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Prevalent etiological agents and treatment options are essential for diagnosing and managing fish diseases. Therefore, this study used standard microbiological procedures to enumerate and identify the total bacterial count in the water, skin, and gastrointestinal tract of 75 moribund cultured Clarias gariepinus from different culture facilities. Following that, the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to eight antibiotics was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Various clinical signs and pathological lesions were observed on the sampled moribund fish. Total bacterial count varied significantly (P < 0.05) regardless of the types of culture facilities. Bacteria species from eight different genera were present, comprising three Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus, and five Gram-negative bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica, in which Gram-negative bacteria (> 70%) were the most prevalent type of bacteria isolated. There was an association between the bacteria species isolated from the water and the different parts of the fish sampled regardless of the culture facilities. The antibiogram of the bacteria recovered revealed different sensitivity and resistance profiles. More than fifty percent of the Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while the Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin (> 40%). Amoxicillin, ampicillin oxytetracycline, and tetracycline resistance were high in the bacteria isolates. This study confirmed the presence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria isolated with a multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of 0.63-0.75, indicating indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aeromonas species is one of the most important causes of diseases in Clarias gariepinus, a public health threat with significant economic losses. Objectives: In this research, the prevalence and variety of Aeromonas species isolated from C. gariepinus cultured in an earthen pond were investigated, as well as the antibiogram and multiple antibiotic resistance index Methods: Aeromonas species were isolated by culture and biochemical test and confirmed using a Microbact 24E kit. The antibiotic susceptibility to 10 antibiotics was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Aeromonas species were isolated with a prevalence of 43.1% with 4 different phenospecies with the highest prevalence of 46(24 %) for Aeromonas hydrophila followed by 15(7.8%) for Aeromonas caviae, then 10(5.2%) for Aeromonas veronii sobria, and the least was observed for Aeromonas veronii veronii 6(3.1%). The Aeromonas species showed high resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, colistin sulfate, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and penicillin, with varying resistant patterns, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index values ranged between 0.20 and 0.80. Conclusion: There was a diversity of Aeromonas species associated with multiple antibioticresistant leading to the wide spread of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, there is a need to control the use of antibiotics and ensure the effective use of biosecurity and preventive management measures in fish farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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