez GM, Leatitia Mulder V, Minasny B, Luca M, Odeh I, Padarian J, Poggio L, Roudier P, Saby N, Savin I, Searle R, Solbovoy V, Thompson J, Smith S, Sulaeman Y, Vintila R, Rossel RV, Wilson P, Zhang GL, Swerts M, Oorts K, Karklins A, Feng L, Ibelles Navarro AR, Levin A, Laktionova T, Dell'Acqua M, Suvannang N, Ruam W, Prasad J, Patil N, Husnjak S, Pasztor L, Okx J, Hallet S, Keay C, Farewell T, Lilja H, Juilleret J, Marx S, Takata Y, Kazuyuki Y, Mansuy N, Panagos P, Van Liedekerke M, Skalsky R, Sobocka J, Kobza J, Eftekhari K, Kacem Alavipanah S, Moussadek R, Badraoui M, Da Silva M, Paterson G, da Conceicao Gonsalves M, Theocharopoulos S, Yemefack M, Tedou S, Vrscaj B, Grob U, Kozak J, Boruvka L, Dobos E, Taboada M, Moretti L, and Rodriguez D

Abstract

Legacy soil data have been produced over 70 years in nearly all countries of the world. Unfortunately, data, information and knowledge are still currently fragmented and at risk of getting lost if they remain in a paper format. To process this legacy data into consistent, spatially explicit and continuous global soil information, data are being rescued and compiled into databases. Thousands of soil survey reports and maps have been scanned and made available online. The soil profile data reported by these data sources have been captured and compiled into databases. The total number of soil profiles rescued in the selected countries is about 800,000. Currently, data for 117, 000 profiles are compiled and harmonized according to GlobalSoilMap specifications in a world level database (WoSIS). The results presented at the country level are likely to be an underestimate. The majority of soil data is still not rescued and this effort should be pursued. The data have been used to produce soil property maps. We discuss the pro and cons of top-down and bottom-up approaches to produce such maps and we stress their complementarity. We give examples of success stories. The first global soil property maps using rescued data were produced by a top-down approach and were released at a limited resolution of 1km in 2014, followed by an update at a resolution of 250m in 2017. By the end of 2020, we aim to deliver the first worldwide product that fully meets the GlobalSoilMap specifications., (© 2017.)

Published
2017
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39. The way forward for risk assessment of nanomaterials in solid media.

Author

Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Peijnenburg W, Amorim MJB, Landsiedel R, and Oorts K

Subjects
Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Humans, Nanostructures adverse effects, Risk Assessment methods
Abstract

There is an urgent need for sufficient knowledge to allow reliable assessment of the risks associated with engineered nanomaterials (ENPs). Significant advances in basic understanding of nano safety have been made, but there is still no clear systematic basis for risk-related research, and major uncertainties remain in the absence of uniform procedures. The following papers provide the guidance on how to proceed within the area of fate and hazard assessment, and how this links into grouping, testing and risk assessment of nanomaterials. This guidance is coupled with an industrial view on the most important research areas for nanomaterials., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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40. Toxicity in lead salt spiked soils to plants, invertebrates and microbial processes: Unraveling effects of acidification, salt stress and ageing reactions.

Author

Smolders E, Oorts K, Peeters S, Lanno R, and Cheyns K

Subjects
Animals, Invertebrates drug effects, Plants drug effects, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants analysis, Trace Elements analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Lead toxicity, Salts toxicity, Soil chemistry, Soil Pollutants toxicity
Abstract

The fate and effects of toxic trace metals in soil freshly spiked soluble metal salts do not mimic those of metals in the field. This study was set up to test the magnitude of effects of salinity, acidification, and ageing on toxicity of lead (Pb) to plants, invertebrates and soil microbial processes. Three soils were spiked with Pb2+ salts up to a concentration of 8000 mg Pb/kg and were tested either after spiking, after soil leaching followed by pH correction, or after a 5-year outdoor ageing period with free drainage followed by pH correction. Soil solution ionic strength exceeded 150 mmol/L in soils tested directly after spiking and this decreased partially after leaching and returned back to background values after 5-year outdoor equilibration. Chronic toxicity to two plants, two invertebrates, and three microbial endpoints was consistently found in all spiked soils that were not leached. This toxicity significantly decreased or became absent after 5 years of ageing in 19 of the 20 toxicity tests by a factor 8 (median factor; range: 1.4->50), measured by the factor increase of total soil Pb dose required to induce 10% inhibition. The toxicity of Pb in leached soils was intermediate between the other two treatments. The lowest detectable chronic thresholds (EC10) in aged soils ranged 350-5300 mg Pb/kg. Correlation analysis, including data of Pb2+ speciation in soil solution, suggests that reduced ionic strength rather than acidification or true ageing is the main factor explaining the soil treatment effects after spiking. It is suggested that future toxicity studies should test fine PbO powder as a relevant source for Pb in soils to exclude the confounding salt effects., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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41. Deriving site-specific soil clean-up values for metals and metalloids: rationale for including protection of soil microbial processes.

Author

Kuperman RG, Siciliano SD, Römbke J, and Oorts K

Subjects
Animals, Invertebrates drug effects, Metalloids standards, Metalloids toxicity, Metals, Heavy toxicity, Plants drug effects, Risk Assessment, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Environmental Restoration and Remediation standards, Metals, Heavy standards, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants standards
Abstract

Although it is widely recognized that microorganisms are essential for sustaining soil fertility, structure, nutrient cycling, groundwater purification, and other soil functions, soil microbial toxicity data were excluded from the derivation of Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSL) in the United States. Among the reasons for such exclusion were claims that microbial toxicity tests were too difficult to interpret because of the high variability of microbial responses, uncertainty regarding the relevance of the various endpoints, and functional redundancy. Since the release of the first draft of the Eco-SSL Guidance document by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 2003, soil microbial toxicity testing and its use in ecological risk assessments have substantially improved. A wide range of standardized and nonstandardized methods became available for testing chemical toxicity to microbial functions in soil. Regulatory frameworks in the European Union and Australia have successfully incorporated microbial toxicity data into the derivation of soil threshold concentrations for ecological risk assessments. This article provides the 3-part rationale for including soil microbial processes in the development of soil clean-up values (SCVs): 1) presenting a brief overview of relevant test methods for assessing microbial functions in soil, 2) examining data sets for Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mo that incorporated soil microbial toxicity data into regulatory frameworks, and 3) offering recommendations on how to integrate the best available science into the method development for deriving site-specific SCVs that account for bioavailability of metals and metalloids in soil. Although the primary focus of this article is on the development of the approach for deriving SCVs for metals and metalloids in the United States, the recommendations provided in this article may also be applicable in other jurisdictions that aim at developing ecological soil threshold values for protection of microbial processes in contaminated soils., (© 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Published by SETAC.)

Published
2014
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42. Aging of nickel added to soils as predicted by soil pH and time.

Author

Ma Y, Lombi E, McLaughlin MJ, Oliver IW, Nolan AL, Oorts K, and Smolders E

Subjects
Australia, Diffusion, Europe, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Models, Theoretical, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Time Factors, Environmental Monitoring methods, Nickel chemistry, Soil chemistry, Soil Pollutants chemistry
Abstract

Although aging processes are important in risk assessment for metals in soils, the aging of Ni added to soils has not been studied in detail. In this study, after addition of water soluble Ni to soils, the changes over time in isotopic exchangeability, total concentrations and free Ni(2+) activity in soil pore water, were investigated in 16 European soils incubated outdoors for 18 months. The results showed that after Ni addition, concentrations of Ni in soil pore water and isotopic exchangeability of Ni in soils initially decreased rapidly. This phase was followed by further decreases in the parameters measured but these occurred at slower rates. Increasing soil pH increased the rate and extent of aging reactions. Semi-mechanistic models, based on Ni precipitation/nucleation on soil surfaces and micropore diffusion, were developed and calibrated. The initial fast processes, which were attributed to precipitation/nucleation, occurred over a short time (e.g. 1h), afterwards the slow processes were most likely controlled by micropore diffusion processes. The models were validated by comparing predicted and measured Ni aging in three additional, widely differing soils aged outdoors for periods up to 15 months in different conditions. These models could be used to scale ecotoxicological data generated in short-term studies to longer aging times., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2013
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43. Modelling the effects of copper on soil organisms and processes using the free ion approach: towards a multi-species toxicity model.

Author

Lofts S, Criel P, Janssen CR, Lock K, McGrath SP, Oorts K, Rooney CP, Smolders E, Spurgeon DJ, Svendsen C, Van Eeckhout H, and Zhao FZ

Subjects
Animals, Cations, Divalent toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Models, Chemical, Risk Assessment methods, Soil chemistry, Copper toxicity, Models, Biological, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Toxicity Tests methods
Abstract

The free ion approach has been previously used to calculate critical limit concentrations for soil metals based on point estimates of toxicity. Here, the approach was applied to dose-response data for copper effects on seven biological endpoints in each of 19 European soils. The approach was applied using the concept of an effective dose, comprising a function of the concentrations of free copper and 'protective' major cations, including H(+). A significant influence of H(+) on the toxicity of Cu(2+) was found, while the effects of other cations were inconsistent. The model could be generalised by forcing the effect of H(+) and the slope of the dose-response relationship to be equal for all endpoints. This suggests the possibility of a general bioavailability model for copper effects on organisms. Furthermore, the possibility of such a model could be explored for other cationic metals such as nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2013
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44. Copper toxicity in soils under established vineyards in Europe: a survey.

Author

Ruyters S, Salaets P, Oorts K, and Smolders E

Subjects
Animals, Europe, Hordeum drug effects, Invertebrates drug effects, Solanum lycopersicum drug effects, Agriculture, Copper toxicity, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Vitis
Abstract

Copper (Cu) containing fungicides have been used for more than one century in Europe on agricultural soils, such as vineyard soils. Total Cu concentrations in such soils can exceed toxicological limits that are commonly derived using artificially spiked soils. This study surveyed Cu toxicity in vineyard soils with reference to soils spiked with CuCl(2). Soil was collected in six established European vineyards. At each site, samples representing a Cu concentration gradient were collected. A control (uncontaminated) soil sampled nearby the vineyard was spiked with CuCl(2). Toxicity was tested using standard ecotoxicity tests: two plant assays (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (tomato) and Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) growth), one microbial assay (nitrification) and one invertebrate assay (Enchytraeus albidus reproduction). Maximal total Cu concentrations in the vineyard sites ranged 435-690 mg Cu kg(-1), well above the local background (23-105 mg Cu kg(-1)). Toxicity in spiked soils (50% inhibition) was observed at added soil Cu concentrations from 190 to 1039 mg Cu kg(-1) (mean 540 mg Cu kg(-1)) depending on the assay and the site. In contrast, significant adverse effects were only found for three bioassays in vineyard samples of one site and for two bioassays in another site. Biological responses in these cases were more importantly explained by other soil properties than soil Cu. Overall, no Cu toxicity to plants, microbial processes and invertebrates was observed in vineyard soil samples at Cu concentrations well above European Union limits protecting the soil ecosystem., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2013
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45. Effect of long-term equilibration on the toxicity of molybdenum to soil organisms.

Author

van Gestel CA, McGrath SP, Smolders E, Ortiz MD, Borgman E, Verweij RA, Buekers J, and Oorts K

Subjects
Animals, Molybdenum analysis, Soil Pollutants analysis, Arthropods drug effects, Molybdenum toxicity, Oligochaeta drug effects, Plants drug effects, Soil Pollutants toxicity
Abstract

To determine if long-term equilibration may alleviate molybdenum toxicity, earthworms, enchytraeids, collembolans and four plant species were exposed to three soils freshly spiked with Na(2)MoO(4).2H(2)O and equilibrated for 6 or 11 months in the field with free drainage. Total Mo concentrations in soil decreased by leaching, most (up to 98%) in sandy soil and less (54-62%) in silty and clayey soils. Changes in residual Mo toxicity with time were inconclusive in sandy soil. In the other two soils, toxicity of residual total Mo was significantly reduced after 11 months equilibration with a median 5.5-fold increase in ED50s. Mo fixation in soil, i.e. the decrease of soil solution Mo concentrations at equivalent residual total soil Mo, was maximally a factor of 2.1 only. This experiment shows natural attenuation of molybdate ecotoxicity under field conditions is related to leaching of excess Mo and other ions as well as to slow ageing reactions., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2012
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46. The availability of copper in soils historically amended with sewage sludge, manure, and compost.

Author

Smolders E, Oorts K, Lombi E, Schoeters I, Ma Y, Zrna S, and McLaughlin MJ

Subjects
Plants, Salts chemistry, Solubility, Copper analysis, Manure, Sewage, Soil chemistry
Abstract

Metals in soils amended with sewage sludge are typically less available compared with those in soils spiked with soluble metal salts. However, it is unclear if this difference remains in the long term. A survey of copper (Cu) availability was made in soils amended with sewage sludge, manure, and compost, collectively named organic amendments. Paired sets of amended and control soils were collected from 22 field trials where the organic amendments had aged up to 112 yr. Amended soils had higher total Cu concentrations (range, 2-220 mg Cu kg; median, 15 mg Cu kg) and organic C (range, 1-16 g kg; median, 4 g kg) than control soils. All samples were freshly spiked with CuCl, and the toxicity of added Cu to barley was compared between amended and control soils. The toxicity of added Cu was significantly lower in amended soils than in control soil in 15 sets by, on average, a factor of 1.4, suggesting that aged amendments do not largely increase Cu binding sites. The fraction of added Cu that is isotopic exchangeable Cu (labile Cu) was compared between control soils freshly spiked with CuCl and amended soils with both soils at identical total Cu concentrations. Copper derived from amendments was significantly less labile (on average 5.9-fold) than freshly added Cu in 18 sets of soils. This study shows that Cu availability after long-term applications of organic amendments is lower than that of freshly added Cu salts, mainly because of its lower availability in the original matrix and ageing reactions than because of increased metal binding sites in soil., (Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.)

Published
2012
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47. Toxicity of trace metals in soil as affected by soil type and aging after contamination: using calibrated bioavailability models to set ecological soil standards.

Author

Smolders E, Oorts K, Van Sprang P, Schoeters I, Janssen CR, McGrath SP, and McLaughlin MJ

Subjects
Animals, Bacteria drug effects, Bacteria metabolism, Biological Availability, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Environmental Monitoring methods, Invertebrates drug effects, Plants drug effects, Time Factors, Trace Elements, Metals chemistry, Soil analysis, Soil Pollutants chemistry, Soil Pollutants standards
Abstract

Total concentrations of metals in soil are poor predictors of toxicity. In the last decade, considerable effort has been made to demonstrate how metal toxicity is affected by the abiotic properties of soil. Here this information is collated and shows how these data have been used in the European Union for defining predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs) of Cd, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soil. Bioavailability models have been calibrated using data from more than 500 new chronic toxicity tests in soils amended with soluble metal salts, in experimentally aged soils, and in field-contaminated soils. In general, soil pH was a good predictor of metal solubility but a poor predictor of metal toxicity across soils. Toxicity thresholds based on the free metal ion activity were generally more variable than those expressed on total soil metal, which can be explained, but not predicted, using the concept of the biotic ligand model. The toxicity thresholds based on total soil metal concentrations rise almost proportionally to the effective cation exchange capacity of soil. Total soil metal concentrations yielding 10% inhibition in freshly amended soils were up to 100-fold smaller (median 3.4-fold, n = 110 comparative tests) than those in corresponding aged soils or field-contaminated soils. The change in isotopically exchangeable metal in soil proved to be a conservative estimate of the change in toxicity upon aging. The PNEC values for specific soil types were calculated using this information. The corrections for aging and for modifying effects of soil properties in metal-salt-amended soils are shown to be the main factors by which PNEC values rise above the natural background range.

Published
2009
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48. Influence of soil properties on copper toxicity for two soil invertebrates.

Author

Criel P, Lock K, Eeckhout HV, Oorts K, Smolders E, and Janssen CR

Subjects
Algorithms, Animals, Cations, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Manganese Compounds analysis, Oxides analysis, Regression Analysis, Soil, Copper toxicity, Environmental Monitoring methods, Invertebrates drug effects, Oligochaeta drug effects, Soil Pollutants analysis
Abstract

Although a large body of evidence indicates that metal toxicity to soil organisms is affected by physicochemical soil properties, use of this knowledge in ecological risk assessments is limited because of the lack of a model applicable to a wide range of soils. To study the effect of soil characteristics on the toxicity of copper to terrestrial invertebrates, chronic toxicity tests with Eisenia fetida and Folsomia candida were performed in 19 European field soils. These soils were carefully selected to cover the range of toxicity-influencing parameters encountered in the European Union. Toxicity values varied greatly among soils, with 28-d median effect concentrations ranging from 72.0 to 781 mg Cu/kg dry weight for E. fetida and from 45.4 to 2,270 mg Cu/kg dry weight for F. candida. For both species, variation in copper toxicity values was best explained by differences in the actual cation-exchange capacity (CEC) at soil pH. Using the obtained regression algorithms, the observed toxicity could, in most cases, be predicted within a factor of two for E. fetida and within a factor of three for F. candida. The developed models were validated in three additional European field soils, a standard artificial soil and a standard field soil. The presented regression equations, based on the actual CEC, offer an easy-to-apply method for taking the influence of soil properties on metal toxicity into account.

Published
2008
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49. Solubility and toxicity of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) in soil.

Author

Oorts K, Smolders E, Degryse F, Buekers J, Gascó G, Cornelis G, and Mertens J

Subjects
Solubility, Solutions, Antimony chemistry, Antimony toxicity, Soil Pollutants chemistry, Soil Pollutants toxicity
Abstract

Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a widely used chemical that can be emitted to soil. The fate and toxicity of this poorly soluble compound in soil is insufficiently known. A silt-loam soil (pH 7.0, background 0.005 mmol Sb kg(-1)) was amended with Sb2O3 at various concentrations. More than 70% of Sb in soil solution was present as Sb(V) (antimonate) within 2 days. The soil solution Sb concentrations gradually increased between 2 and 35 days after Sb2O3 amendment but were always below that of soils amended with the more soluble SbCl3 at the lower Sb concentrations. The soil solution Sb concentrations in freshly amended SbCl3 soils (7 days equilibration) were equivalent to those in Sb2O3-amended soils equilibrated for 5 years at equivalent total soil Sb. Our data indicate that the Sb solubility in this soil was controlled by a combination of sorption on the soil surface, Sb precipitation at the higher doses, and slow dissolution of Sb2O3, the latter being modeled with a half-life ranging between 50 and 250 days. Toxicity of Sb to plant growth (root elongation of barley, shoot biomass of lettuce) or to nitrification was found in soil equilibrated with Sb2O3 (up to 82 mmol Sb kg(-1)) for 31 weeks with 10% inhibition values at soil solution Sb concentrations of 110 microM Sb or above. These concentrations are equivalent to 4.2 mmol Sb per kg soil (510 mg Sb kg(-1)) at complete dissolution of Sb2O3 in this soil. No toxicity to plant growth or nitrification was evident in toxicity tests starting one week after soil amendment with Sb2O3, whereas clear toxicity was found in a similar test using SbCl3. However, these effects were confounded by a decrease in pH and an increase in salinity. It is concluded that the Sb(V) toxicity thresholds are over 100-fold larger than background concentrations in soil and that care must be taken to interpret toxicity data of soluble Sb(III) forms due to confounding factors.

Published
2008
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50. Phytoextraction of metals from soils: how far from practice?

Author

Van Nevel L, Mertens J, Oorts K, and Verheyen K

Subjects
Biomass, Crops, Agricultural metabolism, Feasibility Studies, Biodegradation, Environmental, Plants metabolism, Soil Pollutants pharmacokinetics, Trace Elements pharmacokinetics
Abstract

For most trace elements, the technique of phytoextraction needs significant improvements to become practically feasible. Calculations for Cd revealed that the amount of Cd taken up by Thlaspi caerulescens or Salix spp. needs at least to be the double of the present amount to slightly decrease the Cd concentration in the upper 0.5m of the soil within a period of 10 years. Additionally, metals taken up by the plants might pose an important risk. Alternatives as bioavailable contaminant stripping and phytostabilization might be more appropriate.

Published
2007
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