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Background. Every year, the number of patients who face cancer without having time to realize their reproductive function increases. In view of this, there is a growing need to develop and improve various ways to preserve fertility in this category of patients. The most common techniques are in vitro maturation of oocytes and controlled ovarian stimulation followed by vitrification of oocytes and embryos. At the same time, transvaginal puncture (TVP) has a risk of developing complications such as bleeding or an infectious process. Disorders of the vaginal microflora also increase the likelihood of inflammatory diseases. In this regard, the correction of vaginal dysbiosis is an integral part of the protocols of assisted reproductive technologies before the TVP. Aim. Development of an integrated approach to the preservation of reproductive material in patients with oncological pathology. Materials and methods. A prospective randomized study of 39 women with an identified oncological process and bacterial vaginosis was conducted. The patients were divided into 2 groups: oral probiotic was added to clindamycin therapy in group 1, and vaginal probiotic in group 2. The ovarian reserve was examined for everyone, the qualitative composition of the vaginal microflora was determined, pH-metry was performed and related specialists were consulted if necessary. Results. The patients are comparable in age and ovarian reserve. When using an oral probiotic, an improvement in the qualitative composition of the microflora was noted due to a decrease in opportunistic flora (Gardnerella vaginalis) and an increase in the number of lactobacilli. The vaginal probiotic showed comparable results, but the recurrence rate was 28%, while in group 1 it was 18%. It was noted that when taking Enterolactis Duo, the symptoms associated with chemotherapy treatment decrease. During the study, 396 oocytes were obtained, of which 212 are suitable for vitrification and fertilization. Conclusion. Currently, the development of oncofertility methods and their improvement remain one of the urgent problems. Taking an oral probiotic helps to normalize the vaginal microflora, neutralize the risks of infectious complications in TVP, reduce the likelihood of recurrence of dysbiosis and the development of adverse events associated with chemotherapy. The use of ovulation stimulation demonstrates higher rates compared to in vitro maturation. However, a combination of these procedures can be used to increase the amount of material obtained, which is subsequently used in assisted reproductive technology protocols.

Nutritional corrective support is an integral component of rehabilitation programs in the perioperative period for oncological pathology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of including remaxol in the rehabilitation treatment regimen for gastroenterological cancer patients. Material and methods. The treatment results of 42 patients with gastric outlet tumors and small intestine tumors were retrospectively analyzed. Remaxol was included in the adjuvant therapy for patients in the main (I, N=22) group: intravenously 400 ml at a rate of 40–80 drops/min (2–4 ml/min) once a day for 10 days. Patients in the comparison group (II, N= 20) received traditional nutritional therapy. The study used both traditional clinical diagnostic methods and methods for assessing the risks of nutritional deficiency and the rehabilitation potential of the body, its adaptive capabilities, and disease prognosis. Results. All patients showed signs of severe nutritional deficiency, endotoxemia, intoxication, and hepatotoxicity. Liver detoxification parameters were better in patients who received remaxol as an adjuvant therapy than in the comparison group. Conclusions. Cancer patients with a high nutritional risk and moderate to high nutritional deficiency are at a higher risk of developing toxic complications requiring adjuvant therapy. The inclusion of remaxol in adjuvant therapy reduced the severity of hepatotoxic reactions in these patients. The data obtained made it possible to recommend its inclusion in treatment regimens for patients with this pathology.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, an increasing tendency of oncopathology in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) was observed. Clinical data demonstrate an increased risk of malignization in patients with decreased renal function. The cohort study (2022) reported a cumulative incidence of cancer in nephrology patients ranging from 10.8% to 15.3%. A high percentage of stage IV cancers were detected in patients with CKD at the time of diagnosis. In 2022, the American Association for Cancer Research published the results of a Mendelian Randomization Study examining the causal relationship between CKD and the risk of developing 19 local cancers, including renal cell cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, and colorectal cancer. Several studies found a direct correlation between a decreased glomerular filtration rate and the development of oncopathologies. Therefore, cancer awareness is important in the management of patients with CKD. In patients with end-stage chronic renal disease (ESRD) who are on hemodialysis, X-ray diagnosis with iodine-containing radiopaque agents is possible without additional risk of kidney damage. AIM: To demonstratу the role of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of oncopathology in a patient with CKD to attract the attention of physicians to the importance of using advanced diagnostic techniques in patients with CKD. METHODS: A clinical case of a 32-year-old patient M. who was hospitalized in the Therapeutic Department of Multidisciplinary City Hospital No. 2 in Astana was presented. RESULTS: A patient with ESRD resulting from chronic glomerulonephritis in a hypertensive form complained of dyspnea at rest, cough with difficult sputum, right thoracic pain, general weakness, and weight loss of 8 kg in 1 month. Past medical history showed that the patient was on alternate program hemodialysis for 4 years. Deterioration occurred within 3 months. The patient was examined at the place of residence. CT scan showed signs of tuberculosis of the upper right lobe (?) and lymphadenopathy of intrathoracic and axillary lymph nodes. A neoplasm was not excluded. The patient was consulted by a phthisiatrician, GeneXpert sputum was performed, and tuberculosis was excluded. In dynamics, ultrasound was conducted due to increasing dyspnea. Fluid accumulation in the pericardial and pleural cavities was detected. A pulmonologist assessed the situation as uremic pericarditis, pleurisy on the right side, and right-sided pneumonia in the upper lobe of unclear genesis. Antibacterial therapy was prescribed. Due to a significant deterioration of the condition, the patient went to the city hospital. At admission, respiratory failure, pain syndrome in the chest area, and marked asthenization up to cachexia were observed. Ultrasound of pleural cavities showed free fluid in the pleural cavity on the right (770 ml) and left (110 ml), whereas abdominal ultrasound revealed cavernous hemangiomas of the liver (?), echogenic suspension of the gallbladder, and splenomegaly. Echocardiography showed diffuse hypokinesis of all left ventricular walls. Grade 12 pulmonary hypertension was detected. Systolic function of the left ventricle was moderately decreased. Effusion in the pericardial cavity in the volume of 430 ml and congestion in the inferior vena cava were found. A patient with ESRD was on program hemodialysis for 4 years, which allowed the use of contrast-enhanced X-ray imaging techniques without the risk of additional renal damage. Contrast-enhanced chest CT showed pronounced right-sided pleurisy. Given the presence of foci of contrast agent accumulation in the structure of the parietal pleura, malignancy was not excluded (mesothelioma?). Indolent left-sided pleurisy, segmental and subsegmental compression atelectasis of the right lung, distinct edema and thickening of interlobular septa of both lungs, and single dense foci of I/II, III segments of the left lung up to 4.2 mm in diameter were detected. In addition, chronic bronchitis, pericarditis, and lymphadenopathy of subclavian, intrathoracic, and axillary lymph nodes up to 15.0 mm in diameter (malignancy not excluded) were revealed. Osteosclerosis foci of the Th3 vertebral body measuring 4.75.1 mm was observed. Contrast-enhanced abdominal and retroperineal CT scan showed a focal mass of the IVa segment of the liver measuring 17.315.916.4 mm (malignancy not excluded), chronic calculous cholecystitis, chronic pancreatitis, lymphadenopathy of intra-abdominal para-aortic and mesenteric lymph nodes up to 18.0 mm in size (malignancy not excluded), reduced size of both kidneys (contracted kidneys), and a cystic mass in the left ovary measuring 39.442.034.5 mm (35 HU). Patient was consulted by an oncologist: pleural mesothelioma? Metastasis in the liver? Consultation with a thoracic surgeon to decide on morphological verification was recommended. A biopsy was planned at the place of residence; however, morphological verification of oncopathology was not performed due to the patients lethal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical case of a patient with ESRD on hemodialysis demonstrates the importance of contrast-enhanced CT to diagnose oncopathology.

The article describes the empirical research of the features of stress coping behavior in patients with newly diagnosed oncopathology. The author's attention is directed to the analysis of the chronic social stress impact on the psychological state of women with cancer due to its relevance in modern social conditions. The article highlights the hypothesis that the effectiveness of stress coping behavior and the general psychological state of patients are closely related to the quality and specificity of provided psychological support. Particular attention is paid to the study of the connection between individual strategies for stress coping and social factors, in particular, family support, dealing with friends and medical personnel. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach, including knowledge from medicine, psychology, sociology, and other fields for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of stress coping behavior in patients with oncology and the development of a comprehensive support strategy considering a wide range of factors: from individual characteristics to social living conditions. The conclusions of the empirical study are important for the practice of medical psychology and further research in the field of psycho-oncology.

Background: Lymphoma neoplasms originate from the lymphocytes. Anatomically, these tumors can be classified into multicentric, digestive, mediastinal, and cutaneous forms. The etiology of cutaneous lymphoma remains unclear; however, it has been associated with chronic skin inflammation. The definitive diagnosis is based on histological analysis and immunohistochemistry, although fine-needle aspiration cytology has shown good results. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinicopathological aspects of a case of cutaneous epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma, classified as mycosis fungoides, in a Lhasa Apso dog. Case: A 8-year-old bitch Lhasa Apso with multiple non-pruritic skin nodules and history of 10-day evolution was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo (UNESC), Colatina, ES, Brazil. The nodules were erythematous, exophytic, firm, circumscribed, and measured 0.2-4 cm in diameter in locations throughout the animal's body. An incisional biopsy was performed with an 8-mm punch and sent for histopathological examination. An infiltrative, poorly demarcated, non-encapsulated, densely cellular neoplasm, which was replacing the dermal collagen and displacing the adnexa, was observed in the dermis. The tumor was composed of a population of round cells, with generally distinct cell borders and a small-to-moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were irregularly rounded and occasionally edentulous, with vesicular chromatin, a visible nucleus, and 11 mitotic figures in an area of 2.37 mm2. The immunohistochemical test, which was positive for the CD3 marker, confirmed the diagnosis of T cell lymphoma. On an ultrasound to identify metastasis, the liver showed heterogeneous parenchyma, heterogeneous expansive formation, areas of cavitary appearance, and cytology compatible with lymphoma. Antineoplastic chemotherapy was administered using the CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). However, the animal died after 45 days. Discussion: A diagnosis of the mycosis fungoides type of cutaneous epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma was established based on clinical, laboratory, anatomopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Pruritus is a common clinical condition in animals with mycosis fungoides, particularly in those with the erythrodermic form of the disease. Epitheliotropic lymphomas have no sexual or racial predilections and usually affect dogs over 9 years of age. The Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldog, Boxer, Golden Retriever, Scottish Terrier, Briard, English Springer Spaniel, Beagle, German Shepherd, and English Cocker Spaniel breeds are frequently affected by these lymphomas. These neoplasms can have a primary skin origin, or they can be secondary and associated with lymphoma found elsewhere in the body. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice, especially in cases with multifocal distribution. Protocol preference varies with disease stage, patient clinical and laboratory conditions, and the degree of toxicity. Commonly used chemotherapy regimens include L-CHOP (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, L-asparaginase, and prednisolone), CHOP, COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone), LAP (lomustine, L-asparaginase, and prednisolone), LOPP (lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolone), chlorambucil, and prednisolone. The prognosis of canine epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma is unfavorable, with a survival time ranging from a few months to 2 years. The animal in this study survived for 105 days. In addition, epitheliotropic cutaneous T cell lymphoma is aggressive, which may result in a shorter survival time in animals affected by this type of tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Global monitoring of the incidence shows that oral and pharyngeal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Treatment of such patients, regardless of its type (surgical, radiation, chemotherapy) is quite traumatic, which leads to damage to surrounding tissues, disruption of their functions and before swallowing. Objectification of the severity of functional disorders is difficult in both the first and second phases of swallowing. There is also no systematization of severity, which could be used in the clinic in such patients. The aim of the work was to select and evaluate methods for diagnosing swallowing disorders and systematization of oral and oropharyngeal dysphagia. Materials and Methods: The study included 36 patients aged 38-55 years (men) who were treated in the Department of Head and Neck Tumors „Podolsk Regional Oncology Center" with malignant tumors of the tongue, bottom of the mouth and oropharynx stage I-III. All patients had problems with chewing and swallowing. A comprehensive method of assessing the effectiveness of chewing and ultrasound examination of the act of swallowing, the presence of the pain component on the visual-analog scale (VAS) at the time of hospitalization and in the postoperative period for 10 days. Results: Clinical and ultrasound studies have shown a reduction in muscle contraction in all patients, regardless of the location of the process. Changes were observed depending on the clinical course of the disease, the prevalence of the tumor and the volume of the muscles being incised. There was a tendency that patients who could not mix and form the food bolus were also unable to take a normal sip. These manipulations were accompanied by varying intensity of pain. Based on the obtained data, groups of patients by severity and their systematization were formed. Conclusions: The systematization of oral and oropharyngeal dysphagia on the basis of objective indicators is proposed (masticatory efficiency -- masticatory test, ultrasound examination). To assess the first phase of swallowing, a set of studies with three methods is recommended: 1 -- chewing test; 2 -- visual-analog scale of pain; 3 -- ultrasound examination. To assess the second phase of swallowing -- two methods: 1 -- visual-analog scale of pain; 2 -- ultrasound examination. The transfer of the patient from the tube feeding to the usual was carried out on the basis of the obtained objective indicators, taking into account subjective data as auxiliary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This article is devoted to the description of the method of physical rehabilitation of children and adolescents of 12–17 years old after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the analysis of the effectiveness of this method on the indicators of physical, emotional state and quality of life assessment.The objective of the study was to scientifically substantiate the effectiveness of the method of physical rehabilitation of adolescents who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Methods and materials. The experiment involved 40 adolescents with oncopathology who were admitted for treatment at R.M. Memorial Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, of which 16 girls and 24 boys aged 12 to 17 years: experimental group 1 (EG1 ) – 20 patients and experimental group 2 (EG2) – 20 patients. In EG2, classes were held 3 times a week together with an instructor-methodologist of exercise therapy and were taught independently according to a specially developed methodological and video material with filling in a self-control diary.Results. The application of the developed method of physical rehabilitation of adolescents contributes to: optimizing the physical condition: indicators of the life index improved by 5.5 %; power index by 28.9 %; the level of aerobic endurance by 18.3 %; carpal dynamometry of the right hand by 6.5 %, carpal dynamometry of the left hand by 5.2 %; indicators of vital capacity of the lungs improved by 6.5 %; the time of passage of the straight line by 25.7 %, the improvement of the psycho-emotional state – indicators of anxiety and depressive states decreased by 22.3 %, the improvement of the quality of life: physical, emotional, social functioning improved by 7.4 %; pain and soreness, fatigue and sleep, nausea, anxiety, nutrition, thinking, communication improved by 9.3 %.Conclusion. Thus, the presented method of physical rehabilitation has shown its effectiveness.

The paper presents results of using a neural network classifier to analyze images of malignant skin lesions obtained using a hyper-spectral camera. Using a three-block neural network of VGG architecture, we conducted the classification of a set of two-dimensional images of melanoma, papilloma and basal cell carcinoma, obtained in the range of 530 – 570 and 600 – 606 nm, characterized by the highest absorption of melanin and hemoglobin. The sufficiency of the inclusion in the training set of two-dimensional images of a limited spectral range is analyzed. The results obtained show significant prospects of using neural network algorithms for processing hyperspectral data for the classification of skin pathologies. With a relatively small set of training data used in the study, the classification accuracy for the three types of neoplasms was as high as 96 %.

The aim: to study the permanent risk factor of oncopathology in order to determine its medical and geographical features and assess their impact on oncopathology of the population of Zaporizhzhia region. Materials and methods. By means of spatial and geographical, as well as analytical and statistical methods, territories were medically and statistically differentiated, with the assessment of the natural environment quality. Epidemiological study of malignant neoplasms was conducted retrospectively for the period of 2004–2015, in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10. Determination of environmental impact on oncopathology was performed using the attributive fraction. Results. Geoactive space is characterized by a variety of natural and climatic conditions of lithosphere, hydrosphere and landscapes. The main physical and geographical objects of the Zaporizhzhia region (Ukrainian Crystal Shield, the Dnipro, the Sea of Azov) form six zones, which differ in the diversity of system-forming elements. Specific features of discontinuous disturbances of the lithosphere of the Ukrainian crystal shield are abnormally high electrical conductivity of the earth’s crust, intense electromagnetic fields, high concentration of radon in aquifers, and streams of high-energy fluids. Conclusions. The highest geopathogenic impact is manifested in the fault zone of the Ukrainian crystal shield. The highest values of the attributive fraction of malignant neoplasms were registered in this zone among the whole population (26.8 %), among the adult population (25.4 %) and the able-bodied population (32.7 %). The oncopathological potential of natural conditions was least manifested in the valley of the Dnipro breakthrough and the Azov Upland, where the attributive fraction for almost all indicators did not exceed 8.2 %.

IntroductionKidney cancer accounted for 1. 8% of global cancer deaths according to Globocan 2020 estimates, with most of these being renal cell carcinomas. Lower rates of renal cell carcinoma are reported for Africa and these are expected to change for a combination of reasons. The clinical and morphologic characteristics of renal cell carcinoma seen within Kenya have not been described before. This study aims to partially fill this gap.Materials and methodsThis was a cross-sectional descriptive study examining electronic histopathology reports from the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi Laboratory for the period January 2016 to May 2022.ResultsSixty cases of renal cell carcinoma were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 55.3 years. The most common histologic subtype diagnosed was clear cell renal cell carcinoma (41.7%), followed by papillary renal cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma not further specified (both 21.7%), and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (11.7%). The most frequent specimen type was resection, followed by cores of renal masses. The mean tumor size was 8.5 cm. Sixty-seven percent of patients presented with Stage III and above.DiscussionRenal masses were the commonest clinical indication for biopsy among the records reviewed. The male to female ratio, as well as the mean age at presentation were comparable to what is described in literature for other regions of the world. The proportions of the commonest histologic subtypes matched what is described in other parts of the world. Challenges in the identification of histologic subtypes included having a limited panel of antibodies for diagnosis and the lack of genetic molecular tests for histotyping.ConclusionThe spectrum of histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma seen at a tertiary referral hospital in Nairobi, Kenya was similar to that described in other parts of Africa and the globe. The age at presentation with renal cell carcinoma was consistent with what has been described in literature. Challenges were identified in the accurate histotyping of renal cell carcinoma due to constrained resources. Majority of cases diagnosed presented at advanced stage.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing pathology by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. AI integration in pathology addresses interobserver variability, ensuring consistent and rapid processing of pathology specimens. Beyond diagnosis, AI predicts prognosis and patient outcomes, showing superior performance in various studies. For instance, AI has improved cancer detection accuracy by 7.3%, especially in small specimens, and in prostate cancer, AI algorithms match or exceed the diagnostic capabilities of senior pathologists, reducing the need for second opinions by up to 40%. In gastrointestinal diseases, AI achieves the same accuracy as pathologists in complex biopsy analyses. Additionally, AI-assisted immunohistochemistry staining shows a high correlation with pathologist scoring, with Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.88 and 0.90. AI's accuracy in diagnosing and classifying brain tumors reaches up to 88%, and in screening cervical cancer using whole slide images, AI attains 93.5% specificity and 95.1% sensitivity compared to trained pathologists. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in the clinical implementation of AI in pathology. The need for large datasets and storage space poses financial challenges for institutions. Data privacy, comprehensive validation, and avoiding over-reliance on automated systems are crucial to addressing ethical concerns. Ongoing education and training for medical staff are essential for effective adaptation to AI technologies. As AI evolves, it promises to significantly impact pathological services, leading to improved patient care and outcomes and reducing diagnostic times. The future of AI in pathology is promising, contingent on overcoming these challenges in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Although neoplasms are commonly reported in domestic hamsters, retrospective studies approaching spontaneous tumors with data regarding epidemiological findings are scarce. The present study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological findings of 40 cases of tumors in domestic hamsters diagnosed in a veterinary pathology laboratory in Southern Brazil from 2002 to 2019. Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) was the most commonly affected species (16/40), followed by Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus, 11/40) and Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, 4/40). Among the cases, 57.5% were females (23/40), while 42.5% were males (17/40). The affected hamsters’ median age was of 14-months old, with an age range of 8- to 36-months old. Twenty-four cases were assessed as anatomopathological samples (biopsies), while 16 were composed of carcasses submitted to postmortem examination, and, therefore, the neoplasm was related to the cause of death. The integumentary system was frequently affected (60%, 24/40), followed by the female reproductive tract (22.5%, 9/40), hematopoietic system (10%, 4/40), digestive tract (5%, 2/40), and endocrine system (2.5%, 1/40). The most frequent neoplasm was squamous cell carcinoma (35%, 14/40), mostly on the lip/nasal region (50%, 7/14). Other tumors included fibrosarcoma (10%, 4/40), lymphoma (10%, 4/40), mammary cystadenoma (10%, 4/40), apocrine sweat gland adenoma (7.5%, 3/40), hemangiosarcoma (5%, 2/40), leiomyosarcoma (5%, 2/40), and granulosa ovarian cell tumor (5%, 2/40). The five remaining cases occurred individually and were composed of hepatoid gland adenoma, solid thyroid carcinoma, cutaneous melanoma, ovarian teratoma, and cutaneous trichoblastoma. Neoplasms were identified as an important cause of death and major reason to perform biopsy in domestic hamsters in Southern Brazil.

In the paper, we present test results of methods for the noninvasive diagnosis of skin neoplasms, based on the hyperspectral registration of images by using a camera with an acousto-optic tunable filter. For the identification of oncological pathologies, an integral spectral index has been proposed for a set of concentric regions around the source of neoplasm growth for the tissue sample under study. As well as taking account of changes in the spectral properties of the tissue, the introduced index indirectly takes into account classical ABCD dermatoscopic features: asymmetry, border irregularity, color diversity, and the tumor diameter. Results of training set separating are presented and the applicability of the proposed approaches to the clinical practice is shown.

Over the past decade, there has been a deepening of ideas about the relationship between the tumor and the hosts immune system, as evidenced by the 2018 Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology for studying the role of the so-called. Immune checkpoints in neoplasm care from an attack of the hosts immune system. This mechanism is associated with the appearance on the surface of tumor cells of specific proteins PD-1/PD-L-1, which prevent contact with the killer lymphocyte receptor. Chelate nanocomplexes (MSC-428) target PD-1/PD-L-1, i. e. affect the immune checkpoints directly. MSC-428 molecules attack 4 target proteins: PD-1/PD-L1, CD19, CD25, CD38, which leads to the normalization of surface antigens CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD45, CD95 lymphocytes, phagocytosis systems and immunoglobulins of class A, M, G. The proposed strategy of treatment against PD-1/PD-L-1 with the use of metal-containing nanocomplex MSC428 expands the possibilities of influencing immune checkpoints. Through conformational change in the 3-dimensional structure of the receptor proteins PD-1, the drug prevents them from binding to PD-L1 in tumor cells. This increases the expression of CD25 on T-lymphocytes, normalizes the production of IL-2, which increases the activity of T-killers against tumor cells. The drug reduces the activity of CD19 molecules, which shield tumor antigens and prevent the attack of cytotoxic T cells. As a result of inhibition of ZAP-70 kinase, CD38 expression is reduced, which increases the bodys antitumor response and mobilizes the cytotoxic potential of CD8 and CD16 T lymphocytes, preventing the development of tumor cell resistance. The restoration of their activity largely predetermines the normalization of other lymphocyte subpopulations, in particular, expressing CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD95, as well as the restoration of the phagocytosis system, production of immunoglobulins of class A, M, G. Such a complex effect ensures the construction of a coherent and effective strategy for immunotherapy of patients with oncopathology.

The Aim of the Study: To develop and implement a comprehensive algorithm for the rehabilitation of patients after partial resection of the mandible using a titanium «growing» endoprosthesis., Material and Methods: The study included 16 patients aged 2 to 7 years, with benign (6 cases) and malignant (10 cases) tumors of the mandible. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the time of fixation of the endoprosthesis. Group 1 included patients with simultaneous installation of a prosthesis (7 people). Group 2 included patients with delayed installation of an endoprosthesis (9 people). For the reconstruction of the mandible, «growing» titanium endoprostheses made of Ti6Al4V alloy of various designs were used. Removable orthodontic devices of mechanical and functional type of action, standard elastic mouthguards were used in the process of dental treatment., Results: A comprehensive algorithm has been developed for the rehabilitation of children after partial resection of the mandible, depending on the time of fixation of the prosthesis and the volume of surgical intervention., Conclusion: The developed algorithm of complex rehabilitation using a «growing» endoprosthesis and dental support at the pre and postoperative stages allows to reduce the volume of secondary deformation of facial structures and dentition.

Microchimerism has generally been shown to protect against cancer (Gilmore et al. in Exp Hematol 36(9):1073-1077, 2008). The mechanism of how this occurs is an area of intense study, as it may lead to new cancer treatments. The leading theory is that microchimeric cells perform immune surveillance by directly fighting cancerous cells and that they also act as stem cells, repairing damaged tissue (Khosrotehrani et al. in JAMA 292:75-80, 2004). However, there is conflicting evidence to support this theory. Several small studies have found few microchimeric cells in tumor tissue (Gadi in Breast Cancer Res Treat 121(1):241-244, 2010; Cirello et al. in Int J Cancer 126:2874-2878, 2010), while another study contradicted these findings by showing microchimeric cells clustered around tumor tissue (O'Donoghue et al. in Reprod Biomed Online 16:382-390, 2008). To date, we have designed the largest and broadest study to investigate this question of whether microchimeric cells really do cluster at tumor tissue. We analyzed 245 samples from a broad range of cancer types. Using PCR for the male chromosome marker TSPY1, we identified only 12 out of 245 samples with microchimerism for a rate of 4.9% (95% confidence interval 2.2-7.6%). Five of these samples were confirmed using Y fluorescence in situ hybridization. This rate of 4.9% microchimerism is the lowest reported in any study. The low percentage of microchimerism observed in our broad study suggests that microchimeric cells do not invade tumors to fight off neoplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the overexpression of tumor protein (P53), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), biomarkers and the grading, prognosis, heterogeneity, and relapse tendency of urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs) of the bladder., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 413 samples of Iranian patients diagnosed with UCC of the bladder. The tissue microarray technique was used to evaluate the patterns of tumor tissue. Two pathologists scored tissue staining using a semi-quantitative scoring system., Results: The results showed that P53 was a predictor of a high-grade pattern (the area under the curve (AUC)=0.620) with a best cut-off value of 95.0 using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. CK20 was another predictor of a high-grade pattern (AUC=0.745) with a best cut-off value of 15. However, the overexpression of both biomarkers was not associated with a heterogeneous pattern and could not predict tumor-associated death or relapse. The heterogeneous (odds ratio (OR)=4.535, p-value=0.001) and non-papillary (OR= 6.363, p-value= 0.001) patterns were effective predictors of tumor recurrence among all baseline variables, including patient and tumor characteristics. FGFR3 was positive in all specimens and was not a valuable biomarker for differentiating patterns. None of the variables predicted tumor prognosis., Conclusion: The study findings indicate that the intensity and percentage of cell staining for P53 and CK20 in the UCC of the bladder can aid in differentiating the grading patterns. The tendency of tumor relapse can be predicted by demonstrating heterogeneous and non-papillary patterns.

Background: Germline mutations in the coding sequence of the tumour suppressor APC gene give rise to familial adenomatous polyposis (which leads to colorectal cancer) and are associated with many other oncopathologies. The loss of APC function because of deletion of putative promoter 1A or 1B also results in the development of colorectal cancer. Since the regions of promoters 1A and 1B contain many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the aim of this study was to perform functional analysis of some of these SNPs by means of an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and a luciferase reporter assay. Results: First, it was shown that both putative promoters of APC (1A and 1B) drive transcription in an in vitro reporter experiment. From eleven randomly selected SNPs of promoter 1A and four SNPs of promoter 1B, nine and two respectively showed differential patterns of binding of nuclear proteins to oligonucleotide probes corresponding to alternative alleles. The luciferase reporter assay showed that among the six SNPs tested, the rs75612255 C allele and rs113017087 C allele in promoter 1A as well as the rs138386816 T allele and rs115658307 T allele in promoter 1B significantly increased luciferase activity in the human erythromyeloblastoid leukaemia cell line K562. In human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells, none of the substitutions under study had any effect, with the exception of minor allele G of rs79896135 in promoter 1B. This allele significantly decreased the luciferase reporter's activity Conclusion: Our results indicate that many SNPs in APC promoters 1A and 1B are functionally relevant and that allele G of rs79896135 may be associated with the predisposition to colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Kidney cancer accounted for 1. 8% of global cancer deaths according to Globocan 2020 estimates, with most of these being renal cell carcinomas. Lower rates of renal cell carcinoma are reported for Africa and these are expected to change for a combination of reasons. The clinical and morphologic characteristics of renal cell carcinoma seen within Kenya have not been described before. This study aims to partially fill this gap., Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study examining electronic histopathology reports from the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi Laboratory for the period January 2016 to May 2022., Results: Sixty cases of renal cell carcinoma were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 55.3 years. The most common histologic subtype diagnosed was clear cell renal cell carcinoma (41.7%), followed by papillary renal cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma not further specified (both 21.7%), and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (11.7%). The most frequent specimen type was resection, followed by cores of renal masses. The mean tumor size was 8.5 cm. Sixty-seven percent of patients presented with Stage III and above., Discussion: Renal masses were the commonest clinical indication for biopsy among the records reviewed. The male to female ratio, as well as the mean age at presentation were comparable to what is described in literature for other regions of the world. The proportions of the commonest histologic subtypes matched what is described in other parts of the world. Challenges in the identification of histologic subtypes included having a limited panel of antibodies for diagnosis and the lack of genetic molecular tests for histotyping., Conclusion: The spectrum of histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma seen at a tertiary referral hospital in Nairobi, Kenya was similar to that described in other parts of Africa and the globe. The age at presentation with renal cell carcinoma was consistent with what has been described in literature. Challenges were identified in the accurate histotyping of renal cell carcinoma due to constrained resources. Majority of cases diagnosed presented at advanced stage., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Mutuiri and Gakinya.)

Results of the analysis of our own and literature data on the occurrence and development of radiation-induced thyroid cancer are presented. The analysis involved the distribution of the thyroid cancer incidence among 1 million children and 3 million adults, by age and sex, living in the radioactively contaminated territories of Russia; published data of the United Thyroid Cancer Registry of Russia and Byelorussia; results of medical examinations of the populations; and other information. Main attention was paid to the understanding of the latency period of spontaneous and radiation-induced cancers, comparison of oncopathology features in children and adults, and the role of screening in the increase of incidence rate parameters. The analysis permitted an offering of a new interpretation of several previously known facts and the developing of new explanations regarding the induction and development of radiogenic thyroid cancer, particularly regarding a far more significant increase of the thyroid cancer incidence in adults, living in the contaminated territories, than has been considered earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review covers some research conducted in the field of medical and biomedical application of devices based on silicon sensor elements (Si-NW-sensors). The use of Si-NW-sensors is one of the key methods used in a whole range of healthcare fields. Their biomedical use is among the most important ones as they offer opportunities for early diagnosis of oncological pathologies, for monitoring the prescribed therapy and for improving the people's quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide accounting for 90% of all malignant oral lesions with high mortality and a five-year survival rate of about 50%. Various studies have shown mast cells regulate carcinogenesis by immunosuppression, angiogenesis enhancement, and promotion of tumor cell mitosis. Aim Hence, the present study was aimed to compare mast cell counts in normal oral mucosa with histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma by using toluidine blue stain. Methodology Sixty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples included 15 well-differentiated, 15 moderately differentiated, and 15 poorly differentiated OSCC, as well as 15 cases of the normal oral mucosa (control), were sectioned and stained with 1% toluidine blue. Results We observed that the mean mast cell (MMC) count was comparatively more in normal mucosa than in various grades of OSCC. It was higher in low-grade OSCC. However, the differences between grades were not statistically significant. Conclusion In the present study, according to the results obtained, the MMC count was significantly decreased in OSCC in comparison with normal oral mucosa. Therefore, it can be assumed that mast cells could serve as an indicator of tumor progression., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2020, Narayan et al.)