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Oil slick detection by synthetic aperture radars (SAR) is a proven and commonly used operational technique, which showed that the seas of the Mediterranean are often polluted by oil and oily products. For the period 2003-2011, the Envisat and Radarsat-1 SAR images were available for analysis, thanks to the several projects. About 300 SAR images have been analysed over the Middle and Southern Adriatic Sea, in order to detect marine oil spills and other phenomena causing similar signatures. Analysing many oil spills detected in the Adriatic Sea, their sizes were determined between 0.1 km2 and 108 km2. Most of the spills were located along the main shipping routes, especially in the ship corridor along the Adriatic Sea axis. They were, most probably deliberate slicks released from ships during transportation or fishing operations, while suspected source of the largest spills is tank washing or illegal discharges., Detekcija uljnih mrlja sintetičkim satelitskim radarom (SAR) provjerena je i najčešće korištena operativna tehnika, koja je pokazala kako je Sredozemno more često zagađeno uljem i sličnim proizvodima. Zahvaljujući nekolicini projekata Envisat i Radarsat-1 SAR slike su za razdoblje 2003-2011 bile dostupne za analizu. Analizirano je oko 300 SAR slika srednjeg i južnog Jadrana, kako bi se otkrile pojave naftnih mrlja i druge pojave koje imaju sličan signal na satelitskim snimcima. Otkrivena su mnoga izlijevanja nafte u Jadranu, čije su površine bile između 0,1 km2 i 108 km2. Većina izlijevanja je smještena uz glavne brodske rute, osobito u brodskom koridoru duž osi Jadranskog mora. To su vjerojatno ulja namjerno izlivena s brodova tijekom prijevoza ili ribolovnih operacija, a najčešći slučajevi izlijevanja su pranje brodskih spremnika ili nedozvoljena pražnjenja tankova.

The first cartographic maps in Croatia were issued without numeric data, so that they contained only descriptive information related to solve property-juridical relations (e.g. land ownership, cadastre, levying of tax etc.).The first and the oldest known cartographic document which shows the extent and partly the urban structure of Zagreb area is the cartographic presentation performed by the military engineer Nikola Angielini in 1566. In 1673 Stjepan Glavač drew a map of Croatia in the scale 1:220, 000, which was based on the land survey showing for the first time the Zagreb area and a part of Croatia in details. As surveying and cartography were developed, the needs for more precise and complete maps, cadastral maps and plans have been increasing. So, in 1766 A. L. Kneidinger produced a map of Zagreb area in the scale 1:25, 200. That was the first survey document having standard contents, being expressed through topographical signs which were related to settlements, waters, ways, woods and the relief. In the 18th century a map become a common document and an obligatory enclosure (e.g. the map the District of the Zagreb issued in the scale 1:7, 200, made by J. B. Bachini in 1785). In the 19th century the second Franciscan land-survey was prepared. As result, in 1853/54 the map of the wider area of Zagreb was made in the scale 1:14, 400. In the same century the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy started the new land surveying (1839), and carried out the new topographic mapping in the scale 1:75, 000.

Dana je vijest o održavanju EARSeLova simpozija u Hrvatskoj 2004. godine.

The Karst area in the Dinaric Alps, has been chosen for the analyses of OPS and SAR imagery obtained by JERS-1, renamed "Fuyo l", satellite. The main object was to evaluate the ability of JERS-1 imagery to detect and map various geological and geomorphologic features, rock discrimination and erosion in karst environment. The task also was to compare the data registered on JERS-1 images with existing geological maps, Landsat TM data and aerial-photogeological data. The image processing has been done and various images have been produced, including the stereopair of OPS images and the "Pseudo-stereo" of SAR images. On the interpreted images many geological and geomorphologic data, particularly karst features have been registered., Japanska svemirsko-razvojna agencija NASDA povjerila je glavnom istraživaču (M. Oluiću) ocjenu vrijednosti JERS-1 snimaka u geoistraživanjima krških područja. Test područje, izabrano je u Dinaridima, sjeverno od Splita. JERS-1 je prvi satelit iz kojeg je snimana Zemlja istovremeno optičkim i radarskim postupkom. Iz tog satelita po prvi put je izvršeno prostorno (stereoskopsko) snimanje Zemlje, iz iste putanje. Digitalna obrada snimaka, analiza i interpretacija izvršene su u GEOSAT-u, Zagreb i na Imperial koledžu u Londonu. Na analiziranim stereosnimcima registrirani su brojni geološke-tektonski i geomorfološki podaci, osobito oni većih dimenzija. Utvrđeno je da se JERS-1 snimci mogu uspješno koristiti pri geoistraživanjima krških terena.

Knjiga GIZIS – prikriveno autorstvo.

Opisane su značajke geografskih informacijskih sustava (GIS). Izdvojena su dva osnovna pristupa za prikaz prostornih komponenti geografskih informacija: vektorski model i rasterski model. Detaljno je opisan rasterski model s rasterski strukturiranom geometrijom. Dat je usporedni prikaz vektorskog GIS-a (vektorski strukturirana geometrija) i rasterski orijentiranog GIS-a, pri čemu su navedene njihove prednosti i nedostaci. Opisane su digitalne snimke i njihovo procesiranje, kao jedan od najvažnijih izvora podataka za rasterski GIS., The paper reviews the main features of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). There are two fundamental approaches to the representation of the spatial component of geographic information: the vector model and the raster model. The raster model, a raster structured geometry, is described in detail. The comparison of vectorial GIS (vector structured geometry) and raster oriented GIS, as well as its advantages and disadvantages is also presented. Digital images and digital image processing, as one of the most important sources of information for raster GIS are described.

O metodi daljinskih istraživanja.

Novi postupci aeroprospekcije i njihove mogućnosti primjene u geološkim istraživanjima.

A frequent and quite normal situation in the crisis management is an instance of uncertainty and a lack of amount, structure, time adequacy and quality of information and data, thus the decisions makers and reacting managers have to deal with this problem. In the technologic project TP-06/0007-01 was implemented Decision Support System (DSS) for the area reduction for mine action management on a strategic level through the use of data fusion methodological approach and the upgrade of the results from SMART project . Although the DSS was applied on the problems of the humanitarian mine, it has wider potential and could be applied in other crisis situations. Data fusion methodological approach is based on (1) the interpreted and fused multi-sensor imagery collected by aerial reconnaissance and surveillance, (2) enhanced and extracted indicators of mine presence and indicators of mine absence, (3) the formalized expert knowledge, (4) on the combined contextual data, (5) the spatial data provided by geographic information system (GIS) and (6) on the data contained in other information systems (e.g. Mine Information System (MIS) of the mine action centre (MAC)). The generic solutions from SMART have been integrated with data fusion methodological approach and implemented in the form of the DSS. SMART is intended to provide some of this additional information that would help in two ways: it can reinforce the suspicion of some places and reduce the suspected area on others. Output of the DSS at the final stage consist of three maps: (1) the map of mine danger measure, (2) confidence map of indicators of mine presence and indicators of mine absence, (3) the map of spatial stability of results. The methodological combination of three of them enables the validation or dismissal of areas proposed for reduction, thus they are suitable for practical use in mine action management of the humanitarian demining.

An airborne multisensor system was developed and realized in the frame of the project, its primary aim is to provide the airborne civil service of the reconnaissance and the surveillance in the crises' situations and the protection of environment. This is a multipurpose airborne remote sensing system. Besides its primary role it will serve as the laboratory for the research in different scientific disciplines too. The paper considers requirements, approaches and experience of the identification and the calibration of the system. There are two reasons that require the identification and the calibration of the system: first, to use full potential of applied sensors ; second, to provide set of the operational parameters that enable variety of the applications. The goal of the first case is to assess the relevant reference characteristics of used sensors in the ideal conditions (single sensor, no processing, no movement, a well defined scene, no transmission and the compression of the imagery). The available technical data for used sensors are not complete, only basic information is available, and the calibration and identification serve to provide the reference (ideal) characteristics of sensor. When implemented in the system, the characteristics of the particular sensors will be degraded ; the measure of the degradation will serve as a criterion for the evaluation of the design of the system. For the secon case (different applications of the system), it is necessary to identify and to calibrate the basic operational characteristics of the whole system and not only of the isolated sensor in the ideal conditions. When the basic operational characteristics of the airborne multisensor system were determined the estimation of their behavior is possible for changeable conditions. The considered airborne multisensor acquisition systwm form the following subsystems: a) passive digital electro optical sensor, b) acquisition hardware, c) acquisition software, d) synchronization subsystem, e) positioning and orientation subsystem, f) control of imaging angles for two sensors, g) radio transmission of the selected imagery from the aerial platform to the ground, h) subsystem for the navigation, i) moving map, j) subsystem for the automatic tracking of the aerial platform by GPS-GSM. The most important feature of the considered systemis its ability to parametrically geocode images oving to data collected by inertial measuring unit and GPS and the use of the software for the parametric geocoding (PARGE). In the system are applied following sensors: 1) hyperspectral line scaner V9 that can work in sampling or in the imaging mode ; 2) multispectral camera MS-3100 ; 3) longwave infrared (thermal) camera Photon, 4) color video camera Sony FCB-IX11AP ; 5) digital photo color camera Fuji FinePix S2. A hyperspectral scanner V9 covers up to forty-five channels and the multispectral camera MS-3100 covers four channels in the visible and near infrared wavelengths.Thermovision camera Photon works in the long-wave infrared range from 7.5 to 13.5 micrometers. Other two sensors cover red, gren and blue channels in the visible wavelengths. Calibration includes measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF), ground resolving distance (GRD), radiometric response for used channels (except for V9), and spatial acuraccy. For the radiometric calibration is used target Spectralon SRT-MS-180 (LabSphere), for hyperspectral sensor is provided ground truth measurement by means of the FieldSpec 3 Spectroradiometer (ASD), for Photon are used data of the temperature collected by data loggers. Extensive calibration and identification was performed and the airborne multisensor system is now provided by a rich set of the characterustics.

The wild fires of the vegetation are in the Mediterranean countries very frequent, the fire fighting requires extensive resources, material losses are significant and casualties of firefighters are one of the worst consequences. Due to large spatial extension, and the duration of several days, many of the vegetation wild fires are often demanding for advancement of the firefighting technology. In Croatia is the existing organization a mixture of the public professional firefighting brigades and firefighter volunteers and it can successfully cope with smaller and medium vegetation wild fires. In the case of the dynamic spreading of the fires at larger area and lasting more than day or two, these resources are not sufficient. There are several approaches how to improve efficiency of the available fire fighting resources and they are related to costly organizational changes, change of funding scheme, purchasing the new technology etc. Nevertheless, to the future of the started processes, the training of the fire fighting commanding officers and operations managers is a constant need and it is part of the normal activity. One part of the education and training not implemented yet is the training for management and commanding in larger and spatially and temporally changing fires of the vegetation, requiring more firefighters (e.g. more than 100). The vegetation fires in the year 2007. In the coastal region, especially in the Dubrovnik – Neretva County, show all deficiencies of the existing fire fighting system in the Republic of Croatia and stress the need for urgent and significant advancements.

Tectonic movements in the Adriatic region during the last 2000 years can be observed through architectural studies of Roman villas on the eastern Adriatic coast. The structures built at the shorline in the first century are today partially submerged and provide some indications of the extent to which sea level has risen since antiquity. Maritime villas were opulent estates with architecture spread along the waterfront and on terraces above it, and where the sound of waves reached every room. The changes in the sea level are most visable in the remains of harbour installations and water-front structures , such as jetties, piers, stone-built embankments and fishponds(piscinae vivariae), which are today below the sea surface at all villas on the eastern Adriatic coast. The coast of the eastern side of the Adriatic has sunk, while ancient sites on western , Italian coast, like Spina and Adria(two important ancient port sites), are today found at some distance from the coast, which has risen. According to recent studies(R. Bennet), the reason for these changes is the motion of the Adriatic microplate. Precise measurements of the coastal sinking at the villa sites could provide evidence for the rate of the tectonic change. Our research to date has shown that the sea level has risen about 2 meters since antiquity, at the rate of about 1mm per year. This process is expected to continue. The mesurements of the xcisting levels of embankments, floor of the waterfront porticos and of piers at several major sites have shown different values between the sites in Istria and those in Dalmatia. This would indicate not only sinking but also bending of the Adriatic microplate.

This article describes the research and the activities undertaken in the last ten years (1998-2008)on the development of a civilian airborne system for reconnaissance and surveillance. The development starts as a part of postgraduate program at the Faculty of Transport and Traffic sciences, University of Zagreb. The aim was to built a multipurpose airborne laboratory for remote sensing research.The initial system consisted of a consumer television camera enclosed in remote controlled gimbal, mounted on a light aircraft. This image acquisition system was enhanced with visible/near IR camera and hyperspectral scanner, during the scientific project funded by the European Commision Airborne Minefield Area Reduction (ARC) and Space and Airborne Mined Area reduction Tolls (SMART), aimed on a mine suspected area reduction. The thermal IR camera and the positioning and orientation system, all installed on adjustable pod to be mounted on different aircraft and helicopter platforms, were added during a project aimed specifically on airborne multisensor reconnaissance and surveillance in crisis situations and the protection of the environment funded by MInistry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic Croatia. Todax the developed airborne multisensor acquisition system is operational and ready to acquire images and data in the current minefield reduction and environment protection projects

We have used the vegetation fire growth simulation software Farsite to simulate the spatio-temporal evolution of two historical vegetation fires that occurred on the Adriatic islands of Korčula in 1998 and Lastovo in 2003. The spatial, vegetation, meteorological and agrometerological data have been obtained from various national agencies. The historical fire perimeters have been collected by firefighting commanders. By selecting the appropriate fuel models from the extended set of fuel models in Farsite, we have obtained a very good match between the simulated fire perimeters and observed ones. The sets of fire models corresponding to the Mediterranean vegetation on these two islands will be used as the starting point for the calibration of Farsite for the operational use in the Croatian firefighting organization.

In this study, we investigate small-scale characteristics and spatial variability of severe Bora flow in the wider Zadar area. Zadar is situated on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea in the region of northern Dalmatia. Due to the vicinity of the southern end of Velebit – the 145 km long coastal mountain range that forms part of the Dinaric Alps – the area less than 20 km inland from Zadar is known for high frequency of severe Bora. In contrast, in the city of Zadar, Bora is considerably less frequent and weaker compared to its surroundings. Knowledge of the space-time variability of Bora flow and its strong shear and turbulence in the wider Zadar area is very important for traffic safety, in particular of the air traffic at the nearby Zadar-Zemunik airport. During the winter-spring 2004/5 season, a new Scientec MFAS sodar system was deployed at the Zadar airport. The Zadar sodar provides continuous vertical soundings in the range from 40 to 700 m MSL at the temporal resolution of 10 minutes and the vertical resolution of 20 m. The availability of these continuous high-resolution wind profiles allows us to examine mesoscale variability at very short temporal scales. Due to the limitations of the sodar system and its vertical reach, we focus here on the analysis of data obtained between 50 and 500 m MSL. The sodar data reveal a significant variability in the wind speed and direction during the severe Bora events. The maximum Bora speeds were observed in the layer between 300 and 700 m. The sodar also provides continuous measurement of vertical motions. The temporal variability of the vertical wind velocities evidences the existence of wave flow and turbulent mixing in the layers above 200 m by the alternation of patches of upward and downward motions. The observations are compared with results of very high-resolution numerical simulation carried out with the NRL COAMPS model. Initial simulation results indicate that the Bora flow never fully penetrated to the surface near the coast in the Zadar area. The simulation results also suggest that the primary mountain wave could be responsible for low-level flow separation over the steep terrain, leading to weak surface winds over Zadar, downstream of Velebit.

Relatively successful global performance of a particular SST algorithm can be misleading, concealing potentially large regional differences. We have therefore undertaken performance testing of globally derived SST coefficients in a local, geographically limited environment of the northern Adriatic. The in situ temperature data available for validation have come from two sources: Project Jadran, and Project ADRICOSM. The comparisons have been limited to the NOAA-16 and NOAA-17 AVHRR sensors and the MCSST and NLSST algorithms. The obtained results suggest that significant biases can exist in global-coefficient estimates, which local validation can ameliorate. Soon to be available set of buoy SST measurements, together with wider choice of algorithms (PFSST in particular), is expected to provide further quantita-tive evidence of the regional character of the Adriatic remotely sensed SST

The main issue of the work was the measurement of the response of particular channels of the VNIR high resolution camera aimed for the development of the radiometric calibration. The analysed VNIR camera has several controlable parameters: gain, integration (exposition) time, bias, separately for near infrared (NIR) and red (R), channels and common for green and blue (G/B) channels. The control of these parameters is possible during the airborne acquisition and this provides very flexible imaging system that can be matched to the actual visibility above the mapped terrain. The measurements show that the channels of the VNIR camera have very different responses in NIR and R channels in comparison to G/B channels, if the gain was changed from minimum to maximum. The particulary powerfull feature of the considered digital VNIR camera is the available dynamic range, it can be 8 bits (from one to all four channels) or 10 bits (from one to three channels). Preliminary measurements and analysis show that 10 bits range enables robust mode of imaging during the changeable visibilty. The price for this is increase of the requirment to the memory of the acquisition system. The selection of the imaging parameters is not strightforward, it depends strongly on the features of the mapped scene. Recent analysis was performed with aim to enable production of the mosaics in visible (V) or in colour and the infrared bands (CIR). These mosaics serve as background for the subjective in-terpreetation of the shown scene, while outputs were landuse thematic map in CORINE methodology and specific features (vectors). Due to radiometric imperfection of the considered VNIR camera, the obtained VNIR images are radiometricaly distorted. The analysis of the influ-ence of the radiometric features of acquired images was performed on raw and on calibrated images, by analysis of the quality of the classification. The obtained results enable conclusion that the well calibrated digital VNIR camera can provide automated detection of objects in the scene and their thematic interpretation that was not possible on panchromatic digital ortho photo image map.

In 2003, an internal research at the Institute of Archaeology prepeared the use of remote sensing in archaeological survey methods. The town of Sisak was selected as a research area. It is our goal to obtain a general understanding of the location through the old plans and cadastral map and other archaeological sites through literature and campaigns.