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The molecular foundations of epidermal cell wall mechanics are critical for understanding structure-function relationships of primary cell walls in plants and facilitating the design of bioinspired materials. To uncover the molecular mechanisms regulating the high extensibility and strength of the cell wall, the onion epidermal wall is stretched uniaxially to various strains and cell wall structures from mesoscale to atomic scale are characterized. Upon longitudinal stretching to high strain, epidermal walls contract in the transverse direction, resulting in a reduced area. Atomic force microscopy shows that cellulose microfibrils exhibit orientation-dependent rearrangements at high strains: longitudinal microfibrils are straightened out and become highly ordered, while transverse microfibrils curve and kink. Small-angle X-ray scattering detects a 7.4 nm spacing aligned along the stretch direction at high strain, which is attributed to distances between individual cellulose microfibrils. Furthermore, wide-angle X-ray scattering reveals a widening of (004) lattice spacing and contraction of (200) lattice spacing in longitudinally aligned cellulose microfibrils at high strain, which implies longitudinal stretching of the cellulose crystal. These findings provide molecular insights into the ability of the wall to bear additional load after yielding: the aggregation of longitudinal microfibrils impedes sliding and enables further stretching of the cellulose to bear increased loads.

We present a new food processing method to increase the content of polyphenols, which are a type of health-promoting food component, in harvested onions using atmospheric-pressure low-temperature plasma technologies. Harvested onions were locally irradiated for different times with a low-temperature air plasma jet generated near atmospheric pressure and stored in the dark for various periods. The plasma-irradiated area was 7 mm2. The plasma irradiation was performed without removing the onion peel. After storage following plasma irradiation, the onion was peeled and cut into the outer, middle, and inner parts, analysing polyphenol content at each edible onion part, namely the bulb. The polyphenol content in the onions irradiated for 30 min and stored for 3 d increased over that of unirradiated onions stored for the same period. This increase occurred regardless of the bulb parts. Neither the plasma-irradiated onions without storage nor the air gas-irradiated onions without air plasma irradiation exhibited a higher polyphenol content. In particular, quercetin aglycone, quercetin 4′-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and quercetin 3,4′-O-glucoside were increased in the polyphenol content, contributing to an increase in the antioxidative activity. NO3− and NO2− were introduced into water under an onion peel by air plasma irradiation for 30 min and decreased after 3 d of storage but remained. However, no H2O2 was introduced. The plasma-introduced NO3− was distributed throughout the onion owing to the plasmodesmata serving as channels for cell-to-cell transports of molecules. These results suggest that the increased polyphenol content originates from the transcriptional factors acting in stress responses to the plasma-introduced NO3− and NO2−, not the electric field-induced electroporation, in onion cells. The present study provides valuable insights into interactions between low-temperature air plasma jets and onion cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a thorough examination of research on the onion lachrymatory factor (LF), covering aspects such as its structural determination, confirmation of stereochemistry, formation pathways, analytical methods, and its impact on onion flavor. Identified as the onion LF, propanethial S-oxide primarily adopts a (Z)-configuration and is generated through the enzymatic breakdown of its precursor, (+)-S-(E)-1-propenyl-L-cysteine S-oxide, with alliinase serving as the catalyst. Following this, an isomerization process takes place involving an intermediate compound, (E)-1-propenesulfenic acid, catalyzed by lachrymatory factor synthase. To address challenges in conventional gas chromatography (GC) analysis posed by high temperatures, alternative methods such as UV spectroscopy, chemical derivatization, GC with cold injection, high-performance liquid chromatography, direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry, proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry, and secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry have been employed for qualitative and quantitative LF analysis. Beyond its tear-inducing properties, LF significantly contributes to the distinctive onion flavor. This review is crucial for advancing our understanding of the onion LF and sulfur-containing flavor components in the Allium vegetable family. It helps for improving the flavor of onions and refining various onion varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic interactions affect the mineral composition of plants, which can cause nutritional disorders with reflections on yield, post-harvest quality, and food safety. Thus, this study evaluated the interaction between nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) and its effects on onion production and post-harvest quality. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design, with a 3 × 5 factorial scheme and four replications. The treatments consisted of a combination of three S rates (0, 20, and 40 mg dm−3) and five N rates (0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg dm−3), applied in the form of calcium sulfate (CaSO4·2H2O) and urea, respectively. It was observed that the interaction between N and S negatively affected onion production, reducing the gain of both fresh and dry mass of the bulb. The N/S ratio ranged from 16.5 to 26.2 and was not influenced by the interaction between N and S. Onion pungency was classified as intermediate. The higher pungency value was obtained with the application of 100 mg dm−3 of N, and 40 mg dm−3 of S. The application of N when combined with 20 mg dm−3 of S contributed to increasing titratable acidity and soluble solids content of onion cv. Diamantina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and water holding capacities, surface activity, and gelling ability of sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP) extracted from the cell wall of bulb and foliage leaves of yellow and red onion (Allium cepa L.) were investigated and compared with those of commercial citrus pectin. Pectin chemical composition and properties its aqueous dispersions (e.g. the viscosity, pH) were studied. Homogalacturonan was the main component of the low-methoxylated pectin, with a small amount of rhamnogalacturonan I (more branched in the bulb pectin). Both the oil (35–41 g/gd.m.) and water (20 g/gd.m) holding capacities of NSP were higher than citrus pectin (1 and 17 g/gd.m, respectively). The surface activity of NSP was comparable (foliage leaves; surface tension (γ) decrease to 62 mN/m) or higher (bulb; γ decrease to 56 mN/m) than commercial pectin. The ability of NSP, especially extracted from the bulb, to form larger structures with increasing viscosity and neutralizing the negative surface charge, was significantly higher than that of citrus pectin. Therefore, NSP of bulb and foliage leaves may be useful as a carrier of oil- or water-soluble substances, a surface active agent, texturizer and gelling agent in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and agricultural branches of industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The non-carcinogenic health risk in adult and child consumers was calculated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The rank order of pesticides detected by UHPLC-MS/MS based on median concentration in onion was tebuconazole (0.004551 mg/kg) > imidacloprid (0.00233 mg/kg) > boscalid (0.00211 mg/kg) > diazinon (0.00079 mg/kg) > thiabendazole (0.00075 mg/kg) > acetamiprid (0.00052 mg/kg) > thiophanate-methyl (0.00052 mg/kg) > dichlorvos (0.000349 mg/kg) > fenitrothion (0.000132 mg/kg) > penconazole (0.00005 mg/kg). The median of TTHQ in adults and children's consumers were 4.00E–3 and 2.00E–2, respectively. TTHQ in adults and children's consumers was lower than 1 value. Hence, consumers were in the acceptable range (TTHQ <1). Consequently, onion consumption cannot endanger consumers' health status due to the pesticide residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper maps communication channels exploited by the Salafi-jihadist violent extremist organisations (VEOs) and their followers between March 2020 and June 2022 on The Onion Router (TOR). It argues that the true scale of digital jihadist presence on TOR has remained insignificant for years. Militant Islamists have mostly used.onion domains as backup propaganda dissemination channels, which enable content takedown policies introduced by countering violent extremism stakeholders to be circumvented. Aside from propaganda distribution, TOR attracts Salafi-jihadist VEOs and their followers for other reasons, as it facilitates anonymous communication, crowdfunding, sharing of terrorist manuals or the organisation of terrorist attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeding is at the heart of agriculture. Today, using herbicides is unavoidable in conventional agriculture. However, increasing ecological awareness, the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and the pursuit of sustainable food have driven industries and academics to explore new approaches for growing and protecting crops. In this context, smart spot sprayers emerge as a highly innovative alternative to broadcast treatments, which overuse pesticides, and mechanical weeding, which is limited by restrictive application conditions. Using artificial intelligence (AI) for plant recognition and ultra-precise spraying technology, herbicides are applied directly to weeds with minimal overspray, reducing their use by 90% compared to conventional methods. Spot sprayers' narrowly targeted spray limits chemicals' contact with the crop, resulting in low phytotoxicity, preserving natural crop development while maximizing yield potential. In addition, site-specific application increases the selectivity of chemical products artificially, enabling more concentrated mixtures to be used. Also, AI enables the selective application of non-selective molecules, supporting their use in established cultures. These characteristics open new opportunities for effective weed control where the traditional solutions fall short. This publication demonstrates the potential of the ultra-precise smart spot sprayer ARA in weed management in onion and sugar beet crops. Although comparing the overall performance of ARA with other smart spot sprayers on the market cannot be done in this article, this technology's potential in rendering weed management on farms more effective, sustainable, and saving labor without compromising yield is nevertheless indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple blotch disease is a major fungal disease of Allium cepa L. plants which is caused by the fungus Alternaria porri. The best conditions for the growth of Alternaria porri are temperatures between 22 °C and 25 °C and relatively high humidity. The Hydrotime, Thermal Time, and Hydrothermal Time models were used to measure different parameters of seed germination; therefore, we used them to measure the interactive effects of temperature and water potential on the germination conidia of Alternaria porri. The laboratory experiments were carried out at five constant temperatures, between 5 and 30 °C, and five different water potentials between 0 MPa and − 6 MPa. The germination of Alternaria porri conidia was highest at 25 °C and 0 MPa and lowest at 5 °C and − 6 MPa. The percentage of conidia germination decreased rapidly after 25 oC. Conidia germination was also affected by different water potentials, decreasing at lower water potential. Models based on HTT showed a reasonable fit to the germination and growth rate datasets. The best fitting model for conidia germination (R2 = 0.98491) was based on variable base and maximum temperature as a function of water potential. Based on the TT, HT, and models, the highest and lowest values for θT1 were observed at -6.0 MPa at 30 °C, and 0 MPa at 5 °C and the highest and lowest θT2 values were recorded at -6.0 MPa at 5 °C and 0 MPa at 30 °C while the lowest and highest θH values were recorded at -6.0 MPa at 5 °C and 0 MPa at 25 °C, respectively, for the HTT model, the predicted θHTT average value is 16.32 (MPa°Ch-1). Based on the statistical analysis, the cardinal hydrothermal time constant (θHTT) accurately explains the interactive effect of T and Ψ on the germination of Alternaria porri conidia under different environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onions are among the most important cash crops in developing countries, including Ethiopia. However, its production and productivity are very low, which is associated with inappropriate fertilization and the use of low-yielding varieties. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the nitrogen fertilizer rate on the growth, yield, and quality of hybrid onion varieties in northwest Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted at three locations (Koga, Woreta, and Woramit) during the 2021/2022 cropping season under irrigated conditions. The treatments consisted of three hybrid onion varieties (Russet, Jambar, Red Coach) and one open-pollinated onion variety (Bombay Red) and four nitrogen rates (0, 41, 82, and 123 kg ha-1), which were laid out in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of 4*4 in three replications. The results of the present study revealed that onion growth, yield and quality were influenced by the nitrogen fertilizer rate and onion variety across all locations. Compared with the open pollinated Bombay Red variety, the hybrid varieties (Russet and Jambar) performed well in terms of bulb diameter, bulb weight, total yield, marketable bulb yield, and pungency. Nitrogen fertilizer applied at a rate of 82 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest growth and yield parameters of onion. The Russet and Jambar varieties recorded the highest marketable bulb yields of 26.50 t ha-1 and 24.57 t ha-1, respectively. Onion varieties treated with the highest nitrogen fertilizer dosage of 123 kg ha-1, particularly the Bombay Red variety, exhibited the longest duration to reach maturity. Onion plants supplied with 82 kg ha-1 nitrogen presented the highest marketable bulb yields, with a value of 26.77 t ha-1. Too much nitrogen above 82 kg ha-1 leads to decreased yield; hence, excess nitrogen is lost to the environment. Furthermore, the Jambar and Russet hybrid varieties and the application of 82 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizers provided the highest net benefit. The hybrid varieties Jambar and Russet and the application of 82 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer can be recommended for onion production in the study area and areas with similar agroecosystems. Since this study is the first of its kind, considering other hybrid onion varieties and optimizing agronomic practices such as spacing and phosphorus fertilizer are also recommended in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating incidence of hospital infections due to antibiotic resistance necessitates the identification of alternative therapeutic agents such as probiotics. This study was designed to isolate and evaluate the efficacy of probiotics against Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a prevalent etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). A total of 100 S. saprophyticus strains were isolated from clinical samples and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing via the disc diffusion method. Concurrently, probiotic bacteria were isolated from Bulgarian cheese and shallot yogurt, and their antibacterial activity against S. saprophyticus strains was assessed. The inhibitory potential of probiotic supernatants was evaluated using microtiter plate assays, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determined at a 1/2 dilution. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the concentrations of organic acids produced by the probiotics. The results revealed that all S. saprophyticus strains were resistant to tetracycline and doxycycline but susceptible to other antibiotics. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains M and B demonstrated notable antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against S. saprophyticus isolates. These probiotics exhibited susceptibility to most antibiotics and lacked virulence factors, suggesting their safety for therapeutic use. The organic acids produced by the probiotics were identified as lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid. In conclusion, L. rhamnosus strains M and B exhibit potent antimicrobial properties against S. saprophyticus, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents for UTIs. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore the possibility of these probiotics in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals can accumulate and migrate in soil environments and can negatively affect crops and consumers. Because an increased incidence of chronic diseases can be observed, food security has become a high-priority concern. In the present work, we evaluate the impact of heavy metals on bioactive compounds and elemental content from onions. Plants were grown in the absence and presence of various concentrations of heavy metal salts (Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd). The influence of heavy metal salts on onions was evaluated by analyzing the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, and elemental content. The variation of assimilatory pigments, total polyphenols content, and antioxidant capacity increased or decreased depending on the heavy metal added to the soil as well as on the amount added. Regarding the amount of bioactive compounds, it increased between 6.79 and 34.39% or decreased between 4.68 and 62.42%. The content of ten elements in plants was reported, as well as elemental mutual correlation and correlation of element content with biologically active compounds and antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study optimized the extraction conditions to maximize the recovery yields of quercetin and total flavonoids from red onion skin waste using sequential microwave/ultrasound-assisted extraction. Five effective factors of quercetin extraction yield were investigated using response surface methodology. The method was successfully performed under optimal 60 s microwave irradiation conditions followed by 15 min sonication at 70 °C with 70% (v/v, water) ethanol with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 30 mL/g. The variance analysis of the model for both quercetin (Y1) and total flavonoid (Y2) recovery from DOS demonstrated that ultrasound temperature (X2) was the most highly significant and influential factor, with a p-value of <0.0001 for both responses. Additionally, three key interaction terms—X1X2, X2X4, and X2X5—were identified as highly significant, further underscoring the critical role of ultrasound temperature in optimizing the extraction process for both quercetin and total flavonoids. The maximum recovery yields of quercetin and total flavonoids from red onion skin were 10.32% and 12.52%, respectively. The predicted values for quercetin (10.05%) and total flavonoids (12.72%) were very close to the experimental results. The recovery yields obtained from different extraction methods under the identical experimental conditions mentioned earlier were ultrasound/microwave-assisted extraction (7.66% quercetin and 10.18% total flavonoids), ultrasound-assisted extraction (5.36% quercetin and 8.34% total flavonoids), and microwave-assisted extraction (5.03% quercetin and 7.91% total flavonoids). The ANOVA confirmed highly significant regression models (p-values < 0.0001), with an insignificant lack of fit (p = 0.0515 for quercetin, p = 0.1276 for total flavonoids), demonstrating the robustness and reliability of the optimization. This study provides valuable insights for improving the extraction of bioactive compounds, which is critical for developing effective cancer treatments and advancing medical research. Additionally, the model shows potential for scaling up food processing applications to recover valuable products from red onion skin waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdered laundry detergents, encompassing a diverse blend of organic and inorganic compounds, are crucial in efficiently removing dirt in household cleaning. This study investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of commonly used powdered laundry detergents in Sri Lanka using the Allium cepa bioassay. Five detergents (four branded A, B, C, and D, and one non-branded E) were selected for assessment. Toxicity evaluations were conducted across a range of predetermined aqueous detergent concentrations (0–2500 mg/L) using the A. cepa bioassay, with all experiments being triplicated and following standard protocols. Exposure to detergent concentrations up to 500 mg/L resulted in mitosis suppression, nuclear aberrations, and chromosomal abnormalities in A. cepa, indicating concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Condensed nuclei were notably prevalent among nuclear abnormalities, while vagrant chromosomes and chromosomal adherence were the most frequent chromosomal aberrations observed. At higher concentrations (> 500 mg/L), the selected detergents induced necrotic cell death in A. cepa root meristematic cells. This study warns to avoid the unnecessary use of detergents as they cause significant ecological risks and advocates for further research to comprehensively assess detergent toxicity across diverse organisms within ecosystems to safeguard ecosystem health effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinctive aroma of onions, consisting primarily of sulfur‐containing compounds, is one of the reasons for the popularity of the vegetable. The rapid enzymatic and chemical reactions that occur after the destruction of onion bulb tissue render the analysis of the volatile profile challenging. Therefore, sample preparation is a crucial step in the analysis of the onion volatilome, but it often does not receive the necessary attention in the literature. In this work, we focused on two aspects: Firstly, we compared different sample preparation approaches to maximize the volatile yield and to enable the description of the onion volatile profile as it would emerge after a solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow sampling procedure. For headspace (HS)‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis, onion juice with the addition of an ammonium sulfate solution proved to be the best option. Secondly, we optimized the HS sampling and desorption parameters (enrichment time, enrichment temperature, agitator speed, desorption time) for onion volatiles using the efficient design of experiments (DoE) approach. The optimal conditions for the analysis with HS‐SPME Arrow were an enrichment time of 75 min at 60°C with an agitator speed of 713 rpm and a desorption time of 120 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IMPROVING qualitative and quantitative traits of the onion (Allium cepa L.) plant, a strategic crop, is essential to meet increasing agricultural demands and enhance crop quality. The current study, conducted over two successive growing seasons (2022/23 and 2023/24), aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of elemental sulfur, various potassium supplements and methionine amino acid on the growth, yield and quality of onion plants. The experiment was arranged in a split-split plot design, as the main factor was the application of elemental sulfur (applied at a rate of 360 kg ha-1 or non-application). The sub-main factor involved different forms of potassium supplements applied as foliar sprays at rate of 750 mg K2O L-1 [Control (no potassium), potassium silicate (K2SiO3), potassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), potassium nitrate(KNO3)], while the sub-sub main factor included methionine amino acid, either sprayed at 100 mg L-1 or not sprayed. The results show that the application of elemental sulfur significantly improved onion performance regarding growth, quantitative and qualitative traits (e.g., fresh and dry weights, leaf area, chlorophyll a & b contents, bulb weight and diameter, marketable yield, total dissolved solids, dry matter, vitamin C and anthocyanin pigment) across measured parameters. Potassium silicate emerged as the most effective potassium supplement, followed by potassium citrate then potassium nitrate, and lately the control. Additionally, methionine application enhanced both the growth, yield and quality traits of onions. The combined application of elemental sulfur, potassium silicate, and methionine produced the highest values for growth, yield and quality attributes. Finally, it can be concluded that the usage of elemental sulfur, potassium supplements, particularly potassium silicate, and methionine is so beneficial to enhance the performance of onions. This integrated approach not only maximizes crop yield but also improves the quality of onions, offering a sustainable pathway to augment onion production. Future research should explore the long-term effects of these treatments and their interactions with other agronomic practices to further optimize onion cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the facile green synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using onion waste of Allium Cepa L. (MNP@OW) for effective removal of noxious mercury from simulated wastewater. Photogenically synthesized MNPs were functionalized with DL-homocysteine (HC@SiO2@MNP@OW) for selective mercury adsorption. Various characterization techniques were employed to confirm their physical properties. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies indicated MNP@OW's superparamagnetic nature with a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 48.35 emu/g, while HC@SiO2@MNP@OW had a reduced Ms of 4.52 emu/g due to a coating of non-magnetic silica and DL-homocysteine. Both adsorbents showed optimal adsorption at 80°C and pH 8. However, it is explicitly mentioned that HC@SiO2@MNP@OW demonstrated efficient mercury removal at a lower dosage and shorter contact time compared to MNP@OW. Fast separation times of 6 and 26 seconds for MNP@OW and HC@SiO2@MNP@OW, respectively, confirm their ease of separation from simulated wastewater. The Freundlich isotherm model fit the data well and kinetic analysis supported a pseudo-second-order model, revealing a chemisorption mechanism. Moreover, HC@SiO2@MNP@OW demonstrated high selectivity, even in the presence of co-existing ions. Green synthesized MNP@OW and HC@SiO2@MNP@OW exhibited promising potential as low-cost sorbents for efficient mercury removal from simulated wastewater, making them feasible for wastewater treatment in low-economic countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne is a common skin condition that affects people of all ages and can lead to significant physical and psychological distress. The first line of action against acne is topical products, though the most effective are topical antibiotics. In such a scenario, the development of effective and safe herbal formulations for the treatment of acne is of great importance. Rubia cordifolia, Aloe barbadensis, and Allium cepa extracts are rich sources of bioactive metabolites and are safe compared with antibiotics, in addition to being cost effective, sustainable, and eco-friendly. Also, their combination has not been studied for treating acne, and their potential benefits need to be investigated. The present study aimed to develop an effective polyherbal gel formulation of R. cordifolia, A. barbadensis, and A. cepa combined extract for treating acne and validate its effect with reference to conventional antibiotics. Plant materials were extracted in water by the reflux method, and phytochemical analysis was done for flavonoid, anthraquinone, and phenolic contents. The combined extract (R. cordifolia, A. barbadensis, and A. cepa extracts) was formulated in gel. The selected polyherbal gel was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion against Cutibacterium acnes (P. acnes) culture. Phytochemical analysis of the composite extract revealed the rich presence of flavonoids, phenolics, and anthraquinones. The polyherbal gels showed good physicochemical properties; however, FCEG-4 was selected for further studies. It was found to be effective against C. acnes (MTCC 1951) in agar well diffusion, as it showed a similar zone of inhibition as that of standard. Also, during in vivo studies, FCEG-4 showed comparable efficacy with clindamycin gel. It was concluded from the study that composite extracts incorporated in an aqueous-based gel system were effective in topical therapy of mild acne vulgaris, showing similar efficacy to that of clindamycin cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parabens have been associated with health problems, and the inefficiency in conventional treatment systems to remove them has led to the search for alternative treatment methods, such as phytoextraction. Understanding the effect of parabens on the phytoextractor species is essential to develop an efficient alternative system. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of Methylparaben and its chlorinated forms on the metabolism of Salvinia biloba and assess the possibility of its action as a phytoextractor. To do this, S. biloba was exposed to treatments with Methylparaben, Chloromethylparaben, and Dichloromethylparaben at concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 µg/L. The phytoextract potential was assessed in the solutions after contact with the plants for phytotoxicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity tests with Allium cepa. The enzymatic anti-stress defense system, lipid peroxidation, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations were evaluated. The activity of the CAT and APX occurred in the chlorinated treatments. GOPX and SOD were significantly activated in response to lipid peroxidation. Chlorophyll a increased at 500 and 1,000 µg/L MPB, and chlorophyll b disappeared after 96 h in ClMPB and DiClMPB. The IM showed that MPB at the three concentrations caused reduction in the cell growth of A. cepa roots at all times of exposure. In treatments ClMPB and DiClMPB, after 72 h of treatment, root elongation was like that of the control. Thus, it is possible to affirm that S. biloba cannot absorb and transport methylparaben through its tissues but has phytoextractor potential for Chloromethylparaben and Dichloromethylparaben. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, is a global pest of onion crops, causing substantial economic damage by diminishing bulb yields and transmitting plant pathogens. Insecticides are used to manage T. tabaci infestations with control decisions traditionally based on action thresholds that require visually counting thrips on a fixed, predetermined number of onion plants per field. However, this approach for treatment decisions is inefficient when thrips populations are well above or below the action threshold. The aim of this research was to develop a sequential sampling plan that would provide a rapid and reliable classification of thrips populations in commercial onion fields above or below prespecified management thresholds. The study was conducted in a total of 24 commercial onion fields in New York in 2021 and 2022. Taylor's power law and Wald's Sequential Probability Ratio Test were used in concert to develop each sampling plan. Simulated and historical field data of thrips populations were used to further validate the efficacy of each sampling plan. Results demonstrated the sequential sampling plan required an average of 78% fewer samples to make a control decision compared with the traditional fixed-sampling approach. Treatment decisions were reached in 72% of cases after inspecting only 10 plants, while only 6% of the cases required examining more than 25 plants. Comparisons with fixed-sample sizes ranging from 23 to 68 plants revealed a 96% agreement in decision-making and a 78% reduction in sampling effort when using the sequential sampling plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are a valuable reservoir of novel pharmacologically active compounds. ROS and free radicals are primary contributors to oxidative stress, a condition associated with the onset of degenerative diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and vascular disease. In this study, we used different spectrophotometry methods to demonstrate the antioxidant properties of 6 Allium extracts: Allium fistulosum; Allium ursinum; Allium cepa: Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa, and white variety of A. cepa; Allium sativum; and Allium senescens subsp. montanum. HPLC–MS determined the chemical composition of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, the Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa stands out as having the best antioxidant activity, probably due to the high content of polyphenols and alliin (12.67 µg/mL and 3565 ng/mL, respectively). The results obtained in this study show that Allium extracts have antioxidant activity, but also free radical scavenging capabilities. Also, their interactions with cytochrome c and hemoglobin can be the basis of future studies to create treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the toxicity of the trace element zinc (Zn) in Allium cepa L. test material was examined. Toxicity was investigated in terms of physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical aspects. Germination percentage, root length, weight gain, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) frequency, chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and chlorophyll levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, and meristematic cell damage were used as indicators of toxicity. Additionally, the comet test was used to measure the degree of DNA damage. Four groups of A. cepa bulbs—one for control and three for applications—were created. While the bulbs in the treatment groups were germinated with Zn at concentrations of 35, 70, and 140 mg/L, the bulbs in the control group were germinated with tap water. Germination was carried out at room temperature for 72 h and 144 h. When the allotted time was over, the root tips and leaf samples were collected and prepared for spectrophotometric measurements and macroscopic-microscopic examinations. Consequently, Zn treatment led to significant reductions in physiological indicators such as weight gain, root length, and germination percentage. Zn exposure caused genotoxicity by decreasing the MI ratios and increasing the frequency of MN and CAs (p < 0.05). Zn promoted various types of CAs in root tip cells. The most observed of CAs was the sticky chromosome. Depending on the dose, Zn was found to cause an increase in tail lengths in comet analyses, which led to DNA damage. Exposure to Zn led to a significant decrease in chlorophyll levels and an increase in MDA and proline levels. It also promoted significant increases in SOD and CAT enzyme activities up to 70 mg/L dose and statistically significant decreases at 140 mg/L dose. Additionally, Zn exposure caused different types of anatomical damage. The most severe ones are epidermis and cortex cell damage. Besides, it was found that the Zn dose directly relates to all of the increases and decreases in physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters that were seen as a result of Zn exposure. As a result, it has been determined that the Zn element, which is absolutely necessary in trace amounts for the continuation of the metabolic activities of the organisms, can cause toxicity if it reaches excessive levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress negatively affects the growth and yield of crops worldwide. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is moderately sensitive to salinity. Beneficial microorganisms can potentially confer salinity tolerance. This study investigated the effects of endomycorrhizal fungi (M), Pseudomonas putida (Ps) and their combination (MPs) on onion growth under control (0 ppm), moderate (2000 ppm) and high (4000 ppm) NaCl salinity levels. A pot experiment was conducted with sandy loam soil and onion cultivar Giza 20. Results showed that salinity reduced growth attributes, leaf pigments, biomass and bulb yield while increasing oxidative stress markers. However, individual or combined inoculations significantly increased plant height, bulb diameter and biomass production compared to uninoculated plants under saline conditions. MPs treatment provided the highest stimulation, followed by Pseudomonas and mycorrhizae alone. Overall, dual microbial inoculation showed synergistic interaction, conferring maximum benefits for onion growth, bulbing through integrated physiological and biochemical processes under salinity. Bulb yield showed 3.5, 36 and 83% increase over control at 0, 2000 and 4000 ppm salinity, respectively. In conclusion, combined application of mycorrhizal-Pseudomonas inoculations (MPs) effectively mitigate salinity stress. This approach serves as a promising biotechnology for ensuring sustainable onion productivity under saline conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study examined the impact of CO2 on the quality of onions stored at 23 °C for 6 weeks, focussing on bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, individual anthocyanins, flavonoids and anthocyanin biosynthesis during the storage period. The findings revealed that a 20% CO2 treatment was markedly more effective than the control in maintaining higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, flavanols and anthocyanins. Moreover, the 20% CO2 treatment preserved significantly higher quantities of individual anthocyanins and flavonoids compared to the control. Throughout storage, the 20% CO2 treatment significantly boosted the activity of enzymes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and sucrose metabolism relative to the control groups. In summary, the innovation of this study lies in the use of CO2 to maximise anthocyanin and flavonoid content in stored onions, which are usually diminished by extended storage at room temperature. This method could help extend the shelf life of onions while preserving their quality attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Onion skin is generated in high amounts as food waste that is rich in bioactive components. Thus, the valorisation of onion skin waste in food production following suitable methods of treatment can be regarded as a sustainable strategy in terms of nutrition, economy, and environment. Skin waste from onions (Allium cepa) was ground and exposed to dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma (DBDCP) at 40 kV for either 0 or 30 min. Then the cold plasma‐treated onion skin powder (OSP) was added to chocolate at a concentration of 0%, 1%, or 2% (w/w). The DBDCP‐induced changes in the microbial load, colour, water content, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of OSP were assessed. The TPC, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties of the chocolate samples added with OSP were also monitored. Cold plasma treatment increased the TPC and antioxidant activity of OSP, but it did not affect the water content, colour, and microbial load. The antioxidant activity and TPC of the chocolate samples incorporated with DBDCP‐treated OSP at a level of 2% were higher than the samples with or without untreated OSP. However, the samples with 2% DBDCP‐treated OSP demonstrated lower overall acceptability scores compared to samples without OSP. It can be said that cold plasma can be utilised in the treatment of onion skin waste and valorisation of cold plasma‐treated onion skin waste in the production of chocolate to improve its antioxidant properties. Future studies can focus on the enhancement of the sensory properties of onion skin‐added chocolate products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of premade beef patty (BBP) with red onion skin powder (OSP) at 0, 1, 2, and 3% levels on color, lipid, and protein oxidative stability, and infection degree of microorganisms during cold storage was investigated. The objective was to determine the effect of color by L*, a*, b*, and the content of MetMb. The inhibitory effect of OSP on the oxidation of lipid and protein was studied based on TBARS and the carbonyl content of protein in samples at different storage times. TVB-N content was used to characterize the degree of infection of microorganisms and their effect on meat quality. The results showed that the addition of OSP reduced the pH, L *, a*, and b * values of BBP, and improved the hardness, springiness, gumminess, and cohesiveness of BBP, but had no significant effect on the chewiness of BBP (p > 0.05). After 12 days of storage, the carbonyl group and TBARS content in the BBP supplemented with 3%OSP was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the addition of OSP significantly inhibited the TVB-N increase during beef patty storage. These results indicated that OSP has a good research prospect as a natural antioxidant or preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the protective role of Urtica dioica extract (Udex) against Li2CO3 toxicity in Allium cepa L. was investigated using various parameters such as germination rates, root growth, weight gain, mitotic index (MI), malondialdehyde (MDA), micronucleus (MN), antioxidant enzyme activity, chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and anatomical changes. As the biological activity of Udex is related to its active content, the profile of phenolic compounds was determined by LC–MS/MS analysis. Li2CO3 caused abnormalities in the tested parameters and serious regressions in germination parameters. Application of 100 mg/L Li2CO3 reduced the chlorophyll a and b contents by 73.04% and 65.7%, respectively. Li2CO3 application exhibited a cytotoxic effect by inducing significant decreases in MI and increases in the frequency of MN, and also showed a genotoxic effect by causing CAs. After 100 mg/L Li2CO3 treatment, MDA, proline, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels increased by 54.9%, 58.5%, 47.8%, and 52.3%, respectively. Li2CO3 and Udex co-administration resulted in a regression in increased biochemical parameters and genotoxicity parameters, and an improvement in germination parameters. Furthermore, Udex demonstrated efficacy in mitigating the detrimental effects of Li2CO3 on the root tip, particularly in the 200 µg/mL Udex-treated group. The thickening of the cortex cell wall and conduction tissue, which is commonly induced by Li₂CO₃, was not observed in the Udex-treated group. The protective effect of Udex can be explained by the phenolic compounds it contains. Rutin was detected as the major component in Udex and other phenolics were listed according to their presence rate as protecatechuic acid > caffeic acid > p-coumaric acid > syringic acid > rosemarinic acid > epicatechin. Li ions, which increase in the environment after industrialization, are an important environmental pollutant and exhibit toxicity that affects many pathways in organisms. Scientific research should not only detect these toxic effects but also develop solutions to such problems. In this study, it was determined that the Udex application had a toxicity-reducing role against Li2CO3 toxicity. Also, it has been demonstrated that A. cepa is an important indicator in determining this toxicity and toxicity-reducing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Viruses significantly affect global health. The few available viricidal and antiviral therapies are expensive and often associated with unwanted side effects. Functional foods as plant extracts (nutraceuticals) are epigenetically active, and multi-target antiviral compounds that affect several steps of the viral life cycle and host proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate host and viral gene expression and are responsible for the fine-tuning of gene expression by controlling the expression of their target messenger RNAs (mRNA) in host cells and viruses. Several plant ingredients have been proven to be active against RNA virus infections. Obviously, miRNAs play a central role in the regulation of gene transcription in viral replication and host immune defense. A healthy diet and nutraceuticals can support the fine-tuning of miRNAs. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of epigenetic active phytoceuticals and/or functional foods on immune relevant miRNAs and mRNAs in a healthy human study population. Methods: In a 2-month human intervention study (n=80), a mix of plant extracts (sage extract, green tea extract, berberine, apple extract, onion extract, elderberry extract, and grape skin extract) with proven activity against RNA viruses were examined for the change of miRNA and mRNA patterns involved in virus response systems. Lifestyle and nutritional behavior, including self-reported stress levels, as well as infection frequency as potential cofounders have been raised. Results: The intervention with secondary plant extracts could modulate the expression of miRNAs involved in the virus defense (miR-30e, miR-877, miR-150) and the expression of NF-κB. The intervention also increased miRNA expression patterns associated with a positive lifestyle. The intervention adapted miRNAs that correlate with an increased risk of infection, smoking, stress, and processed meat products. Conclusion: Plant extracts can enhance the beneficial effects of a healthy nutrition and lifestyle by modulating miRNAs. MiRNAs are promising drug targets for maintaining immune homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by Pterocarpus santalinus leaf extract following the green method as a reducing and capping agent. Analytical methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy were followed for characterization of synthesized nanoparticles. Outcomes demonstrated that crystalline CuO and ZnO nanoparticles with distinct morphologies have successfully formed. The ability of metal oxide nanomaterials against the growth of Aspergillus niger fungus was tested by agar diffusion method on PDA plates. Pure culture of the isolated fungus from onions was used in this experiment. Fungal inoculum was prepared and spread on PDA plates and tested for growth inhibition with varying concentrations of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles using Disk Diffusion Method. A successful growth inhibition was identified in plates treated with CuO and ZnO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at measuring nitrate levels in different vegetables from Tehran's markets that are consumed raw and fresh and to evaluate human health risk. Basil, parsley, radish leaves, cress, leek, radish, spring onion were randomly collected from local markets and the nitrate content was analysed by spectrophotometry. Average nitrate levels in the samples were 40.1, 45.2, 50.0, 51.8, 55.4, 90.2 and 110 mg kg−1 in parsley, leek, basil, radish leaves, cress, radish and spring onion, respectively. The average content in all samples was below Iranian standard limits. Tuber vegetables had significantly higher nitrate content than (green) leafy vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the most predominant freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacterium found globally which is capable of producing toxic secondary metabolites including microcystins that might intoxicate animals and humans when contaminated water or food is ingested. Salvinia auriculata Aubl is one of the plants that might possess bioactive compounds capable of controlling growth and reproduction of M. aeruginosa. The present study aimed to determine the presence of bioactive compounds in S. auriculata extracts and determine alterations occurred in growth and reproduction of M. aeruginosa when exposed to these plant extracts. In addition, this investigation aimed to examine the influence of S. auriculata on antioxidant enzymes detected in M. aeruginosa. The results obtained demonstrated that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. auriculata presented potential for control of cyanobacteria populations, exhibiting algicidal action on M. aeruginosa as well as interfering in antioxidant enzymes activities and parameters associated with oxidative stress. Phytochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids content in both extracts. In addition, application of S. auriculata extracts did not produce cytogenotoxicity and/or mutagenicity utilizing Allium cepa test. Therefore, further studies are needed in order to identify and characterize the compounds responsible for these effects on M. aeruginosa and provide information regarding the possible application of S. auriculata in the treatment of drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal and mechanical treatments may affect the structure of hydrolyzed proteins, thus influencing the obtaining of peptides with improved bioactivity. In this work, tilapia muscle was treated by thermal sterilization or homogenization with ultra‐turrax (UT) and hydrolyzed with alcalase to obtain FPHs with antioxidant properties in salad dressing. To evaluate the bioactive potential of FPHs, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was applied, resulting in up to 45.87% inhibition for the UT sample (60 mg/mL). Also, no cytotoxicity was detected by Allium cepa model for all FPHs. The emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index of FPHs indicated better emulsifying capacity in basic pH. As a proof of concept, FPHs were used as an emulsifying/antioxidant agent to prepare a salad dressing. FPHs increased the formulation's protein content, pseudoplastic behavior, color, and texture. In addition, FPHs aided the oxidative stability of salad dressing (evaluated by oil's extinction coefficient), demonstrating potential application in emulsified foods by acting on the elimination of radicals generated in lipid oxidation. Practical applications: Fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) offer diverse bioactive properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, and acetylcholinesterase (associated with Alzheimer's disease) inhibitory effects. However, optimizing their technological properties poses a challenge, affecting applicability and bioactivity. Industrial processes such as thermal and mechanical treatments can alter protein structures, influencing peptide bioactivity post enzymatic hydrolysis. This study investigates the impact of substrate pre‐treatments, sterilization via thermal heating, and homogenization using a rotor‐stator system (ultra‐turrax) on FPHs' technological properties after hydrolysis with alcalase, including emulsifying capacity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory capacity. In addition, it explores the application of pre‐treated FPHs in a real food system (French salad dressing), assessing rheological properties, texture, and oxidative stability. Such evaluations are crucial for ensuring the feasibility of industrial FPHs production and their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early sprouting is a main cause of onion spoilage during storage. However, limited knowledge is available on which factors trigger sprouting. Here, this was studied in the Hyfive and Exhibition cultivars, which largely differ in sprouting time. Sprouting progress was compared to the fructan and abscisic acid (ABA) profiles in the bulb scales and basal plates. Fructan concentrations decreased in the scales from harvest time onwards in the late-sprouting cultivar Hyfive, while remaining constant in the cultivar Exhibition until internal sprouting. In the basal plates, fructan concentrations increased in both cultivars from approximately one month after harvest, but reached maximum concentrations at moments that could not be related to the difference in internal sprouting. ABA levels generally decreased in the scales of both cultivars, while increasing in their basal plates. Nevertheless, for fructans, the measured variation in ABA concentrations was not consistently associated with differences in internal sprouting. A subsequent perturbation of internal sprouting by Maleic Hydrazide treatment in the cultivar Hyfive confirmed a lack of correlation. Altogether, this indicates that fructan and ABA levels in the scales and basal plate tissue change independent of internal sprouting and cannot be regarded as predictive markers for sprouting and storability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium genus vegetables have significant functional effects on health. In recent years, consumer demand for black forms of these vegetables, produced from fresh Alliums through spontaneous fermentation at high temperature and humidity, has increased, while their functional effects have yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of various Allium vegetables (yellow onion, red onion, white onion, and garlic) in both their raw and black (fermented) forms. For the production of black onions and black garlic, unpeeled raw forms of these vegetables were kept at 75 °C and 90% humidity for 9 days. Afterward, fresh and fermented samples were lyophilized, dried, and evaluated for total phenol content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and for antioxidant activity by the ABTS and DPPH methods. The total phenol content increased significantly in all samples after fermentation (p < 0.05), with the highest increases observed in garlic (216%), while the increases in onion species ranged between 44.6% and 118.3%. The increase in antioxidant capacity was also significant in all samples (p < 0.05) and was higher in garlic than in onions. Changes in antioxidant capacity and total phenol content indicate that fermentation improves the nutritional quality of these vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most Brazilian municipalities, urban solid waste (USW) is disposed of in open dumps, with numerous sites now being closed, monitored, and rehabilitated. One location, the "old dump" area in the Portão municipality (southern Brazil), previously served as an irregular repository for USW and industrial solid waste (ISW). Its use continued until 1993 when it was closed for a natural remediation process. For this reason, this study aimed to assess groundwater quality in the Portão "old dump," employing physicochemical, microbiological, and toxicity quality indicators. The study's scope was extended to encompass the Portão Stream as well. Notably, the second collection campaign revealed elevated dissolved aluminum (Al3+), iron (Fe2+), and nitrate levels in all groundwater samples (from PZi wells, i = 1–6), with the PZ3 monitoring well experiencing the most pronounced impact. Further quality indicators, such as total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms, BOD5, as well as Al3+ and copper (Cu2+) levels in the second water collection campaign from Portão Stream, were classified as Class 4, suggesting that the water is suitable only for navigation and aesthetic purposes. Conductivity analysis identified Portão Stream as another impacted area. Moreover, during the second collection campaign, the study uncovered an escalation in micronuclei (MN) frequency and chromosomal alterations in PZ5. Downstream water samples from Portão Stream exhibited similarly heightened MN levels. This study's investigation into water quality is a concrete example of the implications of improper USW management. These findings underscore the pressing need for effective waste management strategies to mitigate environmental degradation and protect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion is one of the most important crops in the world, including Iran. Despite the high quantity produced in Iran, it is sent to the domestic and foreign markets in inappropriate conditions and at a low price due to the lack of a sorting process and appropriate packaging. This study aimed to evaluate an onion sorting machine, study the effect of the performance characteristics of the machine on the sorting quality indexes, and determine the probable mechanical damage to the product during the sorting to achieve the machine's optimum performance characteristics. This machine was designed and constructed with two reciprocating sieves with a length and width of 2×1 m², using a wobble shaft. Onion was sorted at 3 degrees based on their diameter according to the international standards code (D<50 mm, 50mm70mm). The sorting performance indexes comprised the degree of pollution and purity, measured and calculated while sorting 200 kg of onion. Also, based on the obtained indexes in all test conditions, the number of optimum performance characteristics of the machine was determined, such as effective capacity, slope (6, 8, and 10 degrees), and frequency of sieves (2.66, 3, 3.33 s-1) and their effect on the onion mechanical damage during the sorting process. The highest degree of purity, equal to 95.60%, was obtained at a frequency of 3.33 s-1 and a slope of 10 degrees for the sieves at a capacity of 1 to 1.2 t/h. Also, the overall sorting efficiency of the machine was 92.34%, and no mechanical damage was observed to the onion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explosive volcanic eruptions represent a serious threat to agriculture in many countries. Ashfall can cause substantial damage to crops, jeopardizing farmers' livelihoods and potentially endangering food security. Previous field‐based studies have associated ash impact on crops with the deposit thickness, or, correspondingly, with the mass load. However, non‐volcanic factors, including plant traits and growth stage, also influence the vulnerability of crops to ashfall. To accurately estimate the risk of crop production loss in ash‐prone areas, it is essential to evaluate how these factors govern the impact of ash on crops. We grew leafy (lettuce, Lactuca sativa; hative d'Heverlée, and cabbage, Brassica oleracea; cabus de Chateaurenard) and bulb and root (onion, Allium cepa; blanc premier, and carrot, Daucus carota; hative d'Oxhella) vegetables in a greenhouse and exposed them at two growth stages to simulated ash deposits ranging from 5 to 40 kg m−2. Our results confirm that crop production loss increases with higher ash mass load, reaching 27%–69% for deposits of 20–40 kg m−2. Additionally, they indicate a higher vulnerability of carrot and onion plants than previously reported. Lettuce and cabbage plants were more severely impacted by ash compared to onion and carrot plants, illustrating the role of plant traits in controlling ash interception and retention on foliage. Furthermore, the plant growth stage emerged as another vulnerability factor. Using the new impact data, we calculated a theoretical production loss in a cultivated area potentially affected by ashfall. This revealed that a significant portion of the crop production loss can be associated with low ash mass loads (5 kg m−2), emphasizing the importance of including distal regions in the impact assessment of ashfall on crops. Core Ideas: Plant traits and growth stage dictate crop vulnerability to volcanic ashfall.Significant crop production loss can occur in distal regions affected by minor ashfall.Cost‐effective experiments improve risk models to forecast crop production loss after ashfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. In the context of climate change, onion cultivation has become a challenge and innovative solutions are needed to support breeders and seed producers as well as farmers, starting with critical issues of seed quality. Seed priming successfully improves seed viability, which leads to rapid and uniform germination and emergence of onion seedlings.Results. Priming onion seeds can improve viability, especially under unfavorable conditions such as low/high temperatures, reduced water availability and salinity. It is a simple, low-cost and low-risk intervention that can be a useful technology for farmers and have a positive impact on their livelihoods by increasing the rate of seed germination, increasing the rate of plant development, reducing harvest time and increasing yields. Although this method is common for radish, tomato, carrot and cabbage seeds, this method is less popular for onions. This review provides an up-to-date picture of the scientific and technological advances that have contributed to increasing seed germination and vigor in onion plants to date. For large-scale commercial use, optimal priming methods and conditions tailored to different varieties or seed lots will require further extensive experimental work. It cannot be denied that seed priming technology is characterized by ease of operation, low cost and high practical value in industrial and market contexts. It can be foreseen that this technology will have wider prospects in agricultural production and green building. In addition, seed priming can effectively restore or enhance seed viability and ensure successful retention of germplasm resources and subsequent development, especially for onion seeds that rapidly lose viability.

Persistence of spirotetramat and imidacloprid residues on tomato and onion after three applications of a combination formulation, spirotetramat 12% + imidacloprid 12%, @ 625 and 1250 mL ha−1 is reported. An easy and simple methodology was standardised for the extraction of residues in tomato, onion and soil followed by estimation and confirmation on LC-MS/MS using C18 column by keeping the positive mode of electrospray. The methodology was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, repeatability, reproducibility and its limit of detection and quantification. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was worked out to be 0.05 mg kg−1. The results of recovery studies were consistent and more than 80% in all the matrices. No residues above LOQ were detected in tomato sample after 3rd day and after 7th day for onion samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the bacterial genus Burkholderia are a routine threat to onion production worldwide. In addition to the common onion‐pathogenic species, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia orbicola and Burkholderia gladioli, other Burkholderia species have the potential to cause onion disease. Despite their impacts and long‐known association with onion disease, the virulence mechanisms of onion‐pathogenic Burkholderia are far less well understood than Burkholderia in human and murine infection models. In this review, we will focus on genetically characterized virulence factors in species that contribute to symptom production in onion and other plant hosts. Specifically, we will focus on the variable roles of specialized protein secretion systems (T2SS, T3SS and T4SS) and secreted proteins, thiosulphinate tolerance gene (TTG) clusters and the well‐characterized phytotoxin toxoflavin in virulence. The regulation and roles of LuxI/LuxS quorum‐sensing system and IclR‐type transcriptional regulator, qsmR, as master regulators of secondary metabolite production and virulence factors will also be discussed. The TTG clusters, involved in bacterial tolerance to thiosulphinate defence compounds, exhibit onion tissue‐specific contributions to virulence. This suggests that Burkholderia onion pathogens have tissue‐specific virulence strategies for causing disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Asthma presents a global health challenge. The main pharmacotherapy is synthetic chemicals and biological-based drugs that are costly, and have significant side effects. In contrast, use of natural products, such as onion (Allium cepa L., Amaryllidaceae) in the treatment of airway diseases has increased world-wide because of their perceived efficacy and little safety concerns. however, their pharmacological actions remain largely uncharacterized. Objective: We investigated whether onion bulb extract (OBE) can (1) reverse established asthma phenotype (therapeutic treatment) and/or (2) prevent the development of the asthma phenotype, if given before the immunization process (preventative treatment). Materials and methods: six groups of male Balb/c mice were established for the therapeutic (21 days) and five groups for the preventative (19 days) treatment protocols; including PBs and house dust mite (HDM)-challenged mice treated with vehicle or OBe (30, 60, and 100 mg/kg/i.p.). airways inflammation was determined using cytology, histology, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and serum ige. Results: therapeutic (60 mg/kg/i.p.) and preventative (100 mg/kg/i.p.) OBE treatment resulted in down-regulation of HDM-induced airway cellular influx, histopathological changes and the increase in expression of pro-inflammatory signaling pathway EGFR, ERK1/2, AKT, pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum ige. Discussion and Conclusion: Our data show that OBe is an effective anti-inflammatory agent with both therapeutic and preventative anti-asthma effects. these findings imply that onion/OBE may be used as an adjunct therapeutic agent in established asthma and/or to prevent development of allergic asthma. however, further studies to identify the active constituents, and demonstrate proof-of-concept in humans are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to study the features of humic fertilizer impact on water consumption, yield and quality of onions under drip irrigation in the dry-steppe zone of Saratov Trans-Volga region. Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out on dark chestnut soils in 2019–2022. The objects of the study were the zoned Chalcedony variety and fertilizers based on humic acids. Related observations and studies of water consumption, productivity formation and yield quality were carried out using generally accepted methods. Results. Research has shown that when maintaining a drip irrigation regime, which involves watering when soil moisture is reduced to 80 % of the lowest moisture capacity in the 0–30 cm layer, the total water consumption of onions on average over the years of the study amounted to 4102 cub. m/ha, average daily – 31 cub. m/ha. The humic fertilizer application contributed to a more economical use of moisture and irrigation water, as evidenced by a decrease in the water consumption coefficient by 7.1–23.3 %, and the cost of irrigation water to form a unit of marketable output by 15.9–24.0 %. Humic fertilizers also provided a significant yield increase – 4.9–15.31 t/ha (10–31 % higher than the control – without fertilizers). Conclusions: the humic fertilizer application, which have stimulating and adaptogenic features, when growing onions under the arid conditions of the Saratov Trans-Volga region with drip irrigation, is an effective technique that ensures more economical use of water resources and increases the yield of one of the leading vegetable crops – onions.