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Online research is a frequent and important activity people perform on the Internet, yet current support for this task is basic, fragmented and not well integrated into web browser experiences. Guided by sensemaking theory, we present ForSense, a browser extension for accelerating people’s online research experience. The two primary sources of novelty of ForSense are the integration of multiple stages of online research and providing machine assistance to the user by leveraging recent advances in neural-driven machine reading. We use ForSense as a design probe to explore (1) the benefits of integrating multiple stages of online research, (2) the opportunities to accelerate online research using current advances in machine reading, (3) the opportunities to support online research tasks in the presence of imprecise machine suggestions, and (4) insights about the behaviors people exhibit when performing online research, the pages they visit, and the artifacts they create. Through our design probe, we observe people performing online research tasks, and see that they benefit from ForSense’s integration and machine support for online research. From the information and insights we collected, we derive and share key recommendations for designing and supporting imprecise machine assistance for research tasks.

We analyze insurance demand experiments conducted in two different settings: in-person at a university laboratory and online using Amazon's Mechanical Turk crowdworking platform ("MTurk"). Subject demographics differ significantly across the samples, but average insurance demand is similar. However, MTurk subjects have more variation in their demand and react less to changes in exogenous factors of the insurance situation. Applying filters to the MTurk population does not lead to more comparable demand between both samples. Additionally, while MTurk subjects pass comprehension questions at the same rate as in-person subjects, they show more random behavior in other questions. Based on our experiment, we outline the advantages and disadvantages of each platform, suggest some best practices for conducting insurance demand experiments using MTurk, and draw implications for future studies using this subject population.

In academic research laboratories, well-organized group meetings are common training tools that can benefit individuals and the group as a whole. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual meetings ha...

Existing research integrity (RI) guideline development methods are limited in including various perspectives. While co-creation methods could help to address this, there is little information available to researchers and practitioners on how, why and when to use co-creation for developing RI guidelines, nor what the outcomes of co-creation methods are. In this paper, we aim to address this gap. First, we discusshowco-creation methods can be used for RI guideline development, based on our experience of developing RI guidelines. We elaborate on steps including preparation of the aims and design; participant sensitization; organizing and facilitating workshops; and analyzing data and translating them into guidelines. Secondly, we present the resulting RI guidelines, to showwhatthe outcome of co-creation methods are. Thirdly, we reflect onwhyandwhenresearchers might want to use co-creation methods for developing RI guidelines. We discuss that stakeholder engagement and inclusion of diverse perspectives are key strengths of co-creation methods. We also reflect that co-creation methods have the potential to make guidelines implementable if followed by additional steps such as revision working groups. We conclude that co-creation methods are a valuable approach to creating new RI guidelines when used together with additional methods.

Background: Bereavement can be considered a potentially traumatic experience, and concerns have been raised about conducting grief research responsibly online. Objective: Given that online research introduces new methodological opportunities and challenges, we aimed to develop a greater understanding of how bereaved individuals experience participation in online research. Method: One day after participation in an online grief study, 876 participants, bereaved on average for 40 months, received a ‘check-in’ email to support well-being and offer further contact if needed. Although not explicitly asked to respond if no help was needed, 300 participants sent email replies, with only six requesting support. These responses were analysed qualitatively using content analysis. Results: Results suggested that participants found it acceptable to be asked about their grief and while difficult emotions were frequently described in response to the questionnaires, these reactions were temporary. A range of positive reactions was also reported, including new realizations arising from completing the research and changes in thinking related to grief. Participants also wrote about their appreciation for the study and how it was carried out, as well as a desire to contribute more to the study and to help others in a similar position. Conclusions: We suggest that the use of the check-in email to support well-being following study completion, along with advice on preparing to take part, contributed to positive experiences of participation and we recommend these strategies for future studies. These findings could allay clinical concerns about conducting online research with vulnerable populations, as well as raising questions about the possible therapeutic impact of measurement.

During the global pandemic, e-learning became even more popular and used by many educational institutions worldwide to facilitate the students' learning process. Students can easily get the related materials and resources from e-learning. This research intends to examine the level of students’ satisfaction with e-learning and their learning experiences during the global pandemic. The quantitative research method was carried out using a questionnaire survey and online research. A total of 150 students from different institutions in India and Malaysia have participated in the survey. The survey was carried out through Google Form and the data were exported to be analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that most of the students were satisfied with e-learning and how it helped them in their studies. The results of this study indicated that convenience flexibility was significantly related to students’ learning experiences.

The article deals with the issues of revealing the semantic structure of the concept Language Policy based on the online experiment. Most participants of the experiment represent Ukraine and European countries such as France and Germany, Poland and a few respondents from the USA and Turkey. The analysis of the similarities and differences of the concept Language Policy established via an associative experiment done with the help of respondents from different countries helps to outline their national specific features, which contribute to a deeper understanding of both foreign and native languages and cultures through the analyses of the semantic structure of the concept in question. It is emphasized that Language Policy has become a widespread phenomenon in modern Ukrainian and European societies from the social point of view. The study of a linguistic situation in a society can be considered to be an important means of forming the ability to conduct intercultural dialogues. As for the methods and linguistic tools they can vary depending on the applicable target. The article identifies common and different aspects in of the field structures of the concept Language Policy done in multilingual sociolinguistic surroundings.

The purpose of this study is to explore the process through which institutional trust influences individuals' vaccination intentions for a coronavirus vaccine. We collected data from a national representative sample of the Spanish population (N = 500) from an online research panel to test the proposed conceptual model. Results revealed a positive association of institutional trust with coronavirus vaccination intentions. This effect was mediated by perceived vaccine safety and positive attitude toward the vaccine. Furthermore, findings corroborate the moderating effect of interdependent self-construal on the indirect relationship between institutional trust and vaccination intention, implying that this effect was stronger for individuals with higher levels of interdependent orientation. Findings have implications for the development of evidence-based health communication strategies for encouraging COVID-19 vaccination.

This article focuses on online research group supervision in an online doctoral programme. The analysis of interviews with 10 graduates supervised online in research groups of 4–6 students during t...

El presente trabajo se propone abordar la problemática del impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la investigación en Ciencias Económicas. Se propone indagar en cuáles han sido los aspectos de la investigación que se vieron modificados, reconociendo tanto cuestiones positivas como negativas de la investigación en línea forzada. Se busca evaluar cómo ha sido la experiencia de investigar en pandemia y cómo podría afectar a la investigación futura. El trabajo consta de dos partes: un momento reflexivo, en torno a la experiencia particular de equipo de investigación durante el año 2020; y un relevamiento empírico, a través de encuestas, a docentes-investigadores pertenecientes a los distintos Institutos de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística (FCEyE) de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) This paper aims to address the issue of the impact of the pandemic by COVID-19 in research in Economic Sciences. It is proposed to look into what aspects of the research have been modified, recognizing both positive and negative issues of forced online research. The aim is to evaluate how the experience of researching in pandemic has been and how it could affect future research. The work consists of two parts: a thoughtful moment, around the particular experience of the research team during the year 2020; and an empirical approach, through surveys, to teachers-researchers belonging to the various Research Institutes of the Faculty of Economic Sciences and Statistics (FCEyE) of the National University of Rosario (UNR). Fil: Oviedo, Raúl Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística. Rosario; Argentina. Fil: Gaibazzi, María Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística. Rosario; Argentina. Fil: Leda, Ayelén Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística. Rosario; Argentina. Fil: Siegenthaler, Bárbara Edith. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística. Rosario; Argentina.

The importance of engaging and involving children and young people (CYP) in research is widely recognised, especially for educational research exploring CYP’s perceptions and experiences of school processes. Historically, working with CYP to collect qualitative data has involved face-to-face interactions, however the social distancing requirement during the COVID-19 pandemic meant there was a need to move ‘online’ and work ‘remotely’. In this paper we share our experiences of undertaking remote online synchronous focus groups with CYP and discuss how we overcame the challenges associated with conducting qualitative research with CYP ‘from a distance’. We used remote online synchronous focus groups to explore CYP’s perspectives on how education settings can support social, emotional, and mental wellbeing. We reflect on approaches used to uphold rigour and quality, and work ethically and sensitively. We have organised this into five topics reflecting distinct parts of the planning, design and practice: 1) working with CYP as research advisors to shape the design, feasibility and suitability of the methods and approach; 2) developing creative approaches within the online focus groups to increase engagement and inclusion; 3) considering logistical and technical practice; 4) considering ethical practice underpinning online group data collection with CYP; and 5) valuing participation and disseminate findings when working from a distance with participants. We present reflections and guidance for other researchers considering the use of remote online synchronous focus groups with CYP, as a feasible and valuable means for collecting data in both a time- and cost-effective manner.

Purpose User-centred intelligent buildings (IBs) should respond to users’ needs holistically and the demand for end user applications is steadily growing. The purpose of this study is to answer: What are end user applications, what should they be called, and what are their key features? Design/methodology/approach This is a mixed-method study. The authors have used different data sources, such as online research and interviews. In data processing, the authors have used word counting and Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling. Findings These end user applications can provide the missing user-centered elements of IBs. The authors have found that “smart workplace solution” (SWS) is the best term to describe these applications, and they also describe the key features, which include booking, showing free spaces, occupancy tracking, wayfinding and searching. Research limitations/implications As the end user applications are constantly and rapidly evolving, the latest evolving of such applications might not be covered. Furthermore, the authors have relied on companies’ information as given. Originality/value IBs have emerged over 20 years ago, and these are the first solutions that can be considered truly user-centered.

We examine key aspects of data quality for online behavioral research between selected platforms (Amazon Mechanical Turk, CloudResearch, and Prolific) and panels (Qualtrics and Dynata). To identify the key aspects of data quality, we first engaged with the behavioral research community to discover which aspects are most critical to researchers and found that these include attention, comprehension, honesty, and reliability. We then explored differences in these data quality aspects in two studies (N ~ 4000), with or without data quality filters (approval ratings). We found considerable differences between the sites, especially in comprehension, attention, and dishonesty. In Study 1 (without filters), we found that only Prolific provided high data quality on all measures. In Study 2 (with filters), we found high data quality among CloudResearch and Prolific. MTurk showed alarmingly low data quality even with data quality filters. We also found that while reputation (approval rating) did not predict data quality, frequency and purpose of usage did, especially on MTurk: the lowest data quality came from MTurk participants who report using the site as their main source of income but spend few hours on it per week. We provide a framework for future investigation into the ever-changing nature of data quality in online research, and how the evolving set of platforms and panels performs on these key aspects.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer a panoramic view at the credibility issues that exist within social sciences research. Design/methodology/approach The central argument of this paper is that a joint effort between blockchain and other technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning and how they can prevent scientific data manipulation or data forgery as a way to make science more decentralized and anti-fragile, without losing data integrity or reputation as a trade-off. The authors address it by proposing an online research platform for use in social and behavioral science that guarantees data integrity through a combination of modern institutional economics and blockchain technology. Findings The benefits are mainly twofold: On the one hand, social science scholars get paired with the right target audience for their studies. On the other hand, a snapshot of the gathered data at the time of creation is taken so that researchers can prove that they used the original data set to peers in the future while maintaining full control of their data. Originality/value The proposed combination of behavioral economics with new technologies such as blockchain and AI is novel and translated into a cutting-edge tool to be implemented.

PurposeThe value of the events industry is increasing worldwide. An essential component for successful events is creating a unique experience by offering gamification. A conceptual model is proposed, exploring pre-event game communication and its effect on attendees' value perceptions, willingness to participate, word of mouth intentions and emotional commitment during gameplay at conference events.Design/methodology/approachAnalysis of variance and structural equation modeling were employed to test the model using data collected from 177 attendees recruited from hospitality and tourism association network listservs and online research company.FindingsResults reveal that perceptions of event gamification increase word of mouth intentions, willingness to participate and emotional commitment.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to the knowledge of conference events with recommendations for incorporation of game elements for meeting planners to enhance attendee behaviors at the event.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to examine positive behavioral outcomes of using games at conference events.

The presumed lifestyle changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic are the reason for research into the self-assessment of parents of early and preschool children about parental behaviors during lockdown in the first wave of a pandemic. The aim was to explore the quality of parenting through joint activities and behaviors towards children. A relative majority of survey participants estimate that they have not significantly changed individual activities with children (conversation, storytelling, physical expressions of love) while a quarter of parents estimate that they do so more often than before. Nearly half of parents estimate that they play more with their children than before the lockdown. Family relationships have been singled out as the most important dimension of parenting. Age, level of formal education and marital status of research participants as a predictor explains only 2.3 % of the variability of parental self-assessment, so it is reasonable to assume the existence of other, more significant predictors of parenting quality. The collected data indicate the advantages (large sample and fast implementation) and disadvantages (specificity of the sample) of online research. The size of the sample indicates the involvement of parents on social networks, which indicates the possibility of further research on parenting.

Internet-based research is increasingly important for conservation science and has wide-ranging applications and contexts, including culturomics, illegal wildlife trade, and citizen science. However, online research methods pose a range of ethical and legal challenges. Online data may be protected by copyright, database rights, or contract law. Privacy rights may also restrict the use and access of data, as well as ethical requirements from institutions. Online data have real-world meaning, and the ethical treatment of individuals and communities must not be marginalized when conducting internet-based research. As ethics frameworks originally developed for biomedical applications are inadequate for these methods, we propose that research activities involving the analysis of preexisting online data be treated analogous to offline social science methods, in particular, nondeceptive covert observation. By treating internet users and their data with respect and due consideration, conservationists can uphold the public trust needed to effectively address real-world issues.Ética y Gestión para la Investigación Científica de la Conservación Basada en Internet Resumen La investigación basada en internet es cada vez más importante para las ciencias de la conservación, además de tener contextos y aplicaciones de gran alcance como el análisis de textos, el mercado ilegal de fauna y la ciencia ciudadana. Sin embargo, los métodos de investigación en línea representan una gama de retos éticos y legales pues los datos virtuales pueden estar protegidos por derechos de autor, derechos de base de datos o leyes contractuales. Además, los derechos de privacidad pueden restringir el uso y el acceso a los datos, así como también los requerimientos éticos impuestos por las instituciones. Los datos virtuales tienen valor en el mundo real y el tratamiento ético de los individuos y de las comunidades no se debe marginalizar cuando se realiza una investigación por internet. Ya que los marcos éticos desarrollados originalmente para aplicarse en temas biomédicos son inadecuados para estos métodos, proponemos que las actividades de investigación que involucran el análisis de los datos virtuales preexistentes sean tratadas como análogas a los métodos no virtuales de las ciencias sociales, especialmente la observación encubierta no engañosa. Si se trata a los usuarios del internet y a sus datos con respeto y la consideración debida, los conservacionistas pueden mantener la confianza pública necesaria para tratar efectivamente los asuntos del mundo real.

This paper lies at the intersection of discussions surrounding digitally mediated research methods and transnational research projects. It contributes to the current methodological debate surrounding online interviewing by focusing on tensions and affordances involved in Skype-to-phone interviewing in a transnational research context. While the Skype-to-phone facility does indeed increase further access to global participants, complex power hierarchies and ethical concerns continue to exist in relation to technological access/infrastructure, research governance regimes in different places and interpersonal research relations. We, therefore, propose that online researchers involved in transnational research projects using Skype methods move towards consideration of multiple competing constituencies and diverse social and spatial connectivities and power hierarchies in which they are researching. These social differences and spatial registers are not swept away through research conducted in a uniform virtual digital environment; rather transnational researchers must make explicit the multiple place-based contexts of their digitally mediated research, as they shape the research process in distinct ways. Thus, specific consideration must be given to ethical concerns that emanate from transnational online research.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infectious disease that first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Health care workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of infection because the virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted by a variety of routes. Health care workers are required to use a variety of personal protective equipment (PPE) for prolonged hours and, as a result, they face varying degrees of cutaneous complications. We conducted a cross-sectional online questionnaire survey to investigate skin problems caused by the use of PPE and personal hygiene measures. We developed a survey with 32 questions using Google forms and distributed it via WhatsApp and Facebook groups. A total of 1142 responses were obtained. Among the respondents, 88.1% reported adverse skin reactions due to PPE and personal hygiene measures. Female sex, working as a nurse, wearing PPE more than 6 h/day, and working more than 3 days/week increase the risk of PPE-related skin problems. In this study, we highlighted skin problems related to PPE and found out risk factors for PPE-related skin problems.

We introduce the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS), an open-access online stimulus set containing 900 color images depicting a broad spectrum of themes, including humans, animals, objects, and scenes, along with normative ratings on two affective dimensions-valence (i.e., the degree of positive or negative affective response that the image evokes) and arousal (i.e., the intensity of the affective response that the image evokes). The OASIS images were collected from online sources, and valence and arousal ratings were obtained in an online study (total N = 822). The valence and arousal ratings covered much of the circumplex space and were highly reliable and consistent across gender groups. OASIS has four advantages: (a) the stimulus set contains a large number of images in four categories; (b) the data were collected in 2015, and thus OASIS features more current images and reflects more current ratings of valence and arousal than do existing stimulus sets; (c) the OASIS database affords users the ability to interactively explore images by category and ratings; and, most critically, (d) OASIS allows for free use of the images in online and offline research studies, as they are not subject to the copyright restrictions that apply to the International Affective Picture System. The OASIS images, along with normative valence and arousal ratings, are available for download from www.benedekkurdi.com/#oasis or https://db.tt/yYTZYCga .

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie nowych technik poprawiających jakość danych uzyskiwanych w badaniach przeprowadzanych online na przykładzie panelu Amazon MTurk. Poprzedzona kwerendą, krytyczna analiza literatury przedmiotu identyfikuje główne źródła zniekształcenia wyników, którymi są: bezrefleksyjność, działalność botów wypełniających ankiety oraz zachowania respondentów, klasyfikowane jako nadużycia lokalizacyjne interfejsu sieciowego IP. Wykorzystane podczas badania narzędzia oraz techniki wskazują na praktyczne sposoby zwiększania trafności uzyskiwanych danych poprzez rozpoznanie wyników zakłócających na poziomie 60%. Analiza otrzymanych danych potwierdza: 1) użyteczność zastosowanyc technik kontroli oraz 2) stosowalność zaproponowanego w tekście modelu operacjonalizacji czasu jako istotnego wskaźnika zachowań bezrefleksyjnych. The aim of this paper is to present new techniques that increase the quality of data obtained through online research, basing on the example of Amazon MTurk. Using a critical analysis of the literature, preceded by a query, we identified the main sources of low-quality data such as careless responses, form-fill bots activity, and fraudulent behavior of manipulating IP addresses. The techniques implemented in the study offer several practical implications in terms of validity improvement. The results proved that 60% of observations were recognized as poor quality data. This confirms the applied control techniques to be useful and the proposed theoretical model of time operationalization to be an important indicator of careless responses.

Background of the study: Libraries occupy a very strategic position in supporting scientific communication in universities. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the policy of strengthening the role of libraries in supporting scientific communication at IAIN Curup. Method: This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection was carried out by means of interviews and documentation. Findings: The results of this study indicate that there are several policies that have been and will be carried out by the IAIN Curup and the IAIN Curup Library in supporting scientific communication at IAIN Curup, namely 1) regulations and development strategies in the institutional strategic plan; 2) carry out routine user education activities; 3) online research skills training for academicians; 4) providing e-resources; 5) information literacy class program for students and lecturers; and 6) book review activities. The lecturers hope that the means of scientific communication can be improved so that the role of libraries can be maximized in scientific communication activities. The concept that can be offered in order to strengthen the role and function of libraries in the development of scientific communication at IAIN Curup is the revitalization of user education by adding facilities and facilities for user education activities. Then the increase in the promotion of services and facilities at the IAIN Curup Library. Conclusion: The position of libraries in supporting scientific communication in tertiary institutions must be strengthened through policies in favor of libraries.

Informed consent is an important part of the research process; however, some participants either do not read or skim the consent form. When participants do not read or comprehend informed consent, then they may not understand the potential benefits, risks, or details of the study before participating. This study used previous research to develop experimentally manipulated online consent forms utilizing various presentations of the consent form and interactive elements. Participants ( n = 576) were randomly exposed to one of six form variations. Results found that the highly interactive condition was significantly better for comprehension than any of the other conditions. The highly interactive condition also performed better for readability, though not significantly. Further research should explore the effects of interactive elements to combat habituation and to engage participants with the parts of the consent form unique to the study.

Humanitarian research with Syrian refugees can be difficult to conduct in-person, due to COVID-19 containment, security, and logistics issues We assessed whether the online implementation of a brief, culturally grounded resilience measure would yield reliable responses for use with children and adolescents in the Middle East region We implemented an online survey screening for socio-economic status, insecurity, prosocial behaviour, and resilience (using the Child Youth Resilience Measure, CYRM) with 119 Syrian refugees (14–18 years old;74 male, 45 female) living in Jordan Responses were compared with in-person data, available for a separate cohort of 324 Syrian refugees, previously sampled in Jordan with the same survey instruments The online CYRM produced reliable and valid responses, as shown by analyses of internal reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and 7-day test-retest consistency We reflect on logistic, ethical, and methodological challenges of online surveys, and suggest ways to plan and execute online research with hard-to-reach, crisis-affected communities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Social Research Methodology is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

Purpose The purpose of this study is to present how the library’s information literacy (IL) sessions and research support programmes can change students' perceptions towards their research practice. Design/methodology/approach To reach the aim of this study, the author carried out survey through the structured questionnaire before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the session of instructions. Then, the author compared the scores statistically using paired sample t-test to see the differences. Findings The findings and review suggested that the need for the continued development and implementation of IL and research support sessions should not be ignored. The students may be benefitted from a well-designed programme. This sort of training session improved learners' attitudes significantly towards research practice and behaviour. Originality/value IL and research support have not been addressed much in the country where the study took place. Though not new, however, these initiatives may make the educators rethink concerning their curriculum. Moreover, a collaborative effort between librarians and faculty members may result in an active driving force for effective learning.