Author: "Omar, HA" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Omar, HA"' showing total 255 results

Start Over Author "Omar, HA"

255 results on '"Omar, HA"'

1. Job Motivation and Satisfaction Among Female Pharmacists Working in Private Pharmacy Professional Sectors in Saudi Arabia

Author: Al-Omar HA, Khurshid F, Sayed SK, Alotaibi WH, Almutairi RM, Arafah AM, Mansy W, and Alshathry S
Subjects: motivation, satisfaction, female, job, pharmacists, saudi arabia, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Hussain Abdulrahman Al-Omar,1 Fowad Khurshid,1 Sarah Khader Sayed,1 Wedad Hamoud Alotaibi,1 Rehab Mansour Almutairi,1 Azher Mustafa Arafah,1,2 Wael Mansy,1 Sultan Alshathry3 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Hussain Abdulrahman Al-Omar, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh Zip, 11451, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966- 11-4673637, Fax +966 − 11- 4677480, Email halomar@ksu.edu.saBackground: Pharmacists’ job satisfaction has been of interest for many years and is of great importance in several respects, such as productivity and ultimately organizational performance.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the perceived motivational factors and levels of job satisfaction of female pharmacists working in private pharmaceutical sectors.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a web-based survey of randomly selected female pharmacists working in different private settings including community pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, private hospitals, and other private sectors using a pre-validated satisfaction scale (Warr–Cook–Wall scale).Results: A total of 232 female pharmacists participated in the study with a mean age of 26.1± 2.4 years. Of the total respondents, more than half (58%) worked for pharmaceutical companies, 25% worked in community pharmacies, and 16.8% were from hospital pharmacies. The most attractive motivating factors that encourage female pharmacists toward better performance were having the opportunity to learn new skills, being in contact with people both locally and internationally, gaining a sense of achievement, and being recognized, appreciated, and rewarded. The participants of this study were shown to have a moderate job satisfaction level.Conclusion: This study revealed that the non-Saudi, part-time pharmacists who never expected a promotion were less satisfied than the Saudi, full-time employees who expected a promotion within a year.Keywords: motivation, satisfaction, female, job, pharmacists, Saudi Arabia
Published: 2022

2. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Vollset, SE, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd Al Magied, AHA, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelkader, A, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdi, P, Abdollahi, M, Abdoun, M, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Absalan, A, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Addolorato, G, Adekanmbi, V, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adha, R, Adhikary, RK, Adnani, QES, Adzigbli, LA, Afrashteh, F, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agbozo, F, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahlstrom, AJ, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, SA, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Akrami, AE, Akter, E, Al Awaidy, S, Al Hasan, SM, Al Mosa, AS, Al Ta'ani, O, Al Zaabi, OAM, Alahdab, F, Alajlani, MM, Al-Ajlouni, Y, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alam, Z, Al-Amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Albakri, A, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alemohammad, SY, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, I, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Ali, VE, Ali, W, Al-Ibraheem, A, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alqutaibi, AY, Alrawashdeh, A, Alrousan, SM, Al-Sabah, SK, Alsabri, MA, Altaany, Z, Al-Tammemi, AB, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Alyahya, MS, Alzoubi, KH, Al-Zyoud, W, Amani, R, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Andrews, EA, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anuoluwa, BS, Anvari, S, Anyasodor, AE, Appiah, F, Aquilano, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafa, EA, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Ardekani, A, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Aremu, A, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armani, K, Artamonov, AA, Arumugam, A, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashbaugh, C, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awad, H, Awotidebe, AW, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azeez, FK, Azevedo, RMS, Badar, M, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, M, Bagheri, N, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Balcha, WF, Baltatu, OC, Barchitta, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barteit, S, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Bauckneht, M, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnoush, AH, Behzadi, P, Beiranvand, M, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bemanalizadeh, M, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Beyene, MG, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bharadwaj, R, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhuiyan, MA, Bisignano, C, Biswas, B, Bjorge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Hashemi, MB, Basara, BB, Borhany, H, Bosoka, SA, Carvajal, AB, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Brenner, H, Brown, CS, Browne, AJ, Brugha, T, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Barsbay, MC, Calina, D, Campos, LA, Cao, S, Capodici, A, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castelpietra, G, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenko, E, Cerin, E, Chadban, SJ, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, S, Chalek, J, Chan, JSK, Chandika, RM, Chandy, S, Charan, J, Chaudhary, AA, Chaurasia, A, Chen, A-T, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, DY, Cho, WCS, Choi, D-W, Chong, B, Chong, CL, Chopra, H, Chu, D-T, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Clayton, JT, Cogen, RM, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Connolly, JT, Cooper, EEK, Cortese, S, Cruz-Martins, N, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalton, BE, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Delgado-Enciso, I, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhingra, S, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Do, THP, Do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Doegah, PT, Dohare, S, Dong, W, D'Oria, M, Doshi, R, Dowou, RK, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dushpanova, A, Dutta, S, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Kalan, ME, Edinur, HA, Efendi, F, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed, I, Elamin, O, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmoselhi, AB, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Eltahir, ME, Emeto, TI, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Esmaeili, Z, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Fasihi, K, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Ferrara, P, Ferreira, N, Firew, BS, Fischer, F, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flor, LS, Folayan, MO, Foley, KM, Fonzo, M, Force, LM, Foschi, M, Freitas, A, Fridayani, NKY, Fukutaki, KG, Furtado, JM, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Gautam, RK, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Gething, PW, Ghadimi, DJ, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M, Dabaghi, GG, Ghazy, RM, Ghoba, S, Gholami, E, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Vajargah, PG, Ghotbi, E, Gil, AU, Gill, TK, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Gobolos, L, Goldust, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guicciardi, S, Guimaraes, RA, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafiz, A, Haghmorad, D, Haile, D, Ali, AH, Ali, HA, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Abdullah, KH, Hamdy, NM, Hamoudi, R, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Haq, ZA, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, SMM, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, M, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Heydari, M, Hezam, K, Hidayana, I, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultstrom, M, Hundie, TG, Hunt, AJ, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Iftikhar, PM, Ikiroma, AI, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Immurana, M, Isa, MA, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iyamu, IO, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jafarinia, M, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Mani, DRJ, Jamil, S, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jiang, H, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jurisson, M, Vaishali, K, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalankesh, LR, Kalra, S, Kamath, A, Kamath, R, Kamireddy, A, Kanaan, M, Kanchan, T, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kansal, SK, Karim, A, Karkhah, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, H, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kebede, F, Kendal, ES, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khademvatan, S, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, F, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Kashani, HRK, Kheirallah, KA, Khokhar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosravi, M, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, JS, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Kochhar, S, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Bicer, BK, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kujan, O, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, H, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kumar, V, Kundu, A, Kusuma, D, Kyei-Arthur, F, Kyto, V, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Levesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lawlor, HR, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Lee, DW, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M-C, Libra, M, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Limenh, LW, Lindholm, D, Lindstedt, PA, Listl, S, Liu, G, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lopez-Bueno, R, Lopez-Gil, JF, Loreche, AM, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, Lusk, JB, Lv, L, Amin, HIM, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madureira-Carvalho, AM, Abd El Razek, HM, Maghazachi, AA, Prasad, DRM, Mahalleh, M, Mahasha, PW, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudvand, G, Makama, M, Rad, EM, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, MH, Mansouri, P, Mansouri, V, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Mardi, P, Marjani, A, Moghadam, HM, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Marzo, RR, Masoudi, S, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, M, Mathur, N, Matozinhos, FP, Mattumpuram, J, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, McPhail, SM, Mehmood, A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehravar, S, Meto, TM, Melese, EB, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mensah, LG, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, de Sa, ACMGN, Miller, TR, Minh, LHN, Mirahmadi, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, R, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moberg, ME, Fard, AM, Mohajelin, S, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, AI, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad, AM, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Momani, SM, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Montazeri, F, Ghalibaf, AM, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mousavi, P, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musallam, KM, Musina, A-M, Mustafa, G, Myung, W, Nafei, A, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Najdaghi, S, Ansari, NN, Nangia, V, Swamy, SN, Nargus, S, Davani, DN, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Naser, AY, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Navaratna, SNK, Naveed, M, Nawsherwan, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nematollahi, S, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, NNY, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, QP, Nguyen, VT, Minh, DNT, Niazi, RK, Nigatu, YT, Niknam, M, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, AR, Nikravangolsefid, N, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noor, STA, Noroozi, N, Nouri, M, Nozari, M, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Nunemo, MH, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Odetokun, IA, Oduro, MS, Ogundijo, OA, Ogunfowokan, AA, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Ojo-Akosile, TR, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Ong, S, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Opejin, AO, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Prado, E, Osman, WMS, Ostojic, SM, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, MO, Oyeyemi, OT, Ozair, A, Padukudru, MPA, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pando-Robles, V, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Stoian, AMP, Parikh, RR, Park, E-K, Park, S, Parsons, N, Parthasarathi, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Pathan, AR, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, P, Pereira, M, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Perna, S, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Piradov, MA, Pisoni, E, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polibin, RV, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Popovic, DS, Postma, MJ, Pour-Rashidi, A, Prabhu, D, Prada, SI, Pradhan, J, Pradhan, PMS, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Purnobasuki, H, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rad, MR, Radhakrishnan, V, Shahraki, HR, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raggi, C, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimibarghani, S, Rahman, MMMR, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahman, T, Rahmani, AM, Rahmanian, M, Rahmanian, N, Rahmati, R, Rahmawaty, S, Raimondo, D, Raja, A, Rajput, P, Ramadan, M, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Ramteke, PW, Rana, K, Rana, RK, Ranabhat, CL, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, M, Rasella, D, Rashedi, V, Rashid, AM, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rastogi, P, Rasul, A, Rathish, D, Babu, GR, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Raza, RZ, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Rengasamy, KRR, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Restaino, S, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, ZS, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Rickard, J, Robalik, T, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rocha, HAL, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romadlon, DS, Ronfani, L, Rony, MKK, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Russo, M, Saad, AMA, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabet, CJ, Sabour, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghafi, A, Sagoe, D, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, PM, Sajid, MR, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Saleh, MA, Salehi, L, Salem, MR, Salemcity, AJ, Salimi, S, Kafil, HS, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Jose, BPS, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schinckus, C, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Selvaraj, S, Semreen, MH, Senapati, S, Sengupta, P, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Seylani, A, Shafie, M, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shalash, AS, Shamekh, A, Shamim, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, A, Sharma, M, Sharma, S, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shayan, M, Shekhar, S, Shenoy, RR, Shetty, M, Shetty, PH, Shetty, PK, Shi, P, Shiani, A, Shigematsu, M, Shimels, T, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Si, Y, Siddig, EE, Sidhu, JK, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Silva, TPR, Simpson, CR, Simpson, KE, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, B, Singh, H, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skou, ST, Smith, G, Sobia, F, Socea, B, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, Y, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Starodubova, AV, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Straif, K, Subedi, N, Abdulkader, RS, Sultana, A, Sun, J, Sundstrom, J, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Damavandi, PT, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Malazy, OT, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabb, KM, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Abkenar, YT, Soodejani, MT, Taiba, J, Talaat, IM, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tang, H, Tat, NY, Oliaee, RT, Tavangar, SM, Taveira, N, Tbakhi, A, Tehrani, H, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Tesfaye, BT, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Rasiah, Thayakaran, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thygesen, LC, Ticoalu, JHV, Timalsena, D, Tiruye, TY, Tiwari, K, Tomo, S, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, AT, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Tran, TH, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Turnock, ST, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umar, M, Umar, SS, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, JS, Vahdati, S, Vaithinathan, AG, Vakili, O, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Vijayageetha, M, Villafane, JH, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vohra, K, Vos, T, Wadood, AW, Waheed, Y, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wanjau, MN, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Waris, A, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weldetinsaa, HLL, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Widowati, E, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldeyes, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, F, Wu, J, Wu, Z, Hanson, SW, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Yadav, R, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yano, Y, Yarahmadi, A, Nia, IY, Ye, P, Yesodharan, R, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yin, D, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, EA, Yu, Y, Yuan, C-W, Yusuf, H, Zafar, U, Zafari, N, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X-JG, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhong, C, Zhou, B, Zhou, J, Zhou, S, Zhu, B, Zhumagaliuly, A, Zielinska, M, Zoghi, G, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Smith, AE, Murray, CJL, Vollset, SE, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd Al Magied, AHA, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelkader, A, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdi, P, Abdollahi, M, Abdoun, M, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Absalan, A, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Addolorato, G, Adekanmbi, V, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adha, R, Adhikary, RK, Adnani, QES, Adzigbli, LA, Afrashteh, F, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agbozo, F, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahlstrom, AJ, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, SA, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Akrami, AE, Akter, E, Al Awaidy, S, Al Hasan, SM, Al Mosa, AS, Al Ta'ani, O, Al Zaabi, OAM, Alahdab, F, Alajlani, MM, Al-Ajlouni, Y, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alam, Z, Al-Amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Albakri, A, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alemohammad, SY, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, I, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Ali, VE, Ali, W, Al-Ibraheem, A, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alqutaibi, AY, Alrawashdeh, A, Alrousan, SM, Al-Sabah, SK, Alsabri, MA, Altaany, Z, Al-Tammemi, AB, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Alyahya, MS, Alzoubi, KH, Al-Zyoud, W, Amani, R, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Andrews, EA, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anuoluwa, BS, Anvari, S, Anyasodor, AE, Appiah, F, Aquilano, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafa, EA, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Ardekani, A, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Aremu, A, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armani, K, Artamonov, AA, Arumugam, A, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashbaugh, C, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awad, H, Awotidebe, AW, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azeez, FK, Azevedo, RMS, Badar, M, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, M, Bagheri, N, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Balcha, WF, Baltatu, OC, Barchitta, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barteit, S, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Bauckneht, M, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnoush, AH, Behzadi, P, Beiranvand, M, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bemanalizadeh, M, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Beyene, MG, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bharadwaj, R, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhuiyan, MA, Bisignano, C, Biswas, B, Bjorge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Hashemi, MB, Basara, BB, Borhany, H, Bosoka, SA, Carvajal, AB, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Brenner, H, Brown, CS, Browne, AJ, Brugha, T, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Barsbay, MC, Calina, D, Campos, LA, Cao, S, Capodici, A, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castelpietra, G, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenko, E, Cerin, E, Chadban, SJ, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, S, Chalek, J, Chan, JSK, Chandika, RM, Chandy, S, Charan, J, Chaudhary, AA, Chaurasia, A, Chen, A-T, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, DY, Cho, WCS, Choi, D-W, Chong, B, Chong, CL, Chopra, H, Chu, D-T, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Clayton, JT, Cogen, RM, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Connolly, JT, Cooper, EEK, Cortese, S, Cruz-Martins, N, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalton, BE, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Delgado-Enciso, I, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhingra, S, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Do, THP, Do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Doegah, PT, Dohare, S, Dong, W, D'Oria, M, Doshi, R, Dowou, RK, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dushpanova, A, Dutta, S, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Kalan, ME, Edinur, HA, Efendi, F, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed, I, Elamin, O, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmoselhi, AB, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Eltahir, ME, Emeto, TI, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Esmaeili, Z, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Fasihi, K, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Ferrara, P, Ferreira, N, Firew, BS, Fischer, F, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flor, LS, Folayan, MO, Foley, KM, Fonzo, M, Force, LM, Foschi, M, Freitas, A, Fridayani, NKY, Fukutaki, KG, Furtado, JM, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Gautam, RK, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Gething, PW, Ghadimi, DJ, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M, Dabaghi, GG, Ghazy, RM, Ghoba, S, Gholami, E, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Vajargah, PG, Ghotbi, E, Gil, AU, Gill, TK, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Gobolos, L, Goldust, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guicciardi, S, Guimaraes, RA, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafiz, A, Haghmorad, D, Haile, D, Ali, AH, Ali, HA, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Abdullah, KH, Hamdy, NM, Hamoudi, R, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Haq, ZA, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, SMM, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, M, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Heydari, M, Hezam, K, Hidayana, I, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultstrom, M, Hundie, TG, Hunt, AJ, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Iftikhar, PM, Ikiroma, AI, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Immurana, M, Isa, MA, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iyamu, IO, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jafarinia, M, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Mani, DRJ, Jamil, S, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jiang, H, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jurisson, M, Vaishali, K, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalankesh, LR, Kalra, S, Kamath, A, Kamath, R, Kamireddy, A, Kanaan, M, Kanchan, T, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kansal, SK, Karim, A, Karkhah, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, H, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kebede, F, Kendal, ES, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khademvatan, S, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, F, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Kashani, HRK, Kheirallah, KA, Khokhar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosravi, M, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, JS, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Kochhar, S, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Bicer, BK, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kujan, O, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, H, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kumar, V, Kundu, A, Kusuma, D, Kyei-Arthur, F, Kyto, V, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Levesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lawlor, HR, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Lee, DW, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M-C, Libra, M, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Limenh, LW, Lindholm, D, Lindstedt, PA, Listl, S, Liu, G, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lopez-Bueno, R, Lopez-Gil, JF, Loreche, AM, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, Lusk, JB, Lv, L, Amin, HIM, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madureira-Carvalho, AM, Abd El Razek, HM, Maghazachi, AA, Prasad, DRM, Mahalleh, M, Mahasha, PW, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudvand, G, Makama, M, Rad, EM, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, MH, Mansouri, P, Mansouri, V, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Mardi, P, Marjani, A, Moghadam, HM, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Marzo, RR, Masoudi, S, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, M, Mathur, N, Matozinhos, FP, Mattumpuram, J, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, McPhail, SM, Mehmood, A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehravar, S, Meto, TM, Melese, EB, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mensah, LG, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, de Sa, ACMGN, Miller, TR, Minh, LHN, Mirahmadi, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, R, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moberg, ME, Fard, AM, Mohajelin, S, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, AI, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad, AM, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Momani, SM, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Montazeri, F, Ghalibaf, AM, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mousavi, P, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musallam, KM, Musina, A-M, Mustafa, G, Myung, W, Nafei, A, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Najdaghi, S, Ansari, NN, Nangia, V, Swamy, SN, Nargus, S, Davani, DN, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Naser, AY, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Navaratna, SNK, Naveed, M, Nawsherwan, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nematollahi, S, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, NNY, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, QP, Nguyen, VT, Minh, DNT, Niazi, RK, Nigatu, YT, Niknam, M, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, AR, Nikravangolsefid, N, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noor, STA, Noroozi, N, Nouri, M, Nozari, M, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Nunemo, MH, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Odetokun, IA, Oduro, MS, Ogundijo, OA, Ogunfowokan, AA, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Ojo-Akosile, TR, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Ong, S, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Opejin, AO, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Prado, E, Osman, WMS, Ostojic, SM, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, MO, Oyeyemi, OT, Ozair, A, Padukudru, MPA, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pando-Robles, V, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Stoian, AMP, Parikh, RR, Park, E-K, Park, S, Parsons, N, Parthasarathi, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Pathan, AR, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, P, Pereira, M, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Perna, S, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Piradov, MA, Pisoni, E, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polibin, RV, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Popovic, DS, Postma, MJ, Pour-Rashidi, A, Prabhu, D, Prada, SI, Pradhan, J, Pradhan, PMS, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Purnobasuki, H, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rad, MR, Radhakrishnan, V, Shahraki, HR, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raggi, C, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimibarghani, S, Rahman, MMMR, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahman, T, Rahmani, AM, Rahmanian, M, Rahmanian, N, Rahmati, R, Rahmawaty, S, Raimondo, D, Raja, A, Rajput, P, Ramadan, M, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Ramteke, PW, Rana, K, Rana, RK, Ranabhat, CL, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, M, Rasella, D, Rashedi, V, Rashid, AM, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rastogi, P, Rasul, A, Rathish, D, Babu, GR, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Raza, RZ, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Rengasamy, KRR, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Restaino, S, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, ZS, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Rickard, J, Robalik, T, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rocha, HAL, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romadlon, DS, Ronfani, L, Rony, MKK, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Russo, M, Saad, AMA, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabet, CJ, Sabour, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghafi, A, Sagoe, D, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, PM, Sajid, MR, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Saleh, MA, Salehi, L, Salem, MR, Salemcity, AJ, Salimi, S, Kafil, HS, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Jose, BPS, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schinckus, C, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Selvaraj, S, Semreen, MH, Senapati, S, Sengupta, P, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Seylani, A, Shafie, M, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shalash, AS, Shamekh, A, Shamim, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, A, Sharma, M, Sharma, S, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shayan, M, Shekhar, S, Shenoy, RR, Shetty, M, Shetty, PH, Shetty, PK, Shi, P, Shiani, A, Shigematsu, M, Shimels, T, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Si, Y, Siddig, EE, Sidhu, JK, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Silva, TPR, Simpson, CR, Simpson, KE, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, B, Singh, H, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skou, ST, Smith, G, Sobia, F, Socea, B, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, Y, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Starodubova, AV, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Straif, K, Subedi, N, Abdulkader, RS, Sultana, A, Sun, J, Sundstrom, J, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Damavandi, PT, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Malazy, OT, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabb, KM, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Abkenar, YT, Soodejani, MT, Taiba, J, Talaat, IM, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tang, H, Tat, NY, Oliaee, RT, Tavangar, SM, Taveira, N, Tbakhi, A, Tehrani, H, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Tesfaye, BT, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Rasiah, Thayakaran, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thygesen, LC, Ticoalu, JHV, Timalsena, D, Tiruye, TY, Tiwari, K, Tomo, S, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, AT, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Tran, TH, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Turnock, ST, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umar, M, Umar, SS, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, JS, Vahdati, S, Vaithinathan, AG, Vakili, O, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Vijayageetha, M, Villafane, JH, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vohra, K, Vos, T, Wadood, AW, Waheed, Y, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wanjau, MN, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Waris, A, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weldetinsaa, HLL, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Widowati, E, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldeyes, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, F, Wu, J, Wu, Z, Hanson, SW, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Yadav, R, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yano, Y, Yarahmadi, A, Nia, IY, Ye, P, Yesodharan, R, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yin, D, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, EA, Yu, Y, Yuan, C-W, Yusuf, H, Zafar, U, Zafari, N, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X-JG, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhong, C, Zhou, B, Zhou, J, Zhou, S, Zhu, B, Zhumagaliuly, A, Zielinska, M, Zoghi, G, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Smith, AE, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. METHODS: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects m
Published: 2024

3. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Brauer, M, Roth, GA, Aravkin, AY, Zheng, P, Abate, KH, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasi, MA, Abbasian, M, Abbasifard, M, Moradi, Y, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Abouzid, M, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Moraga, P, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Aboye, GB, Bhat, AN, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Morawska, L, Bhatti, R, Bhuiyan, MA, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Abreu, LG, Bisignano, C, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Biswas, RK, Moreira, RS, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boakye, H, Bockarie, MJ, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Abualruz, H, Bogale, EK, Bolla, SR, Boloor, A, Morovatdar, N, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Boppana, SH, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Botero Carvajal, A, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Abubakar, B, Bourne, R, Boxe, C, Morrison, SD, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brar, A, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Britton, G, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Brown, CS, Morze, J, Browne, AJ, Brunoni, AR, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Mosaddeghi Heris, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Cagney, J, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Mossialos, E, Aburuz, S, Cao, C, Cao, F, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Motappa, R, Carvalho, F, Abu-Zaid, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Alemayohu, MA, Ali, BA, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Adane, MM, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chakraborty, S, Mougin, V, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandan, JS, Addo, IY, Chandika, RM, Chaturvedi, P, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Mousavi, P, Chen, M, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Addolorato, G, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Msherghi, A, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Adedoyin, RA, Chopra, H, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Mubarik, S, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cioffi, I, Cogen, RM, Adekanmbi, V, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Muccioli, L, Corlateanu, A, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Criqui, MH, Cruz, JA, Aden, B, Cruz-Martins, N, Culbreth, GT, Mueller, UO, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Daikwo, PU, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, D'Amico, E, Adetunji, JB, D'Anna, L, Mulita, F, Darwesh, AM, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davitoiu, DV, De la Hoz, FP, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Mullany, EC, de la Torre-Luque, A, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Delgado-Saborit, JM, Demoze, CK, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Munjal, K, Adha, R, Dervišević, E, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhimal, ML, Marx, W, Murillo-Zamora, E, Dhimal, M, Adibi, A, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dhungana, RR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Ding, DD, Dinu, M, Adnani, QES, Djalalinia, S, Do, TC, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Ali, I, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Adzigbli, LA, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Murlimanju, BV, Dsouza, AC, Dsouza, HL, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Afolabi, AA, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Dushpanova, A, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Musina, A-M, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, CP, Ed-Dra, A, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Afolabi, RF, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, F, Eftekharimehrabad, A, Eini, E, Mustafa, G, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Dahiyat, F, Elemam, NM, Afshin, A, Elgar, FJ, ElGohary, GMT, Elhabashy, HR, Muthu, S, Elhadi, M, Elmehrath, AO, Elmeligy, OAA, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, TI, Esfandiari, N, Afyouni, S, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Muthupandian, S, Esmaeili, SV, Estep, K, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Fahimi, S, Falzone, L, Afzal, MS, Fareed, M, Muthusamy, R, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Fasina, FO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Afzal, S, Muzaffar, M, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, AJ, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Maryam, S, Myung, W, Agampodi, SB, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flohr, C, Flood, D, Flor, LS, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Force, LM, Fortuna, D, Nafei, A, Foschi, M, Agbozo, F, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, SD, Fux, B, G, S, Gaal, PA, Gaihre, S, Gajdács, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Galali, Y, Gallus, S, Aghamiri, S, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia, V, Gardner, WM, Garg, RK, Gautam, RK, Ali, L, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Agodi, A, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremeskel, TG, Gerema, U, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Getie, M, Nagaraju, SP, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghaffari Jolfayi, A, Ghailan, KY, Agrawal, A, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghassemi, F, Nagel, G, Ghazy, RM, Gholami, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Agyemang-Duah, W, Gil, AU, Gil, GF, Gilbertson, NM, Gill, PS, Naghavi, M, Gill, TK, Gindaba, EZ, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Ahinkorah, BO, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Naghavi, P, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gomes, NGM, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Ahmad, A, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Naik, GR, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Ahmad, D, Gulati, S, Naik, G, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, RD, Ahmad, F, Mathangasinghe, Y, Nainu, F, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Hadaro, TS, Hadian, Z, Haep, N, Haghi-Aminjan, H, Nair, TS, Ahmad, N, Haghmorad, D, Hagins, H, Haile, D, Hailu, A, Hajj Ali, A, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Najdaghi, S, Halwani, R, Ahmad, S, Hamadeh, RR, Hamdy, NM, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hammoud, A, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Haq, ZA, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Ahmad, T, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MJ, Hasan, SMM, Hasani, H, Ali, MU, Hasanian, M, Hashmeh, N, Hasnain, MS, Ahmed, A, Hassan, A, Hassan, I, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, MS, Hassani, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Nanavaty, DP, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Hegena, TY, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Helfer, B, Nangia, V, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herbert, ME, Herteliu, C, Heuer, A, Hezam, K, Hinneh, TK, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Narasimha Swamy, S, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hoque, ME, Horita, N, Hossain, S, Hosseini, SE, Ahmed, LA, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Narimani Davani, D, Hostiuc, S, Hoven, H, Hsairi, M, Hsu, JM, Hu, C, Huang, J, Huda, MN, Ahmed, MB, Hulland, EN, Hultström, M, Nascimento, BR, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, NR, Huynh, CK, Huynh, H-H, Ibitoye, SE, Idowu, OO, Ihler, AL, Ahmed, S, Ikeda, N, Mathioudakis, AG, Nascimento, GG, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Inbaraj, LR, Irham, LM, Isa, MA, Ahmed, SA, Nashwan, AJ, Islam, MR, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iwu-Jaja, CJ, J, V, Jaafari, J, Natto, ZS, Ajami, M, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Nauman, J, Jaiswal, A, Akalu, GT, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, R, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jeganathan, J, Navaratna, SNK, Jeswani, BM, Jiang, H, Akara, EM, Johnson, CO, Jokar, M, Jomehzadeh, N, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Ali, R, Joshi, V, Joshua, CE, Jozwiak, JJ, Akbarialiabad, H, Jürisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kahn, EM, Naveed, M, Kalani, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamath, R, Akhlaghi, S, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Nayak, BP, Kansal, SK, Kapner, DJ, Kapoor, N, Karagiannidis, E, Karajizadeh, M, Akinosoglou, K, Karakasis, P, Karanth, SD, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Nayak, VC, Karim, A, Karimi, H, Karmakar, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassahun, WD, Akinyemiju, T, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Ndejjo, R, Kauppila, JH, Kawakami, N, Kaydi, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Akkaif, MA, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Matozinhos, FP, Nduaguba, SO, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalil, M, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Akkala, S, Khan, A, Negash, H, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Akombi-Inyang, B, Negoi, I, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khreis, H, Khusun, H, Negoi, RI, Al Awaidy, S, Kifle, ZD, Kim, K, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Nejadghaderi, SA, Koh, DSQ, Al Hasan, SM, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Kong, J, Koren, G, Korja, M, Korshunov, VA, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Nejjari, C, Kothari, N, Koul, PA, Alahdab, F, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krishnan, B, Krohn, KJ, Kuate Defo, B, Ali, SSS, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, AL-Ahdal, TMA, Kugbey, N, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, N, Nematollahi, MH, Kumar, V, Kundu, S, Kurmi, OP, Kusnali, A, Alalalmeh, SO, Kusuma, D, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Nepal, S, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Alalwan, TA, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Neupane, S, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Al-Aly, Z, Lauriola, P, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Mattumpuram, J, Ng, M, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Leasher, JL, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, SW, Alam, K, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Nguefack-Tsague, G, LeGrand, KE, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Lerango, TL, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Li, M-C, Li, W-Z, Alam, N, Li, W, Ngunjiri, JW, Li, Y, Li, Z, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lin, R-T, Lin, S, Liu, C, Liu, G, Alanezi, FM, Nguyen, DH, Liu, J, Liu, RT, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, X, Livingstone, KM, Llanaj, E, Lohiya, A, Nguyen, NNY, Alanzi, TM, López-Bueno, R, Lopukhov, PD, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, lv, H, Nguyen, PT, M Amin, HI, Albakri, A, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Mabrok, M, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Mafhoumi, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Maghazachi, AA, Mahadeshwara Prasad, DR, Maharaj, SB, AlBataineh, MT, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Majeed, A, Makram, OM, Makris, KC, Malasala, S, Maled, V, Ali, W, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Aldhaleei, WA, Malinga, LA, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Manda, AL, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Nguyen, VT, Mansouri, B, Mansouri, P, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Aldridge, RW, Mantovani, LG, Manu, E, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Marsh, E, Nguyen Tran Minh, D, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Maugeri, A, Niazi, RK, Nicholson, SI, Nie, J, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Noman, EA, Alicandro, G, Nomura, S, Maulik, PK, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nunemo, MH, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Alif, SM, Mayeli, M, Oancea, B, O'Connell, EM, Odetokun, IA, O'Donnell, MJ, Oduro, MS, Ogunfowokan, AA, Ogunkoya, A, Oh, I-H, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Mazidi, M, Aljunid, SM, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olasupo, OO, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, AB, Oliveira, GMM, Olorukooba, AA, Olufadewa, II, Alemu, YM, Olusanya, BO, Alla, F, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omar Bali, A, Omer, GL, Ong, KL, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Mazzotti, A, Onyedibe, KI, Oppong, AF, Abd ElHafeez, S, Al-Marwani, S, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ornello, R, Orpana, HM, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Prado, E, McGrath, JJ, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, MO, Oyeyemi, IT, McKee, M, Oyeyemi, OT, P A, MP, Pacheco-Barrios, K, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Almustanyir, S, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, McKowen, ALW, Pana, A, Panda, SK, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Alomari, MA, Pantazopoulos, I, Pantea Stoian, AM, Papadopoulou, P, McLaughlin, SA, Parent, MC, Parija, PP, Parikh, RR, Park, S, Parsons, N, Pashaei, A, Alonso, J, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, McPhail, MA, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Alqahtani, JS, Peng, M, McPhail, SM, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Perna, S, Pesudovs, K, Alqutaibi, AY, Mechili, EA, Petcu, I-R, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pickering, BV, Pierannunzio, D, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Piracha, ZZ, Mehmood, A, Al-Raddadi, RM, Piradov, MA, Pisoni, E, Piyasena, MP, Plass, D, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polkinghorne, KR, Poluru, R, Pond, CD, Mehmood, K, Popovic, DS, Alrawashdeh, A, Porru, F, Postma, MJ, Poudel, GR, Pour-Rashidi, A, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prabhu, D, Prada, SI, Al-Fatly, B, Pradhan, J, Pradhan, PMS, Al-Rifai, RH, Prasad, M, Prates, EJS, Purnobasuki, H, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Qiu, S, Abd-Elsalam, S, Alrousan, SM, Rabiee Rad, M, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Rafferty, Q, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Raheem, N, Al-Sabah, SK, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimifard, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Meier, T, Rahman, MO, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rahmani, B, Rahmanian, M, Rahmanian, N, Alshahrani, NZ, Rahmanian, V, Rahmati, M, Rahmawaty, S, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Raimondo, D, Rajaa, S, Rajendran, V, Rajput, P, Ramadan, MM, Ramasamy, SK, Ramasubramani, P, Altaany, Z, Ramazanu, S, Ramteke, PW, Mekene Meto, T, Rana, J, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rane, A, Rani, U, Ranta, A, Rao, CR, Rao, M, Altaf, A, Rao, PC, Mekonnen, BD, Rao, SJ, Rasella, D, Rashedi, S, Rashedi, V, Rashidi, M, Rashidi, M-M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Ratan, ZA, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Menezes, RG, Rauniyar, SK, Rautalin, I, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Razo, C, Reda, ZFF, Reddy, MMRK, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Mengist, B, Altirkawi, KA, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Restaino, S, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Mensah, GA, Rezaeian, M, Aluh, DO, Rhee, TG, Riaz, MA, Ribeiro, ALP, Rickard, J, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rodrigues, CF, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, JAB, Mensah, LG, Roever, L, Romadlon, DS, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ronfani, L, Rosauer, JJ, Roshandel, G, Rostamian, M, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Roy, N, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Russo, M, Ruzzante, SW, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Mentis, A-FA, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Abdi, P, Alwafi, H, Sachdev, PS, Sachdeva, R, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Meo, SA, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Sadeghi Majd, E, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Al-Wardat, MS, Safari, M, Safi, S, Safi, SZ, Meretoja, A, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, SS, Sahu, M, Al-Worafi, YM, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Meretoja, TJ, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Salehi, L, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Aly, H, Salem, MZY, Mersha, AM, Salihu, D, Salimi, S, Salum, GA, Samadi Kafil, H, Samadzadeh, S, Samodra, YL, Samuel, VP, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Aly, S, Mesfin, BA, Sanjeev, RK, Sanna, F, Santomauro, DF, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarasmita, MA, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Saravi, B, Sarikhani, Y, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Mestrovic, T, Alzoubi, KH, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Sawhney, M, Saya, GK, Sayeed, A, Mettananda, KCD, Sayeed, MA, Al-Zyoud, W, Sayyah, M, Schinckus, C, Schmidt, MI, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, DC, Mettananda, S, Schwendicke, F, Selvaraj, S, Amaechi, UA, Semreen, MH, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Serre, ML, Sethi, Y, Shafie, M, Shah, H, Miazgowski, T, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shah, SM, Aman Mohammadi, M, Shahbandi, A, Shaheen, AA, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Al-Habbal, K, Shaikh, MA, Shaikh, SZ, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Amani, R, Shamim, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamshirgaran, MA, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Micha, G, Shankar, A, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, M, Abdollahi, M, Amiri, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Michalek, IM, Shavandi, A, Shehabeldine, AME, Shehzadi, S, Sheikh, A, Shen, J, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Shetty, PH, Shiani, A, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, AC, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Ammirati, E, Shool, S, Miller, TR, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, R, Shrestha, S, Shuja, KH, Shuval, K, Si, Y, Siddig, EE, Silva, DAS, Silva, LMLR, Amu, H, Mirarefin, M, Silva, S, Silva, TPR, Simpson, CR, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, B, Singh, G, Singh, H, Singh, JA, Singh, M, Mirghafourvand, M, Amugsi, DA, Singh, NP, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinto, R, Sivakumar, S, Siwal, SS, Skhvitaridze, N, Skou, ST, Sleet, DA, Mirica, A, Sobia, F, Amusa, GA, Soboka, M, Socea, B, Solaimanian, S, Solanki, R, Solanki, S, Soliman, SSM, Somayaji, R, Song, Y, Mirijello, A, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Ancuceanu, R, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Spencer, CN, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stachteas, P, Stafford, LK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Stein, C, Anderlini, D, Stein, DJ, Steinbeis, F, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Mirshahi, A, Stokes, MA, Straif, K, Stranges, S, Subedi, N, Anderson, JA, Subramaniyan, V, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sundström, J, Sunkersing, D, Alhabib, KF, Sunnerhagen, KS, Suresh, V, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Andrade, PP, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, SM, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Mirzaei, M, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Abdoun, M, Andrei, CL, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taherkhani, A, Mishra, AK, Taiba, J, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tang, H, Tat, NY, Taveira, N, Andrei, T, Tefera, YM, Mishra, V, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temesgen, WA, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Terefa, DR, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thakur, R, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Anenberg, SC, Mitchell, PB, Thapar, R, Thayakaran, R, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Tian, J, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Mithra, P, Angappan, D, Tolani, MA, Tolossa, T, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Trabelsi, K, Tran, JT, Mittal, C, Tran, MTN, Angus, C, Tran, NM, Trico, D, Trihandini, I, Troeger, CE, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsermpini, EE, Moazen, B, Tumurkhuu, M, Udoakang, AJ, Anil, A, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Unim, B, Moberg, ME, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Anil, S, Usman, JS, Vaithinathan, AG, Vakili, O, Valenti, M, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Mocciaro, G, van Donkelaar, A, Varga, O, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Anjum, A, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Venketasubramanian, N, Verghese, NA, Mohamadkhani, A, Verma, M, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Anoushiravani, A, Villalobos-Daniel, VE, Villani, L, Villanueva, GI, Vinayak, M, Alhassan, RK, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vollset, SE, Volovat, SR, Vos, T, Antonazzo, IC, Vujcic, IS, Waheed, Y, Wang, C, Mohamed, AZ, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wanjau, MN, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Abdulah, DM, Antony, CM, Waris, A, Mohamed, AI, Wassie, EG, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Weiss, EJ, Weldetinsaa, HLL, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Wiangkham, T, Antriyandarti, E, Mohamed, J, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wilson, S, Wong, YJ, Wongsin, U, Wozniak, S, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, F, Mohamed, MFH, Anuoluwa, BS, Wu, Z, Xia, J, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadav, MK, Yaghoubi, S, Yamagishi, K, Mohamed, NS, Yang, L, Anvari, D, Yano, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Yasufuku, Y, Ye, P, Yesodharan, R, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yi, S, Mohammadi, E, Yiğit, A, Yigzaw, ZA, Anvari, S, Yin, D, Yip, P, Yismaw, MB, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Mohammadi, S, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Anwar, S, Zadey, S, Zadnik, V, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zakzuk, J, Zamagni, G, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Zaman, SB, Zandieh, GGZ, Zanghì, A, Zar, HJ, Anwar, SL, Zare, I, Zarimeidani, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zeng, Y, Zhai, C, Mohammadifard, N, Zhang, AL, Zhang, H, Zhang, L, Zhang, M, Zhang, Y, Anwer, R, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, H, Zhao, JT, Mohammed, H, Zhao, X-JG, Zhao, Y, Zhong, C, Zhou, J, Anyabolo, EE, Zhou, S, Zhu, B, Zhu, L, Ali, A, Zhu, Z, Ziaeian, B, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zimsen, SRM, Zoghi, G, Zoller, T, Anyasodor, AE, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Mohammed, M, Murray, CJL, Gakidou, E, Abdullahi, A, Apostol, GLC, Arabloo, J, Arabzadeh Bahri, R, Arafat, M, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Mohammed, S, Aremu, A, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Abebe, M, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Artanti, KD, Aruleba, IT, Arumugam, A, Asbeutah, AM, Asgary, S, Asgedom, AA, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, MY, Abedi, A, Ashraf, T, Askarinejad, A, Assmus, M, Astell-Burt, T, Mokdad, AH, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awoke, AA, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Monasta, L, Ayatollahi, H, Ayestas Portugal, C, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azhar, GS, Azizi, H, Abegaz, TM, Azzam, AY, Backhaus, IL, Mondello, S, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Bagga, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahrami Taghanaki, P, Bai, R, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Baig, AA, Moni, MA, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, B, Banik, PC, Banke-Thomas, A, Abiodun, O, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Bansal, H, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Moore, CE, Abiso, TL, Barteit, S, Basharat, Z, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Batchu, S, Batra, K, Batra, R, Moradi, M, Baune, BT, Aboagye, RG, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, A, Belgaumi, UI, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Abolhassani, H, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bendak, S, Bennett, DA, Bennitt, FB, Brauer, M, Roth, GA, Aravkin, AY, Zheng, P, Abate, KH, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasi, MA, Abbasian, M, Abbasifard, M, Moradi, Y, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Abouzid, M, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Moraga, P, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Aboye, GB, Bhat, AN, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Morawska, L, Bhatti, R, Bhuiyan, MA, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Abreu, LG, Bisignano, C, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Biswas, RK, Moreira, RS, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boakye, H, Bockarie, MJ, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Abualruz, H, Bogale, EK, Bolla, SR, Boloor, A, Morovatdar, N, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Boppana, SH, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Botero Carvajal, A, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Abubakar, B, Bourne, R, Boxe, C, Morrison, SD, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brar, A, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Britton, G, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Brown, CS, Morze, J, Browne, AJ, Brunoni, AR, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Mosaddeghi Heris, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Cagney, J, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Mossialos, E, Aburuz, S, Cao, C, Cao, F, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Motappa, R, Carvalho, F, Abu-Zaid, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Alemayohu, MA, Ali, BA, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Adane, MM, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chakraborty, S, Mougin, V, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandan, JS, Addo, IY, Chandika, RM, Chaturvedi, P, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Mousavi, P, Chen, M, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Addolorato, G, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Msherghi, A, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Adedoyin, RA, Chopra, H, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Mubarik, S, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cioffi, I, Cogen, RM, Adekanmbi, V, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Muccioli, L, Corlateanu, A, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Criqui, MH, Cruz, JA, Aden, B, Cruz-Martins, N, Culbreth, GT, Mueller, UO, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Daikwo, PU, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, D'Amico, E, Adetunji, JB, D'Anna, L, Mulita, F, Darwesh, AM, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davitoiu, DV, De la Hoz, FP, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Mullany, EC, de la Torre-Luque, A, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Delgado-Saborit, JM, Demoze, CK, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Munjal, K, Adha, R, Dervišević, E, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhimal, ML, Marx, W, Murillo-Zamora, E, Dhimal, M, Adibi, A, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dhungana, RR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Ding, DD, Dinu, M, Adnani, QES, Djalalinia, S, Do, TC, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Ali, I, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Adzigbli, LA, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Murlimanju, BV, Dsouza, AC, Dsouza, HL, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Afolabi, AA, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Dushpanova, A, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Musina, A-M, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, CP, Ed-Dra, A, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Afolabi, RF, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, F, Eftekharimehrabad, A, Eini, E, Mustafa, G, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Dahiyat, F, Elemam, NM, Afshin, A, Elgar, FJ, ElGohary, GMT, Elhabashy, HR, Muthu, S, Elhadi, M, Elmehrath, AO, Elmeligy, OAA, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, TI, Esfandiari, N, Afyouni, S, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Muthupandian, S, Esmaeili, SV, Estep, K, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Fahimi, S, Falzone, L, Afzal, MS, Fareed, M, Muthusamy, R, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Fasina, FO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Afzal, S, Muzaffar, M, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, AJ, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Maryam, S, Myung, W, Agampodi, SB, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flohr, C, Flood, D, Flor, LS, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Force, LM, Fortuna, D, Nafei, A, Foschi, M, Agbozo, F, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, SD, Fux, B, G, S, Gaal, PA, Gaihre, S, Gajdács, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Galali, Y, Gallus, S, Aghamiri, S, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia, V, Gardner, WM, Garg, RK, Gautam, RK, Ali, L, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Agodi, A, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremeskel, TG, Gerema, U, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Getie, M, Nagaraju, SP, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghaffari Jolfayi, A, Ghailan, KY, Agrawal, A, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghassemi, F, Nagel, G, Ghazy, RM, Gholami, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Agyemang-Duah, W, Gil, AU, Gil, GF, Gilbertson, NM, Gill, PS, Naghavi, M, Gill, TK, Gindaba, EZ, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Ahinkorah, BO, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Naghavi, P, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gomes, NGM, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Ahmad, A, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Naik, GR, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Ahmad, D, Gulati, S, Naik, G, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, RD, Ahmad, F, Mathangasinghe, Y, Nainu, F, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Hadaro, TS, Hadian, Z, Haep, N, Haghi-Aminjan, H, Nair, TS, Ahmad, N, Haghmorad, D, Hagins, H, Haile, D, Hailu, A, Hajj Ali, A, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Najdaghi, S, Halwani, R, Ahmad, S, Hamadeh, RR, Hamdy, NM, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hammoud, A, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Haq, ZA, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Ahmad, T, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MJ, Hasan, SMM, Hasani, H, Ali, MU, Hasanian, M, Hashmeh, N, Hasnain, MS, Ahmed, A, Hassan, A, Hassan, I, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, MS, Hassani, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Nanavaty, DP, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Hegena, TY, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Helfer, B, Nangia, V, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herbert, ME, Herteliu, C, Heuer, A, Hezam, K, Hinneh, TK, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Narasimha Swamy, S, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hoque, ME, Horita, N, Hossain, S, Hosseini, SE, Ahmed, LA, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Narimani Davani, D, Hostiuc, S, Hoven, H, Hsairi, M, Hsu, JM, Hu, C, Huang, J, Huda, MN, Ahmed, MB, Hulland, EN, Hultström, M, Nascimento, BR, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, NR, Huynh, CK, Huynh, H-H, Ibitoye, SE, Idowu, OO, Ihler, AL, Ahmed, S, Ikeda, N, Mathioudakis, AG, Nascimento, GG, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Inbaraj, LR, Irham, LM, Isa, MA, Ahmed, SA, Nashwan, AJ, Islam, MR, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iwu-Jaja, CJ, J, V, Jaafari, J, Natto, ZS, Ajami, M, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Nauman, J, Jaiswal, A, Akalu, GT, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, R, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jeganathan, J, Navaratna, SNK, Jeswani, BM, Jiang, H, Akara, EM, Johnson, CO, Jokar, M, Jomehzadeh, N, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Ali, R, Joshi, V, Joshua, CE, Jozwiak, JJ, Akbarialiabad, H, Jürisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kahn, EM, Naveed, M, Kalani, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamath, R, Akhlaghi, S, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Nayak, BP, Kansal, SK, Kapner, DJ, Kapoor, N, Karagiannidis, E, Karajizadeh, M, Akinosoglou, K, Karakasis, P, Karanth, SD, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Nayak, VC, Karim, A, Karimi, H, Karmakar, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassahun, WD, Akinyemiju, T, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Ndejjo, R, Kauppila, JH, Kawakami, N, Kaydi, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Akkaif, MA, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Matozinhos, FP, Nduaguba, SO, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalil, M, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Akkala, S, Khan, A, Negash, H, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Akombi-Inyang, B, Negoi, I, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khreis, H, Khusun, H, Negoi, RI, Al Awaidy, S, Kifle, ZD, Kim, K, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Nejadghaderi, SA, Koh, DSQ, Al Hasan, SM, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Kong, J, Koren, G, Korja, M, Korshunov, VA, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Nejjari, C, Kothari, N, Koul, PA, Alahdab, F, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krishnan, B, Krohn, KJ, Kuate Defo, B, Ali, SSS, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, AL-Ahdal, TMA, Kugbey, N, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, N, Nematollahi, MH, Kumar, V, Kundu, S, Kurmi, OP, Kusnali, A, Alalalmeh, SO, Kusuma, D, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Nepal, S, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Alalwan, TA, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Neupane, S, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Al-Aly, Z, Lauriola, P, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Mattumpuram, J, Ng, M, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Leasher, JL, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, SW, Alam, K, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Nguefack-Tsague, G, LeGrand, KE, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Lerango, TL, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Li, M-C, Li, W-Z, Alam, N, Li, W, Ngunjiri, JW, Li, Y, Li, Z, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lin, R-T, Lin, S, Liu, C, Liu, G, Alanezi, FM, Nguyen, DH, Liu, J, Liu, RT, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, X, Livingstone, KM, Llanaj, E, Lohiya, A, Nguyen, NNY, Alanzi, TM, López-Bueno, R, Lopukhov, PD, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, lv, H, Nguyen, PT, M Amin, HI, Albakri, A, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Mabrok, M, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Mafhoumi, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Maghazachi, AA, Mahadeshwara Prasad, DR, Maharaj, SB, AlBataineh, MT, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Majeed, A, Makram, OM, Makris, KC, Malasala, S, Maled, V, Ali, W, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Aldhaleei, WA, Malinga, LA, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Manda, AL, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Nguyen, VT, Mansouri, B, Mansouri, P, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Aldridge, RW, Mantovani, LG, Manu, E, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Marsh, E, Nguyen Tran Minh, D, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Maugeri, A, Niazi, RK, Nicholson, SI, Nie, J, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Noman, EA, Alicandro, G, Nomura, S, Maulik, PK, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nunemo, MH, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Alif, SM, Mayeli, M, Oancea, B, O'Connell, EM, Odetokun, IA, O'Donnell, MJ, Oduro, MS, Ogunfowokan, AA, Ogunkoya, A, Oh, I-H, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Mazidi, M, Aljunid, SM, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olasupo, OO, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, AB, Oliveira, GMM, Olorukooba, AA, Olufadewa, II, Alemu, YM, Olusanya, BO, Alla, F, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omar Bali, A, Omer, GL, Ong, KL, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Mazzotti, A, Onyedibe, KI, Oppong, AF, Abd ElHafeez, S, Al-Marwani, S, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ornello, R, Orpana, HM, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Prado, E, McGrath, JJ, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, MO, Oyeyemi, IT, McKee, M, Oyeyemi, OT, P A, MP, Pacheco-Barrios, K, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Almustanyir, S, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, McKowen, ALW, Pana, A, Panda, SK, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Alomari, MA, Pantazopoulos, I, Pantea Stoian, AM, Papadopoulou, P, McLaughlin, SA, Parent, MC, Parija, PP, Parikh, RR, Park, S, Parsons, N, Pashaei, A, Alonso, J, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, McPhail, MA, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Alqahtani, JS, Peng, M, McPhail, SM, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Perna, S, Pesudovs, K, Alqutaibi, AY, Mechili, EA, Petcu, I-R, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pickering, BV, Pierannunzio, D, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Piracha, ZZ, Mehmood, A, Al-Raddadi, RM, Piradov, MA, Pisoni, E, Piyasena, MP, Plass, D, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polkinghorne, KR, Poluru, R, Pond, CD, Mehmood, K, Popovic, DS, Alrawashdeh, A, Porru, F, Postma, MJ, Poudel, GR, Pour-Rashidi, A, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prabhu, D, Prada, SI, Al-Fatly, B, Pradhan, J, Pradhan, PMS, Al-Rifai, RH, Prasad, M, Prates, EJS, Purnobasuki, H, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Qiu, S, Abd-Elsalam, S, Alrousan, SM, Rabiee Rad, M, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Rafferty, Q, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Raheem, N, Al-Sabah, SK, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimifard, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Meier, T, Rahman, MO, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rahmani, B, Rahmanian, M, Rahmanian, N, Alshahrani, NZ, Rahmanian, V, Rahmati, M, Rahmawaty, S, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Raimondo, D, Rajaa, S, Rajendran, V, Rajput, P, Ramadan, MM, Ramasamy, SK, Ramasubramani, P, Altaany, Z, Ramazanu, S, Ramteke, PW, Mekene Meto, T, Rana, J, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rane, A, Rani, U, Ranta, A, Rao, CR, Rao, M, Altaf, A, Rao, PC, Mekonnen, BD, Rao, SJ, Rasella, D, Rashedi, S, Rashedi, V, Rashidi, M, Rashidi, M-M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Ratan, ZA, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Menezes, RG, Rauniyar, SK, Rautalin, I, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Razo, C, Reda, ZFF, Reddy, MMRK, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Mengist, B, Altirkawi, KA, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Restaino, S, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Mensah, GA, Rezaeian, M, Aluh, DO, Rhee, TG, Riaz, MA, Ribeiro, ALP, Rickard, J, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rodrigues, CF, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, JAB, Mensah, LG, Roever, L, Romadlon, DS, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ronfani, L, Rosauer, JJ, Roshandel, G, Rostamian, M, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Roy, N, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Russo, M, Ruzzante, SW, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Mentis, A-FA, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Abdi, P, Alwafi, H, Sachdev, PS, Sachdeva, R, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Meo, SA, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Sadeghi Majd, E, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Al-Wardat, MS, Safari, M, Safi, S, Safi, SZ, Meretoja, A, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, SS, Sahu, M, Al-Worafi, YM, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Meretoja, TJ, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Salehi, L, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Aly, H, Salem, MZY, Mersha, AM, Salihu, D, Salimi, S, Salum, GA, Samadi Kafil, H, Samadzadeh, S, Samodra, YL, Samuel, VP, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Aly, S, Mesfin, BA, Sanjeev, RK, Sanna, F, Santomauro, DF, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarasmita, MA, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Saravi, B, Sarikhani, Y, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Mestrovic, T, Alzoubi, KH, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Sawhney, M, Saya, GK, Sayeed, A, Mettananda, KCD, Sayeed, MA, Al-Zyoud, W, Sayyah, M, Schinckus, C, Schmidt, MI, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, DC, Mettananda, S, Schwendicke, F, Selvaraj, S, Amaechi, UA, Semreen, MH, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Serre, ML, Sethi, Y, Shafie, M, Shah, H, Miazgowski, T, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shah, SM, Aman Mohammadi, M, Shahbandi, A, Shaheen, AA, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Al-Habbal, K, Shaikh, MA, Shaikh, SZ, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Amani, R, Shamim, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamshirgaran, MA, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Micha, G, Shankar, A, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, M, Abdollahi, M, Amiri, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Michalek, IM, Shavandi, A, Shehabeldine, AME, Shehzadi, S, Sheikh, A, Shen, J, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Shetty, PH, Shiani, A, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, AC, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Ammirati, E, Shool, S, Miller, TR, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, R, Shrestha, S, Shuja, KH, Shuval, K, Si, Y, Siddig, EE, Silva, DAS, Silva, LMLR, Amu, H, Mirarefin, M, Silva, S, Silva, TPR, Simpson, CR, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, B, Singh, G, Singh, H, Singh, JA, Singh, M, Mirghafourvand, M, Amugsi, DA, Singh, NP, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinto, R, Sivakumar, S, Siwal, SS, Skhvitaridze, N, Skou, ST, Sleet, DA, Mirica, A, Sobia, F, Amusa, GA, Soboka, M, Socea, B, Solaimanian, S, Solanki, R, Solanki, S, Soliman, SSM, Somayaji, R, Song, Y, Mirijello, A, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Ancuceanu, R, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Spencer, CN, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stachteas, P, Stafford, LK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Stein, C, Anderlini, D, Stein, DJ, Steinbeis, F, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Mirshahi, A, Stokes, MA, Straif, K, Stranges, S, Subedi, N, Anderson, JA, Subramaniyan, V, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sundström, J, Sunkersing, D, Alhabib, KF, Sunnerhagen, KS, Suresh, V, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Andrade, PP, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, SM, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Mirzaei, M, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Abdoun, M, Andrei, CL, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taherkhani, A, Mishra, AK, Taiba, J, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tang, H, Tat, NY, Taveira, N, Andrei, T, Tefera, YM, Mishra, V, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temesgen, WA, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Terefa, DR, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thakur, R, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Anenberg, SC, Mitchell, PB, Thapar, R, Thayakaran, R, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Tian, J, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Mithra, P, Angappan, D, Tolani, MA, Tolossa, T, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Trabelsi, K, Tran, JT, Mittal, C, Tran, MTN, Angus, C, Tran, NM, Trico, D, Trihandini, I, Troeger, CE, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsermpini, EE, Moazen, B, Tumurkhuu, M, Udoakang, AJ, Anil, A, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Unim, B, Moberg, ME, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Anil, S, Usman, JS, Vaithinathan, AG, Vakili, O, Valenti, M, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Mocciaro, G, van Donkelaar, A, Varga, O, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Anjum, A, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Venketasubramanian, N, Verghese, NA, Mohamadkhani, A, Verma, M, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Anoushiravani, A, Villalobos-Daniel, VE, Villani, L, Villanueva, GI, Vinayak, M, Alhassan, RK, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vollset, SE, Volovat, SR, Vos, T, Antonazzo, IC, Vujcic, IS, Waheed, Y, Wang, C, Mohamed, AZ, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wanjau, MN, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Abdulah, DM, Antony, CM, Waris, A, Mohamed, AI, Wassie, EG, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Weiss, EJ, Weldetinsaa, HLL, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Wiangkham, T, Antriyandarti, E, Mohamed, J, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wilson, S, Wong, YJ, Wongsin, U, Wozniak, S, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, F, Mohamed, MFH, Anuoluwa, BS, Wu, Z, Xia, J, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadav, MK, Yaghoubi, S, Yamagishi, K, Mohamed, NS, Yang, L, Anvari, D, Yano, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Yasufuku, Y, Ye, P, Yesodharan, R, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yi, S, Mohammadi, E, Yiğit, A, Yigzaw, ZA, Anvari, S, Yin, D, Yip, P, Yismaw, MB, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Mohammadi, S, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Anwar, S, Zadey, S, Zadnik, V, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zakzuk, J, Zamagni, G, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Zaman, SB, Zandieh, GGZ, Zanghì, A, Zar, HJ, Anwar, SL, Zare, I, Zarimeidani, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zeng, Y, Zhai, C, Mohammadifard, N, Zhang, AL, Zhang, H, Zhang, L, Zhang, M, Zhang, Y, Anwer, R, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, H, Zhao, JT, Mohammed, H, Zhao, X-JG, Zhao, Y, Zhong, C, Zhou, J, Anyabolo, EE, Zhou, S, Zhu, B, Zhu, L, Ali, A, Zhu, Z, Ziaeian, B, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zimsen, SRM, Zoghi, G, Zoller, T, Anyasodor, AE, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Mohammed, M, Murray, CJL, Gakidou, E, Abdullahi, A, Apostol, GLC, Arabloo, J, Arabzadeh Bahri, R, Arafat, M, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Mohammed, S, Aremu, A, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Abebe, M, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Artanti, KD, Aruleba, IT, Arumugam, A, Asbeutah, AM, Asgary, S, Asgedom, AA, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, MY, Abedi, A, Ashraf, T, Askarinejad, A, Assmus, M, Astell-Burt, T, Mokdad, AH, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awoke, AA, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Monasta, L, Ayatollahi, H, Ayestas Portugal, C, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azhar, GS, Azizi, H, Abegaz, TM, Azzam, AY, Backhaus, IL, Mondello, S, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Bagga, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahrami Taghanaki, P, Bai, R, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Baig, AA, Moni, MA, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, B, Banik, PC, Banke-Thomas, A, Abiodun, O, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Bansal, H, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Moore, CE, Abiso, TL, Barteit, S, Basharat, Z, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Batchu, S, Batra, K, Batra, R, Moradi, M, Baune, BT, Aboagye, RG, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, A, Belgaumi, UI, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Abolhassani, H, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bendak, S, Bennett, DA, and Bennitt, FB
Published: 2024

4. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Naghavi, M, Ong, KL, Aali, A, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M-A, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, DM, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abebe, SS, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abolmaali, M, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Abrha, WA, Abtahi, D, Abu Rumeileh, S, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Accrombessi, MMK, Adal, TG, Adamu, AA, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adeyinka, DA, Adeyomoye, OI, Admass, BAA, Adnani, QES, Adra, S, Afolabi, AA, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agampodi, SB, Agasthi, P, Aggarwal, M, Aghamiri, S, Agide, FD, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadzade, AM, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MS, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akara, EM, Akbarialiabad, H, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, MA, Akyirem, S, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, SM, Alahdab, F, Alalalmeh, SO, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, M, Alam, N, Al-amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Al-Azzam, S, Albakri, A, Albashtawy, M, AlBataineh, MT, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Aldawsari, KA, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alema, HB, Alemayohu, MA, Alemi, S, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alhabib, KF, Alhalaiqa, FAN, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, L, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, S, Ali, SSS, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Alikhani, R, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, AA, Aljasir, MAM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almidani, L, Almidani, O, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, JS, Alqalyoobi, S, Alqutaibi, AY, Al-Sabah, SK, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alwafi, H, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amani, R, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Ansari, H, Ansariadi, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Areda, D, Aremu, A, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Lari, M, Asgedom, AA, Asghariahmadabad, M, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Aslani, A, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atinafu, BTT, Atlaw, HW, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awedew, AF, Aweke, AM, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Ayyoubzadeh, SM, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azzam, AY, B, DB, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bah, S, Bahadorikhalili, S, Bahmanziari, N, Bai, R, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Bakshi, RK, Balakrishnan, S, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, PC, Bansal, H, Bansal, K, Barbic, F, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Basharat, Z, Bashiri, A, Basiru, A, Baskaran, P, Basnyat, B, Bassat, Q, Basso, JD, Basting, AVL, Basu, S, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, M, Behboudi, E, Behera, P, Behnoush, AH, Behzadifar, M, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Béjot, Y, Belay, SA, Belete, CM, Bell, ML, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bender, RG, Bensenor, IM, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Berhie, AY, Berice, BN, Bernstein, RS, Bertolacci, GJ, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhandari, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhardwaj, PV, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bisulli, F, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Bitaraf, S, Bitew, BD, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boampong, MS, Bobirca, AV, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bogale, KA, Bohlouli, S, Bolarinwa, OA, Boloor, A, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora, K, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Borzutzky, A, Bouaoud, S, Boustany, A, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Briko, NI, Britton, G, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Carvalheiro, CG, Carvalho, F, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Cevik, M, Chadwick, J, Chahine, Y, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Chang, C-K, Chang, J-C, Chanie, GS, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chaurasia, A, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Cherbuin, N, Cheru, WA, Chien, J-H, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Chopra, H, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cindi, Z, Cioffi, I, Claassens, MM, Claro, RM, Coberly, K, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Cousin, E, Couto, RAS, Cowden, RG, Cramer, KM, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Cuadra-Hernández, SM, Culbreth, GT, Cullen, P, Cunningham, M, Curado, MP, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, Darega Gela, J, Das, JK, Das, S, Dascalu, AM, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dastiridou, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, de Luca, K, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Dehghan, A, Deitesfeld, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demessa, BH, Demetriades, AK, Deng, K, Deng, X, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deravi, N, Dereje, N, Dervenis, N, Dervišević, E, Des Jarlais, DC, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhimal, M, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Ding, H, Dinis-Oliveira, RJ, Dirac, MA, Djalalinia, S, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Doaei, S, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Dolecek, C, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, dos Santos, WM, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Du, M, Dube, J, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, E'mar, AR, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, CP, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, D, Efendi, F, Effendi, DE, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Sayed, I, Elbarazi, I, Elema, TB, Elemam, NM, Elgar, FJ, Elgendy, IY, ElGohary, GMT, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Huneidi, W, Elilo, LT, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmonem, MA, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, TI, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, CI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Espinosa-Montero, J, Esubalew, H, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fadaka, AO, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fahim, A, Fahimi, S, Fakhri-Demeshghieh, A, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Fasanmi, AO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fauk, NK, Fazeli, P, Feigin, VL, Feizkhah, A, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferrante, D, Ferrari, AJ, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Florin, BT, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fomenkov, AA, Foroutan, B, Foroutan, M, Forthun, I, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Fowobaje, KR, Francis, KL, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, J, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, JE, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Gakidou, E, Galali, Y, Galles, NC, Gallus, S, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Gardner, WM, Garg, J, Garg, N, Gautam, RK, Gbadamosi, SO, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremeskel, TG, Georgescu, SR, Getachew, T, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghahramani, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M-R, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghashghaee, A, Ghassemi, F, Ghazy, RM, Ghimire, A, Ghoba, S, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Ghorbani Vajargah, P, Ghoshal, AG, Gill, PS, Gill, TK, Gillum, RF, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golchin, A, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomes, NGM, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Goulart, BNG, Goyal, A, Grada, A, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Guimarães, RA, Gulati, S, Gunawardane, DA, Gunturu, S, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, MK, Gupta, M, Gupta, RD, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gurmessa, L, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadei, M, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hamilton, EB, Han, C, Han, Q, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Hanna, F, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MT, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hashi, A, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, I, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, He, J, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidari-Foroozan, M, Helfer, B, Hendrie, D, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hesami, H, Hezam, K, Hill, CL, Hiraike, Y, Holla, R, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hossain, S, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hosseinzadeh Adli, A, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, VC-R, Hsu, RL, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultström, M, Humayun, A, Hundie, TG, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Hussien, FM, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Ibrahim, KS, Iftikhar, PM, Ijo, D, Ikiroma, AI, Ikuta, KS, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Inamdar, S, Indriasih, E, Iqhrammullah, M, Iradukunda, A, Iregbu, KC, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Islami, F, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iyamu, IO, Iyer, M, J, LM, Jaafari, J, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jafarzadeh, A, Jaggi, K, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jamshidi, E, Janko, MM, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jebai, R, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jha, AK, Jha, RP, Jiang, H, Jin, Y, Johnson, O, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Joshy, G, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kadir, DH, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamal, VK, Kamarajah, SK, Kamath, R, Kamiab, Z, Kamyari, N, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmanthareddy, AR, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kannan S, S, Kansal, SK, Kantar, RS, Kapoor, N, Karajizadeh, M, Karanth, SD, Karasneh, RA, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Karim, A, Karimi, SE, Karimi Behnagh, A, Kashoo, FZ, Kasnazani, QHA, Kasraei, H, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, N, Kawakami, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kazmi, TH, Kebebew, GM, Kebede, AD, Kebede, F, Keflie, TS, Keiyoro, PN, Keller, C, Kelly, JT, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, N, Khalil, AA, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, G, Khan, I, Khan, IA, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khan, ZA, Khan suheb, MZ, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatami, F, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khorgamphar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosravi, A, Khosravi, MA, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, J, Kim, K, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinzel, KE, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Klu, D, Knudsen, AKS, Kocarnik, JM, Kochhar, S, Kocsis, T, Koh, DSQ, Kolahi, A-A, Kolves, K, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Kosen, S, Kostev, K, Koul, PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishna, H, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krohn, KJ, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, H, Kumar, M, Kumar, R, Kumari, M, Kumie, FT, Kundu, S, Kurmi, OP, Kusnali, A, Kusuma, D, Kwarteng, A, Kyriopoulos, I, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lahmar, A, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, H, Lám, J, Landrum, KR, Lanfranchi, F, Lang, JJ, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Latief, K, Latifinaibin, K, Lauriola, P, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Ledda, C, Ledesma, JR, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Lerango, TL, Li, M-C, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Li, Z, Ligade, VS, Likaka, ATM, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lindstrom, M, Linehan, C, Liu, C, Liu, G, Liu, J, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Loftus, MJ, López-Bueno, R, Lopukhov, PD, Loreche, AM, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madadizadeh, F, Madsen, C, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Maghazachi, AA, Maharaj, SB, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, A, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudi, R, Majeed, A, Makhdoom, IF, Malakan Rad, E, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, AK, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Mansouri, P, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Maqsood, S, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Marconi, AM, Mardi, P, Marino, M, Marjani, A, Martinez, G, Martinez-Guerra, BA, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, D, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Marzo, RR, Masaka, A, Masrie, A, Mathieson, S, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, MR, Mattumpuram, J, Matzopoulos, R, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Maulik, PK, Mayeli, M, Mazaheri, M, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McLaughlin, SA, McPhail, SM, Mechili, EA, Medina, JRC, Mediratta, RP, Meena, JK, Mehra, R, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mekene Meto, T, Meles, GG, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengist, B, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meresa, HA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mesfin, BA, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Meylakhs, P, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Mi, T, Miazgowski, T, Micha, G, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minh, LHN, Mini, GK, Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, P, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirutse, MK, Mirzaei, M, Misganaw, A, Mishra, A, Misra, S, Mitchell, PB, Mithra, P, Mittal, C, Mobayen, M, Moberg, ME, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, V, Mojiri-Forushani, H, Mokari, A, Mokdad, AH, Molinaro, S, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosser, JF, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, P, Mousavi, SE, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mpolya, EA, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mueller, UO, Mughal, F, Mukherjee, S, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musaigwa, F, Musallam, KM, Mustafa, A, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Muthusamy, R, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagel, G, Naghavi, P, Naheed, A, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, S, Najmuldeen, HHR, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narayana, AI, Nargus, S, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Nasehi, S, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nazri-Panjaki, A, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Negru, SM, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nena, E, Nepal, S, Ng, M, Nggada, HA, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, VT, Niazi, RK, Nielsen, KR, Nigatu, YT, Nikolouzakis, TK, Nikoobar, A, Nikoomanesh, F, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Nnyanzi, LA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noreen, M, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Novotney, A, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Oboh, MA, Odetokun, IA, Odogwu, NM, O'Donnell, MJ, Oduro, MS, Ofakunrin, AOD, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olaiya, MT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omar Bali, A, Omer, GL, Ondayo, MA, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Onyedibe, KI, Ordak, M, Orisakwe, OE, Orish, VN, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Ortiz, A, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Ouyang, G, Owolabi, MO, Ozten, Y, P A, MP, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Palladino, C, Palladino, R, Palma-Alvarez, RF, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Pana, A, Panda, P, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Pantea Stoian, AM, Papadopoulou, P, Parikh, RR, Park, S, Parthasarathi, A, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Pasupula, DK, Patel, HM, Patel, J, Patel, SK, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Paudel, U, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Perdigão, J, Pereira, M, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pestell, RG, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Petri, WA, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pierannunzio, D, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Pilgrim, T, Piracha, ZZ, Piradov, MA, Pirouzpanah, S, Plakkal, N, Plotnikov, E, Podder, V, Poddighe, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, KR, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Porru, F, Postma, MJ, Poudel, GR, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prada, SI, Pradhan, PMS, Prakasham, TN, Prasad, M, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Prieto Alhambra, D, PRISCILLA, T, Pritchett, N, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Qiu, S, Qureshi, MF, Rabiee Rad, M, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MM, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, V, Rajaa, S, Rajput, P, Rakovac, I, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rancic, N, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, IR, Rao, M, Rao, SJ, Rasali, DP, Rasella, D, Rashedi, S, Rashedi, V, Rashidi, M-M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rasul, A, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Ravikumar, N, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawlley, B, Raza, RZ, Razo, C, Redwan, EMM, Rehman, FU, Reifels, L, Reiner Jr, RC, Remuzzi, G, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Riaz, MA, Ribeiro, ALP, Rickard, J, Riva, HR, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rodrigues, CF, Rodrigues, M, Roever, L, Rogowski, ELB, Rohloff, P, Romadlon, DS, Romero-Rodríguez, E, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rout, HS, Roy, N, Roy, P, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Rwegerera, GM, Rynkiewicz, A, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Saadatian, Z, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, SaberiKamarposhti, M, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sachdev, PS, Sachdeva, R, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, F, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safaeinejad, F, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghazadeh, A, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, SS, Sahoo, U, Sahu, M, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Saleh, MA, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salem, MZY, Salimi, S, Samadi Kafil, H, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santomauro, DF, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sao Jose, BP, Sarasmita, MA, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Saravi, B, Sarikhani, Y, Sarkar, T, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Sayeed, MA, Saylan, M, Sayyah, M, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schlaich, MP, Schlee, W, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Šekerija, M, Selvaraj, S, Senapati, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Sha, F, Shabany, M, Shafaat, A, Shafie, M, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shah, SM, Shahabi, S, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, I, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, A, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamshad, H, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Sheikh, A, Sheikhi, RA, Shen, J, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Shetty, PH, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shin, YH, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokraneh, F, Shokri, A, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Siddig, EE, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, G, Singh, J, Singh, NP, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinha, DN, Sinto, R, Siraj, MS, Sirota, SB, Sitas, F, Sivakumar, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Socea, B, Sokhan, A, Solanki, R, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srivastava, VK, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Stark, BA, Starnes, JR, Starodubova, AV, Stein, C, Stein, DJ, Steinbeis, F, Steiner, C, Steinmetz, JD, Steiropoulos, P, Stevanović, A, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Stortecky, S, Subramaniyan, V, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sun, HZ, Sun, J, Sundström, J, Sunkersing, D, Sunnerhagen, KS, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Szócska, M, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, SM, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabish, M, TADAKAMADLA, J, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taiba, J, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Talukder, A, Tampa, M, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tandukar, S, Tang, H, Tang, HK, Tarigan, IU, Tariku, MK, Tariqujjaman, M, Tarkang, EE, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, SM, Taveira, N, Tefera, YM, Temsah, M-H, Temsah, RMH, Teramoto, M, Tesler, R, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thakur, R, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Tharwat, S, Thayakaran, R, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thomson, AM, Thrift, AG, Thum, CCC, Thygesen, LC, Tian, J, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Titova, MV, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Toriola, AT, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tung, K, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, SMN, Udoakang, AJ, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Valizadeh, R, Van de Velde, SM, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Verghese, NA, Verma, M, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Villanueva, GI, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Viskadourou, M, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vollset, SE, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Vujcic, IS, Vukovic, R, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Wang, C, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Watson, SLW, Weerakoon, KG, Wei, MY, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Westerman, R, Whisnant, JL, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wilson, S, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wondimagegene, YA, Wong, YJ, Wongsin, U, Wu, A-M, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Xia, J, Xiao, H, Xie, Y, Xu, S, Xu, W-D, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesiltepe, M, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yi, S, Yigezu, A, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yip, P, Yismaw, MB, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yuh, FH, Zadey, S, Zadnik, V, Zafari, N, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zaman, SB, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zangiabadian, M, Zar, HJ, Zare, I, Zarrintan, A, Zeariya, MGM, Zeinali, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhou, J, Zhu, B, Zhu, L, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zitoun, OA, Zoladl, M, Zou, Z, Zuhlke, LJ, Zumla, A, Zweck, E, Zyoud, SH, Wool, EE, Murray, CJL, Naghavi, M, Ong, KL, Aali, A, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M-A, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, DM, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abebe, SS, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abolmaali, M, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Abrha, WA, Abtahi, D, Abu Rumeileh, S, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Accrombessi, MMK, Adal, TG, Adamu, AA, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adeyinka, DA, Adeyomoye, OI, Admass, BAA, Adnani, QES, Adra, S, Afolabi, AA, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agampodi, SB, Agasthi, P, Aggarwal, M, Aghamiri, S, Agide, FD, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadzade, AM, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MS, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akara, EM, Akbarialiabad, H, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, MA, Akyirem, S, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, SM, Alahdab, F, Alalalmeh, SO, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, M, Alam, N, Al-amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Al-Azzam, S, Albakri, A, Albashtawy, M, AlBataineh, MT, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Aldawsari, KA, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alema, HB, Alemayohu, MA, Alemi, S, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alhabib, KF, Alhalaiqa, FAN, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, L, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, S, Ali, SSS, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Alikhani, R, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, AA, Aljasir, MAM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almidani, L, Almidani, O, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, JS, Alqalyoobi, S, Alqutaibi, AY, Al-Sabah, SK, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alwafi, H, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amani, R, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Ansari, H, Ansariadi, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Areda, D, Aremu, A, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Lari, M, Asgedom, AA, Asghariahmadabad, M, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Aslani, A, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atinafu, BTT, Atlaw, HW, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awedew, AF, Aweke, AM, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Ayyoubzadeh, SM, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azzam, AY, B, DB, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bah, S, Bahadorikhalili, S, Bahmanziari, N, Bai, R, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Bakshi, RK, Balakrishnan, S, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, PC, Bansal, H, Bansal, K, Barbic, F, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Basharat, Z, Bashiri, A, Basiru, A, Baskaran, P, Basnyat, B, Bassat, Q, Basso, JD, Basting, AVL, Basu, S, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, M, Behboudi, E, Behera, P, Behnoush, AH, Behzadifar, M, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Béjot, Y, Belay, SA, Belete, CM, Bell, ML, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bender, RG, Bensenor, IM, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Berhie, AY, Berice, BN, Bernstein, RS, Bertolacci, GJ, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhandari, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhardwaj, PV, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bisulli, F, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Bitaraf, S, Bitew, BD, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boampong, MS, Bobirca, AV, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bogale, KA, Bohlouli, S, Bolarinwa, OA, Boloor, A, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora, K, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Borzutzky, A, Bouaoud, S, Boustany, A, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Briko, NI, Britton, G, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Carvalheiro, CG, Carvalho, F, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Cevik, M, Chadwick, J, Chahine, Y, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Chang, C-K, Chang, J-C, Chanie, GS, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chaurasia, A, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Cherbuin, N, Cheru, WA, Chien, J-H, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Chopra, H, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cindi, Z, Cioffi, I, Claassens, MM, Claro, RM, Coberly, K, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Cousin, E, Couto, RAS, Cowden, RG, Cramer, KM, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Cuadra-Hernández, SM, Culbreth, GT, Cullen, P, Cunningham, M, Curado, MP, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, Darega Gela, J, Das, JK, Das, S, Dascalu, AM, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dastiridou, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, de Luca, K, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Dehghan, A, Deitesfeld, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demessa, BH, Demetriades, AK, Deng, K, Deng, X, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deravi, N, Dereje, N, Dervenis, N, Dervišević, E, Des Jarlais, DC, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhimal, M, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Ding, H, Dinis-Oliveira, RJ, Dirac, MA, Djalalinia, S, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Doaei, S, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Dolecek, C, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, dos Santos, WM, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Du, M, Dube, J, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, E'mar, AR, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, CP, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, D, Efendi, F, Effendi, DE, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Sayed, I, Elbarazi, I, Elema, TB, Elemam, NM, Elgar, FJ, Elgendy, IY, ElGohary, GMT, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Huneidi, W, Elilo, LT, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmonem, MA, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, TI, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, CI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Espinosa-Montero, J, Esubalew, H, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fadaka, AO, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fahim, A, Fahimi, S, Fakhri-Demeshghieh, A, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Fasanmi, AO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fauk, NK, Fazeli, P, Feigin, VL, Feizkhah, A, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferrante, D, Ferrari, AJ, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Florin, BT, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fomenkov, AA, Foroutan, B, Foroutan, M, Forthun, I, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Fowobaje, KR, Francis, KL, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, J, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, JE, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Gakidou, E, Galali, Y, Galles, NC, Gallus, S, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Gardner, WM, Garg, J, Garg, N, Gautam, RK, Gbadamosi, SO, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremeskel, TG, Georgescu, SR, Getachew, T, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghahramani, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M-R, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghashghaee, A, Ghassemi, F, Ghazy, RM, Ghimire, A, Ghoba, S, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Ghorbani Vajargah, P, Ghoshal, AG, Gill, PS, Gill, TK, Gillum, RF, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golchin, A, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomes, NGM, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Goulart, BNG, Goyal, A, Grada, A, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Guimarães, RA, Gulati, S, Gunawardane, DA, Gunturu, S, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, MK, Gupta, M, Gupta, RD, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gurmessa, L, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadei, M, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hamilton, EB, Han, C, Han, Q, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Hanna, F, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MT, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hashi, A, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, I, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, He, J, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidari-Foroozan, M, Helfer, B, Hendrie, D, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hesami, H, Hezam, K, Hill, CL, Hiraike, Y, Holla, R, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hossain, S, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hosseinzadeh Adli, A, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, VC-R, Hsu, RL, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultström, M, Humayun, A, Hundie, TG, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Hussien, FM, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Ibrahim, KS, Iftikhar, PM, Ijo, D, Ikiroma, AI, Ikuta, KS, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Inamdar, S, Indriasih, E, Iqhrammullah, M, Iradukunda, A, Iregbu, KC, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Islami, F, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iyamu, IO, Iyer, M, J, LM, Jaafari, J, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jafarzadeh, A, Jaggi, K, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jamshidi, E, Janko, MM, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jebai, R, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jha, AK, Jha, RP, Jiang, H, Jin, Y, Johnson, O, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Joshy, G, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kadir, DH, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamal, VK, Kamarajah, SK, Kamath, R, Kamiab, Z, Kamyari, N, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmanthareddy, AR, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kannan S, S, Kansal, SK, Kantar, RS, Kapoor, N, Karajizadeh, M, Karanth, SD, Karasneh, RA, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Karim, A, Karimi, SE, Karimi Behnagh, A, Kashoo, FZ, Kasnazani, QHA, Kasraei, H, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, N, Kawakami, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kazmi, TH, Kebebew, GM, Kebede, AD, Kebede, F, Keflie, TS, Keiyoro, PN, Keller, C, Kelly, JT, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, N, Khalil, AA, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, G, Khan, I, Khan, IA, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khan, ZA, Khan suheb, MZ, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatami, F, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khorgamphar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosravi, A, Khosravi, MA, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, J, Kim, K, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinzel, KE, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Klu, D, Knudsen, AKS, Kocarnik, JM, Kochhar, S, Kocsis, T, Koh, DSQ, Kolahi, A-A, Kolves, K, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Kosen, S, Kostev, K, Koul, PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishna, H, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krohn, KJ, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, H, Kumar, M, Kumar, R, Kumari, M, Kumie, FT, Kundu, S, Kurmi, OP, Kusnali, A, Kusuma, D, Kwarteng, A, Kyriopoulos, I, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lahmar, A, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, H, Lám, J, Landrum, KR, Lanfranchi, F, Lang, JJ, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Latief, K, Latifinaibin, K, Lauriola, P, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Ledda, C, Ledesma, JR, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Lerango, TL, Li, M-C, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Li, Z, Ligade, VS, Likaka, ATM, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lindstrom, M, Linehan, C, Liu, C, Liu, G, Liu, J, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Loftus, MJ, López-Bueno, R, Lopukhov, PD, Loreche, AM, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madadizadeh, F, Madsen, C, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Maghazachi, AA, Maharaj, SB, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, A, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudi, R, Majeed, A, Makhdoom, IF, Malakan Rad, E, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, AK, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Mansouri, P, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Maqsood, S, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Marconi, AM, Mardi, P, Marino, M, Marjani, A, Martinez, G, Martinez-Guerra, BA, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, D, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Marzo, RR, Masaka, A, Masrie, A, Mathieson, S, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, MR, Mattumpuram, J, Matzopoulos, R, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Maulik, PK, Mayeli, M, Mazaheri, M, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McLaughlin, SA, McPhail, SM, Mechili, EA, Medina, JRC, Mediratta, RP, Meena, JK, Mehra, R, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mekene Meto, T, Meles, GG, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengist, B, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meresa, HA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mesfin, BA, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Meylakhs, P, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Mi, T, Miazgowski, T, Micha, G, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minh, LHN, Mini, GK, Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, P, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirutse, MK, Mirzaei, M, Misganaw, A, Mishra, A, Misra, S, Mitchell, PB, Mithra, P, Mittal, C, Mobayen, M, Moberg, ME, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, V, Mojiri-Forushani, H, Mokari, A, Mokdad, AH, Molinaro, S, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosser, JF, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, P, Mousavi, SE, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mpolya, EA, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mueller, UO, Mughal, F, Mukherjee, S, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musaigwa, F, Musallam, KM, Mustafa, A, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Muthusamy, R, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagel, G, Naghavi, P, Naheed, A, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, S, Najmuldeen, HHR, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narayana, AI, Nargus, S, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Nasehi, S, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nazri-Panjaki, A, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Negru, SM, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nena, E, Nepal, S, Ng, M, Nggada, HA, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, VT, Niazi, RK, Nielsen, KR, Nigatu, YT, Nikolouzakis, TK, Nikoobar, A, Nikoomanesh, F, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Nnyanzi, LA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noreen, M, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Novotney, A, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Oboh, MA, Odetokun, IA, Odogwu, NM, O'Donnell, MJ, Oduro, MS, Ofakunrin, AOD, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olaiya, MT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omar Bali, A, Omer, GL, Ondayo, MA, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Onyedibe, KI, Ordak, M, Orisakwe, OE, Orish, VN, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Ortiz, A, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Ouyang, G, Owolabi, MO, Ozten, Y, P A, MP, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Palladino, C, Palladino, R, Palma-Alvarez, RF, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Pana, A, Panda, P, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Pantea Stoian, AM, Papadopoulou, P, Parikh, RR, Park, S, Parthasarathi, A, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Pasupula, DK, Patel, HM, Patel, J, Patel, SK, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Paudel, U, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Perdigão, J, Pereira, M, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pestell, RG, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Petri, WA, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pierannunzio, D, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Pilgrim, T, Piracha, ZZ, Piradov, MA, Pirouzpanah, S, Plakkal, N, Plotnikov, E, Podder, V, Poddighe, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, KR, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Porru, F, Postma, MJ, Poudel, GR, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prada, SI, Pradhan, PMS, Prakasham, TN, Prasad, M, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Prieto Alhambra, D, PRISCILLA, T, Pritchett, N, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Qiu, S, Qureshi, MF, Rabiee Rad, M, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MM, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, V, Rajaa, S, Rajput, P, Rakovac, I, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rancic, N, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, IR, Rao, M, Rao, SJ, Rasali, DP, Rasella, D, Rashedi, S, Rashedi, V, Rashidi, M-M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rasul, A, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Ravikumar, N, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawlley, B, Raza, RZ, Razo, C, Redwan, EMM, Rehman, FU, Reifels, L, Reiner Jr, RC, Remuzzi, G, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Riaz, MA, Ribeiro, ALP, Rickard, J, Riva, HR, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rodrigues, CF, Rodrigues, M, Roever, L, Rogowski, ELB, Rohloff, P, Romadlon, DS, Romero-Rodríguez, E, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rout, HS, Roy, N, Roy, P, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Rwegerera, GM, Rynkiewicz, A, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Saadatian, Z, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, SaberiKamarposhti, M, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sachdev, PS, Sachdeva, R, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, F, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safaeinejad, F, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghazadeh, A, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, SS, Sahoo, U, Sahu, M, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Saleh, MA, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salem, MZY, Salimi, S, Samadi Kafil, H, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santomauro, DF, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sao Jose, BP, Sarasmita, MA, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Saravi, B, Sarikhani, Y, Sarkar, T, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Sayeed, MA, Saylan, M, Sayyah, M, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schlaich, MP, Schlee, W, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Šekerija, M, Selvaraj, S, Senapati, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Sha, F, Shabany, M, Shafaat, A, Shafie, M, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shah, SM, Shahabi, S, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, I, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, A, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamshad, H, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Sheikh, A, Sheikhi, RA, Shen, J, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Shetty, PH, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shin, YH, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokraneh, F, Shokri, A, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Siddig, EE, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, G, Singh, J, Singh, NP, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinha, DN, Sinto, R, Siraj, MS, Sirota, SB, Sitas, F, Sivakumar, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Socea, B, Sokhan, A, Solanki, R, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srivastava, VK, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Stark, BA, Starnes, JR, Starodubova, AV, Stein, C, Stein, DJ, Steinbeis, F, Steiner, C, Steinmetz, JD, Steiropoulos, P, Stevanović, A, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Stortecky, S, Subramaniyan, V, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sun, HZ, Sun, J, Sundström, J, Sunkersing, D, Sunnerhagen, KS, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Szócska, M, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, SM, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabish, M, TADAKAMADLA, J, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taiba, J, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Talukder, A, Tampa, M, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tandukar, S, Tang, H, Tang, HK, Tarigan, IU, Tariku, MK, Tariqujjaman, M, Tarkang, EE, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, SM, Taveira, N, Tefera, YM, Temsah, M-H, Temsah, RMH, Teramoto, M, Tesler, R, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thakur, R, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Tharwat, S, Thayakaran, R, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thomson, AM, Thrift, AG, Thum, CCC, Thygesen, LC, Tian, J, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Titova, MV, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Toriola, AT, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tung, K, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, SMN, Udoakang, AJ, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Valizadeh, R, Van de Velde, SM, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Verghese, NA, Verma, M, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Villanueva, GI, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Viskadourou, M, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vollset, SE, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Vujcic, IS, Vukovic, R, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Wang, C, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Watson, SLW, Weerakoon, KG, Wei, MY, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Westerman, R, Whisnant, JL, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wilson, S, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wondimagegene, YA, Wong, YJ, Wongsin, U, Wu, A-M, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Xia, J, Xiao, H, Xie, Y, Xu, S, Xu, W-D, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesiltepe, M, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yi, S, Yigezu, A, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yip, P, Yismaw, MB, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yuh, FH, Zadey, S, Zadnik, V, Zafari, N, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zaman, SB, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zangiabadian, M, Zar, HJ, Zare, I, Zarrintan, A, Zeariya, MGM, Zeinali, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhou, J, Zhu, B, Zhu, L, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zitoun, OA, Zoladl, M, Zou, Z, Zuhlke, LJ, Zumla, A, Zweck, E, Zyoud, SH, Wool, EE, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2024

5. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Ferrari, AJ, Santomauro, DF, Aali, A, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdollahi, A, Abdullahi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abualruz, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Ackerman, IN, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adepoju, AV, Adewuyi, HO, Afyouni, S, Afzal, S, Agodi, A, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MB, Ajami, M, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Al Hasan, SM, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Albashtawy, M, Aldridge, RW, Alemu, MD, Alemu, YM, Alene, KA, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alharrasi, M, Alhassan, RK, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Al-Marwani, S, Almazan, JU, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Altaany, Z, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Alwafi, H, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Ansari, H, Antony, CM, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyanwu, PE, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Araki, DT, Aravkin, AY, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, MY, Ashraf, M, Asika, MO, Askari, E, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awotidebe, AW, Awuviry-Newton, K, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bah, S, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Bam, K, Banik, PC, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Bashiri Aliabadi, S, Basiru, A, Basu, S, Bathini, PP, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnam, B, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Bell, ML, Bello, OO, Beloukas, A, Bensenor, IM, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Boxe, C, Brady, OJ, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, Byun, J, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Capodici, A, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, NM, Cheng, ETW, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Cho, WCS, Choi, S, Chong, B, Chong, YY, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, SWM, Chu, D-T, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Claassens, MM, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Cortesi, PA, Cousin, E, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalaba, MA, Damiani, G, Das, JK, Das, S, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, DeCleene, NK, Deeba, F, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demetriades, AK, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Deuba, K, Dhama, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhingra, S, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Dirac, MA, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dohare, S, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorsey, ER, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, ELNahas, G, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Eshrati, B, Estep, K, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Farrokhi, P, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Feigin, VL, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferreira, N, Ferreira, PH, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Flor, LS, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Force, LM, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, JM, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Galali, Y, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganie, MA, Ganiyani, MA, Gardner, WM, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremeskel, TG, Gela, YY, Georgescu, SR, Getachew Obsa, A, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghadirian, F, Ghailan, KY, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghazy, RM, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghorbani, M, Ghotbi, E, Gibson, RM, Gill, TK, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goharinezhad, S, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gona, PN, Gorini, G, Goulart, AC, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, I, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Hagins, H, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamilton, EB, Hankey, GJ, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Haro, JM, Hartvigsen, J, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, G, Helfer, B, Hemmati, M, Hendrie, D, Henson, CA, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsu, JM, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, NR, Huynh, CK, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Iannucci, VC, Ihler, AL, Ikiroma, AI, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Irham, LM, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Islami, F, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iyer, M, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jaggi, K, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jeyakumar, A, Jha, AK, Jiang, H, Jin, Y, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamenov, K, Kamyari, N, Kanagasabai, T, Kandel, H, Kanmanthareddy, AR, Kanmodi, KK, Kantar, RS, Karaye, IM, Karim, A, Karimi, SE, Karimi, Y, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Kauppila, JH, Kawakami, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keller, C, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Keshtkar, K, Kesse-Guyot, E, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatami, F, Khatatbeh, MM, Khater, AM, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Kifle, ZD, Kim, MS, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knudsen, AKS, Kocarnik, JM, Kochhar, S, Koh, HY, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kuate Defo, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lafranconi, A, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Lenzi, J, Leong, E, Leung, J, Li, M-C, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lindstrom, M, Linn, S, Liu, G, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lo, C-H, López-Bueno, R, Loreche, AM, Lorenzovici, L, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Lunevicius, R, Lusk, JB, lv, H, Ma, ZF, Machairas, N, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Magaña Gómez, JA, Maghazachi, AA, Maharjan, P, Mahasha, PW, Maheri, M, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Majeed, A, Makris, KC, Malakan Rad, E, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, P, Mansournia, MA, Mantilla Herrera, AM, Mantovani, LG, Manu, E, Marateb, HR, Mardi, P, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, D, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Marzo, RR, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathieson, S, Mathioudakis, AG, Mattumpuram, J, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mekene Meto, T, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meresa, HA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Michalek, IM, Miller, PA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minh, LHN, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirutse, MK, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Misganaw, A, Mishra, AK, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moazen, B, Moberg, ME, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, S, Mohr, RM, Mokdad, AH, Molinaro, S, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mouodi, S, Mrejen, M, Msherghi, A, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Murlimanju, BV, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Nainu, F, Nair, S, Najmuldeen, HHR, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narayana, AI, Nargus, S, Nascimento, GG, Nashwan, AJ, Nasrollahizadeh, A, Natto, ZS, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nesbit, OD, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HQ, Niazi, RK, Nikolouzakis, TK, Nikoobar, A, Nikoomanesh, F, Nikpoor, AR, Nnaji, CA, Nnyanzi, LA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nurrika, D, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Odetokun, IA, O'Donnell, MJ, Oguntade, AS, Oguta, JO, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olasupo, OO, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Omonisi, AEE, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Brizuela, E, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Ouyang, G, Owolabi, MO, P A, MP, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Palicz, T, Palladino, C, Pan, F, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantea Stoian, AM, Pardhan, S, Parikh, RR, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Patel, SK, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Pawar, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Peng, M, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Perdigão, J, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Petri, WA, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Piracha, ZZ, Pirouzpanah, S, Plass, D, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polinder, S, Postma, MJ, Pourtaheri, N, Prada, SI, Pradhan, PMS, Prakash, V, Prasad, M, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Pritchett, N, Puri, P, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rabiee Rad, M, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Rahim, MJ, Rahman, MM, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, M, Rahmawaty, S, Rajaa, S, Ramadan, MM, Ramasamy, SK, Ramasubramani, P, Ramazanu, S, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rancic, N, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, K, Rao, M, Rao, SJ, Rashidi, M-M, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Rauniyar, SK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Razo, C, Reddy, MMRK, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reiner Jr, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei Hachesu, P, Rezaeian, M, Rickard, J, Rodrigues, CF, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Roy, N, Roy, P, Rubagotti, E, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Saleh, MA, Salem, MR, Salem, MZY, Sallam, M, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarasmita, MA, Sarikhani, Y, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathyanarayan, A, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schumacher, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Sedighi, M, Senapati, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Sethi, Y, Setoguchi, S, Seylani, A, Shadid, J, Shafie, M, Shah, H, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shamshirgaran, MA, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, AM, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shifa, JE, Shiferaw, D, Shiferaw, WS, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokati Eshkiki, Z, Shool, S, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Sibhat, MM, Siddig, EE, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, H, Singh, JA, Singh, M, Singh, P, Skou, ST, Sleet, DA, Slepak, ELN, Solanki, R, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stark, BA, Starodubova, AV, Stein, C, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Steiner, TJ, Steinmetz, JD, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Subedi, NS, Subramaniyan, V, Suemoto, CK, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sundström, J, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taherkhani, A, Taiba, J, Talaat, IM, Talukder, A, Tampa, M, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tandukar, S, Tang, H, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, SM, Teimoori, M, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thayakaran, R, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thum, CCC, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, MTN, Tran, NM, Tran, N-H, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tyrovolas, S, Udoh, A, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Umar, TP, Undurraga, EA, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Varma, RP, Vart, P, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vollset, SE, Volovat, SR, Vongpradith, A, Waheed, Y, Wang, C, Wang, F, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Weldemariam, AH, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Whisnant, JL, Whiteford, HA, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wimo, A, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wong, YJ, Woolf, AD, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Wulf Hanson, S, Xia, Y, Xiao, H, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Yaghoubi, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Yazdanpanah, MH, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yusuf, H, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, L, Zaki, N, Zaman, BA, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zandieh, GGZ, Zar, HJ, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, H, Zhang, N, Zhang, Y, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhong, P, Zhou, J, Zhu, Z, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zimsen, SRM, Zoladl, M, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Vos, T, Murray, CJL, Ferrari, AJ, Santomauro, DF, Aali, A, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdollahi, A, Abdullahi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abualruz, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Ackerman, IN, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adepoju, AV, Adewuyi, HO, Afyouni, S, Afzal, S, Agodi, A, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MB, Ajami, M, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Al Hasan, SM, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Albashtawy, M, Aldridge, RW, Alemu, MD, Alemu, YM, Alene, KA, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alharrasi, M, Alhassan, RK, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Al-Marwani, S, Almazan, JU, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Altaany, Z, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Alwafi, H, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Ansari, H, Antony, CM, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyanwu, PE, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Araki, DT, Aravkin, AY, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, MY, Ashraf, M, Asika, MO, Askari, E, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awotidebe, AW, Awuviry-Newton, K, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bah, S, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Bam, K, Banik, PC, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Bashiri Aliabadi, S, Basiru, A, Basu, S, Bathini, PP, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnam, B, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Bell, ML, Bello, OO, Beloukas, A, Bensenor, IM, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Boxe, C, Brady, OJ, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, Byun, J, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Capodici, A, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, NM, Cheng, ETW, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Cho, WCS, Choi, S, Chong, B, Chong, YY, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, SWM, Chu, D-T, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Claassens, MM, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Cortesi, PA, Cousin, E, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalaba, MA, Damiani, G, Das, JK, Das, S, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, DeCleene, NK, Deeba, F, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demetriades, AK, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Deuba, K, Dhama, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhingra, S, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Dirac, MA, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dohare, S, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorsey, ER, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, ELNahas, G, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Eshrati, B, Estep, K, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Farrokhi, P, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Feigin, VL, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferreira, N, Ferreira, PH, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Flor, LS, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Force, LM, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, JM, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Galali, Y, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganie, MA, Ganiyani, MA, Gardner, WM, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremeskel, TG, Gela, YY, Georgescu, SR, Getachew Obsa, A, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghadirian, F, Ghailan, KY, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghazy, RM, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghorbani, M, Ghotbi, E, Gibson, RM, Gill, TK, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goharinezhad, S, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gona, PN, Gorini, G, Goulart, AC, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, I, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Hagins, H, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamilton, EB, Hankey, GJ, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Haro, JM, Hartvigsen, J, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, G, Helfer, B, Hemmati, M, Hendrie, D, Henson, CA, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsu, JM, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, NR, Huynh, CK, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Iannucci, VC, Ihler, AL, Ikiroma, AI, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Irham, LM, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Islami, F, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iyer, M, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jaggi, K, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jeyakumar, A, Jha, AK, Jiang, H, Jin, Y, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamenov, K, Kamyari, N, Kanagasabai, T, Kandel, H, Kanmanthareddy, AR, Kanmodi, KK, Kantar, RS, Karaye, IM, Karim, A, Karimi, SE, Karimi, Y, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Kauppila, JH, Kawakami, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keller, C, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Keshtkar, K, Kesse-Guyot, E, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatami, F, Khatatbeh, MM, Khater, AM, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Kifle, ZD, Kim, MS, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knudsen, AKS, Kocarnik, JM, Kochhar, S, Koh, HY, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kuate Defo, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lafranconi, A, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Lenzi, J, Leong, E, Leung, J, Li, M-C, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lindstrom, M, Linn, S, Liu, G, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lo, C-H, López-Bueno, R, Loreche, AM, Lorenzovici, L, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Lunevicius, R, Lusk, JB, lv, H, Ma, ZF, Machairas, N, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Magaña Gómez, JA, Maghazachi, AA, Maharjan, P, Mahasha, PW, Maheri, M, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Majeed, A, Makris, KC, Malakan Rad, E, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, P, Mansournia, MA, Mantilla Herrera, AM, Mantovani, LG, Manu, E, Marateb, HR, Mardi, P, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, D, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Marzo, RR, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathieson, S, Mathioudakis, AG, Mattumpuram, J, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mekene Meto, T, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meresa, HA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Michalek, IM, Miller, PA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minh, LHN, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirutse, MK, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Misganaw, A, Mishra, AK, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moazen, B, Moberg, ME, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, S, Mohr, RM, Mokdad, AH, Molinaro, S, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mouodi, S, Mrejen, M, Msherghi, A, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Murlimanju, BV, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Nainu, F, Nair, S, Najmuldeen, HHR, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narayana, AI, Nargus, S, Nascimento, GG, Nashwan, AJ, Nasrollahizadeh, A, Natto, ZS, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nesbit, OD, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HQ, Niazi, RK, Nikolouzakis, TK, Nikoobar, A, Nikoomanesh, F, Nikpoor, AR, Nnaji, CA, Nnyanzi, LA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nurrika, D, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Odetokun, IA, O'Donnell, MJ, Oguntade, AS, Oguta, JO, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olasupo, OO, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Omonisi, AEE, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Brizuela, E, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Ouyang, G, Owolabi, MO, P A, MP, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Palicz, T, Palladino, C, Pan, F, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantea Stoian, AM, Pardhan, S, Parikh, RR, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Patel, SK, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Pawar, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Peng, M, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Perdigão, J, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Petri, WA, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Piracha, ZZ, Pirouzpanah, S, Plass, D, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polinder, S, Postma, MJ, Pourtaheri, N, Prada, SI, Pradhan, PMS, Prakash, V, Prasad, M, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Pritchett, N, Puri, P, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rabiee Rad, M, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Rahim, MJ, Rahman, MM, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, M, Rahmawaty, S, Rajaa, S, Ramadan, MM, Ramasamy, SK, Ramasubramani, P, Ramazanu, S, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rancic, N, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, K, Rao, M, Rao, SJ, Rashidi, M-M, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Rauniyar, SK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Razo, C, Reddy, MMRK, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reiner Jr, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei Hachesu, P, Rezaeian, M, Rickard, J, Rodrigues, CF, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Roy, N, Roy, P, Rubagotti, E, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Saleh, MA, Salem, MR, Salem, MZY, Sallam, M, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarasmita, MA, Sarikhani, Y, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathyanarayan, A, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schumacher, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Sedighi, M, Senapati, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Sethi, Y, Setoguchi, S, Seylani, A, Shadid, J, Shafie, M, Shah, H, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shamshirgaran, MA, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, AM, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shifa, JE, Shiferaw, D, Shiferaw, WS, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokati Eshkiki, Z, Shool, S, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Sibhat, MM, Siddig, EE, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, H, Singh, JA, Singh, M, Singh, P, Skou, ST, Sleet, DA, Slepak, ELN, Solanki, R, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stark, BA, Starodubova, AV, Stein, C, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Steiner, TJ, Steinmetz, JD, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Subedi, NS, Subramaniyan, V, Suemoto, CK, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sundström, J, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taherkhani, A, Taiba, J, Talaat, IM, Talukder, A, Tampa, M, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tandukar, S, Tang, H, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, SM, Teimoori, M, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thayakaran, R, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thum, CCC, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, MTN, Tran, NM, Tran, N-H, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tyrovolas, S, Udoh, A, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Umar, TP, Undurraga, EA, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Varma, RP, Vart, P, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vollset, SE, Volovat, SR, Vongpradith, A, Waheed, Y, Wang, C, Wang, F, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Weldemariam, AH, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Whisnant, JL, Whiteford, HA, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wimo, A, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wong, YJ, Woolf, AD, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Wulf Hanson, S, Xia, Y, Xiao, H, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Yaghoubi, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Yazdanpanah, MH, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yusuf, H, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, L, Zaki, N, Zaman, BA, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zandieh, GGZ, Zar, HJ, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, H, Zhang, N, Zhang, Y, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhong, P, Zhou, J, Zhu, Z, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zimsen, SRM, Zoladl, M, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Vos, T, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2024

6. Relation between Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hepatitis B among Dental Undergraduates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Author: Mosaab Mm Qohal, Omar Ha Alamir, Shatha Ah Alamir, Manal Gy Mubaraki, and Mir Fa Quadri
Subjects: Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, medicine.medical_specialty, education, Saudi Arabia, Students, Dental, Oral health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Infection control, General Dentistry, Dental curriculum, Response rate (survey), Academic year, business.industry, Clinical course, 030206 dentistry, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Family medicine, Female, Positive attitude, business
Abstract: AIM Dental healthcare professionals are at a considerable risk of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B (HB). The study aims to present the details on the current knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental students towards HB in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was designed targeting fifth academic year and 6th academic year dental students as well as dental interns. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of HB were checked using a self-reported questionnaire. Wherein, 11 questions were about knowledge, 6 about attitude, and the final 6 were on practice. Chi-square analysis was followed by Spearman's correlation to report on the relation between knowledge, attitude, and practice. SPSS version 24 was used for analyzing the data. RESULTS The response rate was 87% of which, 41% were females, and 59% were males. It was seen that 61.3% of the respondents had good knowledge, 55% indicated a positive attitude, and 77% of them demonstrated safe practices. We also observed that the students or interns with good grade point average (GPA) had the strongest correlation (r = 0.70; p < 0.001) with their knowledge on HB. Knowledge was also significantly correlated with the attitude (r = 0.373, p < 0.001 and safe practices (r = 0.11, p = 0.004) of HB among the students and the interns. CONCLUSION Findings from the current research conclude that having good knowledge on HB accounts for a positive attitude and safe practices among undergraduate dental students. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Potential oral health practitioners at dental schools should have a thorough knowledge of infectious diseases such as HB so that they implement safe practices from an early stage. The medical and dental curriculum should be reformed to include specific learning outcomes in every clinical course on stringent and effective ways to implement infection control practices.
Published: 2019

7. Modified Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm Based Genetic Algorithm for Global Optimization Problems: The System of Nonlinear Equations Case Study

Author: M. A. El-Shorbagy and Omar Ha
Subjects: Nonlinear system, Mathematical optimization, Optimization algorithm, Computer science, Genetic algorithm, Global optimization problem
Abstract: Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is one of the promising optimization algorithms for optimization problems. But, it has the main drawback of trapping into a local minimum, which causes slow convergence or inability to detect a solution. Several modifications and combinations have been proposed to overcome this problem. In this paper, a modified grasshopper optimization algorithm (MGOA) based genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to overcome this problem. Modifications rely on certain mathematical assumptions and varying the domain of the Cmax control parameter to escape from the local minimum and move the search process to a new improved point. Parameter C is one of the most important parameters in GOA where it balances the exploration and exploitation of the search space. These modifications aim to lead to speed up the convergence rate by reducing the repeated solutions and the number of iterations. The proposed algorithm will be tested on the 19 main test functions to verify and investigate the influence of the proposed modifications. In addition, the algorithm will be applied to solve 5 different cases of nonlinear systems with different types of dimensions and regularity to show the reliability and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Good results were achieved compared to the original GOA.
Published: 2021

8. Cold, Hard Justice Lessons from the Fleet: Innovating from the Bottom Up

Author: Omar Ha-Redeye
Subjects: Market needs, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Incubator, lcsh:Law, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, Top-down and bottom-up design, Business model, Public relations, Economic Justice, Popularity, Mentorship, Service (economics), Political science, lcsh:K1-7720, lcsh:Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, business, media_common, lcsh:K
Abstract: With law school graduates encountering increased difficulty in securing articling positions, legal incubators are an alternative way of providing practical training and mentorship opportunities for young practitioners. Not only do they have the potential to help launch careers in law, but they can also play a major role in increasing access to justice. Though legal incubators have been gaining popularity in law schools across the United States, they are still a novel concept in Canada. This article discusses the resources and practice models used by Fleet Street Law, a law practice in Toronto that evolved into the first legal incubator in Canada. The use of innovative business models allowed for greater service of low income and marginalized populations, especially on a “low-bono” rate, and also assisted in providing essential supports for racialized and minority lawyers early in their career. The flexible and innovative nature of a legal incubator was beneficial for the purposes of experimentation, but there were challenges associated with cost and long-term participation. The model of a practitioner-based incubator, as an alternative to traditional-type clinics, should be strongly considered by law schools to help address some of the market needs in the legal community today., Dans un contexte dans lequel les diplômés des écoles de droit ont de plus en plus de mal à se trouver une place de stage, les incubateurs juridiques constituent une solution de rechange offrant des possibilités de formation pratique et de mentorat aux jeunes professionnels. En plus d’amorcer leur carrière en droit, ceux-ci peuvent jouer un rôle de premier plan pour accroître l’accès à la justice. Bien que les incubateurs juridiques soient de plus en plus populaires dans les écoles de droit des États-Unis, le concept est encore nouveau au Canada. Cet article traite des ressources et des modèles de pratique qu’utilise le cabinet Fleet Street Law, cabinet d’avocats de Toronto qui a évolué au sein du premier incubateur juridique au Canada. Grâce à des modèles d’entreprise innovateurs, il est désormais possible d’offrir davantage de services aux personnes peu fortunées et marginalisées, et ce, à un taux d’aide juridique peu élevé, ainsi que du soutien essentiel aux avocats racialisés et aux avocats des collectivités minoritaires au début de leur carrière. Si la nature souple et innovatrice de l’incubateur juridique s’est révélée avantageuse sur le plan de l’expérimentation, des défis liés aux coûts et à la participation à long terme doivent être relevés. Les écoles de droit devraient envisager sérieusement la possibilité de se tourner vers le modèle de l’incubateur juridique comme solution de rechange aux cliniques traditionnelles afin de répondre à quelques-uns des besoins du marché dans le milieu juridique actuel.
Published: 2017

9. Relation between Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hepatitis B among Dental Undergraduates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Author: Quadri, Mir FA, primary, Mubaraki, Manal GY, additional, Alamir, Shatha AH, additional, Qohal, Mosaab MM, additional, and Alamir, Omar HA, additional
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

10. Physician-Assisted Dying: The Regulatory Challenges

Author: Omar Ha-Redeye
Subjects: Government, Law, Political science, Royal assent, Public administration, Assisted suicide, Supreme court
Abstract: Following the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Carter, the Federal government passed Bill C-14 on Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID), receiving royal assent on June 17, 2016. This summary paper provides a quick overview of some of the contemporary issues in this area, from minors to psychiatric illnesses, but also advance directions, the need for reasonably foreseeable death, and some of the other issues to regulation.
Published: 2016

11. Predicative factors for Pegylated interferon-α plus ribavirin combination therapy in Egyptian patients with chronic Hepatitis Cinfected with genotype 4

Author: Massoud, SM, Shemis, MA, Drees, EA, Taha, MA, Omar, HA, and Saber, MA
Subjects: Hepatitis C virus -4, Pegylated Interferon-α, Ribavirin, Interferon sensitivity determining region
Abstract: Background:Hepatitis C virus genotype 4 is a common infection in Egypt and is the leading cause of liver disease. Most reports suggest that predicative factors for the efficacy of interferon α and ribavirincombination therapy for chronic hepatitis patients could be due to the mutations in the interferon sensitivity determining region.Aim:The present study aimed to investigate the predictive factors for combined pegylated interferon-αand ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis patients with HCV genotype 4.Methods:The study was carried out on forty patients with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C receiving a weekly dose of 180 μg of PEG -IFN-α in combination with RBV for 48 weeks.HCV RNA serumviremialevels were determined by a real–time polymerase chain reaction. The RNA samples were genotyped using specific primers for HCV genotype 4, and the interferon sensitivity determining region was amplified using polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The amino acid sequence of the ISDR was compared with the published sequence for HCV 4 (GenBank: ABD75831.1).Results: Our datarevealed that twenty one patients were responders (R; 52.2%), whereas 19 patients showed no-response (NR; 47.5%) to the combined pegylated interferon–α plus ribavirintherapy. The values of RNA titer in both responder and non-responder groups were statistically significantand could be used a predictive factor for combined pegylated interferon –α plus ribavirin efficacy. Other factors, such as gender, age, and interferon sensitivity determining region subtype were not related to its efficacy.Conclusion: These data collectively suggest that HCV RNA titer is an important factor for predicting the efficacy of pegylated interferon –α plus ribavirin combination therapy in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV genotype 4.Keywords: Hepatitis C virus -4;Pegylated Interferon-α; Ribavirin;Interferon sensitivity determining region
Published: 2015

12. Class Action Intrusions: Helping to Develop Privacy Rights, or an Overkill in Liability?

Author: Omar Ha-Redeye
Subjects: Political science, Law, Damages, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, Context (language use), Privacy law, Cause of action, Tort, Summary judgment, Seclusion, Class action
Abstract: Since it’s inception in Jones v Tsige, legal practitioners have struggled with the tort of intrusion upon seclusion. The limited damages awarded in that case, and what the court indicated would be reasonable for privacy breaches, suggested that the tort would have limited utility as a stand-alone cause of action, and may only arise in in conjunction with other claims. However, the tort has recently been used successfully, at least at the summary judgment level, particularly in the class actions context where the aggregate claims make it more feasible to rely on the tort exclusively. In the wake of The Ontario Court of Appeal’s decision in Hopkins v Kay, this paper examines intrusion upon seclusion in the context of privacy breaches in the healthcare sector. This work purports to show that although a statutory regime exists to govern healthcare privacy breaches in Ontario and other provinces in Canada, intrusion upon seclusion is the best method for addressing privacy breaches in this context.
Published: 2015

13. Clements v. Clements: A Material Contribution to the Jurisprudence - The Supreme Court of Canada Clarifies the Law of Causation

Author: Emir Crowne and Omar Ha-Redeye
Subjects: Political science, Jurisprudence, Law, Causation, Supreme court, Test (assessment)
Abstract: The recent Supreme Court of Canada decision Clements v. Clement provides important guidance on the appropriate application of the material contribution test in cases of negligence. This case commentary will provide an overview of the material contribution and “but for” tests of causation, outline the Supreme Court’s reasoning in the decision, and analyze its broader implications. It is suggested that the Court has significantly clarified the law of causation, emphasizing the necessity of utilizing the new “global but for” test, while leaving room for the application of the material contribution test in (as yet to be seen) appropriate circumstances.
Published: 2012

14. Natural Disasters and the Role of GIS in Assessing Need

Author: Omar Ha-Redeye
Subjects: business.industry, Environmental resource management, Environmental science, Natural disaster, business, Environmental planning
Published: 2010

15. The Race to Identity Conflicts in the Workplace: Restructuring the Adversarial Nature of Labour Law for a More Inclusive Environment

Author: Omar Ha-Redeye
Subjects: Identity politics, Labour economics, Adversarial system, Restructuring, Collective identity, Labour law, Political science, Political economy, media_common.quotation_subject, Corporate social responsibility, Racism, Identity economics, media_common
Abstract: Unions have played a crucially important role in protecting the rights and interests of workers and the public. But there is no guarantee they will continue to do so, and the nature of the workplace is rapidly changing in ways that often render unions as less effective in their advocacy role. But when unions themselves are becoming increasingly less important, and labour law schemes have not kept up with economic and technological forces, there are many areas of discrimination that simply remain unaddressed. The reformulation of the adversarial nature of labour law requires a reflexive approach to regulation, which includes greater cooperation with NGOs, and development of a judiciary more sensitive to the signs of workplace discrimination. Through the genuine adoption of more formalized corporate social responsibility programs addressing issues of racial discrimination, management can undermine one of the major remaining impetuses for unions in our society today. By doing so they can avoid the considerable expense and production delays involved in labour conflicts, and also be potentially more profitable as a result.
Published: 2010

16. Hotter Heads May Prevail in Ontario Courts: The Use of SPECT Imaging for Evaluating Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Author: Omar Ha-Redeye
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Traumatic brain injury, business.industry, medicine.disease, humanities, Spect imaging, medicine, Medical imaging, Single Photon Emission Tomography, Medical physics, Psychology, Nuclear medicine, business, health care economics and organizations
Abstract: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a common condition following Motor Vehicle Collisions (MVCs) in Ontario, costing our society countless amounts of dollars. TBI is a complex condition, difficult to evaluate, and even more challenging to prove in a court of law. The use of Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) is becoming increasingly popular for this purpose. Admission of these images in court will likely increase in the future, but the weight afforded to it will largely depend on the facts specific to the case. This paper outlines the process and criteria the court will use for the admission of SPECT images, and provide an overview of the weight afforded to the studies in courts thus far. It will also highlight some of the challenges of using SPECT for TBI, and potential limitations for its application.
Published: 2008

17. My Emperor Has Clothes: Alternatively, He's Well Endowed

Author: Omar Ha-Redeye
Published: 2008

18. Ultrasound Guided Enhanced Recovery Program in Colorectal Surgery: Kasralainy Modified Protocol

Author: Farag, Ahmed FA, Mikhail, Hany MS, Elsheshiny, Hamed H, Mohamed, Moataz F, Refaie, Osama RM, Omar, Haitham SE, and Marzouk, Ahmed MSM
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

19. Fiqh of Priorities in the Light of the Purposes of Sharee'ah

Author: El-Seoudi, Abdel Wadoud Moustaf, primary, Nor, Amir Husin Muhammad, additional, Husni, Ahmad Muhammad, additional, Laluddin, Anwar Fakhri Omar Ha, additional, Ibrahim, Ibnor Azli, additional, Samsudin, Muhammad Adib, additional, and Alias, Muhammad Nazir, additional
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. Energy restriction: stepping stones towards cancer therapy.

Author: Omar HA, Berman-Booty L, Weng JR, Omar, Hany A, Berman-Booty, Lisa, and Weng, Jing-Ru
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. Hydrogen peroxide and reoxygenation cause prostaglandin-mediated contraction of human placental arteries and veins

Author: Omar, HA, primary, Figueroa, R, additional, Omar, RA, additional, Tejani, N, additional, and Wolin, MS, additional
Published: 1993
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. Bridging the gaps: biomedicine, complementary and alternative medicine in a holistic approach.

Author: Omar HA and Merrick J
Published: 2009

23. Validation of the Perkins Adolescent Risk Screen (PARS)

Author: Adams CD, Perkins KC, Lumley V, Hughes C, Burns JJ, and Omar HA
Abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the initial psychometric properties for the PARS, a brief interview used to screen for 16 items of adolescent risk and protective factors. METHODS: Participants included 193 adolescents, attending public middle and high schools or a university-based Adolescent Clinic. Participants completed a PARS interview, as well as a battery of questionnaires. Approximately 31% of participants received a second PARS interview from an independent rater to assess inter-rater consistency. RESULTS: Descriptive statistics revealed that participants, on average, were rated as low to moderate risk for health-related difficulties across all PARS items. Descriptive statistics also showed important risk patterns in this sample of adolescents (e.g., 1/5 of sample not exercising at all). Factor analysis yielded a total of five factors (Risk Factors, Protection Factors, Relationships/Mood, Motivation Issues, Weight Issues), accounting for 58% of the variance in PARS item scores. Satisfactory levels of internal consistency and inter-rater agreement for the PARS score were found. Convergent and divergent validity of PARS scores were supported by correlations obtained with similar and dissimilar measures, respectively. A significant age group difference was obtained in the total PARS score, with adolescents aged 17-19 years obtaining higher scores than did adolescents aged 14-16 years. No significant gender differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the initial psychometric properties (i.e., reliability, validity) of the PARS as a measure of health risk and protective factors in adolescents. The PARS is a brief, efficient means of obtaining important health risk information from adolescents throughout periodic routine health care visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2003
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. ACCESS TO JUSTICE.

Author: Redeye, Omar Ha
Subjects: ACCESS to justice, LEGAL education, LEGAL services, INTERNATIONAL law
Published: 2019

25. A systematic review of obesity burden in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and associated co-morbidities.

Author: Al-Omar HA, Alshehri A, Alqahtani SA, Alabdulkarim H, Alrumaih A, and Eldin MS
Abstract: Introduction: Saudi Arabia has experienced an increasing trend in obesity prevalence in the last three decades; obesity is a significant risk factor for non-communicable diseases, which may cause healthcare and economic burdens. In this systematic review, we aim to explore the obesity prevalence, obesity-related complications (ORCs), and the economic burden of obesity in Saudi Arabia., Methods: Literature searches for relevant local studies across Saudi Arabia spanning 2012 to 2022 were performed in PubMed and EMBASE, along with supplementary searches for relevant congress abstracts. Only studies that discussed obesity prevalence in Saudi Arabia in relation to any gender or age group, the prevalence of ORCs in Saudi Arabia for any gender or age group, and/or the economic burden of obesity and how it impacts the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia, and were published in the English language, were selected for inclusion. No age or gender restrictions were imposed., Results: The prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia ranged from 20% to 39% and up to 19.4% among adults and adolescents, respectively. The most reported ORCs were hypertension (67.6%), type 2 diabetes (60.7%), and hypercholesterolaemia (51.3%), and an association between obesity and ORCs was established, showing an increased risk with increasing body mass index. The economic burden of obesity across Saudi Arabia was estimated to be 6.4 billion US dollars (USD) for treatment and management., Conclusion: Obesity affects a substantial proportion of the Saudi general population and is a significant burden on individuals, as demonstrated by the prevalence of ORCs. Multifaceted, short- and long-term approaches involving interventions that operate at multiple levels and target both individuals and communities are urgently needed; there is a particular need for a national strategy and a specific, systems-based policy. Further research will help increase awareness of obesity and its management, which will be crucial for transforming the healthcare system under Vision 2030., (© 2024 The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Intravitreal Infliximab for the Treatment of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (FIXER): A Randomized Controlled Phase II Trial.

Author: Younes AM, Hamza HS, Omar HA, Abdel-Kader AA, Abdelbaki AM, and Elnahry AG
Subjects: Humans, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Fluorescein Angiography methods, Follow-Up Studies, Aged, Adult, Prospective Studies, Endotamponade methods, Electroretinography, Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative diagnosis, Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative drug therapy, Infliximab administration & dosage, Intravitreal Injections, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy methods, Retinal Detachment diagnosis, Retinal Detachment surgery, Retinal Detachment drug therapy, Retinal Detachment etiology, Tomography, Optical Coherence methods
Abstract: Objective: To study the safety and efficacy of intravitreal infliximab administered at the conclusion of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)., Design: Randomized controlled phase II clinical trial., Subjects: Patients with primary RRD and grade C PVR, according to the updated Retina Society Classification., Methods: Sixty-six patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to undergo PPV and silicone oil (SO) injection with or without intravitreal injection of 1 mg/0.05 mL of infliximab in the air-filled globe before SO injection at PPV conclusion. Surgeons were masked to treatment allocation until PPV conclusion., Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was anatomic success (defined as complete retinal reattachment without a tamponade at 6 months post SO removal). Secondary outcome measures were final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), single-operation success rate (SOSR), rate of recurrent detachment, central macular thickness (CMT) by macular OCT, macular function by multifocal electroretinogram, and macular vascular density (VD) by OCT angiography., Results: Sixty eyes of 60 patients, 30 eyes in each group, completed the study. At baseline, there were no differences regarding age, gender, history of trauma, lens status, duration of RRD, BCVA, intraocular pressure (IOP), intraocular inflammation (IOI), detachment extent in clock hours, number/size of breaks, presence of vitreous hemorrhage, axial length, or grade/extent of PVR between both groups. For the outcome measures, 30 eyes in the infliximab group achieved anatomic success vs. 29 eyes in the control group. The SOSR was higher in the infliximab group (26) vs. the control (23), but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.317). Final logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA was better in the infliximab group (mean, 0.96; standard deviation [SD], 0.4; Snellen equivalent ≈ 20/180) vs. the control (mean, 1.14; SD, 0.4); Snellen equivalent ≈ 20/280; P = 0.044). There were no differences regarding IOP, IOI, time of SO removal, macular function, CMT, or VD., Conclusions: Pars plana vitrectomy with SO tamponade with or without intravitreal infliximab is effective in treating PVR-associated RRD. Infliximab may be associated with modest improvement in final visual outcomes but not anatomic outcomes., Financial Disclosure(s): The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article., (Copyright © 2024 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

27. Unveiling the therapeutic potential of Taxifolin in Cancer: From molecular mechanisms to immune modulation and synergistic combinations.

Author: Sarg NH, Hersi FH, Zaher DM, Hamouda AO, Ibrahim SI, El-Seedi HR, and Omar HA
Subjects: Humans, Animals, Apoptosis drug effects, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic pharmacology, Signal Transduction drug effects, Quercetin pharmacology, Quercetin analogs & derivatives, Neoplasms drug therapy, Drug Synergism
Abstract: Background: Taxifolin (TAX), a flavonoid abundant in various medicinal plants, has gained attention for its multifaceted role in cancer therapy and cytoprotection against chemotherapy-induced toxicities. TAX modulates key signaling pathways to regulate several processes within tumors, thus potentially playing an important role in tumor suppression., Purpose: This review aims to explore the current understanding of TAX's role in cancer therapy including its antitumor mechanisms, synergistic combinations, and cytoprotective effects. The review also addresses the safety profile of TAX, highlights its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties limiting its use, and summarizes the suggested pharmaceutical and chemical solutions to overcome these limitations., Methodology: A literature review was conducted through searching online databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using several combinations of relevant keywords related to TAX's potential in anticancer therapy. A total of 84 articles published within the last 15 years were included in this review and analyzed following the PRISMA guidelines., Results: TAX inhibits tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion via the cGMP-PKG pathway, inducing G1-phase arrest and apoptosis. TAX's anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects are mediated by downregulating Hif1-α, VEGF, and AKT. Additionally, it can synergize the conventional chemotherapeutic agents, enhancing their efficacy and mitigating drug resistance by inhibiting P-glycoprotein expression. Additionally, TAX demonstrates cytoprotective effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, cyclophosphamide/pazopanib-induced hepatotoxicity, methotrexate-induced oral mucositis, and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting ferroptosis. TAX further has immunomodulatory effects in the tumor microenvironment, enhancing immune responses and sensitizing tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Advancements in TAX's anticancer effects include introducing novel drug delivery systems and chemical modifications to generate derivatives with improved pharmacological effects., Conclusion: Clinical trials are needed to confirm TAX's safety and effectiveness in cancer therapy, optimize formulations, and investigate synergistic combinations. Overall, TAX holds promise as a versatile anticancer agent, offering direct anticancer effects and protective benefits against chemotherapy-induced toxicities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest none., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

28. Evaluation of effectiveness resistance genes in wheat genotypes using marker-assisted selection for stripe rust resistance breeding".

Author: Shahin AA, Omara RI, Omar HA, El-Din HS, Sehsah MD, Essa T, Zayton MA, and Omar HS
Subjects: Genes, Plant, Genetic Markers, Triticum genetics, Triticum microbiology, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Diseases genetics, Plant Diseases immunology, Disease Resistance genetics, Genotype, Plant Breeding, Basidiomycota physiology, Puccinia physiology
Abstract: Stripe rust, induced by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is the most harmful and prevalent disease in temperate regions worldwide, affecting wheat production areas globally. An effective strategy for controlling the disease involves enhancing genetic resistance against stripe rust, achieved through Egyptian breeding efforts not previously conducted on wheat genotypes. The resistance level to stripe rust in thirty-eight wheat genotypes was assessed using marker-assisted selection methods. The investigation suggests that wheat breeding programs can utilize slow-rusting Yr genes, which are effective resistance genes, to develop novel genotypes with stripe rust resistance through marker-assisted breeding. Based on the four disease responses of the wheat genotypes under investigation, the results categorized the genotypes into three groups. The first group included resistant genotypes, the second group exhibited a slow-rusting character with the lowest disease symptom rates, and the last group displayed the highest disease characteristics rates throughout the three seasons, comprising fast-rusting genotypes. The rust-resistant genes identified were Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr29, Yr30, and Yr36. Genes Yr26, Yr30, and Yr36 were present in all genotypes. Genotypes Misr3, Misr4, Giza168, Giza167, Giza170, Giza171, Gemmeiza9, and Gemmeiza10 carried the Yr9 gene. Only one genotype, Sids13, was found to have the Yr17 gene. Genes Yr18 and Yr29 were identified in Sids14, Giza168, Giza170, Gemmeiza9, and Gemmeiza10. However, none of the wheat genotypes showed the presence of Yr5, Yr10, or Yr15. Several backcrossing generations were conducted to introduce the Yr5 and Yr10 genes into susceptible genotypes (Misr1, Misr2, and Gemmeiza11). These genotypes are cultivated globally and are known for producing high-quality flour, making them of great importance to farmers. The study demonstrates significant potential for enhancing wheat genotypes for stripe rust resistance and increased production., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies of novel pyridopyridine derivatives as anticancer candidates targeting FMS kinase.

Author: Sebastian A, Abu Rabah RR, Zaraei SO, Vunnam S, Sultan S, Anbar HS, El-Gamal R, Tarazi H, Sarg N, Alhamad DW, Al Shamma SA, Shahin AI, Omar HA, Al-Tel TH, and El-Gamal MI
Subjects: Humans, Structure-Activity Relationship, Molecular Structure, Apoptosis drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Cell Line, Tumor, Animals, Molecular Docking Simulation, Mice, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Antineoplastic Agents chemical synthesis, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Drug Design, Protein Kinase Inhibitors pharmacology, Protein Kinase Inhibitors chemical synthesis, Protein Kinase Inhibitors chemistry, Pyridines pharmacology, Pyridines chemistry, Pyridines chemical synthesis, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
Abstract: Design and synthesis of novel 4-carboxamidopyrido[3,2-b]pyridine derivatives as novel rigid analogues of sorafenib are reported herein. The target compounds showed potent antiproliferative activities against a panel of NCI-60 cancer cell lines as well as hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Compounds 8g and 9f were among the most promising derivatives in terms of effectiveness and safety. Therefore, they were further examined to demonstrate their ability to induce apoptosis and alter cell cycle progression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The most potent compounds were tested against a panel of kinases that indicated their selectivity against FMS kinase. Compounds 8g and 8h showed the most potent activities against FMS kinase with IC 50 values of 21.5 and 73.9 nM, respectively. The two compounds were also tested in NanoBRET assay to investigate their ability to inhibit FMS kinase in cells (IC 50 = 563 nM (8g) and 1347 nM (8h) vs. IC 50 = 1654 nM for sorafenib). Furthermore, compounds 8g and 8h possess potent inhibitory activities against macrophages when investigated in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) assay (IC 50 = 56 nM and 167 nM, respectively, 164 nM for sorafenib). The safety and selectivity of these compounds were confirmed when tested against normal cell lines. Their safety profile was further confirmed using hERG assay. In silico studies were carried out to investigate their binding modes in the active site of FMS kinase, and to develop a QSAR model for these new motifs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. Autophagy inhibition potentiates energy restriction-induced cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Author: Elgendy SM, Zaher DM, Sarg NH, Abu Jayab NN, Alhamad DW, Al-Tel TH, and Omar HA
Subjects: Humans, Cell Line, Tumor, Energy Metabolism drug effects, Cell Survival drug effects, Signal Transduction drug effects, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular pathology, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular drug therapy, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular metabolism, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular genetics, Liver Neoplasms pathology, Liver Neoplasms drug therapy, Liver Neoplasms metabolism, Liver Neoplasms genetics, Autophagy drug effects, Apoptosis drug effects, Cell Proliferation drug effects
Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) significantly contributes to cancer-related mortality due to the limited response of HCC to current anticancer therapies, thereby necessitating more effective treatment approaches. Energy restriction mimetic agents (ERMAs) have emerged as potential therapies in targeting the Warburg effect, a unique metabolic process in cancer cells. However, ERMAs exhibit limited efficacy when used as monotherapy. Additionally, ERMAs have been found to induce autophagy in cancer cells. The role of autophagy in cancer survival remains a subject of debate. Thus, it is crucial to ascertain whether ERMA-induced autophagy is a mechanism for cell survival or cell death in HCC. Our study aims to investigate the effect of autophagy inhibition on the survival of HCC cells treated with ERMAs while also examining the potential of combining an autophagy inhibitor such as spautin-1 with ERMAs to enhance HCC cell death. Our results suggest a cytoprotective role for ERMA-induced autophagy in HCC cells, as combining the autophagy inhibitor spautin-1 with ERMAs effectively suppressed ERMA-induced autophagy and synergistically enhanced their antitumor activity. The treatment combination promoted HCC death through apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of AKT and ERK activation, which are known to play a key role in cellular proliferation. Collectively, our findings highlight a potential strategy to combat HCC by combining energy restriction with autophagy inhibition., (© 2024 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

31. The interplay of p38 MAPK signaling and mitochondrial metabolism, a dynamic target in cancer and pathological contexts.

Author: Sarg NH, Zaher DM, Abu Jayab NN, Mostafa SH, Ismail HH, and Omar HA
Subjects: Humans, Animals, MAP Kinase Signaling System physiology, Energy Metabolism physiology, Neoplasms metabolism, Neoplasms drug therapy, Neoplasms pathology, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases metabolism, Mitochondria metabolism
Abstract: Mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular metabolism and bioenergetics, orchestrating various cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, adaptation to stress, and redox balance. Besides, mitochondria regulate cellular metabolic homeostasis through coordination with multiple signaling pathways. Importantly, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is a key player in the intricate communication with mitochondria, influencing various functions. This review explores the multifaced interaction between the mitochondria and p38 MAPK signaling and the consequent impact on metabolic alterations. Overall, the p38 MAPK pathway governs the activities of key mitochondrial proteins, which are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, thermogenesis, and iron homeostasis. Additionally, p38 MAPK contributes to the regulation of mitochondrial responses to oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by cancer therapies or natural substances by coordinating with other pathways responsible for energy homeostasis. Therefore, dysregulation of these interconnected pathways can lead to various pathologies characterized by aberrant metabolism. Consequently, gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between mitochondria and the p38 MAPK pathway and their implications presents exciting forecasts for novel therapeutic interventions in cancer and other disorders characterized by metabolic dysregulation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

32. Cost saving analysis of prediabetes intervention modalities in comparison with inaction using Markov state transition model-A multiregional case study.

Author: Al-Omar HA, Czech M, Quang Nam T, Gottwald-Hostalek U, Vesic N, Whitehouse J, and Dawson M
Subjects: Humans, Vietnam epidemiology, Saudi Arabia epidemiology, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost Savings, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Life Style, Health Care Costs statistics & numerical data, Prediabetic State economics, Prediabetic State therapy, Prediabetic State epidemiology, Markov Chains, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 economics, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 prevention & control, Metformin therapeutic use, Metformin economics, Hypoglycemic Agents therapeutic use, Hypoglycemic Agents economics
Abstract: Background: Prediabetes management is a priority for policymakers globally, to avoid/delay type 2 diabetes (T2D) and reduce severe, costly health consequences. Countries moving from low to middle income are most at risk from the T2D "epidemic" and may find implementing preventative measures challenging; yet prevention has largely been evaluated in developed countries., Methods: Markov cohort simulations explored costs and benefits of various prediabetes management approaches, expressed as "savings" to the public health care system, for three countries with high prediabetes prevalence and contrasting economic status (Poland, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam). Two scenarios were compared up to 15 y: "inaction" (no prediabetes intervention) and "intervention" with metformin extended release (ER), intensive lifestyle change (ILC), ILC with metformin (ER), or ILC with metformin (ER) "titration.", Results: T2D was the highest-cost health state at all time horizons due to resource use, and inaction produced the highest T2D costs, ranging from 9% to 34% of total health care resource costs. All interventions reduced T2D versus inaction, the most effective being ILC + metformin (ER) "titration" (39% reduction at 5 y). Metformin (ER) was the only strategy that produced net saving across the time horizon; however, relative total health care system costs of other interventions vs inaction declined over time up to 15 y. Viet Nam was most sensitive to cost and parameter changes via a one-way sensitivity analysis., Conclusions: Metformin (ER) and lifestyle interventions for prediabetes offer promise for reducing T2D incidence. Metformin (ER) could reduce T2D patient numbers and health care costs, given concerns regarding adherence in the context of funding/reimbursement challenges for lifestyle interventions., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Diabetes published by Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

33. Budget impact analysis for three glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus management in Saudi Arabia.

Author: Al-Omar HA, Almodaimegh HS, Omaer A, Alzubaidi LM, Al-Harbi B, Al-Harbi I, Hassan M, and Akhtar O
Subjects: Male, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents therapeutic use, Saudi Arabia, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Glycated Hemoglobin, Prostate-Specific Antigen therapeutic use, Glucagon-Like Peptides therapeutic use, Weight Loss, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Abstract: Background and Objectives: This study presents a budget impact analysis (BIA) conducted in Saudi Arabia, evaluating the cost implications of adopting semaglutide, tirzepatide, or dulaglutide in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The analysis aims to assess the individual budgetary impact of these treatment options on healthcare budgets and provide insights for decision-makers., Methods: A prevalence-based BIA was developed using real-world and clinical trials data. The model considered disease epidemiology, medication prices, diabetes management expenses, cardiovascular (CV) complications costs, and weight reduction savings over a 5-year time horizon. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (OWSA, PSA) were performed to assess the robustness of the results., Results: Over a 5-year period, the cumulative budget impact for semaglutide, tirzepatide, and dulaglutide were 85,923,089 USD, 169,790,195 USD, and 94,558,356 USD, respectively. Hypothetical scenarios considering price parity between semaglutide and tirzepatide are associated with financial impacts of 85,923,091 USD and 86,475,335 USD, respectively. In the public sector, semaglutide showed the lowest incidence of 3-point major adverse CV events (3P-MACE), with tirzepatide leading in weight loss and HbA1c reduction, and dulaglutide presenting the highest 3P-MACE rates and least improvements in HbA1c and weight. A breakeven analysis suggested that tirzepatide's list price would need to be $199.91 lower than its current list price to achieve budget impact parity with semaglutide based on currently available evidence. Results from the OWSA suggested that risk reductions for CV events were key drivers of budget impact. PSA results were confirmatory of base-case analyses., Conclusions: CV cost-offsets and drug acquisition considerations may make semaglutide a favorable use of resources for Saudi budget planners and decision-makers. These results were robust to assumptions regarding the list price of tirzepatide.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

34. Promising drug candidates for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as alternatives to the classical medication metformin.

Author: Anbar HS, Vahora NY, Shah HL, Azam MM, Islam T, Hersi F, Omar HA, Dohle W, Potter BVL, and El-Gamal MI
Subjects: Humans, Female, Rats, Animals, Letrozole adverse effects, Rats, Wistar, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome chemically induced, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome drug therapy, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome metabolism, Metformin adverse effects
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by abnormal production of androgens, typically present in small quantities in females. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Irosustat (STX64), STX140, and compound 1G as new drug candidates for the treatment of letrozole-induced PCOS in female Wistar rats. 36 rats were divided into six groups of equal size. PCOS was induced in all groups, except the normal control group, by administering letrozole orally (1 mg/kg/day for 35 days). The onset of abnormal estrous cycle was confirmed by examining daily vaginal smears under a microscope. Subsequently, each rat group was assigned to a different treatment regimen, including one control group, one letrozole group, one metformin group (500 mg/kg/day) as a reference drug, and the other groups received a different drug candidate orally for 30 days. After treatment, blood collection was performed for biochemical measurements and determination of oxidative stress markers. The rats were dissected to separate ovaries and uterus for morphological, histological, and western blotting studies. Treatment with the drug candidates improved the ovaries and uterus weight measurements compared to the untreated PCOS group. The three tested drug candidates demonstrated promising improvements in lipid profile, blood glucose level, testosterone, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol levels. In addition, western blotting confirmed their promising effects on Akt, mTOR, and AMPK-α pathways. This study led to the discovery of three promising drug candidates for the management of PCOS as alternatives to metformin., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

35. New 1,2,3-triazole/1,2,4-triazole hybrids linked to oxime moiety as nitric oxide donor selective COX-2, aromatase, B-RAF V600E and EGFR inhibitors celecoxib analogs: design, synthesis, anti-inflammatory/anti-proliferative activities, apoptosis and molecular modeling study.

Author: Fadaly WAA, Nemr MTM, Zidan TH, Mohamed FEA, Abdelhakeem MM, Abu Jayab NN, Omar HA, and Abdellatif KRA
Subjects: Cyclooxygenase 2 metabolism, Celecoxib, Molecular Structure, Structure-Activity Relationship, Aromatase metabolism, Cell Line, Tumor, Anti-Inflammatory Agents pharmacology, Triazoles pharmacology, ErbB Receptors metabolism, Apoptosis, Fluorouracil, Molecular Docking Simulation, Nitric Oxide Donors pharmacology, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology
Abstract: A new series of bis-triazole 19a-l was synthesised for the purpose of being hybrid molecules with both anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities and assessed for cell cycle arrest, NO release. Compounds 19c , 19f , 19h , 19 l exhibited COX-2 selectivity indexes in the range of 18.48 to 49.38 compared to celecoxib S.I. = 21.10), inhibit MCF-7 with IC 50 = 9-16 μM compared to tamoxifen (IC 50 = 27.9 μM). and showed good inhibitory activity against HEP-3B with IC 50 = 4.5-14 μM compared to sorafenib (IC 50 = 3.5 μM) (HEP-3B). Moreover, derivatives 19e , 19j , 19k , 19 l inhibit HCT-116 with IC 50 = 5.3-13.7 μM compared to 5-FU with IC 50 = 4.8 μM (HCT-116). Compounds 19c , 19f , 19h , 19 l showed excellent inhibitory activity against A549 with IC 50 = 3-4.5 μM compared to 5-FU with IC 50 = 6 μM (A549). Compounds 19c, 19f, 19h, 19 l inhibit aromatase (IC 50 of 22.40, 23.20, 22.70, 30.30 μM), EGFR (IC 50 of 0.112, 0.205, 0.169 and 0.066 μM) and B-RAF V600E (IC 50 of 0.09, 0.06, 0.07 and 0.05 μM).
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

36. Intranasal Nanotransferosomal Gel for Quercetin Brain Targeting: II. Antidepressant Effect in an Experimental Animal Model.

Author: Elkomy MH, Abo El-Ela FI, Zaki RM, Alsaidan OA, Elmowafy M, Zafar A, Shalaby K, Abdelgawad MA, Omar HA, Salama R, and Eid HM
Abstract: Depression is a serious mental disorder and the most prevalent cause of disability and suicide worldwide. Quercetin (QER) demonstrated antidepressant effects in rats exhibiting anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. In an attempt to improve QER's antidepressant activity, a QER-loaded transferosome (QER-TFS) thermosensitive gel for intranasal administration was formulated and optimized. The therapeutic effectiveness of the optimized formulation was assessed in a depressed rat model by conducting a behavioral analysis. Behavioral study criteria such as immobility, swimming, climbing, sucrose intake, number of crossed lines, rearing, active interaction, and latency to feed were all considerably enhanced by intranasal treatment with the QER-TFS in situ gel in contrast to other formulations. A nasal histopathological study indicated that the QER-TFS thermosensitive gel was safe for the nasal mucosa. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that the animals treated with the QER-TFS thermosensitive gel had the lowest levels of c-fos protein expression, and brain histopathological changes in the depressed rats were alleviated. According to pharmacodynamic, immunohistochemical, and histopathological experiments, the intranasal administration of the QER-TFS thermosensitive gel substantially alleviated depressive symptoms in rats. However, extensive preclinical investigations in higher animal models are needed to anticipate its effectiveness in humans.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Effectiveness of R1-nj Anthocyanin Marker in the Identification of In Vivo Induced Maize Haploid Embryos.

Author: Lopez LA, Ochieng J, Pacheco M, Martinez L, Omar HA, Gowda M, Prasanna BM, Dhugga KS, and Chaikam V
Abstract: Doubled haploid (DH) technology has become integral to maize breeding programs to expedite inbred line development and increase the efficiency of breeding operations. Unlike many other plant species that use in vitro methods, DH production in maize uses a relatively simple and efficient in vivo haploid induction method. However, it takes two complete crop cycles for DH line generation, one for haploid induction and the other one for chromosome doubling and seed production. Rescuing in vivo induced haploid embryos has the potential to reduce the time for DH line development and improve the efficiency of DH line production. However, the identification of a few haploid embryos (~10%) resulting from an induction cross from the rest of the diploid embryos is a challenge. In this study, we demonstrated that an anthocyanin marker, namely R1-nj , which is integrated into most haploid inducers, can aid in distinguishing haploid and diploid embryos. Further, we tested conditions that enhance R1-nj anthocyanin marker expression in embryos and found that light and sucrose enhance anthocyanin expression, while phosphorous deprivation in the media had no affect. Validating the use of the R1-nj marker for haploid and diploid embryo identification using a gold standard classification based on visual differences among haploids and diploids for characteristics such as seedling vigor, erectness of leaves, tassel fertility, etc., indicated that the R1-nj marker could lead to significantly high false positives, necessitating the use of additional markers for increased accuracy and reliability of haploid embryo identification.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

38. Discovery of novel papain-like protease inhibitors for potential treatment of COVID-19.

Author: Hersi F, Sebastian A, Tarazi H, Srinivasulu V, Mostafa A, Allayeh AK, Zeng C, Hachim IY, Liu SL, Abu-Yousef IA, Majdalawieh AF, Zaher DM, Omar HA, and Al-Tel TH
Subjects: Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Protease Inhibitors pharmacology, Caco-2 Cells, Pandemics, Peptide Hydrolases metabolism, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Antiviral Agents chemistry, Papain chemistry, Papain genetics, Papain metabolism, COVID-19
Abstract: The recent emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants creates an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic agents to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks. Among SARS-CoV-2 essential proteases is papain-like protease (SARS-CoV-2 PLpro), which plays multiple roles in regulating SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and innate immunity such as deubiquitinating and deISG15ylating (interferon-induced gene 15) activities. Many studies are currently focused on targeting this protease to tackle SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, we performed a phenotypic screening using an in-house pilot compounds collection possessing a diverse skeleta against SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. This screen identified SIMR3030 as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2. SIMR3030 has been shown to exhibit deubiquitinating activity and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 specific gene expression (ORF1b and Spike) in infected host cells and possessing virucidal activity. Moreover, SIMR3030 was demonstrated to inhibit the expression of inflammatory markers, including IFN-α, IL-6, and OAS1, which are reported to mediate the development of cytokine storms and aggressive immune responses. In vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) assessment of the drug-likeness properties of SIMR3030 demonstrated good microsomal stability in liver microsomes. Furthermore, SIMR3030 demonstrated very low potency as an inhibitor of CYP450, CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 which rules out any potential drug-drug interactions. In addition, SIMR3030 showed moderate permeability in Caco2-cells. Critically, SIMR3030 has maintained a high in vivo safety profile at different concentrations. Molecular modeling studies of SIMR3030 in the active sites of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV PLpro were performed to shed light on the binding modes of this inhibitor. This study demonstrates that SIMR3030 is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro that forms the foundation for developing new drugs to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic and may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutics for a possible future outbreak of new SARS-CoV-2 variants or other Coronavirus species., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Taleb H. Al-Tel reports financial support was provided by Al Jalila Foundation., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

39. Hinokitiol for hypertensive emergencies: effects on peripheral resistance, cardiac load, baroreflex sensitivity, and electrolytes balance.

Author: Omar HA, El-Bassossy HM, and Hassan NA
Subjects: Rats, Animals, Emergencies, Vascular Resistance, Blood Pressure, Monoterpenes pharmacology, Monoterpenes therapeutic use, Heart Rate, Electrolytes pharmacology, Electrolytes therapeutic use, Baroreflex, Hypertension drug therapy
Abstract: Hinokitiol, a natural monoterpenoid, has been shown previously to possess a potent vasodilating activity in vitro in both control and hypertensive aortae. Here, the antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects of an intravenous hinokitiol injection were fully investigated in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive emergency in rats. Hinokitiol intravenous injection was prepared in the form of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Rat's arterial and ventricular hemodynamics were measured in real-time recordings in addition to surface electrocardiogram while slow injection of cumulative doses of hinokitiol or vehicle as well as time control. Hinokitiol at dose 10 mg/kg showed a considerable reduction in the raised systolic blood pressure (30 mmHg) within only 30 min. The decrease in blood pressure seems to be mediated through a reduction in peripheral resistance, as appears from the decreases in diastolic pressure, dicrotic notch pressure, and pulse pressure. In addition, hinokitiol injection reduced heart load due to the decrease in heart rate, increases in cycle duration (particularly the non-ejection duration) and diastolic duration, and decreases in end-diastolic pressure. An effect most likely mediated via prolongation of ventricular repolarization as appears from the increases in PR, QTc, and JT intervals. However, acute intravenous injection of hinokitiol neither affected the baroreflex sensitivity nor sodium/potassium balance. In conclusion, acute hinokitiol intravenous injection markedly reduced severe hypertension in rats. This effect seems to be mediated through decreasing peripheral resistance and decreasing cardiac load, suggesting that it is an effective treatment in hypertensive emergencies after clinical evaluation., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

40. Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes in combination with chemotherapy and immunotherapy: An approach to tackle resistance in cancer cells.

Author: Al-Shamma SA, Zaher DM, Hersi F, Abu Jayab NN, and Omar HA
Subjects: Humans, Animals, Neoplasm Metastasis, Cell Death, Neoplastic Stem Cells drug effects, Neoplastic Stem Cells enzymology, Neoplastic Stem Cells pathology, Neoplastic Stem Cells radiation effects, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase antagonists & inhibitors, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase metabolism, Neoplasms drug therapy, Neoplasms enzymology, Neoplasms immunology, Neoplasms metabolism, Neoplasms pathology, Neoplasms radiotherapy, Immunotherapy, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm drug effects
Abstract: Modern cancer chemotherapy originated in the 1940s, and since then, many chemotherapeutic agents have been developed. However, most of these agents show limited response in patients due to innate and acquired resistance to therapy, which leads to the development of multi-drug resistance to different treatment modalities, leading to cancer recurrence and, eventually, patient death. One of the crucial players in inducing chemotherapy resistance is the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme. ALDH is overexpressed in chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, which detoxifies the generated toxic aldehydes from chemotherapy, preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species and, thus, inhibiting the induction of oxidative stress and the stimulation of DNA damage and cell death. This review discusses the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells promoted by ALDH. In addition, we provide detailed insight into the role of ALDH in cancer stemness, metastasis, metabolism, and cell death. Several studies investigated targeting ALDH in combination with other treatments as a potential therapeutic regimen to overcome resistance. We also highlight novel approaches in ALDH inhibition, including the potential synergistic employment of ALDH inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy against different cancers, including head and neck, colorectal, breast, lung, and liver., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest All authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

41. The Impact of Obesity in Saudi Arabia: Healthcare Resource Use and Costs Associated with Obesity-Related Complications.

Author: Al-Omar HA, Alshehri A, Abanumay A, Alabdulkarim H, Alrumaih A, Eldin MS, and Alqahtani SA
Subjects: Humans, Saudi Arabia epidemiology, Health Care Costs, Obesity complications, Obesity epidemiology, Delivery of Health Care, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 therapy
Abstract: Introduction: Saudi Arabia has a high prevalence of obesity, which increases the risk of individuals experiencing multiple chronic complications. Only a few publications highlight the healthcare costs of obesity-related complications (ORCs) in Saudi Arabia., Methods: A micro-costing approach was used to estimate the healthcare costs associated with 10 ORCs. Experienced clinicians in public and private practice across different geographical regions in Saudi Arabia were asked to estimate healthcare resource use associated with each ORC, and estimated unit costs were obtained from hospital administrators. Estimated overall annual costs per patient were calculated as a weighted average of separate public and private sector costs., Results: Individuals in Saudi Arabia with any single ORC incurred overall average annual healthcare costs of 2165-7558 US dollars (USD). Heart failure, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) were the most costly complications, mainly driven by monitoring and/or pharmacological treatment costs. In contrast, asthma, hypertension, and angina were the least costly complications. Costs in private healthcare were higher than in public healthcare; the largest differences (2359-2793 USD) were noted for dyslipidemia, T2D, and osteoarthritis, mainly explained by differences in pharmacological treatment costs., Conclusions: These data suggest that ORCs result in a considerable financial burden to the healthcare system, and highlight the substantial cost savings that could be achieved by preventing or delaying the occurrence of ORCs in Saudi Arabia., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

42. Phthalazone tethered 1,2,3-triazole conjugates: In silico molecular docking studies, synthesis, in vitro antiproliferative, and kinase inhibitory activities.

Author: Abdelgawad MA, Bukhari SNA, Musa A, Elmowafy M, Nayl AA, El-Ghorab AH, Sadek Abdel-Bakky M, Omar HA, Hadal Alotaibi N, Hassan HM, Ghoneim MM, and Bakr RB
Subjects: Humans, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Molecular Docking Simulation, Molecular Structure, Protein Kinase Inhibitors pharmacology, Structure-Activity Relationship, Triazoles pharmacology, Triazoles chemistry, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A pharmacology, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 antagonists & inhibitors
Abstract: New phthalazone tethered 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 12-21 were synthesized utilizing the Cu(I)-catalyzed click reactions of alkyne-functionalized phthalazone 1 with functionalized azides 2-11. The new phthalazone-1,2,3-triazoles structures 12-21 were confirmed by different spectroscopic tools, like IR; 1 H, 13 C, 2D HMBC and 2D ROESY NMR; EI MS, and elemental analysis. The antiproliferative efficacy of the molecular hybrids 12-21 against four cancer cell lines was evaluated, including colorectal cancer, hepatoblastoma, prostate cancer, breast adenocarcinoma, and the normal cell line WI38. The antiproliferative assessment of derivatives 12-21 showed potent activity of compounds 16, 18, and 21 compared to the anticancer drug doxorubicin. Compound 16 showed selectivity (SI) towardthe tested cell lines ranging from 3.35 to 8.84 when compared to Dox., that showed SI ranged from 0.75 to 1.61. Derivatives 16, 18 and 21 were assessed towards VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity and result in that derivative 16 showed the potent activity (IC 50 = 0.123 µM) in comparison with sorafenib (IC 50 = 0.116 µM). Compound 16 caused an interference with the cell cycle distribution of MCF7 and increased the percentage of cells in S phase by 1.37-fold. In silico molecular docking of the effective derivatives 16, 18, and 21 against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) confirmed the formation of stable protein-ligand interactions within the pocket., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

43. Exploring physicians' prescribing behavior in patients with multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia: a sequential explanatory mixed-methods.

Author: Al-Omar HA, Alsowaida N, Aldosari L, Mayet A, Bunyan R, and Aljumah M
Subjects: Young Adult, Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Saudi Arabia epidemiology, Multiple Sclerosis drug therapy, Multiple Sclerosis epidemiology, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting drug therapy, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting epidemiology, Physicians, Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive drug therapy
Abstract: Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling neurological disease in young adults worldwide with majority of patients manifest symptoms between 20 and 40 years of age. The aims of this study are to explore physicians' perspectives, views, and behaviors in diagnosing and treating patients with MS in Saudi Arabia and investigate the prescribing pattern of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)., Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed-method approach was used to achieve the study objectives. The quantitative arm of the study consisted of patient data extracted from the Saudi MS registry from 2015 to 2018. The qualitative study consisted of in-depth semi-structured interviews with physicians using a validated interview topic guide comprising 28 open-ended questions., Results: We extracted data of 2,507 patients from 20 different hospitals across Saudi Arabia. Patients' mean age was 34 ± 10 years; two-thirds (n = 1,668) were female. 92% (n = 2,292) had relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, and 5% (n = 126) had secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis. In general, patients with MS received at least one drug as the DMT or DMTs and corticosteroids for those with relapse. Qualitatively, nine physicians agreed to participate in the interviews. Of them, five (55%) were male and four were female from different regions. Thematic analysis yielded three main themes: practice, views, and challenges., Conclusions: The prevalence of MS in Saudi Arabia is raising but is still much lower than that reported in the Gulf region. A national MS guideline is needed to streamline diagnosis and treatment criteria, avoid any delay in treatment, and guide physicians who provide care for patients with MS., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. Obesity Burden and Impact of Weight Loss in Saudi Arabia: A Modelling Study.

Author: Alqahtani SA, Al-Omar HA, Alshehri A, Abanumay A, Alabdulkarim H, Alrumaih A, Eldin MS, and Schnecke V
Subjects: Humans, Saudi Arabia epidemiology, Obesity complications, Obesity epidemiology, Weight Loss, Prevalence, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Hypertension epidemiology, Hypertension complications
Abstract: Background: Obesity and its complications are associated with morbidity, mortality and high economic cost in Saudi Arabia. Estimating this impact at the population level and potential benefits to be gained from obesity reduction is vital to underpin policy initiatives to prevent disease risks., Methods: We combined data in an adapted version of the value of weight loss simulation model, to predict reductions in complication rates and cost savings achievable with 15% weight loss in Saudi Arabia over 10 years. To obtain model inputs, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to identify data on the prevalence of obesity and its complications in Saudi Arabia, and surveyed specialist physicians and hospital administrators in public (governmental) and private healthcare sectors. We used combinations of age, sex, obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) rates in Saudi Arabia to sample a United Kingdom (UK) cohort, creating a synthetic Saudi Arabia cohort expected to be representative of the population., Results: The synthetic Saudi Arabia cohort reflected expected comorbidity prevalences in the population, with a higher estimated prevalence of T2D, hypertension and dyslipidaemia than the UK cohort in all age groups. For 100,000 people with body mass index 30-50 kg/m 2 , it was estimated that 15% weight loss would lead to a 53.9% reduction in obstructive sleep apnoea, a 37.4% reduction in T2D and an 18.8% reduction in asthma. Estimated overall cost savings amounted to 1.026 billion Saudi Arabian Riyals; the largest contributors were reductions in T2D (30% of total cost savings for year 10), dyslipidaemia (26%) and hypertension (19%)., Conclusions: Sustained weight loss could significantly alleviate the burden of obesity-related complications in Saudi Arabia. Adopting obesity reduction as a major policy aim, and ensuring access to support and treatment should form an important part of the transformation of the healthcare system, as set out under 'Vision 2030'., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. Pharmacy practice in hospital settings in GCC countries: Dispensing and administration.

Author: Mayet AY, Khurshid F, Al-Omar HA, Alghanem SS, Alsultan MS, and Al-Jedai AH
Abstract: Purpose: To outline dispensing and administration practices in hospital pharmacy across the Gulf Cooperation Councils (GCC) countries' hospitals. Paucity of data in appraising hospital pharmacy practice in GCC regions motivated us to conduct this study., Methods: A modified survey questionnaire was prepared from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacist (ASHP) survey questions. Three major domains of questions for general characteristics of the medication use process for dispensing and administration were identified. These were, (1) medication distribution system, and medication distribution technology, (2) technology used to compound sterile preparations, compounding I.V. medication and method of compounding nutrition support preparations, (3) medication administration practices, medication orders, medication administration records (MARs), and technician activities. A list of hospitals was obtained from the Ministry of Health of the targeted GCC countries. A secure invitation link containing a survey questionnaire was sent to the participants directly., Results: Sixty-four hospitals responded to this survey. The overall response rate was 52%. Most surveyed hospitals have centralized inpatient medications distribution system (75.0%). About 37.5% of hospitals used automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs) in their patient care areas. Compounding sterile preparations in the pharmacy, barcode verification technology, workflow management technology, and robotic technology were used by 17.2%, 15.6%, and 4.7% of hospitals, respectively. In using safety technology for medication administration, almost all hospitals have partially or completely implemented an electronic health record (EHR). About 40.6% of hospitals used electronic medication administration records (e-MARs), 20.3% used bar-code-assisted medication administration (BCMA), and 35.9% used smart infusion pumps., Conclusion: The results of this survey revealed an opportunity to improve the medication use management process on dispensing and administration practices in hospitals in GCC countries., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

46. Ten-year cost-consequence analysis of weight loss on obesity-related outcomes in privately insured adults with obesity in Saudi Arabia.

Author: Al-Omar HA, Aljehani N, Alshehri A, Al-Khenizan A, Al-Shammari F, Abanumay A, Schnecke V, Carapinha JL, and Alqhatani SA
Subjects: Adult, Humans, Aged, Saudi Arabia epidemiology, Obesity, Weight Loss, Insurance, Health, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 therapy, Hypertension epidemiology
Abstract: Aim: This study aimed to estimate the 10-year cost-consequence of weight loss on obesity-related outcomes in a sample of privately insured adults with obesity in Saudi Arabia (KSA)., Methods: We analyzed data of adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) available in Nphies, the private health insurance platform of the Council of Health Insurance, KSA. A micro-costing analysis was used to obtain domestic cost estimates for obesity-related outcomes. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the benefit of weight loss by preventing incident cases of 10 obesity-related outcomes., Results: In the study cohort ( n = 314,079), the 30-34.9 BMI category contributed two-thirds of the cohort, and no gender differences were found in the age distribution of BMI categories. The elderly population had a higher prevalence of obesity-related outcomes, such as hypertension, osteoarthritis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The baseline cost (2023) for treating these outcomes was USD 1.245 billion, which could double in 10 years. A 15% weight loss could save USD 1.295 billion over 10 years, with most savings due to T2DM (USD 430 million), given its higher prevalence (27.5%). The model was most sensitive to cost variability in T2DM, dyslipidemia, and hypertension., Limitations: The results should be interpreted within the bounds of the study cohort, and Nphies is in its early stages of implementation. The cost estimates may differ if repeated among adults with obesity only, potentially leading to increased cost savings with weight loss., Conclusions: Moderate weight loss of 5-15% over 10 years is associated with substantial cost savings in Saudi Arabia. For a 15% weight loss, 18.8% of incidence cases of obesity-related outcomes may be prevented, and slowed increases in T2DM, dyslipidemia, and hypertension may lead to considerable cost savings. The findings would help policymakers to implement weight loss programs in KSA.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

47. Multi-Omics Analysis Revealed a Significant Alteration of Critical Metabolic Pathways Due to Sorafenib-Resistance in Hep3B Cell Lines.

Author: Abushawish KYI, Soliman SSM, Giddey AD, Al-Hroub HM, Mousa M, Alzoubi KH, El-Huneidi W, Abu-Gharbieh E, Omar HA, Elgendy SM, Bustanji Y, Soares NC, and Semreen MH
Subjects: Alanine pharmacology, Amino Acids metabolism, Biomarkers metabolism, Calpain metabolism, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Glucose pharmacology, Humans, L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase metabolism, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Nucleotides metabolism, Phosphatidylcholines pharmacology, Proline metabolism, Protein Kinase Inhibitors pharmacology, Proteome metabolism, Proteomics, Sorafenib pharmacology, Sorafenib therapeutic use, Succinic Acid pharmacology, Superoxide Dismutase metabolism, Tyrosine metabolism, Ubiquitin Thiolesterase metabolism, Uridine Diphosphate metabolism, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular metabolism, Folic Acid Antagonists pharmacology, Liver Neoplasms metabolism
Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second prominent cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Usually, HCC is diagnosed in advanced stages, wherein sorafenib, a multiple target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used as the first line of treatment. Unfortunately, resistance to sorafenib is usually encountered within six months of treatment. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify the underlying reasons for drug resistance. In the present study, we investigated the proteomic and metabolomics alterations accompanying sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells by employing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The Bruker Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) library was used to identify the differentially abundant metabolites through MetaboScape 4.0 software (Bruker). For protein annotation and identification, the Uniprot proteome for Homo sapiens (Human) database was utilized through MaxQuant. The results revealed that 27 metabolites and 18 proteins were significantly dysregulated due to sorafenib resistance in Hep3B cells compared to the parental phenotype. D-alanine, L-proline, o-tyrosine, succinic acid and phosphatidylcholine (PC, 16:0/16:0) were among the significantly altered metabolites. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, UDP-glucose-6-dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and calpain small subunit 1 were among the significantly altered proteins. The findings revealed that resistant Hep3B cells demonstrated significant alterations in amino acid and nucleotide metabolic pathways, energy production pathways and other pathways related to cancer aggressiveness, such as migration, proliferation and drug-resistance. Joint pathway enrichment analysis unveiled unique pathways, including the antifolate resistance pathway and other important pathways that maintain cancer cells' survival, growth, and proliferation. Collectively, the results identified potential biomarkers for sorafenib-resistant HCC and gave insights into their role in chemotherapeutic drug resistance, cancer initiation, progression and aggressiveness, which may contribute to better prognosis and chemotherapeutic outcomes.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

48. Optimum inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by efficient targeting of the macropinocytosis using optimized paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles.

Author: Al-Humaidi RB, Fayed B, Shakartalla SB, Jagal J, Jayakumar MN, Al Shareef ZM, Sharif SI, Noreddin A, Semreen MH, Omar HA, Haider M, and Soliman SSM
Subjects: Cell Line, Tumor, Female, Humans, MCF-7 Cells, Paclitaxel pharmacology, Paclitaxel therapeutic use, Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer, Tumor Microenvironment, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms metabolism, Nanoparticles
Abstract: Aims: Breast cancer (BC) is the third leading cause of death among other cancer types. Worldwide, it is the most common harmful disease in women, representing 1/4 of all cancers. Treatment of BC remains an ongoing challenge to most researchers. Understanding how cancer cells differ from normal cells can enhance drug targeting and overall disease progression. Endocytosis is a major physiological process modified in cancer cells and affects the cellular uptake of chemotherapeutic agents. MCF-7 breast cancer cells exhibit constitutive macropinocytic activity in comparison to normal non-macropinocytic MCF-10A breast cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that blocking the macropinocytosis mechanism in MCF-7 cells may inhibit the cancer progression while maintaining the safety of normal cells., Main Methods: Using nano-precipitation technique, paclitaxel-PLGA-NPs were successfully prepared in the size range and charge required to opt for macropinocytosis in MCF-7 cells., Key Findings: Uptake and endocytosis inhibitor assays indicated that the developed NPs acquired size and surface charges that efficiently target macropinocytosis of MCF-7 cells. Paclitaxel-loaded PLGA-NPs showed higher efficacy against MCF-7 cells, while providing no toxicity on normal MCF-10A cells. Metabolomics analysis indicated the nutrients deprivation because of occupying the macropinocytosis. However, treatment of fresh MCF-7 cancer cells by metabolites secreted from PLGA-NPs-treated MCF-7 cells showed a potential metastatic activity. Thus, co- administration with an anti-metastatic drug is advised., Significance: Collectively, adjusting the size and surface characteristics of a drug can critically control its cellular uptake, affecting the efficacy of drugs and the microenvironment of cancer cells., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

49. New Sulfamethoxazole Derivatives as Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Cytotoxic Activity and Molecular Modeling.

Author: Abdelgawad MA, Bukhari SNA, Musa A, Elmowafy M, Elkomy MH, Nayl AA, El-Ghorab AH, Alsohaimi IH, Abdel-Bakky MS, Althobaiti IO, Altaleb HA, Omar HA, Abdelazeem AH, Zaki MA, Shaker ME, and Elshemy HAH
Abstract: In this study new sulphamethoxazole derivatives ( S1 - S4 , S6 - S12 , and S14 - S22 ) were designed and synthesized and their structures were fully characterized and validated using NMR, mass, and IR spectroscopy, as well as elemental analyses. All new derivatives ( S1 - S22 ) were assayed against human carbonic anhydrase (hCAs IX and XII) for their inhibitory activities. hCAs IX and XII were chosen due to the fact that CAIX expression is recognized as a hypoxia marker with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. When compared to Dorzolamide HCl as a standard reference, derivatives S2 , S3 , S8 , S9 , and S15 had the most effective inhibition with low IC 50 values. The active compounds were further evaluated against hCAs I and II inhibitory activity and compounds S8 , S9 and S15 showed the least inhibitory effect compared to the reference standard, acetazolamide, indicating that their effect in normal cells is the lowest. Cell viability tests for the selected compounds were carried out on MCF7 (normoxia and hypoxia) and on the normal breast cell line (MCF10a) with Staurosporine as a standard. The results showed that compound S15 had a highly potent cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis results showed that compound S15 triggered cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in G1/S of MCF7 cancer cells. Finally, molecular docking was performed to point out the possible explanation for the vital structural features and key-interactions exerted by our ligands with h CAs IX and XII that might share additional designs and highlight possible leads for a hopeful anticancer agent. Consequently, sulphamethoxazole Derivative S15 could be the potential lead for emerging selective cytotoxic compounds directing h CAs IX and XII.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

50. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of pyrazole derivatives: Discovery of potent and selective JNK3 kinase inhibitors.

Author: Abu Rabah RR, Sebastian A, Vunnam S, Sultan S, Tarazi H, Anbar HS, Shehata MK, Zaraei SO, Elgendy SM, Al Shamma SA, Omar HA, Al-Tel TH, and El-Gamal MI
Subjects: Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Drug Design, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Humans, Molecular Structure, Protein Kinase Inhibitors chemistry, Pyrazoles chemistry, Structure-Activity Relationship, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Liver Neoplasms
Abstract: The design, synthesis, and biological activities of a new series of pyrazole derivatives are reported. The target compounds 1a-1w were initially investigated against NCI-60 cancer cell lines. Compounds 1f, 1h, 1k, and 1v exerted the highest anti-proliferative activity over the studied panel of cancer cell lines. Compound 1f showed the most potent activity, and it is more potent than sorafenib in 29 cancer cell lines of different types and more potent than SP600125 against almost all the tested cancer cell lines. It also exerted sub-micromolar IC 50 values (0.54-0.98 µM) against nine cell lines. Moreover, the 23 target compounds were tested against Hep3B and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, of which compounds 1b, 1c, and 1h showed the strongest anti-proliferative activity. The most potent anticancer compounds (1b, 1c, 1f, and 1h) demonstrated a high selectivity towards cancer cells vis-à-vis normal cells. Compounds1f and 1h induced apoptosis and mild necrosis upon testing against RPMI-8226 leukemia cells. Kinase profiling of this series led to the discovery of two potent and selective JNK3 inhibitors, compounds 1c and 1f with an IC 50 values of 99.0 and 97.4 nM, respectively. Both compounds showed a good inhibitory effect against JNK3 kinase in the whole-cell NanoBRET assay. This finding was further supported through molecular modeling studies with the JNK3 binding site. Moreover, compounds 1c and 1f demonstrated a very weak activity against CYP 2D6, CYP 3A4, and hERG ion channels., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Region

Database

Publisher

255 results on '"Omar, HA"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources