Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2021-04-08T22:35:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018 - Bruno do Bomfim Lopes.pdf: 7994986 bytes, checksum: e0f8df86955e3f1a6d11eb0abea4edc4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-08T22:35:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018 - Bruno do Bomfim Lopes.pdf: 7994986 bytes, checksum: e0f8df86955e3f1a6d11eb0abea4edc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES, Brasil) Birds establish the dynamics of ecosystems preserved and anthropized, because in addition to the diversity of physical and behavioral aspects, these have several functions in the environment. For this study, the Marambaia Island (IM) was used because it had a history of human presence and preserved fragments of the protected Atlantic Forest and the Itatiaia National Park (PNI), constituted by secondary forest, but preserved by the Atlantic Forest, both in Rio state of January. A total of 377 birds were captured using fog networks at dusk obeying the circadian rhythm of coccidia species, where oocysts were eliminated in the feces more frequently at dusk. Of the captured animals, 190 of them were from IM and 187 from PNI. After being identified, these birds were placed in a bag or in transport boxes until they defecated and then were released at the same capture site. The feces samples were placed in 50 ml Falcon tubes containing a ratio of 1/6 feces to 5/6 2.5% (v / v) Potassium dichromate solution (K2Cr2O7) and maintained at the temperature until 80% or more were sporulated for their generic identification. The most frequent families in the IM ecosystem were Thraupidae, Turdidae and Tyrannidae with 44.73; 19.47 and 14.21% respectively, and the other families frequently below 6.32%. The species most adapted to the anthropization of the IM were those of the Thraupidae family, where the Brazilian tanager (R. b. dorsalis), the Palm tanager (Thraupis palmarum) and the Blue dacnis (Dacnis cayana) more prevalent, although the species of Tyrannidae are expressive among the families found in the region. The percentage of risk was still related to greater intensity to the species of the family Thraupidadae where there were 25 parasitized for a total of 65 specimens. Of the specimens captured, 17 of the positive animals were part of the subfamily Tachyphoninae, where the Brazilian tanager was the most parasitized with 12 positive specimens for Isospora oocysts in the feces. The food habit in relation to the percentage of risk for coccidia infection was important and was always related to the species with a high risk of infection due to having frugivorous habits and being docile birds against the birds of the omnivorous habitat and insectivores both of the understory. In addition, frugivorous birds are more likely to acquire coccidia infection 3.593 times compared to omnivores and 3.153 times against insectivores, respectively, in this remnant area of the Atlantic Forest with strong anthropization. In addition, canopy species in turn have 3.0213 times more chances of acquiring the infection in relation to understorey birds on the IM, RJ. In PNI, the most prevalent families in the productive ecosystem of the park were Thraupidae, Thamnophilidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Rhynchocyclidae, Pipridae, and Turdidae with 26.74, 14.96, 8.56, 8.56, 7.49 and 7.49% respectively, and the other families often below 7.00%. The species most adapted to the PNI ecosystem were those of the Thraupidae family, among them Ruby-crowned tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus), but the presence of the White-shouldered Fire-eye (Pyriglena leucoptera) of the Thamnophilidae family were the most predominant in the region studied. The percentage of risk was still related to higher intensity to the species of the family Thraupidae where there were 34 parasitized for a total of 50 specimens. Of the specimens captured, 21 of the positive animals were part of the subfamily Tachyphoninae, where the Ruby-crowned tanager was the most parasitized with 15 positive specimens for oocysts of species of the genus Isospora in the feces. The food habit in the face of the chances of infection by coccidia was not important based on the trophic quilds, since the infection was observed in this forest ecosystem with the predominance of the insectivores typical of forest densification. Canopy versus understory species did not have a representative risk of acquiring coccidia infection in a forest ecosystem, as would be the case with PNI. Compared to the two ecosystems, MI and PNI, it was observed that the former had a strong anthropization over time where the families of insectivorous birds did not have the same density as the frugivorous; while in PNI the presence of insectivorous birds were well represented and parasitized in an equitable way by coccidia showing a perfect balance, typical of a forest ecosystem that presents birds parasitized in enzootic equilibrium, determining with this the fragility of this, if disturbed. As aves estabelecem a din?mica dos ecossistemas preservados e antropizados, pois al?m da diversidade de aspectos f?sicos e comportamentais, estas possuem v?rias fun??es no ambiente. Para este estudo foi utilizada a Ilha da Marambaia (IM) por ter hist?rico da presen?a humana e manter fragmentos da Mata Atl?ntica protegida e o Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) constitu?do por floresta secund?ria, por?m preservada da Mata Atl?ntica, ambos no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Um total de 377 p?ssaros foi capturado com aux?lio de redes de neblina ao entardecer, obedecendo ao ritmo circadiano das esp?cies de cocc?dios, onde os oocistos eram eliminados nas fezes com maior frequ?ncia. Dos animais capturados, 190 deles foram procedentes da IM e 187 do PNI. Ap?s serem identificados, esses p?ssaros foram colocados numa sacola ou em caixas de transporte at? que defecassem e, em seguida foram liberados no mesmo local de captura. As amostras de fezes foram colocadas em tubos de Falcon de 50 mL contendo uma rela??o de 1/6 de fezes para 5/6 de solu??o aquosa de dicromato de Pot?ssio (K2Cr2O7) a 2,5 % (v/v) e mantidos a temperatura ambiente at? que 80% ou mais estivessem esporulados para a sua identifica??o gen?rica. As fam?lias mais frequentes no ecossistema da IM foram Thraupidae, Turdidae e Tyrannidae com 44,73; 19,47 e 14,21% respectivamente, e as demais fam?lias com frequ?ncia abaixo de 6,32%. As esp?cies mais adaptadas a antropiza??o da ilha de Marambaia foram ?s da fam?lia Thraupidae, sendo o ti?-sague (Ramphocelus bresilius dorsalis), o Sanha?o cinzento (Thrauphis palmarum) e, o sa?-azul (Dacnis cayana) foram os mais predominantes, apesar das esp?cies de Tyrannidae serem expressivas entre as fam?lias encontradas na regi?o. O percentual de risco ainda esteve relacionado com maior intensidade ?s esp?cies da fam?lia Thraupidae onde havia 25 parasitadas para um total de 65 esp?cimes. Dos esp?cimes capturados, 17 dos animais positivos faziam parte da subfam?lia Tachyphoninae, onde o ti?-sangue foi o mais parasitado com 12 esp?cimes positivos para oocistos de esp?cies do g?nero Isospora nas fezes. O h?bito alimentar frente ao percentual de risco a infec??o por cocc?dios, foi importante e esteve sempre relacionada ?s esp?cies com percentual de risco a infec??o por ter h?bitos frug?voros e serem p?ssaros de dossel frente aos p?ssaros de habito on?voro e inset?voros ambos de sub-bosque. Al?m disso, p?ssaros frug?voros t?m mais chances de adquirir infec??o por cocc?dios 3,593 vezes frente aos on?voros e 3,153 vezes frente aos inset?voros respectivamente nessa ?rea remanescente da Mata Atl?ntica com forte antropiza??o. Al?m disso, as esp?cies de dossel por sua vez t?m 3,0213 vezes mais chances de adquirir a infec??o em rela??o aos p?ssaros de sub-bosque na IM, RJ. No PNI, as fam?lias mais prevalentes no ecossistema produtivo do parque foram Thraupidae, Thamnophilidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Rhynchocyclidae, Pipridae, Turdidae com 26,74, 14,96, 8,56, 8,56, 7,49 e 7,49% respectivamente, e as demais fam?lias com frequ?ncia abaixo 7,00%. As esp?cies mais adaptadas ao ecossistema do PNI foram ?s da fam?lia Thraupidae, entre elas o ti?-preto (Tachyphonus coronatus), por?m a presen?a do papa-taoca-do-sul (Pyriglena leucoptera) da fam?lia Thamnophilidae foram as mais predominantes na regi?o estudada. O percentual de risco ainda esteve relacionado com maior intensidade ?s esp?cies da fam?lia Thraupidae onde havia 34 parasitadas para um total de 50 esp?cimes. Dos esp?cimes capturados, 21 dos animais positivos faziam parte da subfam?lia Tachyphoninae, onde o ti?-sangue foi o mais parasitado com 15 esp?cimes positivos para oocistos de esp?cies do g?nero Isospora nas fezes. O h?bito alimentar frente ?s chances de infec??o por cocc?dios n?o foi importante tomando-se por base as quildas tr?ficas, pois a infec??o foi observada neste ecossistema florestal com a predomin?ncia dos inset?voros t?pico de adensamento florestal. As esp?cies de dossel frente ?s de sub-bosque n?o tiveram um percentual de risco representativo em adquirir infec??o por cocc?dios em um ecossistema florestal, como seria o caso do PNI. Em compara??o com os dois ecossistemas, IM e PNI, observou-se que o primeiro teve forte antropiza??o ao longo do tempo onde as fam?lias de p?ssaros inset?voros n?o tinham o mesmo adensamento que os frug?voros; enquanto que no PNI, a presen?a de p?ssaros inset?voros foram bem representados e parasitados de maneira equitativa por cocc?dios, demonstrando um perfeito equil?brio, t?pico de um ecossistema florestal que apresentam p?ssaros parasitados em equil?brio enzo?tico, determinando com isso a fragilidade deste, caso seja perturbado.