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Indonesia was known as a country that has high biodiversity, some of them are various types of medicinal plants. Since the first, Indonesian people have used medicinal plants in traditional medicine. This research was conducted in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve (MPNR), Purba District, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra. MPNR is a nature reserve consisting of high biodiversity, some of them are medicinal plants. However, the information on medicinal plants in this area is rarely documented even though they have a meaningful contribution as traditional medical treatments for indigenous communities. This study aims to identify all plant species found in the MPNR. This method of research was carried out by exploring key informants, namely the manager of the nature reserve and the local community. Determination of the number of respondents is done by the snowball sampling method. The results showed that there were 44 species of medicinal plants found in the MPNR consisting of 33 families, where the most families were from the Arecaceae family, which was 17.24%. Based on habitus, medicinal plants found in MPNR consist of 20 tree species (45.45%), 13 herb species (29.54%), 5 palm species (11.36%), 4 shrub species (9.09 %), and 2 species from epiphytes (4,54%). Based on the intended use of medicinal plants used as fever, cough, diarrhea, diabetes, wounds, asthma, malaria, and others. Based on the part of the plant that has been used, 19 species from leaves (42.22%), 7 species from fruit/seed (15.90%), 6 species from all plant parts (13.63%), 5 species from bark (11.36%), 2 species from roots (4.54%), 1 species from resin (9.09%), 1 species from the flower (9.09%), 1 species from bark and seeds (9.09%), 1 species from wood (9 .09%), and 1 species from bark and leaves (9.09%). Medicinal plant species found in the MPNR must be conserved to maintain their sustainability and can be used sustainably.

Dersita, Rambey R, Muhtadi A, Onrizal O, Mamurung VR, Hasibuan JS, Tamba IS. 2022. Biodiversity of nekton in the Barumun Watershed, Labuhanbatu District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2426-2432. Biodiversity is a very valuable source of germplasm for science and sustainable development. Therefore, research on freshwater biodiversity is very important to support the sustainability of this development. The research investigated three rivers in South Labuhanbatu District, North Sumatra, Indonesia: Barumun, Tasik, and Titi Kembar rivers. This investigation aims to ascertain the composition, distribution, and variety of nekton. From April to August 2020, the trial lasted five months. Nekton samples were collected with the aid of nets and fishing nets. While installed in the afternoon, the nets are removed the following day. Additionally, at each observation point, stocking nets were operated three times. The investigation discovered 38 fish species and one shrimp species. Two species of fish discovered, are protected by the government of the Republic of Indonesia. Both fish species are Tenualosa terubuk, a fish with little protection, and Fluvitrygon signifer, a ray fish with complete protection. The study site's sole shrimp species was the gigantic prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the Barumun river. The index of nekton diversity discovered in the three rivers was not identical. Compared to other rivers, the Tasik river station has a high diversity. This makes the Tasik river rich in fish compared to the Barumun and Titi Kembar rivers. The Tasik river is recommended as water suitable for fish life from these results.

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Masyarakat Kampung Nelayan Seberang Belawan sudah ada sejak 1957. Sejumlah nelayan awalnya menjadikan pinggiran hutan mangrove di Pesisir Belawan sebagai tempat singgah sementara selama melaut, namun seiring waktu kini berkembang menjadi perkampungan nelayan. Kehidupan nelayan pesisir masih sangat tradisonal dan cenderung marginal dari kegiatan pembangunan. Mereka mengandalkan penghidupan dari hasil tangkapan laut seperti ikan, kepiting dan udang. Keberadaan hutan mangrove yang berstatus hutan lindung dan hutan produksi terbatas di sekitar perkampungan nelayan belum banyak berdampak terhadap kesejahteraan. Bahkan di tahun 2000an banyak yang memanfaatkan mangrove secara illegal untuk dibuat menjadi arang, sehingga menurunkan produktivitas tangkapan laut serta mengancam kelestarian lingkungan. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan konsep Desa Binaan USU di Pesisir Belawan ini dirancang dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan nelayan melalui pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan ekowisata hutan mangrove berbasis ekonomi masyarakat. Metoda yang digunakan LPPM USU yaitu memfasilitasi pembentukan kelembagaan wisata dengan pola kemitraan nelayan dan Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Sumatera Utara serta pelatihan pengelolaan ekowisata. Analisis potensi wisata menunjukkan hutan mangrove sangat terbuka untuk dikembangkan menjadi ekowisata di Pesisir Belawan. Pengelolaan ekowisata diharapkan menjadi pintu akses masyarakat terhadap pemanfaatan hutan mangrove secara legal serta adanya alternatif penghidupan yang berkelanjutan.

Currently, the global economy is shaken by the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results of the preliminary study at the partner's location, it has economic limitations, including the availability of food supply which has an impact on non-productive communities, including farmers and tenant farmers around Taman Asoka Asri Housing, Tanjung Selamet, Medan Tuntungan, Medan, North Sumatra. All activities that will be carried out by the USU PPM proposing team will of course follow and pay attention to the Covid-19 prevention protocol. The implementation of this community service is carried out in the vicinity of the Taman Asoka Asri Housing, so the activity plan that will be carried out is the use of rice fields for farmers and cultivators in the environment around the Taman Asoka Asri Housing. The area of ​​paddy rice fields managed by smallholders around the Taman Asoka Asri Complex, Tanjung Selamet, Medan Tuntung, Medan an average of 2,725 m2 (0.2725 ha). Rice field management areas that have been successfully managed by partners have become productive areas that can increase income and profits for smallholders.

Rambey R, Susilowati A, Rangkuti AB, Onrizal O, Desrita, Ardhi R, Hartanto A. 2021. Plant diversity, structure and composition of vegetation around Barumun Watershed, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3250-3256. Watershed ecosystem plays an important role in water and soil conservation which is supported by vegetation around watershed. As such, vegetation analysis is beneficial to assess the current state of watershed vegetation and monitor future changes. Barumun Watershed, located in South Labuhanbatu District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, is under threat due to habitat degradation and land conversion for plantation and agriculture. This research aimed to investigate the diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in the Barumun River including its smaller streams (rivulets). Data were collected using a combination of line transect and quadratic plots arranged systematically. The total observation plots were 48 plots, consisting of 24 plots in Barumun River, 12 plots in Tasik Rivulet and 12 plots in Titi Kembar Rivulet. The results documented a total of 51 plants in the studied sites in Barumun Watershed in which 37 species were found in Barumun River, 20 species in Tasik Rivulet and 17 species in the Titi Kembar Rivulet. Plant species consisted of several habitus including herbs, palms, shrubs, climbers and trees. The trees consisted of 22 species (43.13%), herbs 22 species (43.13%), climbers 3 species (5.88%), shrubs two species (3.92%), and palm two species (3.92%). The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) for tree community was recorded in the Barumun River from Hevea brasiliensis (108.28), followed by Cryptocarya sp. (123.24) in the Titi Kembar Rivulet. In addition, the highest IVI for pole, sapling, seedling, and shrub was recorded from Muntingia calabura (Barumun River), Nauclea orientalis (Tasik Rivulet), Psychotria viridiflora (Tasik Rivulet), and Calamus axillaris (Titi Kembar Rivulet), respectively. The plant diversity in Barumun Watershed was categorized from low to moderate level of richness.

Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) learned the process of building nests from their mothers and started building nests around the age of 0.5 years. Orangutan nests have the most intricate arrangement of other primate nests. Orangutans built the nest as a place to rest, play, and protect themselves from predators and insect bites such as mosquitoes. Orangutan nests have different locations tailored to the needs and context of the nest trees. The shape of the nest and the position of the nest usually have differences due to differences in sex, age level, and body weight. The research had conducted at the Jantho Orangutan Reintroduction (JOR) Station, Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Province. It had carried out from January to August 2021. The research method used is purposive sampling. The selected transects are existing (permanent) with FB, RI, and IS coding, which is part of mammalian transects scattered in the Jantho Pine Forest Nature Reserve. Observations were carried out as many as two repetitions in different months. The results showed several classes and nest positions found at the JOR Station. The nest classes found were 1, 2, and 3, while the others were not found. Nests in position 2 were the most founded at the study site, and position 5 was not found. It indicates no orangutan at the study site liked to play on the ground. This study gets four nest shapes, namely single round, flat oval, tiered, and irregularly widened

The Forest areas of Dolok Sipirok Nature Reserve (DSNR) and Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve (DBNR) are part of Batang Toru forest landscape which is also the habitat of some protected and endangered wildlife such as Tapanuli orangutans (Pongo tapanuliensis). However, the forest has continued to experience widespread pressure and degradation or reduction, mainly due to forest conversion. Therefore, it is very notable to assess the composition of forest vegetation of DSNR and DBNR considering their very important role for the survival of the Tapanuli orangutan populations. The composition of forest vegetation in this research is known by vegetation analysis. The method vegetation analysis used is line transect. The length of the line transect is 1000 m which consists of 10 plots of each transect with a distance between plots of 100 m. Measurements are carried out on the growth rate of seedlings, saplings, poles and trees. Furthermore, the processing of vegetation analysis data is carried out to find out the Important Value Index (IVI), diversity index (H’), evenness (E) and richness (d) of vegetation species in the research area. The results showed that the composition of orangutan habitat vegetation in DSNR consisted of 107 species from 39 families, while DBNR forest consisted of 117 species from 45 families. Tree Syzygium sp1. species consistently have the highest IVI scores at all forest vegetation growth rates of both reserves. The diversity, evenness and richness of DBNR forest vegetation species tends to be higher than DSNR forest.

The Tapanuli orangutan survives today in less than 1,200 km of rainforest in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, in an area known as Batang Toru, where it was scientifically discovered in 1997. Teeming with endangered fauna and flora, the Batang Toru forest has been partially felled and fragmented and parts of the remainder allocated to agriculture, mining, hydropower and geothermal-energy production. The Tapanuli orangutan is estimated to number just 767 individuals, divided among three subpopulations. Its total remaining habitat 10 is merely a tenth the size of Sydney, Australia.

Sampai saat ini upaya penangkaran trenggiling (Manis javanica) sangat terbatas, padahal ancaman kepunangan sangat tinggi akibat perburuan dan perdagangan ilegal serta kerusakan habitat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun strategi penangkaran trenggiling dalam upaya mempelajari perilaku trenggiling di penangkaran. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara penangkaran di kandang satwa liar yang dimodifikasi, diberikan pakan dan dicatat perilakunya. Trenggiling yang ditangkarkan berasal dari hasil sitaan dari masyarakat dan penyerahan Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BBKSDA) Sumatera Utara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa trenggiling merupakan (a) satwa yang sulit beradaptasi dengan lingkungan baru, (b) satwa yang memiliki tingkat stress yang tinggi apabila berdekatan dengan manusia, (c) satwa sangat rentan terhadap penyakit, terutama flu pada lingkungan yang baru, (d) satwa yang menyukai sarang semut dari alam untuk konsumsinya dibandingkan dengan kroto atau lainnya. Oleh karena itu, untuk membudidayakan trenggiling di penangkaran diperlukan (a) bibit yang berasal dari kondisi fisik habitat yang sama, (b) pemeliharaan kesehatan harus intensif, (c) kandang menggunakan tembok dan pagar besi dengan lantai tanah dan (d) ketersediaan air yang cukup serta (e) pemberian pakan pada tahap pemeliharaan awal (1-2 bulan) sebaiknya menggunakan sarang semut yang diambil dari alam. The efforts of capturing pangolin (Manis javanica) are very limited so far, even though the threat of extinction is very high due to hunting, illegal trade, and habitat destruction. This study aims to develop a pangolin breeding strategy in an effort to study anteater behavior in captivity. The study was carried out by capturing the cage of modified wildlife, feeding and recording behavior. The anteater that is anchored from confiscated products from the community and the surrender of the Center for Natural Resources Conservation (BBKSDA), North Sumatra. The results showed that anteater was (a) an animal that is difficult to adapt to a new environment, (b) animals that have a high level of stress when close to humans, (c) animals were very susceptible to diseases, especially flu in new environments, (d ) animals that like ant nests from nature to consume compared to others. Therefore, to cultivate anteaters in captivity it is necessary (a) seedlings originating from the same physical condition of habitat, (b) health care must be intensive, (c) cages using iron walls and fences with soil floors and (d) availability of water enough and (e) feeding in the initial maintenance stage (1-2 months) should use ant nests taken from nature.

Hutan mangrove telah diketahui memiliki peran penting sebagai penyangga kehidupan kawasan pantai dan mata rantai penghubung ekosistem daratan dan ekosistem laut. Namun demikian tekanan terhadap lanskap hutan mangrove dirasakan semakin besar tiap tahunnya dalam bentuk deforestasi. Pemanfaatan citra satelit resolusi tinggi dari Google Earth dapat digunakan untuk kegiatan monitoring lanskap hutan mangrove dalam skala yang lebih detail. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi deforestasi serta kesesuaian pola peruntukan ruang pada lanskap hutan mangrove di Percut Sei Tuan pada periode tahun 2011 - 2016. Pendekatan metodelogi yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan post classificaion comparism dengan metode on screen pada citra satelit dari google earth. Hasil penelitian menunjukan besarnya laju deforestasi pada lanskap hutan mangrove sebesar 77,43ha atau sebesar 15,43 ha/tahun. Penggunaan lahan pada lanskap hutan mangrove di Percut Sei Tuan pada tahun 2011 dan 2016 tidak sesuai dengan peruntukan lahan sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Mangrove forests have been known to have an important role as a buffer to the life of coastal areas and links to land ecosystems and marine ecosystems. However, the pressure on the landscape of mangrove forests is greater each year in the form of deforestation. The use of high-resolution satellite imagery from Google Earth can be used to monitor the landscape of mangrove forests on a more detailed scale. This study aims to identify deforestation and the suitability of space designation patterns in the mangrove forest landscape in Percut Sei Tuan in the period 2011 - 2016. The methodological approach used is to use post classificaion comparism with on-screen methods on satellite images from Google Earth. The results showed that the rate of deforestation in the mangrove forest landscape was 77.43 ha or 15.43 ha / year. Land use in the mangrove forest landscape in Percut Sei Tuan in 2011 and 2016 is not in accordance with the land allotment as stated in the Deli Serdang Regency Spatial Plan.

Hutan mangrove merupakan sumber daya lahan basah yang berfungsi sebagai penyangga kehidupan. Namun demikian, dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, hutan mangrove banyak yang rusak atau hilang, terutama akibat konversi mangrove menjadi lahan tambak. Kegiatan restorasi mangrove pada lahan bekas tambak telah mulai dilakukan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur pemulihan jenis-jenis mangrove melalui kegiatan restorasi mangrove pada lahan bekas tambak serta mengetahui komposisi jenis hutan mangrove hasil restorasi dimaksud di pesisir timur Sumatera Utara. Sebanyak 30 plot contoh yang masing masing berukuran 10 m x 10 m telah dibangun di setiap umur tegakan (5-9 tahun) dan hutan sekunder. Seluruh pohon yang berdiameter (DBH) ≥ 2 cm di dalam plot contoh diidentifikasi dan diukur diamaternya. Secara keseluruhan, terdapat 14 jenis mangrove pada seluruh plot contoh atau setara dengan 42,42% dari seluruh jenis tumbuhan mangrove sejati yang terdapat di Indonesia. Dengan demikian, restorasi mangrove mampu memulihkan keanekaragaman jenis mangrove, sehingga restorasi mangrove pada lahan bekas tambak perlu dipromosikan dalam upaya mengembalikan berbagai fungsi mangrove bagi ketahanan masyarakat dan sumberdaya pesisir. Mangrove forest is a wetland resource that serves as a buffer zone. However, in the past few decades, many mangrove forests have been damaged or converted, mainly into ponds. To address such a problem, mangrove restoration activities have begun in recent years. This research aims to measure the recovery of mangrove species on ex-pond land and indicate the type of mangrove forest composition through the mangrove restoration activities in North Sumatra. A total of 30 sample plots, with 10 m x 10 m size each, have been built at each stand age (5-9 years) and secondary forests. All trees with a diameter (DBH) ≥ 2 cm in the sample plot are identified and measured. The results show that overall, there are 14 types of mangroves in all sample plots, equivalent to 42.42% of all pure mangrove species in Indonesia. Therefore, it can be concluded that the activities can restore the diversity of mangrove species, so that needs to be promoted as an effort to restore the various functions of mangroves to resilience the community and coastal resources.

Melia azedarach L. is one of the fast growing spesies which is potential to be develoved in community forest. This species is found to ocuppy most agroforestry lands in Selaawi Village (Garut, West Java). Based on interview with community that there are two types small fruit mindi and big fruit mindi. Microsatelit marker were used to assess the genetic variation. The results showed that the genetic variation of mindi in Selaawi Village was high ranging from He 0,379 – 0,439.

To date, performance of the management of Indonesian production forests are discouraging. The concession areas, timber production and employment have been decreasing over time. concern on these matter and to improve management, a research was conducted for six years (2008-2013) and resulted in recommendations to implement the Multi-System of Silviculture (MSS) systems. Two products were generated in MSS; criteria and indicator to guide the selection of appropriate silvicultural system and supersilvik, a model to develop the best business plans. This paper evaluates and strengthens the recommendations through the simulation of MSS products in PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber (Sarpatim), Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Various data variables were used, such as thematic maps of forest areas, data of stand, materials, equipments, labors, finances and incomes. Data were processed in a variety of formulations which were connected to each other in model systems to produce a variety of outcomes, such as production, finance, employment and tax contributions. Results offer four options to improve PT. Sarpatim performance, one of which is the best choice. Compared to the former business model under limited silvicultural systems, MSS projected an increase in the use of land, timber production and employment by 151-753%. Implementing MSS will provide a better and healthier finance for company with an increase of NPV up to 193%; as well as for government tax revenues with an increase up to 308%. This MSS case study strongly suggests using the new theory that the management of production forests is a land and plant-based enterprises, which should put the land as the major capital and silvicultural aspects as the driving engine for production. The policy makers should be able to use these results as a reference in implementing MSS widely as part of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practices.

Every year, the use of natural compounds for the treatment of various diseases tend to increases. Traditional medicine derived from plants has long been used by the people of Indonesia. Despite significant advancement of modern medicine, medicinal plants have become the preferred alternative option for many tribes in Indonesia. The goals of this study were to (1) identify the medicinal plant species used in Asam Jawa Village, Torgamba District, South Labuhanbatu Regency, (2) identify the purpose of using each medicinal plant, (3) identify the part of the plant used, and (4) determine how to process and use each medicinal plant. This research method employs in-depth interviews with key respondents as well as the snowball sampling method for determining respondents. The findings revealed that the villagers of Asam Jawa Village utilized 40 different species of medicinal plants. The species were classified into 26 families. The most of families are originated from the Zingiberaceae family, which consist of five species (12.5%) Based on the therapy purpose, the species used for fever, cough, stomach pain, diarrhea, gout, cholesterol, itching medicine, backache medicine, anti-inflammatory, and others.

The Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) is the most threatened great ape species in the world. It is restricted to an area of about 1,000 km2 of upland forest where fewer than 800 animals survive in three declining subpopulations. Through a historical ecology approach involving analysis of newspaper, journals, books and museum records from the early 1800s to 2009, we demonstrate that historically Pongo tapanuliensis inhabited a much larger area, and occurred across a much wider range of habitat types and at lower elevations than now. Its current Extent of Occurrence is 2.5% and 5.0% of the historical range in the 1890s and 1940s respectively. A combination of historical fragmentation of forest habitats, mostly for small-scale agriculture, and unsustainable hunting likely drove various populations to the south, east and west of the current population to extinction. This happened prior to the industrial-scale forest conversion that started in the 1970s. Our findings indicate how sensitive P. tapanuliensis is to the combined effects of habitat fragmentation and unsustainable take-off rates. Saving this species will require prevention of any further fragmentation and killings or other removal of animals from the remaining population. Without concerted action to achieve this, the remaining populations of P. tapanuliensis are doomed to become extinct within several orangutan generations.

Indonesia as part of Pacific Ring of Fire is vulnerable to natural disasters, such as tsunami. In the last few decades, the tsunamis, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2018 Palu tsunami, the 2018 Sunda strait tsunami and others, have claimed enormous human causalities and destruction of coastal resources. The tsunami events are without adequate early warning. After the 2004 Aceh tsunami, various friendly countries helped Indonesia by providing tsunami early detection devices, called buoys. However, these tools have not functioned since the last few years due to the high cost of maintenance or the equipment has been lost. It should be noted that the local wisdom of community in Simeulue Island off the west coast of Aceh, called Smong has been able to minimize the impact of tsunamis, where almost no human lives were lost during the Indian Ocean tsunami. Subsequently, the good and dense mangroves have been proven to be able to protect coastal areas and reduce the impact of tsunamis. Based on literature studies, the geodetic (GPS) networks can accurately detect tsunamis. On the other hand, Indonesia already has hundreds of geodetic networks in coastal areas that can be developed for tsunami early warning. This geodetic technology is not only accurate but also inexpensive. Therefore, the geodetic technology can replace the use of buoys. Finally, to minimize the impact of tsunami, this study suggests (1) to implement education of environmental interpretation widely in coastal areas, (2) to restore the degraded mangroves, (3) to conserve the good mangrove, and (4) to develop the geodetic technology as early warning system.

Landsat images of USGS as satellite imagery cover almost the entire surface of the earth, including Singkil Swamp Wildlife Reserve (SSWR) area in Aceh. Due to human and natural activities, vegetation conditions, such as vegetation cover density will be change. This study aimed to assess changes in vegetation density or density index (NDVI) at SSWR area, Aceh using Landsat images during period of 1998-2018. Remote sensing (RS) technology and geographic information system (GIS) were used to detect changes NDVI during the period. The result showed that the overall accuracy was 89.8% and kappa accuracy is 87.4% that it means the result can be used in detecting changes in NDVI. In the last 2 decades, the highest dense of vegetation class already decreased from 98.68% (1998) into 37.51% (2018) mostly due to human activities, such as illegal logging and land conversion. Therefore, the quality of SSWR as conservation area during the period was decreasing. Subsequently, the appropriate management and habitat restoration are needed to guarantee the ecosystem functions and services.

Agroforestry is a land-use pattern that combines crops in one land with spatial and temporal arrangements. This study aims (1) to identify the species components of agroforestry, (2) to analysis the species diversity in agroforestry, and (3) to calculate the benefits of species in agroforestry for the community around Tanjung Botung Village. Based on the results in this research, it is known that there are 33 species of plants found in agroforestry land which consists of 19 families. To determine the type that dominates the growth rate, it is seen from the value of the Important Value Index. The highest IVI level was in the shurbs level namely Elaeis guineensis (56.67), in the seedling level namely Hevea brasiliensis (83.57), in the sapling level namely Durio zibethinus (38.37), in the pole level namely Hevea brasiliensis (68.04) and in tree level namely Hevea brasiliensis (99.69). To find out the level of species diversity was calculated using the Shannon-Wiener Index (H’). From the results of the study, it was concluded that the value of species diversity ranged from 1.63 to 2.35, meaning that the value of species diversity (H’) for all growth levels was categorized as moderate.

Significance Identifying and explaining regional differences in tropical forest dynamics, structure, diversity, and composition are critical for anticipating region-specific responses to global environmental change. Floristic classifications are of fundamental importance for these efforts. Here we provide a global tropical forest classification that is explicitly based on community evolutionary similarity, resulting in identification of five major tropical forest regions and their relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. African and American forests are grouped, reflecting their former western Gondwanan connection, while Indo-Pacific forests range from eastern Africa and Madagascar to Australia and the Pacific. The connection between northern-hemisphere Asian and American forests is confirmed, while Dry forests are identified as a single tropical biome., Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.

Indonesia is one of the largest spice-producing countries in the world. Forests in Indonesia have biodiversity that holds the potential for spices which must always be protected. Community gardens in Tanjung Botung Village in various land-use patterns such as agroforestry gardens, people’s yards are a place to grow various types of spices, both grown wild and deliberat1ely cultivated. This study aims to determine the species of spices and their uses in Tanjung Botung Village, Barumun District, North Sumatra. The research method was carried out by in-depth interviews with 20 respondents of local communities. The respondents were chosen by snowball sampling method. There are 33 species of spice plants used by the community, consisting of 13 (39.4%) tree species and 20 (60.6%) herbs. Part of plant used, namely 18 species of fruit (54%), six species of leaves (18%), three species of rhizome (9%), two species of bark (6%), two species of tubers (6%) and stem of a species (1%).

The Sibolangit Nature Park area is one of the Nature Parks in North Sumatra which has various types of diverse plants ranging from understorey, epiphytes and various endemic tree species. The purpose of this study was to see the diversity of understorey species found in the Sibolangit Nature Park and its benefits. The results showed that there were 27 types of understorey plants from 18 families. Based on the family, the most commonly found were the Araceae family, namely 6 species (22.22%) and Zingiberaceae (11.11%). The understorey has the potential for medicinal plants, ornamental plants, poisonous plants, etc. The results showed that there were 15 species (55.5%) which were included in the category of ornamental plants, 7 species (25.92%) were included in medicinal plants, 1 species of poisonous plants (3.70%), 1 species of spice plants (3,70%), and 1 species (3.70%) protected plants and 2 species (7.40%) could not be explained scientifically. A protected and endangered plant species is Amorphophallus titanum

Mangrove forests are important for the productivity of estuary ecosystems, including diversity and population of coastal biota because of their contribution through the fall of litter so that mangroves as the first chain of tropical chains on the coast. Most of marine biota species are thought to be highly dependent on mangrove areas from west to east tropical region. About 70% of fish caught were only found in mangrove forests that were still good. The fish population and species in healthy mangroves were 159-234% and 116-129% greater than mangrove forests that have been degraded, respectively. The loss and degradations of mangroves also causes fishermen income to decrease. Therefore, the healthy mangrove should be maintained with properly management as well as the degraded mangrove should be restored based on scientific basis. Conserving and restoring mangroves are becoming a very productive investment, not only for the present generation, but also for future generations.