Search

Purpose: This study examines the temporal dynamics shaping our understanding of search in education and the role language plays in legitimising these dynamics. It critiques the way online search is discursively constructed using home-education as a case study, and problematises how particular discourses are privileged, whom this privileging serves, as well as the likely consequences. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs Faircloughian Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as its methodological framework. Search and discursive practices were recorded during observations, search-tasks and interviews with five Australian home-educating families. Discursive features from the Google interface were also analysed. Findings: A discursive privileging of hasty search practices was identified. This was found alongside largely ineffectual search, but participants continued to discursively represent search as fast and easy. The study highlights the complex co-option of discourses surrounding online search that privilege particular temporal and commercial landscapes. Originality/value: This study contributes new knowledge regarding time as a context for understanding search behaviours, locating the perception of temporal scarcity in education within broader discursive and social structures. To date, no studies are found which investigate the temporal factors surrounding search in home-education. Increasing global reliance upon online search means the findings have broad significance, as does the proliferation of home-education induced by COVID-19. Additionally, while much work problematises the power search engines wield to privilege certain discourses, few investigate the day-to-day discursive practices of searchers affording Google and others this power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Nursing & Midwifery is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractObjectiveMethodResultsConclusionsThe current study examined how college students search online for mental health information and the impact of these searches on mental health literacy, stigma, and help-seeking.Undergraduate participants (N = 270; Fall 2015 to Spring 2019) were randomly assigned to search online for information about coping with anxiety for themselves or a friend (experimental activity), or to utilize Google Maps to answer navigational questions (control).Participants who conducted an online search demonstrated greater mental health literacy including optimism about psychotherapy, and lower levels of certain types of stigma, but lower willingness to seek/recommend professional help. Participants were more likely to recommend professional help for a friend compared to themselves.Online searches for mental health information have the potential to increase mental health literacy. Universities can harness the Internet to reduce help-seeking barriers but should also address when it is appropriate to engage in self-help versus seek professional help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an ethical analysis of online steering, the practice of personalizing search results in e-commerce based on data about users. We first outline the parallels and differences between online steering and price discrimination, arguing that online steering is more likely to benefit consumers and enhance social welfare than price discrimination. Next, we argue that while online steering does not violate any plausible specification of the equal-treatment norm, it involves an element of manipulation that is absent in price discrimination and that by itself raises ethical concerns regardless of the welfare effects of online steering. We conclude that in order to address these ethical concerns, online steering needs to satisfy a transparency condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented shift towards online learning, compelling university students worldwide to engage in self-directed learning within remote environments. Despite the increasing importance of online education, the factors driving students' motivation for self-directed online learning, particularly those involving economic incentives, have not been thoroughly explored. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing large-scale data collected from 19,023 university students across China during the pandemic. Using mixed Bayesian networks and multigroup structural equation modeling, the study explores the complex relationships between personal characteristics, academic characteristics, the academic environment, and students' motivation for self-directed online learning. The results reveal significant associations between online self-directed learning motivation and personal characteristics. such as gender and age, academic characteristics, such as education level and learning incentives, and the geographic location of the school within the academic environment. Moreover, the causal relationship between school location and online self-directed learning motivation varies by gender and educational level. This research not only provides new empirical support for the theoretical framework of online learning motivation but also contributes to the broader fields of educational psychology and online learning research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rapid technological developments have increased the search for health-related information on the internet. It has also affected nurses, who have high concerns about diseases due to the nature of their profession. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between nurses’ cyberchondria levels and health anxiety and the influencing factors. Method: Health anxiety inventory and cyberchondria severity scale were used as data collection tools in this study conducted with 388 nurses working in a state hospital in Turkey. The t-test, One-Way ANOVA, correlation, and logistic regression analyses were used in the data analysis. Results: It was determined that the total score of the nurses on the health anxiety scale was 26.34±2.66 and the total mean score of the nurses on the cyberchondria severity scale was 34.92±3.77. A high positive correlation was found between cyberchondria and health anxiety (ρ=0.986; p=0.013). It was found that demographic variables significantly predicted cyberchondria scale scores and health anxiety. Conclusion: Because of the analysis, it was determined that the health anxiety and cyberchondria severity of the nurses participating in the study were moderate. It is thought that nurses’ professional knowledge and awareness of diseases increase their health anxiety, and they conduct more research on health problems via the internet. Considering the prevalence of internet use today, it is recommended to plan in-service training on internet literacy for nurses.

Market structure maps spatially represent competitive relationships among brands and products. In these maps, each product is typically visualized in a single map location. Such visualization, however, does not adequately accommodate multimarket membership products (MMPs), which are products that compete in multiple submarkets that are each characterized by distinct competitors and consumer preferences. The author proposes a novel framework that accommodates MMPs by visualizing products in the local context of each submarket in which they compete. This framework is then used to study market structure in the digital camera market. Competitive relationships are inferred from consumers' online searches using bootstrapped neural product embedding. The research shows that 8% of cameras are MMPs and that 50% of all submarkets are affected by MMPs. The map generated with the proposed framework uncovers mismatches between manufacturer positioning and consumer perception of several cameras. An extensive comparison of the proposed framework with alternative mapping methods reveals that (1) commonly used mapping methods misrepresent MMPs' competitive positions in their maps and (2) ignoring MMPs can lead to distorted visualizations of the underlying market structure. Both problems compromise firms' abilities to accurately assess products' competitive positions and evaluate the effectiveness of their positioning strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly assumed that personalization technologies used by Google for the purpose of tailoring search results for individual users create filter bubbles, which reinforce users' political views. Surprisingly, empirical evidence for a personalization-induced filter bubble has not been forthcoming. Here, we investigate whether filter bubbles may result instead from a searcher's choice of search queries. In the first experiment, participants rated the left-right leaning of 48 queries (search strings), 6 for each of 8 topics (abortion, benefits, climate change, sex equality, immigration, nuclear family, Islam, and taxation). An independent sample of participants were then asked to select one of these queries for each of the 8 topics. With the exception of the topic of Islam, participants were significantly more likely to select a query corresponding to their own political leaning, compared to other queries, explaining between 12% and 39% of the variance. A second experiment investigated the effect of the political leaning of the same queries on the overall political leaning of Search Engine Result Pages (SERPs) in Google Search. The top six results of each SERP were rated collectively by a third group of participants, explaining 36.3% of the variance across all 48 search terms (p <.00001). That is, (1) participants in our experiments tended to select own-side search queries, and (2) using those queries tended to yield own-side search results when using the Google search engine. Our results are consistent with the notion of a self-imposed filter bubble in which query selection plays a salient role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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IntroductionTicks and pathogens they carry seriously impact human and animal health, with some diseases like Lyme and Alpha-gal syndrome posing risks. Searching for health information online can change people’s health and preventive behaviors, allowing them to face the tick risks. This study aimed to predict the potential risks of tickborne diseases by examining individuals’ online search behavior.MethodsBy scrutinizing the search trends across various geographical areas and timeframes within the United States, we determined outdoor activities associated with potential risks of tick-related diseases. Google Trends was used as the data collection and analysis tool due to its accessibility to big data on people’s online searching behaviors. We interact with vast amounts of population search data and provide inferences between population behavior and health-related phenomena. Data were collected in the United States from April 2022 to March 2023, with some terms about outdoor activities and tick risks.Results and DiscussionResults highlighted the public’s risk susceptibility and severity when participating in activities. Our results found that searches for terms related to tick risk were associated with the five-year average Lyme Disease incidence rates by state, reflecting the predictability of online health searching for tickborne disease risks. Geographically, the results revealed that the states with the highest relative search volumes for tick-related terms were predominantly located in the Eastern region. Periodically, terms can be found to have higher search records during summer. In addition, the results showed that terms related to outdoor activities, such as “corn maze,” “hunting,” “u-pick,” and “park,” have moderate associations with tick-related terms. This study provided recommendations for effective communication strategies to encourage the public’s adoption of health-promoting behaviors. Displaying warnings in the online search results of individuals who are at high risk for tick exposure or collaborating with outdoor activity locations to disseminate physical preventive messages may help mitigate the risks associated with tickborne diseases.

Purpose: The development of e-commerce and online shopping has given rise to emerging concepts of consumer behavior, including webrooming. Due to the novelty of the concept of webrooming in this study, an attempt has been made to provide a conceptual framework to explain this behavior and the factors affecting its formation.Method: In this regard, a field survey study was conducted by distributing questionnairy among a sample consisting of 384 gold and jewelry customers in Tehran. The questionnaires consisting of 9 dimensions and 38 items were distributed among the members of the statistical sample after ensuring reliability and validity. Data analysis along with partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used.Findings: According to the results, the benefits of online and offline channels have a significant impact on webrooming attitude; It was also discovered that attitude, perceived risk, anticipated regret, subjective norms and behavioral control have a significant impact on behavioral inclination and webrooming.Conclusion: The results of goodness of fit showed that the proposed model in this research has a good validity and fit. Given that webrooming has a negative impact on online sales; the results help online retailers mitigate this phenomenon by targeting webrooming antecedents.

As consumers move through their decision journey, they adopt different goals (e.g., transactional vs. informational). In this research, the authors propose that consumer goals can be detected through textual analysis of online search queries and that both marketers and consumers can benefit when paid search results and advertisements match consumer search–related goals. In bridging construal level theory and textual analysis, the authors show that consumers at different stages of the decision journey tend to assume different levels of mental construal, or mindsets (i.e., abstract vs. concrete). They find evidence of a fluency-driven matching effect in online search such that when consumer mindsets are more abstract (more concrete), consumers generate textual search queries that use more abstract (more concrete) language. Furthermore, they are more likely to click on search engine results and ad content that matches their mindset, thereby experiencing more search satisfaction and perceiving greater goal progress. Six empirical studies, including a pilot study, a survey, three lab experiments, and a field experiment involving over 128,000 ad impressions provide support for this construal matching effect in online search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The user's intent to seek online information has been an active area of research in user profiling. User profiling considers user characteristics, behaviors, activities, and preferences to sketch user intentions, interests, and motivations. Determining user characteristics can help capture implicit and explicit preferences and intentions for effective user-centric and customized content presentation. The user's complete online experience in seeking information is a blend of activities such as searching, verifying, and sharing it on social platforms. However, a combination of multiple behaviors in profiling users has yet to be considered. This research takes a novel approach and explores user intent types based onmultidimensional online behavior in information acquisition. This research explores information search, verification, and dissemination behavior and identifies diverse types of users based on their online engagement using machine learning. The research proposes a generic user profile template that explains the user characteristics based on the internet experience and uses it as ground truth for data annotation. User feedback is based on online behavior and practices collected by using a survey method. The participants include both males and females fromdifferent occupation sectors and different ages. The data collected is subject to feature engineering, and the significant features are presented to unsupervised machine learning methods to identify user intent classes or profiles and their characteristics. Different techniques are evaluated, and the K-Mean clustering method successfully generates five user groups observing different user characteristics with an average silhouette of 0.36 and a distortion score of 1136. Feature average is computed to identify user intent type characteristics. The user intent classes are then further generalized to create a user intent template with an Inter-Rater Reliability of 75%. This research successfully extracts different user types based on their preferences in online content, platforms, criteria, and frequency. The study also validates the proposed template on user feedback data through Inter-Rater Agreement process using an external human rater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We design a set of satisficing heuristic algorithms that mimic the online information retrieval behavior of rational decision makers (DMs) as reflected in their click through rates (CTRs). We illustrate how basic heuristic algorithms formalizing binary decision trees composed by 21 nodes and requiring DMs to observe one satisficing alternative lack the structural capacity to characterize the retrieval process. The algorithm requiring DMs to observe two satisficing alternatives –formalizing binary decision trees composed by 111 nodes – provides a sufficient approximation to their CTRs. Adding a third alternative – accounting for 351 nodes – delivers an almost identical set of CTRs to those displayed by DMs. The mimicking quality of the heuristic algorithms prevails as alternatives are added up to include the ten ranked within the first page of search results, incorporating 2,047 nodes to formalize the corresponding retrieval process. The set of algorithms bridges the gap between purely rational decision theory and heuristic behavior, illustrating how the CTRs observed can be generated by rational DMs performing a sequential search process while aiming to observe two or three satisficing alternatives. The decision-tree algorithmic structures presented are sufficiently malleable to introduce any potential modification to the beliefs and preferences of DMs and study its consequences in terms of CTRs.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the contents and readability levels of informational texts about lateral epicondylitis (LE) on Turkish websites. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we performed online searches using the Turkish terms for 'lateral epicondylitis' and 'tennis elbow' on the Google, Yandex, and Yahoo search engines on May 8, 2022, and recorded the first ten pages of each search result. We classified the websites according to their sources. Group 1 was classified as websites prepared by private hospitals or medical centers, Group 2 as individual websites of orthopedic or physical therapists, and Group 3 as non-profit websites providing general health information that did not fall into the first two groups. Two reviewers analyzed the websites based on the website interface and the scoring for the LE content. Results: Among the 89 analyzed websites, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding Ateşman Readability Index scores. Group 1 got the highest score in terms of website content, closely followed by Group 2. The website content score of Group 3 was significantly lower than the other two groups (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The readability level of the texts on the informational Turkish websites related to LE is above the education level of our country. Further studies should be carried out on the propagation of internet accreditation systems, which aim to increase the reliability of the information on websites, also for Turkish websites. Accordingly, the development of future LE-related websites should comply with evidence-based guidelines and be written at an appropriate level to ensure the availability of reliable and understandable information for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot study explored effects of hearing loss on deaf children's reading comprehension in an online context. Eighteen deaf secondary students, ages 12–14 years (11 with British Sign Language as their dominant language, seven with English as their dominant language) engaged in an online research comprehension task. Six age-matched hearing spoken language bilingual students served as a comparison group. All participants were identified as confident readers by their teachers. Participants were asked to "think aloud" during an online search task to provide insights into their strategies. Additionally, participants completed a battery of assessments related to reading comprehension, vocabulary, non-verbal IQ, and working memory. Overall results showed similar use of strategies across all students. Strategies applied by the most skilled readers involved drawing on prior knowledge sources, e.g. informational websites or search engines, prior knowledge of the topic, and taking the time to read and evaluate website headings before deciding which one to use as source. Participants also made use of working memory skills. Findings highlight the importance of teaching online search and evaluation skills as part of the reading curriculum in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article documents how informational and emotional appeals in more than 2,000 television ads for 144 car models, aired over four years, influence online search and sales. Increasing the emotional content of ads leads to increases in online search, but increasing the informational content does not. Both informational and emotional content positively influence sales. However, increases in informational content lead to more incremental sales for low-price and low-quality cars than for high-price and high-quality cars. In turn, increases in emotional content generate more incremental sales for high-price cars than for low-price cars. Analyses of the results suggest that managers of high-price and high-quality cars should prioritize emotional rather than informational content in ads. However, managers of low-price and low-quality cars should emphasize emotional content if their objective is to increase online search and informational content if their objective is to increase sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of investors' online searching on the pricing efficiency of the capital market from the perspective of stock price synchronization. Using the Chinese firms listed in the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2013 to 2019, we find that the more investors' online searches there are, the less serious the stock price synchronization issue is. Consistent with the notion that online search facilitates the inclusion of more company-specific information in stock prices, we find that the effect of investors' online searching on weakening the company's stock price synchronization is more pronounced for companies with worse stock liquidity and higher separation of control rights and cash flow rights. Moreover, we demonstrate that investors' online searching can weaken stock price synchronization by reducing irrational herding behavior. A further examination of the herding behavior of different investors reveals that online searching mainly plays a role in reducing the herding behavior of individual investors. Collectively, these results indicate that online searching is important for investors to gain greater access to valuable information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using earthquake as an example, I investigate how risk perception affects household consumption with China Urban Household Survey data and Baidu index dataset. The empirical results show that consumption expenditure per capita drops by 25.2 yuan as the local search index of "earthquake" keyword increases by one standard deviation unit. These findings generally support the precautionary savings hypothesis. I also find media coverage of earthquake-related information drives the rise of the search index and the fall of household consumption. The results suggest that disaster events can seriously distort household consumption behaviors, and the economic costs of social panic can be even higher than the direct loss of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital age has normalized amateur sleuthing. Despite the fact that searching online for information about patients clashes with the analytic ideal, many of us google our patients. Dynamically speaking, what lies behind these searches? Certainly, the act of searching represents a premature foreclosure of imagination; it inevitably changes the relational matrix. It often conceals an unconscious communication that the analyst has not been able to acknowledge or examine. Internet searches can be individually or dyadically informed; in both instances, they disrupt the intimacy of the two-person relationship and our own self-experience as analysts. Even more troubling, they leave us holding secrets that breach an ethical line. This essay moves beyond the problem of boundary violations and explores how obtaining information about the other through online searches informs, enriches, and disrupts the co-created therapeutic experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metacognitive judgment of one's online search process (calibration) is an important element of searching efficiency. This study investigated Chinese university students' calibration during online information search. Fourteen students s were asked to search answers for three assigned tasks. Immediately after the search, all participants attended individual interviews about their search behavior. Based on eye-tracking data of the actual search process, three profiles of searchers were identified: surface explorers, deep explorers, and smooth searchers. Eye-tracking and retrospective interview data were analyzed to examine the participants' level of calibration. Results showed that the participants were not able to calibrate well on their searching process, with a mean score of 3.64 out of 10.0 (SD = 1.91), suggesting a mediocre level of calibration capacity. A moderate level of positive relationship (r =.42, p >.05) was also found between calibration scores and search performance scores, implying a general pattern wherein the high calibration group tended to perform better than the low calibration group. The findings called for integrating metacognitive judgment as a component of improving computer information literacy which, accordingly, could be used to enhance students' ability to think critically about seeking and evaluating information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online search for additional information is an essential element of the educational activities of modern schoolchildren. However, the factors determining its effectiveness remain understudied. The article presents the results of a study of the contribution of awareness in the subject field of online search and interest in the subject of a training assignment to the content characteristics of online search queries made by schoolchildren when they are doing simple and problem-oriented training assignments. The study involved 206 schoolchildren studying in grades 5-9 of secondary schools, including 115 girls and 91 boys. The average age of the study participants was 13.24 ±1.56 years. The study was conducted using the experimental method and the questionnaire method. The study participants were asked to sequentially find information on the Internet and do first a simple training assignment, then a problem-oriented one, and assess their interest and awareness in the subject field of the search query. Mathematical processing was carried out using the Fischer φ* criterion and Mann - Whitney U test, ANOVA, and regression analysis. As a result, it was revealed that interest in the topic of the search query is not related to its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The schoolchildren’s awareness is related to the qualitative characteristics of clarifying search queries rather than to their number. It was found that simple training assignments are more conducive to searching the Internet for ready-made solutions for their implementation. Problem-oriented training assignments are more effective for stimulating schoolchildren’s independent information search on the Internet than simple training assignments. The results of the study can be used for developing educational materials in the general educational practice.

The aim of this manuscript is to explain the incidence of cognitive and affective attitudes in the resistance to negative information circulating in the online environment about banks in Colombia. Information was collected from a sample of 282 bank users. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.25 software. The cognitive attitude was measured from the service experience scales and the affective attitude considered the brand love items. The results suggest that both cognitive and affective dimensions promote resistance to negative information, however, it is the rational component that has a stronger positive effect compared to the emotional component. It is concluded that when consumers have positive experiences in service delivery, they are reluctant to the influence of negative comments that may diminish the bank's image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although digital maternity records (DMRs) have been evaluated in the past, no previous work investigated usability or acceptance through an observational usability study. Objective: The primary objective was to assess the usability and perception of a DMR smartphone app for pregnant women. The secondary objective was to assess personal preferences and habits related to online information searching, wearable data presentation and interpretation, at-home examination, and sharing data for research purposes during pregnancy. Methods: A DMR smartphone app was developed. Key features such as wearable device integration, study functionalities (eg, questionnaires), and common pregnancy app functionalities (eg, mood tracker) were included. Women who had previously given birth were invited to participate. Participants completed 10 tasks while asked to think aloud. Sessions were conducted via Zoom. Video, audio, and the shared screen were recorded for analysis. Task completion times, task success, errors, and self-reported (free text) feedback were evaluated. Usability was measured through the System Usability Scale (SUS) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). Semistructured interviews were conducted to explore the secondary objective. Results: A total of 11 participants (mean age 34.6, SD 2.2 years) were included in the study. A mean SUS score of 79.09 (SD 18.38) was achieved. The app was rated "above average" in 4 of 6 UEQ categories. Sixteen unique features were requested. We found that 5 of 11 participants would only use wearables during pregnancy if requested to by their physician, while 10 of 11 stated they would share their data for research purposes. Conclusions: Pregnant women rely on their medical caregivers for advice, including on the use of mobile and ubiquitous health technology. Clear benefits must be communicated if issuing wearable devices to pregnant women. Participants that experienced pregnancy complications in the past were overall more open toward the use of wearable devices in pregnancy. Pregnant women have different opinions regarding access to, interpretation of, and reactions to alerts based on wearable data. Future work should investigate personalized concepts covering these aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year billions of users around the world submit trillions of queries through online search engines such as Google, Bing, Baidu, and Yandex. Over the years, aggregated and anonymized search volume data on keywords contained in all these queries have formed an epic database of human intentions that continues to expand every day. Thanks to platforms such as Google Trends, Google Ads Keyword Planner, Microsoft Advertising Keyword Planner, Baidu Index, and Yandex Wordstat, advertisers can readily assess search engine users' collective interests over time and across geographic areas to optimize their search engine marketing efforts. In this monograph, we illustrate how online search volume data, indexed or otherwise, can be leveraged as a powerful source of marketing insights for purposes beyond search engine marketing. We do so by offering a brief tutorial on Google Trends and Google Ads Keyword Planner, two popular (and free) platforms for gathering online search trend and volume data, respectively. We review prior studies that have examined the use of aggregate online search data as (1) predictors for nowcasting and forecasting, (2) dependent variables in market response modeling, and (3) proxies for otherwise hard-to-measure constructs. In each of these three areas, we provide specific examples of applications to illustrate the power and versatility of online search data. We conclude by offering several ideas for future research where we see the full potential of online search data is still to be uncovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental research on selective exposure on online platforms is generally limited by a narrow focus on specific parts of the information selection process, rather than integrating the entire sequence of user-platform interactions. The current study, focusing on online search, incorporates the entire process that stretches from formulating an initial query to finally satisfying an information need. As such, it comprehensively covers how both users and platforms exercise agency by enabling and constraining each other in progressively narrowing down the available information. During a tailored online experiment, participants are asked to search for social and political information in a fully tracked, manipulated Google Search environment. Although the results show a structural impact of varying search result rankings, users still appear to be able to tailor their information exposure to maintain their prior beliefs, hence defying that algorithmic impact. This corroborates the need to conceptually and methodologically expand online selective exposure research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at multi-robot online evacuation from unknown polygon, this paper proposed the problem of multirobot online evacuation from a regular hexagon based on the original evacuation model（triangle, square, circle）. 2 k（ k≥1） robots with wireless communication start from the same starting point, search for the exit on the regular hexagon boundary cooperatively and evacuate. The evacuation cost is the time it takes for all robots to be evacuated from the exit. This paper analyzed the efficiency of the algorithm using evacuation overhead. According to the number of robots and the initial position, when k=1, robots are initially at the regular hexagonal boundary or inside; when k>1, robots are initially at the regular hexagon boundary. This paper proposed respectively efficient online algorithms of multirobot evacuation for the above situations. It proves that increasing the number of robots has a positive significance in reducing the algorithm overhead when the starting point of the robots is the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various types of online advertising, keyword advertising brings the business to consumers' attention effectively with little effort. Extant studies on consumer search behavior and keyword advertising have paid attention to the relationship between the types of keywords and ad effectiveness. However, we remain unclear about how consumers select keywords in different stages of the purchase and how marketers can best devise advertising strategies in accordance with consumers' online purchase and search behavior. This study focuses on this unexplored issue by conducting a contextual inquiry into consumers' search and purchase behavior, their selected keywords, and their purchase process across different types of products. We base our inquiry on the "FCB grid" designed by Foote, Cone and Belding Advertising. The results show that consumers follow a certain sequence of stages, depending on the product type, as follows: (1) Learn-Learn-Feel-Do for high involvement and thinking products, (2) Feel-Learn-Do for high involvement and feeling products, (3) Do-Learn-Do for low involvement and thinking products, and (4) Do-Feel-Do stages for low involvement and feeling products. We identify the types of keywords searched in each of these stages. We also develop a planning model for keyword advertising to guide marketers bidding on appropriate keywords for various types of products. This study provides marketers and researchers with a better understanding of consumers' online buying decision process and the keywords that are searched in different stages of the process based on product types and prior product knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we investigated how 14- to 17-year-olds (n = 48) search the web for information about unsettled scientific dilemmas. In particular, we addressed to what extent adolescents' capability to appraise accurate web sources, learn, and mold informed opinions is influenced by the quality of their online search strategies, the control they exert over the online search experience, and the experience they have while searching the web for relevant factual information. Our results show that adolescents' learning resulting from independent online search was not influenced by their search strategies and was generally quite poor, although they did identify and consult the most relevant and informative web sources. Interestingly, we found that having active control over the search process enhanced participants’ learning and retention of factual information, but following the search process more passively increased their capability to reflect on, process, and elaborate on the information found on the web. This latter aspect was also positively influenced by having greater experience searching the web to perform school assignments. Taken together, these findings can inform educational practices, supporting the development and implementation of more effective interventions to empower the conscientious use and successful mastery of the pseudo-infinite information available on the web.

Using eye-tracking field experiments, we examine the dynamics underlying consumers' attention-allocation behaviors in online search, with focus on attention adjustment, attention renewal, and equilibrium seeking. In particular, we probed into how consumers' e-commerce search behaviors vary when they are exposed to an advertisement during a search and when they are not. The findings from the two separate experiments suggest that consumers' attention span decreases exponentially, instead of linearly, as they maneuver from the top to the bottom of a search result webpage. The total number of available options significantly influences the speed and pattern of attention decay. However, attention decay does not simply move in the direction of depletion but can be refreshed and renewed upon encountering attention-diverting ad stimuli. Although ad stimuli are often considered distracting and worthless, they can produce positive effects when positioned in the middle of a search results listing, where a consumer's attention resources are rejuvenated by ads. Finally, because of consumers' propensity to seek equilibrium, attention decay occurs more rapidly after, rather than before, attention renewal. We extend the literature on the mere categorization effect by investigating how ad stimuli structurally separate search choices into mental categories and diminish on-going attention decay patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Prior work shows that ads related to abortion services often feature crisis pregnancy centers instead of abortion providers. We investigated whether a change in Google's advertising policy that required advertisers to disclose whether they provided abortion services increased the proportion of ads facilitating abortion self-referral.Study Design: We used a standardized protocol to search online for abortion services before, during, and after the policy change; we performed searches in August 2016 to June 2017, June 2019, and October 2019, respectively, using Google, Bing, and Yahoo search engines. We performed searches for the 25 most populous U.S. cities and the 43 state capitals not already included. We classified up to the first 5 ads as facilitating abortion referral, hindering abortion referral, or providing neutral content. We compared search engine results using a chi-square test.Results: Among ads returned by Google, those shown after the policy change were significantly more likely to facilitate abortion self-referral (66.7% vs. 44.2%; p = 0.003) and slightly less likely to hinder abortion self-referral (33.3% vs. 40.6%; p = 0.33) compared to before the change. These findings were reversed for ads shown by Bing and Yahoo; ads returned after the change were significantly less likely to facilitate abortion self-referral (24.6% vs. 32.8%; p = 0.01) and significantly more likely to hinder self-referral (28.3% vs. 21.6%; p = 0.03) compared to before the change.Conclusion: A policy requiring advertisers to disclose whether they provide abortion services was associated with increasing the proportion of ads facilitating self-referral. Similar policies should be considered by all search engines.Implications: While the internet is a convenient source of information that individuals often use to locate abortion providers, the information may not actually lead searchers to services. Search engines should consider restricting abortion-related advertising to organizations that provide abortion services in order to ensure that individuals searching online for abortion services are able to locate services in a direct and timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching and interacting with information is one of the most fundamental behaviours of human beings – something that takes place in both online and physical environments. Yet, most studies of information interaction have focused on only one of these sides. This work aims to connect them by investigating one's information interaction behaviours in different physical and online contexts as well as different types of tasks. During Web search (online searching) and Escape Room (physical searching), 31 participants' behavioural data during web search (online searching) and escape room (physical searching) were collected through eye-tracker, web browser logs, and wearable video recorder. Analysis of the behavioural data suggests that individuals have a preferred search strategy that they adopt across different tasks and environments. The behavioural pattern, however, was found to be affected by the task type (e.g. problem searching vs exploratory search) and the way information is structured within the environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the quality and reliability of videos related to lateral epicondylitis (LE) surgery on YouTube® and to define a new scoring system that can be used to assess online information about LE. Method: To conduct the study, a search on YouTube® using the words "lateral epicondylitis surgery" and "tennis elbow surgery" was conducted on February 15, 2022. The first 100 videos that appeared upon the search were included in the study. The videos were classified based on the type of publishing source as a medical doctor, medical center, and Commercial/Medical media agency. Two authors independently analyzed the videos. The quality and reliability of the videos were examined using DISCERN score, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score, Health on the Net (HON) score, and a novel YouTube® LEscore (LES). Video Power Index (VPI) and View Ratio (VR) were used to assess the popularity of videos. Results: A total of 29 videos were included in the study. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of DISCERN, JAMA, HON, and LES scores. Although the group of medical doctors had much higher VRs and VPIs, there was no significant difference between the groups. LES score was found to be positively correlated with DISCERN, JAMA and HON (rho 0.879, p< 0.001; rho 0.709, p < 0.001; rho, 0.838, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The quality and reliability of the online information made available by YouTube® concerning LE surgery had an average level of quality and reliability. In addition, the LES scoring system created by us was highly compatible with the DISCERN and JAMA scoring systems accepted in the literature. It can be used as evaluation scoring in searches about lateral epicondylitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]