Search

Patient-ventilator asynchrony is one of the largest challenges in mechanical ventilation and is associated with prolonged ICU stay and increased mortality. The aim of this paper is to automatically detect and classify the different types of patient-ventilator asynchronies during a patient's breath using the typically available data on commercially available ventilators. This is achieved by a detection and classification framework using an objective definition of asynchrony and a supervised learning approach. The achieved detection performance of the near-real time framework on a clinical dataset is a significant improvement over current clinical practice, therewith and, this framework has the potential to significantly improve the patient comfort and treatment outcomes., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Next-generation deformable mirrors are envisaged to exhibit low-frequency flexible dynamics and to contain a large number of spatially distributed actuators due to increasingly stringent performance requirements. The increasingly complex system characteristics necessitate identifying the flexible dynamic behavior for design validation and next-generation control. The aim of this paper is to develop a unified approach for the identification of mechanical systems with a large number of spatially distributed actuators and a limited number of sensors. A frequency domain-based approach using local modeling techniques is developed. The modal modeling framework is employed to analyze the design and create outputs that were not measured. The proposed approach is applied to an experimental deformable mirror case study that illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

A direct data-driven iterative algorithm is developed to accurately estimate the H∞ norm of a linear time-invariant system from continuous operation, i.e., without resetting the system. The main technical step involves a reversed-circulant matrix that can be evaluated in a model-free setting by performing experiments on the real system., This work is part of the research programme VIDI with project number 15698, which is (partly) financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), by the Digital Futures project EXTREMUM, and by the Swedish Research Council under contract number 2016-06079 (NewLEADS)., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The performance of feedforward control depends strongly on its ability to compensate for reproducible disturbances. The aim of this paper is to develop a systematic framework for artificial neural networks (ANN) for feedforward control. The method involves three aspects: a new criterion that emphasizes the closed-loop control objective, inclusion of preview to deal with delays and non-minimum phase dynamics, and enabling the use of an iterative learning algorithm to generate training data in view of addressing generalization errors. The approach is illustrated through simulations and experiments on an industrial flatbed printer., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Actuators that require commutation algorithms, such as the switched reluctance motor (SRM) considered in this paper and employed in the coarse pointing assembly (CPA) for free-space optical communication, often have torque-ripple disturbances that are periodic in the commutation-angle domain that deteriorate the positioning performance. The aim of this paper is to model the torque ripple as a Gaussian Process (GP) in the commutation-angle domain and consequently compensate for it at arbitrary velocity. The approach employs repetitive control (RC) at a constant velocity. A spatial GP with a periodic kernel is trained using data that is obtained from the RC step resulting in a static non-linear function for compensation at arbitrary velocity. Stability conditions are provided for both steps. The approach is successfully applied to a CPA prototype to improve the tracking performance for laser communication, where the torque ripple is compensated at arbitrary velocity., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The increasing complexity of next-generation mechatronic systems leads to different types of periodic disturbances, which require dedicated repetitive control strategies to attenuate. The aim of this paper is to develop a new repetitive control strategy to completely attenuate a periodic disturbance and a user-defined number of relevant higher harmonics with limited memory usage. To this end, a multirate repetitive controller is developed, which combines a buffer at a reduced sampling rate with learning and robustness filters at the original sampling rate of the system. This leads to a linear periodic time-varying system, for which convergence conditions are developed. The method is implemented on an industrial print-belt system, demonstrating that it can match the performance of traditional repetitive control while significantly reducing the memory usage., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Cross-coupled iterative learning control (ILC) can improve the contour tracking performance of manufacturing systems significantly. This paper aims to develop a framework for norm-optimal cross-coupled ILC that enables intuitive tuning of time- and iteration-varying weights of the exact contour error and its tangential counterpart. This leads to an iteration-varying ILC algorithm for which convergence conditions are developed. In addition, a resource-efficient implementation is developed that reduces the computational load significantly and enables the use of long reference signals. The approach is experimentally validated on an industrial flatbed printer., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Sampling in control applications is increasingly done non-equidistantly in time. This includes applications in motion control, networked control, resource-aware control, and event-based control. Some of these applications, like the ones where displacement is tracked using incremental encoders, are driven by signals that are only measured when their values cross fixed thresholds in the amplitude domain. This paper introduces a non-parametric estimator of the impulse response and transfer function of continuous-time systems based on such amplitude-equidistant sampling strategy, known as Lebesgue sampling. To this end, kernel methods are developed to formulate an algorithm that adequately takes into account the bounded output uncertainty between the event timestamps, which ultimately leads to more accurate models and more efficient output sampling compared to the equidistantly-sampled kernel-based approach. The efficacy of our proposed method is demonstrated through a mass–spring damper example with encoder measurements and extensive Monte Carlo simulation studies on system benchmarks., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The aim of this paper is to compare two classes of structured ambiguity sets, which are data-driven and can reduce the conservativeness of their associated optimization problems. These two classes of structured sets, coined Wasserstein hyperrectangles and multi-transport hyperrectangles, are explored in their trade-offs in terms of reducing conservativeness and providing tractable reformulations. It follows that multi-transport hyperrectangles lead to tractable optimization problems for a significantly broader range of objective functions under a decent compromise in terms of conservativeness reduction. The results are illustrated in an uncertainty quantification case study., Accepted Author Manuscript, Team Dimitris Boskos, Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The increasing demands on throughput and accuracy of semiconductor manufacturing equipment necessitates accurate feedforward motion control that includes compensation of input nonlinearities. The aim of this paper is to develop a data-driven feedforward approach consisting of a Wiener feedforward, i.e., linear parameterization with an output nonlinearity, to achieve high tracking accuracy and task flexibility for a class of Hammerstein systems. The developed approach exploits iterative learning control to learn a feedforward signal from data that minimizes the error and utilizes a control-relevant cost function to learn the parameters of a Wiener feedforward parameterization. Experimental validation on a wirebonder shows that the developed approach enables high tracking accuracy and task flexibility., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Tracking performance of physical-model-based feedforward control for interventional X-ray systems is limited by hard-to-model parasitic nonlinear dynamics, such as cable forces and nonlinear friction. In this paper, these nonlinear dynamics are compensated using a physics-guided neural network (PGNN), consisting of a physical model, embedding prior knowledge of the dynamics, in parallel with a neural network to learn hard-to-model dynamics. To ensure that the neural network learns only unmodelled effects, the neural network output in the subspace spanned by the physical model is regularized via an orthogonal projection-based approach, resulting in complementary physical model and neural network contributions. The PGNN feedforward controller reduces the tracking error of an interventional X-ray system by a factor of 5 compared to an optimally tuned physical model, successfully compensating the unmodeled parasitic dynamics., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Control applications are increasingly sampled non-equidistantly in time, including in motion control, networked control, resource-aware control, and event-triggered control. Some of these applications use measurement devices that sample equidistantly in the amplitude domain. The aim of this paper is to develop a non-parametric estimator of the impulse response of continuous-time systems based on such sampling strategy, known as Lebesgue-sampling. To this end, kernel methods are developed to formulate an algorithm that adequately takes into account the output intersample behavior, which ultimately leads to more accurate models and more efficient output sampling compared to the standard approach. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated through a mass-spring damper case study., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Frequency Response Matrix (FRM) estimation from measured data is an important step towards the control of complex systems, including motion and thermal systems. Missing samples in the measured data records, e.g., due to sensor failure or faulty data transmission, often occur. In this paper, a method is presented for the nonparametric FRM identification of multiple-inputs multiple-outputs (MIMO) systems from incomplete and noisy data records. The method exploits time- and frequency-domain localizing wavelets to accurately estimate the FRM and its covariance from the time-frequency plane. Good performance is demonstrated in a simulation study., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Fast-sampled models are essential for control design, e.g., to address intersample behavior. The aim of this letter is to develop a non-parametric identification technique for fast-sampled models of systems that have relevant dynamics and actuation above the Nyquist frequency of the sensor, such as vision-in-the-loop systems. The developed method assumes smoothness of the frequency response function, which allows to disentangle aliased components through local models over multiple frequency bands. The method identifies fast-sampled models of slowly-sampled systems accurately in a single identification experiment. Finally, an experimental example demonstrates the effectiveness of the technique., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Frequency response function (FRF) estimation from measured data is an essential step in the design, control, and analysis of complex dynamical systems, including thermal and motion systems. Especially for systems that require long measurement time, missing samples in the data record, e.g., due to measurement interruptions, often occur. The aim of this article is to achieve accurate identification of nonparametric FRF models of periodically excited systems from noisy output measurements with missing samples. An identification framework is established that exploits a wavelet-based transform to separate the effect of the missing samples in the time domain from the system characteristics in tre frequency domain. The framework encompasses both a time-invariant and a time-varying wavelet-based estimator, which provides different mechanisms to address the missing samples. Experimental results from a thermodynamical system confirm that the estimators enable accurate identification., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Piezo stepper actuators are very promising for nanopositioning systems due to their high resolution, high stiffness, fast response, and the ability to position a mover over an infinite stroke by means of motion reminiscent of walking. The aim of this paper is to enhance the waveforms for actuating piezo steppers, by actively compensating for repetitive disturbances that are introduced by the walking behavior. A compensation method is developed to compensate for disturbances in the stepping domain, since disturbances may vary in the time domain if the velocity changes. The results from this procedure are exploited to determine an optimal waveform for the working range of the actuator. A significant improvement in performance is achieved after applying this waveform to a piezo stepper actuator., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Repetitive control (RC) has shown to achieve superior rejection of periodic disturbances. Many nonlinear systems are subject to repeating disturbances. The aim of this article is to develop a continuous-time RC design with stability guarantees for nonlinear Lur'e-type systems. Approximate output tracking is achieved by combining an internal model, consisting of a finite number of linear oscillators with frequencies at the reference frequency and at its multiples, with a stabilizer that guarantees a convergence property of the closed-loop system. The developed RC approach is applied to a nonlinear mechanical ventilation system for intensive care units (ICUs), which can be modeled as a Lur'e-type system. The experimental study confirms that the RC scheme is able to successfully follow the desired target pressure profile to properly support the ventilation needs of an adult patient., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The selection of uncertainty structures is an important aspect of system identification for robust control. The aim of this paper is to provide insight into uncertain multivariable systems for robust control. A unified method for visualizing model sets is developed by generating Bode plots of multivariable uncertain systems, both in magnitude and phase. In addition, these model sets are compared from the viewpoint of the control objective, allowing a quantitative analysis as well. An experimental case study on an automotive transmission application demonstrates these connections and confirms the importance of the developed framework for control applications. In addition, the experimental results provide new insights into the shape of associated model sets by using the presented visualization procedure. Both the theoretical and experimental results confirm that a recently developed robust-control-relevant uncertainty structure outperforms general dual-Youla-Kučera uncertainty, which in turn outperforms traditional uncertainty structures, including additive uncertainty., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Data-driven feedforward control for tracking of varying and non-resetting point-to-point references requires continuous updating of feedforward parameters instead of task-by-task updating. The aim of this paper is to develop an adaptive feedforward controller for non-resetting point-to-point motion tasks by a data-driven feedforward controller. An approximate optimal instrumental variable (IV) estimator with real-time bootstrapping is employed in a closed-loop setting to update the feedforward parameters. A case study on a wafer-stage and experimental validation on a benchmark motion system show the performance benefit., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Repetitive control (RC) can perfectly attenuate disturbances that are periodic in the time domain. The aim of this article is to develop an RC approach that compensates for disturbances that are time-domain nonperiodic but are repeating in the position domain. The developed position-domain buffer consists of a Gaussian process (GP), which is learned using appropriate dynamic filters and nonequidistant data. This approach estimates position-domain disturbances resulting in perfect compensation. The method is successfully applied to a substrate carrier system, demonstrating performance robustness against time-domain nonperiodic disturbances that are amplified by traditional RC., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The performance of fault detection filters relies on a high sensitivity to faults and a low sensitivity to disturbances. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach to directly shape these sensitivities, expressed in terms of minimum and maximum singular values. The developed method offers an alternative solution to the H-/H∞ synthesis problem, building upon traditional multiobjective synthesis results. The result is an optimal filter synthesized via iterative convex optimization and the approach is particularly useful for fault diagnosis as illustrated by a numerical example., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The increasing demands for motion control result in a situation where Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) dynamics have to be taken into account. Inverse-model feedforward control for LPV motion systems is challenging, since the inverse of an LPV system is often dynamically dependent on the scheduling sequence. The aim of this paper is to develop an identification approach that directly identifies dynamically scheduled feedforward controllers for LPV motion systems from data. In this paper, the feedforward controller is parameterized in basis functions, similar to, e.g., mass-acceleration feedforward, and is identified by a kernel-based approach such that the parameter dependency for LPV motion systems is addressed. The resulting feedforward includes dynamic dependence and is learned accurately. The developed framework is validated on an example., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Dynamic error budgets are an essential tool in identifying opportunities for improvements in a control system for Gravitational Wave detectors, but their potential is often not fully utilized in the control design. This paper presents a model and dynamic error budget for a challenging nested control system in the Advanced Virgo detector in combination with a systematic control design framework for one of the controllers. This framework fully utilizes the dynamic error budget by using H2 synthesis to allow for fast iterations in the control design when dealing with conflicting control objectives. Simulations together with experimental results on Advanced Virgo illustrate the effectiveness of the presented framework., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Flexible dynamics in motion systems lead to inherent spatio-temporal system behavior. The aim of this paper is to develop an unified approach for the identification of modal models of spatio-temporal overactuated systems. The approach exploits the modal modeling framework and the overactuated setting to enhance the estimation of the spatial system behavior. The proposed approach is applied in an experimental case study. The case study considers an experimental overactuated stage and illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Blind system identification is aimed at finding parameters of a system model when the input is inaccessible. In this paper, we propose a blind system identification method that delivers a single-input single-output, continuous-time model in a nonparametric kernel form. We take advantage of the representer theorem to form a joint maximum a posteriori estimator of the input and system impulse response. The identified system model and input are optimised in sequence to overcome the blind problem with generalised cross validation used to select appropriate hyperparameters given some fixed input sequence. We demonstrate via Monte Carlo simulations the accuracy of the method in terms of estimating the input., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Sensors in high-precision mechatronic systems require accurate calibration, which is achieved using test beds that, in turn, require even more accurate calibration. The aim of this paper is to develop a cascaded calibration method for position sensors of mechatronic systems while taking into account the variance of the calibration model of the test bed. The developed calibration method employs Gaussian Process regression to obtain a model of the position-dependent sensor inaccuracies by combining prior knowledge of the sensor with data using Bayesian inference. Monte Carlo simulations show that the developed calibration approach leads to significantly higher calibration accuracy when compared to alternative regression techniques, especially when the number of available calibration points is limited. The results indicate that more accurate calibration of position sensors is possible with fewer resources., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

In recent years, the amount of data available from systems has drastically increased, motivating the use of direct data-driven control techniques that avoid the need of parametric modeling. The aim of this paper is to analyze closed-loop aspects of these approaches in the presence of noise. To analyze this, a unified formulation of several approaches, including Data-enabled Predictive Control (DeePC) and Subspace Predictive Control (SPC) is obtained and the influence of noise on closed-loop predictors is analyzed. The analysis reveals potential closed-loop correlation problems, which are closely related to well-known results in closed-loop system identification, and consequent control issues. A case study reveals the hazards of noise in data-driven control., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Team Mulders

Optimal input design plays an important role in system identification for complex and multivariable systems. A known paradox in input design is that the optimal inputs depend on the true but unknown system. The aim of this paper is to design inputs for multivariable systems that are robust to all system variations within a given continuous uncertainty set. In the presented approach, the robust design problem is cast as an infinite-dimensional min-max optimization problem, and tackled via the S-lemma in an iterative approximation scheme. Experimental results from a multivariable motion system show that the algorithm enables significant robustness improvements., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Iterative learning control (ILC) involves a trade-off between perfect, fast attenuation of iteration-invariant disturbances and amplification of iteration-varying ones. The aim of this paper is to develop a nonlinear ILC framework that achieves fast convergence, robustness, and low converged error values in ILC. To this end, the method includes a deadzone nonlinearity in the learning update, which uses the difference in amplitude characteristics of repeating and varying disturbances to modify the learning gain for each error sample. A criterion for monotonic convergence of the nonlinear ILC algorithm is provided, which is used in combination with system measurements to select suitable design parameters. The proposed algorithm is validated using simulations, in which fast convergence to low error values is demonstrated., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)-assisted Model Predictive Control (MPC) for wind turbine control has received much attention for its ability to incorporate future wind speed disturbance information in a receding horizon optimal control problem. However, the growth of wind turbine sizes results in increasing system complexity and system interactions, and complicates the design of model-based controllers like MPC. Together with increasing data availability, this obstacle motivates the use of direct data-driven predictive control approaches like Subspace Predictive Control (SPC). An SPC implementation is developed that both does not suffer from traditional, potentially detrimental closed-loop identification bias and incorporates past and future (not necessarily periodic) disturbance information. Simulations of the presented method for above-rated wind turbine rotor speed regulation using pitch control demonstrate the capabilities of the data-driven SPC algorithm for increasing degrees of wind speed disturbance information in the developed framework., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Team Mulders

Repetitive control enables the exact compensation of periodic disturbances if the internal model is appropriately selected. The aim of this paper is to develop a novel synthesis technique for repetitive control (RC) based on a new more general internal model. By employing a Gaussian process internal model, asymptotic rejection is obtained for a wide range of disturbances through an appropriate selection of a kernel. The implementation is a simple linear time-invariant (LTI) filter that is automatically synthesized through this kernel. The result is a user-friendly design approach based on a limited number of intuitive design variables, such as smoothness and periodicity. The approach naturally extends to reject multi-period and non-periodic disturbances, exiting approaches are recovered as special cases, and a case study shows that it outperforms traditional RC in both convergence speed and steady-state error., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Handling peak amplitude constraints, or equivalently l∞-norm constraints, is an important application demand in experiment design for system identification. The aim of this letter is to present a method for the design of excitation signals with prescribed power spectrum under l∞-norm constraints for systems with many inputs and outputs. The method exploits an exponential smoothing function in an iterative algorithm. Fast convergence is achieved by a computationally efficient construction of the gradient and the Hessian matrix. Experimental results show excellent convergence behavior that overcomes local minima, while significantly reducing computation time compared to existing techniques., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The linear parameter-varying framework enables systematic control design approaches to meet increasing performance requirements and complexity of systems. The aim of this paper is to develop local frequency response data-based analysis and synthesis conditions for multiple-input multiple-output linear parameter-varying systems to facilitate fast tuning. Key advantages are local stability and performance guarantees and a global controller parameterization. The effectiveness of the proposed methods are evaluated based on a simulation example., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Frequency-domain representations of multirate systems are essential for controller design and performance evaluation of multirate systems and sampled-data control. The aim of this paper is to develop a time-efficient closed-loop identification approach for multirate systems in the frequency-domain. The developed method utilizes local polynomial modeling for lifted representations of LPTV systems, which enables direct identification of closed-loop multirate systems in a single identification experiment. Unlike LTI identification techniques, the developed method does not suffer from bias due to ignored LPTV dynamics. The developed approach is demonstrated on a multirate example, resulting in accurate and fast identification in the frequency domain., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Ambiguity sets of probability distributions are a prominent tool to hedge against distributional uncertainty in stochastic optimization. The aim of this paper is to build tight Wasserstein ambiguity sets for data-driven optimization problems. The method exploits independence between the distribution components to introduce structure in the ambiguity sets and speed up their shrinkage with the number of collected samples. Tractable reformulations of the stochastic optimization problems are derived for costs that are expressed as sums or products of functions that depend only on the individual distribution components. The statistical benefits of the approach are theoretically analyzed for compactly supported distributions and demonstrated in a numerical example., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Dimitris Boskos, Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Direct data-driven control has attracted substantial interest since it enables optimization-based control without the need for a parametric model. This paper presents a new Instrumental Variable (IV) approach to Data-enabled Predictive Control (DeePC) that results in favorable noise mitigation properties, and demonstrates the direct equivalence between DeePC and Subspace Predictive Control (SPC). The methodology relies on the derivation of the characteristic equation in DeePC along the lines of subspace identification algorithms. A particular choice of IVs is presented that is uncorrelated with future noise, but at the same time highly correlated with the data matrix. A simulation study demonstrates the improved performance of the proposed algorithm in the presence of process and measurement noise., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Team Michel Verhaegen

Unknown nonlinear dynamics often limit the tracking performance of feedforward control. The aim of this paper is to develop a feedforward control framework that can compensate these unknown nonlinear dynamics using universal function approximators. The feedforward controller is parametrized as a parallel combination of a physics-based model and a neural network, where both share the same linear autoregressive (AR) dynamics. This parametrization allows for efficient output-error optimization through Sanathanan-Koerner (SK) iterations. Within each SK-iteration, the output of the neural network is penalized in the subspace of the physicsbased model through orthogonal projection-based regularization, such that the neural network captures only the unmodelled dynamics, resulting in interpretable models., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Cross-coupled iterative learning control (ILC) can achieve high performance for manufacturing applications in which tracking a contour is essential for the quality of a product. The aim of this paper is to develop a framework for norm-optimal cross-coupled ILC that enables the use of exact contour errors that are calculated offline, and iteration-and time-varying weights. Conditions for the monotonic convergence of this iteration-varying ILC algorithm are developed. In addition, a resource-efficient implementation is proposed in which the ILC update law is reframed as a linear quadratic tracking problem, reducing the computational load significantly. The approach is illustrated on a simulation example., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Iterative learning control (ILC) yields perfect output-tracking performance at sampling instances for systems that perform repetitive tasks. The aim of this article is to develop a framework for a state-tracking ILC that mitigates oscillatory intersample behavior, which is often encountered in output tracking ILC. As a framework for the analysis, the stability of the iterative domain including the robustness filter and the asymptotic signal is formulated. In addition, as a framework for the design, the design method using frequency response data to reduce the modeling effort, the learning filter design based on inversion, and the specific design procedure of the robustness filter are presented. The designed method is successfully applied to a motion system and it is shown that the presented state-tracking ILC provides better intersample behavior than the standard output-tracking ILC., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Machine learning techniques, including Gaussian processes (GPs), are expected to play a significant role in meeting speed, accuracy, and functionality requirements in future data-intensive mechatronic systems. This paper aims to reveal the potential of GPs for motion control applications. Successful applications of GPs for feedforward and learning control, including the identification and learning for noncausal feedforward, position-dependent snap feedforward, nonlinear feedforward, and GP-based spatial repetitive control, are outlined. Experimental results on various systems, including a desktop printer, wirebonder, and substrate carrier, confirmed that data-based learning using GPs can significantly improve the accuracy of mechatronic systems., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Mechatronic systems have increasingly high performance requirements for motion control. The low-frequency contribution of the flexible dynamics, i.e., the compliance, should be compensated for by means of snap feedforward to achieve high accuracy. Position-dependent compliance, which often occurs in motion systems, requires the snap feedforward parameter to be modeled as a function of position. Position-dependent compliance is compensated for by using a Gaussian process to model the snap feedforward parameter as a continuous function of position. A simulation of a flexible beam shows that a significant performance increase is achieved when using the Gaussian process snap feedforward parameter to compensate for position-dependent compliance., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

BState estimation is essential for tracking conditions which can not be directly measured by sensors, or are too noisy. The aim of this poster is to present an approach to mitigate the phase delay without compromising the noise sensitivity, by using accessible future data. Such use of future data can be possible in cases like Iterative Learning Control, where full data of the previous trial is acquired beforehand. The effectiveness of the presented approach is verified through a motion system experiment, successfully showing the state estimation improvement in time domain. The presented non-causal approach improves the trade-offs between the phase delay of the estimation and the noise sensitivity of the state observer., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Bode plots are crucial for frequency domain analysis of SISO systems. The aim of this paper is to develop a complete approach for Bode plots of multivariable uncertain systems for both the magnitude and phase. The magnitude is based on the singular values. The phase is based on the phase spread of the numerical range. An IQC-based approach is pursued to provide both the magnitude and phase. A simulation example shows that the presented approach allows the generation of multivariable Bode plots of multivariable uncertain systems., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Unknown nonlinear dynamics can limit the performance of model-based feedforward control. The aim of this paper is to develop a feedforward control framework for systems with unknown, typically nonlinear, dynamics. To address the unknown dynamics, a physics-based feedforward model is complemented by a neural network. The neural network output in the subspace of the model is penalized through orthogonal projection. This results in uniquely identifiable model coefficients, enabling increased performance and similar task flexibility with respect to the model-based controller. The feedforward framework is validated on a representative system with performance limiting nonlinear friction characteristics., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Feedforward control has an important role in high-precision mechatronic systems. The aim of this research is to design a discrete-time feedforward controller to improve on-sample and intersample errors. The developed approach is parameterized using a linear combination of parameters and basis functions, which results in a parameterization that has intuitive physical meaning. The basis functions are designed with a differentiator that considers the sampled-data and zero-order-hold aspects. The performance improvement is demonstrated by comparing the developed approach with a conventional basis function design for a motion system., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Parameterized feedforward control is at the basis of many successful control applications with varying references. The aim of this paper is to develop an efficient data-driven approach to learn the feedforward parameters for MIMO systems. To this end, a cost criterion is minimized using a stochastic gradient descent algorithm, in which both the search direction and step size are determined through system experiments. In particular, the search direction is chosen as an unbiased estimate of the gradient which is obtained from a single experiment, regardless of the size of the MIMO system. The approach is illustrated using a simulation example, in which it is shown to be superior to a deterministic method in terms of convergence speed and thus experimental cost., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Next-generation motion stages are envisaged to be lightweight to meet stringent demands regarding accuracy and throughput. The lightweight stage design implies flexible dynamical behavior, which is foreseen to be severely excited due to increasing acceleration forces. The aim of this paper is to exploit additional actuators and sensors to explicitly control the flexible dynamic behavior. A systematic weighting filter design procedure is introduced which is tailored to next-generation motion stages. The presented procedure naturally connects to existing robust control techniques. The procedure is applied to an experimental next-generation reticle stage confirming performance enhancement by exploiting additional actuators and sensors beyond traditional performance limitations., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

The condition of mechatronic production equipment slowly deteriorates over time, increasing the risk of failure and associated unscheduled downtime. A key indicator for an increased risk for failures is the shifting of resonances. The aim of this paper is to track the shifting resonances of the equipment online and during normal operation. This paper contributes to real-time parametric fault diagnosis by applying and comparing parameter estimators in this new context, highly relevant for next-generation mechatronic systems. The proposed fault diagnosis systems consist of recursive least squares algorithms and the effectiveness is illustrated on an overactuated and oversensed flexible beam setup, allowing to artificially manipulate its effective resonances in a controlled manner., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Switched reluctance motors are appealing because they are inexpensive in both construction and maintenance. The aim of this paper is to develop a commutation function that linearizes the nonlinear motor dynamics in such a way that the torque ripple is reduced. To this end, a convex optimization problem is posed that directly penalizes torque ripple in between samples, as well as power consumption, and Gaussian Process regression is used to obtain a continuous commutation function. The resulting function is fundamentally different from conventional commutation functions, and closed-loop simulations show significant reduction of the error. The results offer a new perspective on suitable commutation functions for accurate control of reluctance motors., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden

Frequency Response Function (FRF) identification plays a crucial role in the design, the control, and the analysis of complex dynamical systems, including thermal and motion systems. Especially for applications that require long measurements, missing data samples, e.g., due to interruptions in the data transmission or sensor failure, often occur. The aim of this paper is to accurately identify nonparametric FRF models of periodically excited systems from noisy output measurements with missing samples. The presented method employs a wavelet-based transformation to address the identification problem in the time-frequency plane. A simulation example confirms that the developed techniques produce accurate estimates, even when many samples are missing., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden