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We propose a very fast heterodyne technique to recover the amplitude and phase of short optical pulses generated, e.g., by a mode-locked laser. A linearly swept frequency source is used to scan the entire optical spectrum of the mode-locked laser in a single continuous sweep. The beat signal is recorded on a fast oscilloscope and then digitally processed allowing the simultaneous recovery of the amplitude and the phase. This measurement is fast (less than ${2\,\mu \text{s}}$ ) and requires no prior spectral information about the signal under test.

In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility to deploy a wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) of a 30 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF-28) carrying 160 Gbps data in downstream and 40 Gbps through the uplink. The developed method is based on the comparison between two WDM-PON systems of 4 channels with the same characteristics, using two different formats of modulation in OLTs. The first system uses the NRZ-ASK in the downlink direction, while the second uses the NRZ-DQPSK.

In this paper, Direct Tabu Search (DTS) is proposed to synthesize the physical parameters of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) numerically from its reflection response. A reflected spectrum is being calculated by using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). Direct search based strategies are used to direct a tabu search. These strategies are based on a new pattern search procedure called Adaptive Pattern Search (APS). In addition, the well-known Nelder–Mead (NME) algorithm is used as a local search method at the final stage of the optimization process. Direct Tabu Search (DTS) is applied for reconstruction of a raised cosine chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) and a Gaussian multi channel fiber grating. The method is then used to synthesize a CFBG from its reflectivity taken at different temperatures. It gives a good estimate of the thermal expansion coefficient and the thermo-optic coefficient of the fiber.

We present the research status of a deformable mirror made of a magnetic liquid whose surface is actuated by a triangular array of small current carrying coils. We demonstrate that the mirror can correct a 11 microns low order aberrated wavefront to a residual RMS wavefront error 0.05 microns. Recent developments show that these deformable mirrors can reach a frequency response of several hundred hertz. A new method for linearizing the response of these mirrors is also presented., Comment: To appear in "Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II" SPIE conference, Marseille, 23-28 June 2008

We have studied the feasibility and scientific potential of zenith observing liquid mirror telescopes having 20 to 100 m diameters located on the moon. They would carry out deep infrared surveys to study the distant universe and follow up discoveries made with the 6 m James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), with more detailed images and spectroscopic studies. They could detect objects 100 times fainter than JWST, observing the first, high-red shift stars in the early universe and their assembly into galaxies. We explored the scientific opportunities, key technologies and optimum location of such telescopes. We have demonstrated critical technologies. For example, the primary mirror would necessitate a high-reflectivity liquid that does not evaporate in the lunar vacuum and remains liquid at less than 100K: We have made a crucial demonstration by successfully coating an ionic liquid that has negligible vapor pressure. We also successfully experimented with a liquid mirror spinning on a superconducting bearing, as will be needed for the cryogenic, vacuum environment of the telescope. We have investigated issues related to lunar locations, concluding that locations within a few km of a pole are ideal for deep sky cover and long integration times. We have located ridges and crater rims within 0.5 degrees of the North Pole that are illuminated for at least some sun angles during lunar winter, providing power and temperature control. We also have identified potential problems, like lunar dust. Issues raised by our preliminary study demand additional in-depth analyses. These issues must be fully examined as part of a scientific debate we hope to start with the present article., Comment: 35 pages, 11 figures. To appear in Astrophysical Journal June 20 2008

We have studied the feasibility and scientific potential of a 20 - 100 m aperture astronomical telescope at the lunar pole, with its primary mirror made of spinning liquid at less than 100K. Such a telescope, equipped with imaging and multiplexed spectroscopic instruments for a deep infrared survey, would be revolutionary in its power to study the distant universe, including the formation of the first stars and their assembly into galaxies. The LLMT could be used to follow up discoveries made with the 6 m James Webb Space Telescope, with more detailed images and spectroscopic studies, as well as to detect objects 100 times fainter, such as the first, high-red shift stars in the early universe. Our preliminary analysis based on SMART-1 AMIE images shows ridges and crater rims within 0.5° of the North Pole are illuminated for at least some sun angles during lunar winter. Locations near these points may prove to be ideal for the LLMT. Lunar dust deposited on the optics or in a thin atmosphere could be problematic. An in-situ site survey appears necessary to resolve the dust questions.

In this paper, we are interested in the analysis of the transmission spectrum of several multilayer structures based on one-dimensional photonic crystals (1D PCs) infiltrated with different kinds of defect materials, such as bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), and E7 liquid crystal (LC). A 1D PC acting as a multichannel filter is constructed by inserting multiple Bi2O3 defect layers, while a localized mode is moved by applying various electric fields on a LiNbO3 defect layer inserted in the middle of a 1D PC structure used as a tunable device. A localized mode is also tuned by applying different magnetic fields on an E7 LC phase shifter inserted between SiO2/TiO2 alternative layers. Applied Optics, vol. 52, issue 3, Jan. 20, 2013 pp: 474–479, DOI: 10.1364/AO.52.000474.

Optical swept sources are distinguished by the ability to change their output wavelength in a continuous manner over time. They are used in many applications such as telecommunications, spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography. They are mainly characterized by a narrow instantaneous linewidth, a high sweep rate and a wide tuning range. The advantages of swept sources open the way to other types of applications such as the characterization of ultrashort pulses for example. Generally, these pulses are characterized using nonlinear methods which are slow and too complicated. We have proposed a novel approach based on swept sources for the characterization of ultrashort pulses. By using a linearly wavelength-swept semiconductor laser like SG-DBR (Sampled-Grating Distributed Bragg Reflector), we can scan the entire optical spectrum of the pulses under test in a single measurement. The beat signal between the swept source and the pulsed laser is then used to measure the spectral amplitude and phase of all modes which gives access to the temporal shape of the pulse. The main advantage of our approach is that the entire characterization process is done in a single fast measurement. Indeed, the high sweep rate of the swept source offers the possibility of having real time measurements. In addition, thanks to the wide tuning range, this technique is completely independent of the pulse under test, it requires no prior knowledge of the various properties of the pulse such as the repetition frequency, the number of modes or the frequency of each mode, Les sources laser accordables se distinguent par leur capacité à changer leur longueur d’onde d’émission de façon continue dans le temps. Elles sont utilisées dans de nombreuses applications comme les télécommunications, la spectroscopie et la tomographie optique cohérente. Elles sont caractérisées principalement par une faible largeur de raie instantanée, une grande fréquence de balayage et une large plage d’accord. Les avantages des sources accordables ouvrent la voie vers d’autres types d’applications comme la caractérisation des impulsions ultra-courtes par exemple. Généralement, ces impulsions sont caractérisées via des méthodes non linéaires, lentes et trop compliquées à mettre en place. Nous avons donc proposé une nouvelle approche basée sur les sources accordables pour la caractérisation des impulsions ultra-courtes. En utilisant un laser à semi-conducteur accordable linéairement, type SG-DBR (Sampled-Grating Distributed Bragg Reflector), nous pouvons balayer en une seule mesure tout le spectre optique des impulsions sous test. Le signal de battement entre la source accordable et le laser pulsé permet de mesurer l’amplitude et la phase spectrales des différents modes ce qui nous donne accès à la forme temporelle de l’impulsion. L’avantage de notre approche est que tout le processus de caractérisation se fait en une seule mesure très rapide. En effet, la grande fréquence de balayage du laser accordable permet d’avoir des temps de mesure très faibles (< 10 μs), ce qui offre la possibilité d’avoir des mesures en temps réel. De plus, grâce à la large plage d’accord, cette technique est complétement indépendante de l’impulsion sous test, elle ne nécessite aucune connaissance au préalable des différentes propriétés de cette dernière telles que la fréquence de répétition, le nombre de modes ou la fréquence de chaque mode

The growing needs, in term of bandwidth in optical networks, increase over years. To satisfy these needs, the entire bandwidth of the optical fiber has to be exploited. In this context, the wavelength division multiplexing technique is used to allow the utilization of several wavelengths and results in considerably enhanced network bit-rate. However, such networks must use specific components which have particular wavelength-capabilities. Among these components, one of the most important and critical device is the optical filter. Our work is focused on the implementation of specific optical filters, using the polarization interference filter technology. The main purpose of this work is to enhance the filter rejection ratio, and to add new functionalities such as the amplitude equalization and the bandwidth tuning functions. After satisfying optical network expectations, another point, related to the filter utilization in the network, concern the device architecture which is determined by its network-location. A simple architecture with an input and an output is needed at the reception; meanwhile, a specific one is expected at network nodes. Thus, a new kind of devices is introduced, called reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADM). Therefore, such a device is implemented by the birefringent filter developed in this manuscript. Then, the developed device is placed in a transmission chain, and simulation results underline its limitations, by proceeding to comparison between this structure and typical optical filters. As conclusion of this work, some solutions and perspectives are presented, and very interesting challenges are highlighted; La demande croissante des réseaux optiques actuels en termes de bande passante résulte en un besoin d’exploiter la capacité offerte par la fibre optique. Un des moyens indispensable pour permettre ceci est l’utilisation du multiplexage en longueur d’onde. Il en résulte la nécessité d’utilisation de dispositifs, parmi lesquels le filtre optique, agiles en longueur d’onde et transparents par rapport aux débits. C’est dans ce contexte que notre travail se situe. La technologie utilisée est celle des filtres interférentiels en polarisation. Contraint par un cahier des charges particulier aux applications télécoms, le principal objectif consiste en l’augmentation des performances de ce type de filtre d’une part, et l’association de fonctionnalités additionnelles nécessaires dans les réseaux d’autre part. En utilisant le principe physique des interférences en polarisation, une structure est alors implémentée, suivant les contraintes liées aux trois paramètres majeurs du filtre que sont le contraste, la fonction d’égalisation et la reconfiguration de la bande passante. Par ailleurs, les architectures des filtres optiques diffèrent selon l’emplacement dans le réseau. Ainsi, si une architecture des plus simples est utilisée à la réception, au niveau des nœuds du réseau, celle-ci devient beaucoup plus complexe, s’adaptant à différents degrés de nœuds, et portent le nom de multiplexeurs optiques à insertion/extraction de longueur d’onde (ROADM). Un dispositif de ce type, basé sur les filtres biréfringents, est donc présenté. Une approche système est ensuite menée dans le but de mettre en évidence les avantages et les limitations de la technologie utilisée