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Background:Many diseases caused by bacterial and viral infections may now be treated using herbal extracts instead of chemical drugs. Objectives:This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against the bacterium employed in the experiment, as a commensal. Staphylococcus aureus can be found on the skin and in the nasal flora. It can also cause invasive, localized illnesses. Many virulence factors are present in S. aureus. It is recognized by routine and molecular methods depending on Vick Staphylococcal gene. Material and Methods:Phytochemical analysis of high polarity solvent leaves was done by using ethanol. Phytochemical study revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and other compounds in the extract. Using the well-diffusion method, the antibacterial effect of the extracts on microorganisms was investigated. Results:The ethanol extract proved potent against pathogenic microorganisms, with S. aureus showing the highest activity (10–100 mg/mL). In comparison to the concentrations of alcoholic extracts, the zones’ inhibition of bacterial growth in diameters increased. However, dosages of 80–100 mg/mL were highly effective and significant against S. aureus growth, whereas concentrations of 10–20 mg/mL had low post-detected efficiency and concentrations of 40–60 mg/mL had medium post-detected efficiency. Conclusion:These studies demonstrate the validity of the plant’s traditional medicinal properties.

Aim: The study evaluated the effect of body mass index (BMI) and age on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: A retrospective study of 412 IVF cycles in PCOS patients aged between 20 and 40 years from January 2019 to 2022. Patients were divided into three groups based on their BMI-normal (18.5–24.9[Formula: see text]kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9[Formula: see text]kg/m2), and obese ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]kg/m2). The patients were divided into two groups based on their age [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] years. The IVF cycle outcomes, clinical pregnancy (CPR), and live birth rates (LBR) were studied. The Mantel–Haenszel Chi-square test was used for statistics. Results: The oocyte yield and endometrial thickness, fertilization, CPR, and LBR were significantly higher in the normal BMI group. Similarly, oocyte yield, mature oocytes, and endometrial thickness were significantly higher in the younger age-group. Comparing the CPR in younger and older normal, overweight, and obese groups, it was observed to be highest in the younger, normal BMI group and lowest in the older, obese group. The LBR were significantly higher in the younger, normal-BMI group compared to the older, obese patients. Conclusion: Oocyte yield, CPR, and LBR were higher in the normal-BMI PCOS patients. The oocyte yield, endometrial thickness, and fertilization rates were higher in the younger age group. The CPR and LBR were significantly lower in the older obese patients. Patients with PCOS must be encouraged to normalize BMI before embarking on IVF. Timely treatment must be encouraged for better IVF outcomes.

The worldwide health crisis triggered by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has resulted in an extensive variety of symptoms in people who have been infected, the most prevalent disorders of which are loss of smell and taste senses. In some patients, these disorders might occasionally last for several months and can strongly affect patients’ quality of life. The COVID-19-related loss of taste and smell does not presently have a particular therapy. However, with the help of an early prediction of these disorders, healthcare providers can direct the patients to control these symptoms and prevent complications by following special procedures. The purpose of this research is to develop a machine learning (ML) model that can predict the occurrence and persistence of post-COVID-19-related loss of smell and taste abnormalities. In this study, we used our dataset to describe the symptoms, functioning, and disability of 413 verified COVID-19 patients. In order to prepare accurate classification models, we combined several ML algorithms, including logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). The accuracy of the loss of taste model was 91.5 % with an area-under-cure (AUC) of 0.94, and the accuracy of the loss of smell model was 95 % with an AUC of 0.97. Our proposed modelling framework can be utilized by hospitals experts to assess these post-COVID-19 disorders in the early stages, which supports the development of treatment strategies.

This paper serves as a guide for both researchers and students who are new to the research area of Search-Based Package Testing. The application of metaheuristic explore methods in this context specifically pertains to utilizing these algorithms for generating test data. In the realm of software engineering research, software testing emerges as a robust and fertile ground for exploration. The integration of AI methods into software program testing is an evolving research direction. Often, newcomers to this field face challenges due to limited knowledge about the interaction between software testing and artificial intelligence. This paper aims to provide a roadmap for these new researchers or students in the field.

Structural Equation Modeling is a statistical methodology commonly used in the social and administrative sciences and all other. In this research, the researcher made a comparison between methods of estimation Unweighted Least Squares with Mean and Variance Adjusted( ULSMV) and weighted Least Squares with Mean and Variance Adjusted (WLSMV). When we have a five-way Likert scale, the data is treated as ordinal using the polychoric matrix as inputs for the weighted methods with robust corrections. With robust standard errors ULSMV and WLSMV.No study compared these methods and the impact of outliers on them. where a robust algorithm is proposed to clean the data from the outlier, as this proposed algorithm calculates the robust correlation matrix Reweighted Fast Consistent and High Breakdown (RFCH), which consists of several steps and has been modified by taking the clean data before calculating the RFCH correlation matrix, where these data are data clean from outlier to add in the methods and to calculate a correlation matrix for each method where the purpose is to keep the ordinal data to calculate the polychoric matrix, which is robust to the violation of the assumption of normal distribution.By conducting a simulation experiment on different sample sizes and the degree of distribution to observe the accuracy of the proposed method for obtaining clean data. On methods ULSMV and WLSMV before and after the treatment process by calculating the absolute bias rate For the standard errors and the estimated parameters, in addition to studying the extent of their effect on the quality of fit indicators for each of the chi-square index, Comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Root-Mean-Squared-Error-of Approximation( RMSEA), Standardized Root Mean square Residual (SRMR), , with the robust corrections in the chi-square index for each of the methods WLSMV and ULSMV the accuracy of the proposed.

Objective:Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS), which occurs in ~1/500 deliveries, represents the disorders that arise due to adherent placenta, which may infiltrate adjacent organs, including the urinary tract. Recently, its incidence rate has increased because of increasing rate of cesarean deliveries worldwide.Materials and Methods:Case records of all institutional deliveries that took place at a single, tertiary care hospital within two years were reviewed to identify all patients with PAS. The case records of patients who required urological referral were studied.Results:In total, 80 patients were diagnosed with PAS. Ten patients (12.5%) required urological referral for urinary tract involvement. All (100%) patients showed bladder involvement. Two patients (2.5%) required ureteric reimplantation. One patient (1.2%) required bilateral ureterostomies as an urgent temporizing measure because the bladder was extensively infiltrated. All patients were discharged in a stable condition. There were no long-term urological complications observed in patients who followed up (90%).Conclusion:PAS is a condition with high mortality and morbidity rates and increasing incidence. The findings of this study correlate well with international series on PAS. A multidisciplinary management team is necessary to manage the myriad complications that may arise from PAS.

Introduction Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumour with a median overall survival of 12–15 months (range 6–17 months), even with maximal treatment involving debulking neurosurgery and adjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy. The use of postoperative imaging to detect progression is of high importance to clinicians and patients, but currently, the optimal follow-up schedule is yet to be defined. It is also unclear how adhering to National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines—which are based on general consensus rather than evidence—affects patient outcomes such as progression-free and overall survival. The primary aim of this study is to assess MRI monitoring practice after surgery for glioblastoma, and to evaluate its association with patient outcomes.Methods and analysis ImagiNg Timing aftER surgery for glioblastoma: an eVALuation of practice in Great Britain and Ireland is a retrospective multicentre study that will include 450 patients with an operated glioblastoma, treated with any adjuvant therapy regimen in the UK and Ireland. Adult patients ≥18 years diagnosed with glioblastoma and undergoing surgery between 1 August 2018 and 1 February 2019 will be included. Clinical and radiological scanning data will be collected until the date of death or date of last known follow-up. Anonymised data will be uploaded to an online Castor database. Adherence to NICE guidelines and the effect of being concordant with NICE guidelines will be identified using descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.Ethics and dissemination Each participating centre is required to gain local institutional approval for data collection and sharing. Formal ethical approval is not required since this is a service evaluation. Results of the study will be reported through peer-reviewed presentations and articles, and will be disseminated to participating centres, patients and the public.

Introduction: Bladder Cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer of the urinary tract. Initial treatment by Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT) helps guide treatment. In High Grade (HG) and invasive cancers, improved staging is achieved by performing a repeat (rTURBT). Aim: To examine the outcome, residual disease, complications, outcomes and quality of procedure of repeat TURBTs at the study tertiary center. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Urology in Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India between October 2018 and December 2019. A total of 123 TURBT’s were performed during the study period, of which 34 were repeat TURBT’s. Case records were examined for each of these patients. Student t-test and Chi-square tests were used to compare data sets. Results: Data was complete for 30 out of 34 patients. There was residual disease in 12 (40%) patients. Upstaging was seen in 2/12 (17%) of patients, down-staging in 0/12, and same stage in 10/12 patients (83%). No disease was seen in 18/30 (60%) of patients. No major surgical complications occurred. In 12 patients of non-invasive, High Grade (HG) tumours, who underwent rTURBTs, 6 (50%) were found to have residual disease. Conclusion: rTURBTs should be performed in all patients with high-grade or T1 tumours. Further studies are required to analyse risk-factors for residual disease which may narrow the indications of rTURBT, thus saving time and costs, and reducing need for an additional procedure.

Introduction: The field of Soft Tissue Tumours (STT) is enormously vast, and yet histologically and relatively vague. Although benign tumours are more common than malignant tumours, the relative rarity of sarcomas, little knowledge, and insufficient local studies, made the authors eager to search more through this field and explore the hidden and unobvious features of these tumours in our locality. Aim: The study aimed to apply traditional and updated antibodies to characterise STT in Duhok-Iraq, morphologically and immunohistochemically. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 886 STT were received in the Department of Histopathology in Central General Laboratories and Vin Private Laboratories, Duhok-Iraq, over a period of 11 consecutive years (January, 2009 to December, 2019). Cases were studied clinically and then, morphologically categorised. Immunohistochemical workup was performed when needed, to sub-classify undifferentiated tumours. Results: Benign tumours (n=768) ovarian sarcomas (n=118) by a ratio of 6.5:1, both showed a wide age range (1 month to 82 years), with peak in the fourth decade and with no sex predilection. Also, limbs were more commonly affected by both benign and malignant tumours. Lipomas topped the benign STT 328 (42.7%) followed by vascular tumours 178 (23.2%). Regarding sarcomas, 29 (24.5%) remained unclassifiable and were typed as Sarcoma Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). For the specifically diagnosed malignancies, leiomyosarcoma 24 (20.3%) topped the list, followed by rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing’s/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour (PNET) 12 (10.1%) each, Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) and liposarcoma 11 (9.4%) each and synovial sarcoma 6 (5.1%). Conclusion: Benign STT were more common than sarcomas. Diagnosis and classification of STT should be based on acumen histologic grounds which is sufficient for most benign tumours and to some extent for sarcomas. Undifferentiated sarcomas cannot be categorised without immunohistochemistry. However, loss of some differentiation antigens in undifferentiated cancers often necessitate the use of panels of antibodies, and considerable cases even need further evaluation, like molecular studies.

Artemisia abrotanum L. is recently introduced plant in Iraq, in this study we conducted GS/MS for detection of terpene that are group of constituents abundant in this species qualitatively and quantatively. We used hexane extract for the detection depending on the like dissolve like proce- dure of extraction since they are mostly nonpolar compounds, they dissolve in nonpolar solvent like hexane thus the extraction procedure is conducted with this solvent. New compound was detected with hexane extract that wasn't present in previous studies.

Introduction: The incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is rising throughout the world, and with it, the need for kidney transplants. The 'Gold Standard' in measuring Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in potential kidney donors remains a renogram. In many countries, access to this technology remains limited and expensive. We evaluated a Computed Tomography (CT)- based method of calculating the GFR using estimated renal volume, as first described by Herts' et al. Aim: To compare differential renal function as assessed by isotope renal scan using 99mTc Diethylene-Triamine-Penta-Acetic Acid (DTPA) with CT scan measured differential renal volume. Further, we aimed to compare and correlate the CT scan measured volume based GFR, with GFR estimated using Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (CG) methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 61 healthy donors (47 female, 14 male) were studied. Standard contrast CT scan was performed using non-ionic iodinated contrast. Special volumetric 3D analysis was used to calculate the volume. Herts formula was used to calculate the GFR. DTPA renogram was done on all patients with a Gamma Camera. The results were compared with MDRD and CG estimated GFR on all patients using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Post-Hoc Test. Results: The Volume Calculated-GFR correlates better with total GFR than GFR calculated by CG and MDRD formulae. Conclusion: The Herts formula based GFR correlated well with estimated GFR values and may be used in circumstances were access to DTPA renograms is expensive or unavailable.

The aim of the present study was to explore the probable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale by using Hot plate test , acetic acid – induced writhing and Carrageenan induced inflammation in male mice. Thirty Albino male mice (average weight 20g) were used and randomly divided in this study (six animals were used in each groups test for Zingiber officinale in doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg B.W, Ibuprofen 20mg/kg B.W and control ( gave distilled water).The results were expressed as the Mean ±SEM and the statistical significance of differences between groups was analyzed by two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) . The extract showed a significant inhibition of writhing response and increase in hot plate reaction time and also caused significant decrease P

Investigations into human norovirus infection, replication and pathogenesis, as well as the development of potential antiviral agents, have been restricted by the lack of a cell culture system for human norovirus. To date, the optimal cell culture surrogate virus model for studying human norovirus biology is the murine norovirus (MNV). In this report we generate a tetracycline-regulated, inducible eukaryotic cell system expressing the entire MNV ORF1 polyprotein. Once induced, the MNV ORF1 polyprotein was faithfully processed to the six mature non-structural proteins that predominately located to a discrete perinuclear region, as has been observed in active MNV infection. Furthermore, we found that expression of the ORF1 polyprotein alone was sufficient to induce apoptosis, characterised by caspase-9 activation and survivin down-regulation. This cell line provides a valuable new tool for studying MNV ORF1 non-structural protein function, screening for potential antiviral agents and acts as a proof-of-principle for such systems to be developed for human noroviruses.

BACKGROUND:Chlamydia trachomatis is a major human pathogen with a unique obligate intracellular developmental cycle that takes place inside a modified cytoplasmic structure known as an inclusion. Following entry into a cell, the infectious elementary body (EB) differentiates into a non-infectious replicative form known as a reticulate body (RB). RBs divide by binary fission and at the end of the cycle they redifferentiate into EBs. Treatment of C.trachomatis with penicillin prevents maturation of RBs which survive and enlarge to become aberrant RBs within the inclusion in a non-infective persistent state. Persistently infected individuals may be a reservoir for chlamydial infection. The C.trachomatis genome encodes the enzymes for peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis but a PG sacculus has never been detected. This coupled to the action of penicillin is known as the chlamydial anomaly. We have applied video microscopy and quantitative DNA assays to the chlamydial developmental cycle to assess the effects of penicillin treatment and establish a framework for investigating penicillin induced chlamydial persistence. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Addition of penicillin at the time of cell infection does not prevent uptake and the establishment of an inclusion. EB to RB transition occurs but bacterial cytokinesis is arrested by the second binary fission. RBs continue to enlarge but not divide in the presence of penicillin. The normal developmental cycle can be recovered by the removal of penicillin although the large, aberrant RBs do not revert to the normal smaller size but remain present to the completion of the developmental cycle. Chromosomal and plasmid DNA replication is unaffected by the addition of penicillin but the arrest of bacterial cytokinesis under these conditions results in RBs accumulating multiple copies of the genome. CONCLUSIONS:We have applied video time lapse microscopy to the study of the chlamydial developmental cycle. Linked with accurate measures of genome replication this provides a defined framework to analyse the developmental cycle and to investigate and provide new insights into the effects of antibiotic treatments. Removal of penicillin allows recovery of the normal developmental cycle by 10-20 hrs and the process occurs by budding from aberrant RBs.

Jena Virus (JV), a bovine Norovirus, causes enteric disease in cattle and represents a potential model for the study of enteric norovirus infection and pathogenesis. The positive sense RNA genome of JV is organised into ORF1 (non-structural proteins), ORF2 (major capsid protein) and ORF3 (minor capsid protein). The lack of a cell culture system for studying JV replication has meant that work to date has relied upon in vitro systems to study non-structural protein synthesis and processing.Only two of the three major ORF1 proteins were identified (p110 and 2C) following in vitro translation of JV RNA, the N-term protein was not detected. The N-term encoding genomic sequence (5'GS) was tested for IRES-like function in a bi-cistronic system and displayed no evidence of IRES-like activity. The site of translation initiation in JV was determined to be at the predicted nucleotide 22. Following the insertion of an epitope within the 5'GS the JV N-term protein was identified in vitro and within RNA transfected cells.The in vitro transcription/translation system is currently the best system for analysing protein synthesis and processing in JV. Unlike similarly studied human noroviruses JV initially did not appear to express the N-terminal protein, presenting the possibility that the encoding RNA sequence had a regulatory function, most likely involved in translation initiation in an IRES-like manner. This was not the case and, following determination of the site of translation initiation the N-term protein was detected using an epitope tag, both in vitro and in vivo. Although slightly larger than predicted the N-term protein was detected in a processed form in vivo, thus not only demonstrating initial translation of the ORF1 polyprotein but also activity of the viral protease. These findings indicate that the block to noroviral replication in cultured cells lies elsewhere.

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