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Introduction:breast cancer is the most common malignancy in females worldwide and a major cause of cancer-related deaths in both developing and developed countries. The objective of this study was to determine the socio-demographics, pattern of presentation and management outcome of breast cancer patients. Methods:clinical records of confirmed breast cancer patients between January 2011 and December 2015 at the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria were reviewed. Results:eighty two breast cancer patients were seen. Their ages ranged from 26-95 years (mean 48.9 ± 14.9 years, median 47.5 years). Eighty one (98.8%) were females and the majority (65.4%) were premenopausal. The peak age of incidence was in the 4thdecade. All patients presented with breast lump with mean duration of 9.49±6.1 months and size ranging from 2 to 16cm (mean 7.9±3.4 cm). Ten (12.2%) patients presented early, 61 (74.4%) were locally advanced while 11 (13.4%) had distant metastases. Fifty one (62.2%) patients had mastectomy. Only 38 (46.3%) patients completed six courses of chemotherapy. None had immunohistochemistry but they all routinely took tamoxifen. Only 4 (4.9%) had radiotherapy. Nineteen (23.2%) died within a year of presentation. The follow-up period ranged between 1 and 44 months (mean, 10.3 months). Thirty one (37.8%), 19 (23.2%) and 8 (9.8%) patients were seen during the first, second and third year of follow up respectively. Conclusion:breast cancer mostly affects young premenopausal women presenting in advanced stage in our setting. The generally poor outcome is not unconnected with late presentation and inadequate diagnostic and treatment facilities.

Growing evidence shows that the experience of sexual coercion is fairly prevalent among young people and is associated with risky sexual behavior thereafter. This study compared patterns and correlates of sexual coercion among young people in northern and southern Nigeria. This cross-sectional comparative study investigated sexual coercion among 12,626 young women aged between 15 and 24 years. Respondents were all selected from all six geopolitical zones in Nigeria and divided into three northern and southern zones respectively. Relevant information was extracted from a nationally representative sample of young women from the NDHS survey data and analyzed using SPSS for windows Version 16. About 54% of respondents in spousal relationship in the northern part of Nigeria reported occasionally being physically forced to sex when not wanted compared to about 46% southern Nigeria. About, 74% of respondents in the south had been sexually coerced or forced by persons other than partner compared to 26% in the north. Majority of perpetuators were strangers (22.2%), and friends or acquaintances (20.3%). This study indicates that spousal sexual coercion was more common in northern Nigeria while sexual coercion occurring in non-spousal relationships was more prevalent in southern Nigeria.

Background (TA) n repeat sequence (rs8175347) of UGT1A1 gene promoter polymorphism is associated with serum bilirubin levels and gallstones among different sickle cell anaemia (SCA) populations. There are no data on UGT1A1 polymorphisms and their impact on Nigerian SCA patients. In this study, we determined the distribution of the UGT1A1 (TA) n genotypes among a group of young Nigerian SCA patients and healthy controls. In addition, the influence of UGT1A1 (TA) n genotypes on the laboratory and clinical events among the patients was determined. Methods The distribution of the UGT1A1 (TA) n genotypes among 101 young Nigerian SCA patients and 64 normal appropriate controls were determined and studied. The UGT1A1 (TA) n genotypes were further classified into subgroups and used to differentiate the clinical events and laboratory parameters of the patients. Results Four (TA) n alleles:(TA)5, 6, 7, and 8 were found. These were associated with 10 genotypes: TA5/5, 5/6, 5/7, 5/8, 6/6, 6/7, 6/8, 7/7, 7/8, 8/8. The normal (wild-type)-(TA) 6/6), low- (TA) 7/7, 7/8, 8/8), intermediate- (TA) 5/7, 5/8, 6/7, 6/8), and high-activity (TA) 5/5, 5/6,) genotypes were found in 24.8, 24.8, 41.5, and 8.9% patients and 20.3, 15.6, 61, and 3.1% controls respectively. The general genotype distribution of the patients and control group were not significantly different. There were significant differences in serum bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the patients when differentiated by the UGT1A1 (TA) n genotypes (pp = 0.0033. Although, bilirubin and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) of patients with gallstones were significantly different from those without gallstone, only the serum bilirubin was associated with UGT1A1 (TA) n genotypes on multivariate analysis (p Conclusion This study highlights the contribution of UGT1A1 polymorphisms, a non-globin genetic factor, to the laboratory and clinical manifestations of young Nigerian SCA patients for the first time. It also shows that children with co-inheritance of low UGT1A1 (TA) n affinity genotypes may be at risk of gallstone, hence the need to follow them up.

This study sought to highlight associated factors and evaluate outcomes of motorcycle-related injuries (MCRI) among adults managed in a university teaching hospital in south-western Nigeria. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 150 adult patients presenting with MCRI at the adult accident and emergency unit of the hospital. Information on the use of helmet, alcohol intake, number of pillion passengers, type of collision and time of arrival at hospital was collected. Patients were followed up and questionnaires were completed after discharge, referral or death. The male to female ratio was 4:1 with patients aged 20-29 years (n = 44, 29.3%) having the highest incidence of MCRI. Only 4 (2.7%) patients used helmet at the time of injury. About one-third of the patients (n = 59, 39.3%) arrived at the hospital within 1-6 hours after injury. The limbs were the most frequently involved site of injury, hence orthopaedic procedures constituted the highest number of interventions. Mortality rate was 10.7% (16 out of 150) with head injury being the leading cause. MCRI requires more emphasis on preventive measures. This will play a crucial role in the reduction of the associated morbidity and mortality.

Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a valuable radiological procedure for imaging the female reproductive tract. This study highlights the spectrum of HSG findings among women presenting for gynaecological imaging in a tertiary health institution in Ado-Ekiti, South western Nigeria. Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted between October 2014 and September 2015. The study population consisted of 134 women presenting at the Radiology department with request forms for HSG. Pelvic ultrasonography was done using a 3.5MHz transducer prior to HSG. Imaging findings were documented, results were entered into a spread sheet and analysed using SPSS version 20. Chi square was used to determine association between tubal occlusion, age, type of infertility and previous history of surgery. Statistical significance was set at p-values

Introduction : breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women in the world with one million new cases diagnosed worldwide annually. In Nigeria, late presentation is common due to poor screening practices. We conducted this study to determine mammography awareness of the study population, prevalence of breast cancer by clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography; and the accuracy of CBE compared with mammography.

Objective: The aim was to assess the use of optic nerve sonography (ONS) as a quick, noninvasive diagnostic test tool for detecting raised the intracranial pressure (ICP). Materials and Methods: A prospective blinded observational study was conducted at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The study population consisted of 160 adult patients referred to the radiology department for cranial computed tomography (CT) scan. There were 80 subjects and 80 controls. Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) was measured by a radiologist using a 7.5 Megahertz ultrasound probe while cranial CT was reviewed by other radiologists blinded to the ONSD. Results: Sixty-nine subjects (86.3%) had intracranial space occupying lesions (SOL) with cranial CT confirmed features of increased ICP, mean binocular ONSD of 5.7 ± 0.59 mm while 11 (13.7%) had intracranial SOL without any cranial CT evidence of increased ICP, mean binocular ONSD of 4.8 ± 0.39 mm. The difference of mean ONSD of the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). The controls had a mean binocular ONSD of 4.5 ± 0.22 mm and the difference in mean binocular ONSD for subjects with raised ICP and the controls were also statistically significant (P = 0.0001). A cut-off value of 5.2 mm (sensitivity 81.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 69.9–89.6], specificity 100% [95% CI: 71.5–100]) was obtained from the receiver operator characteristics curve as the mean binocular ONSD that best predicts raised ICP confirmed by at least a sign on cranial CT. Conclusions: Optic nerve sonography can differentiate between normal and elevated ICP and may serve as a useful screening tool in resource-limited practice.

Background: A multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of head and neck masses is crucial to achieving optimum patient care and enhancing diagnostic accuracy for definitive treatment. This is exemplified by the clinical and radiopathologic correlation of head and neck masses subjected to diagnostic evaluation using ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in a tertiary health institution. Subjects and Methods: A prospective study was carried out on 51 patients with head and neck lesions referred to the FNAC Clinic of the Department of Anatomic Pathology of Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The study was conducted over a period of 2 years between February 2014 and January 2016. The FNAC was done under imaging guidance with a 7.5 MHz ultrasound probe. Clinical, radiological, and pathological findings were correlated. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 15. Results: The study population consisted of 12 (23.5%) males and 39 (76.5%) females. The age range was 2–80 years with a mean age of 44.7 ± 18.4 years. A significant proportion (80.4%) of the masses was located in the anterior neck. Multinodular goiter (n = 22, 43.1%) was the predominant clinical diagnosis. On ultrasonography, the predominant echotexture of the masses was heterogeneous (n = 29, 56.9%), only 4 (7.84%) of the masses had internal calcifications while the predominant composition of the masses was a mixture of solid and cystic portions (n = 30, 58.8%). There was a strong radiopathologic correlation (Spearman correlation value of 0.910). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided FNAC of head and neck masses provides a synergistic approach to patient care and should be encouraged in our setting for optimum diagnostic yields.

Early diagnosis and treatment achieved through Mammographic screening plays a key role in the reduction of breast related morbidities and mortalities in middle and low income countries. This study highlights the spectrum of digital mammography findings in a tertiary health institution in Ado-Ekiti, South western Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive study of clients who presented for digital mammography at a newly equipped hospital was conducted within a year. The mammograms were reviewed by two radiologists and overall imaging findings were classified using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR-BIRADS). Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0. A total of 154 clients with age range of 37 to 85 years (mean age of 51± 9.6years) underwent mammography during the study period. There was one male and 153 females out of which 69(45.1%) were postmenopausal while 84(54.9%) were premenopausal. Major clinical indications for mammography included routine breast cancer screening (N= 59, 38.3%), breast lump (N= 43, 27.9%) and breast pain (N=34, 22.1%). Mammograms were normal in 37(24.0%), inconclusive in 51(33.1%) and abnormal in 66(42.9%) clients. Abnormal mammographic findings included various forms of calcifications (N=56, 36.4%), breast opacities/masses (N=42, 27.3%), axillary lymphadenopathy (N=14, 9.0%), focal glandular asymmetry (N=10, 6.5%) and architectural distortion (N=6, 3.9%). About 55(35.7%) patients underwent additional imaging with ultrasonography, out of which 32(58.2%) had positive sonographic findings. The use of ultrasonography for additional imaging in cases of inconclusive mammograms improves the diagnostic yield. A greater proportion of the clients had mammography done for diagnostic reasons rather than screening purposes. Hence there is the need for increased awareness of screening mammography among the women in resource constrained settings.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths among women in many parts of the world and screening practices play a vital role in its prevention and early detection. This study sought to assess the level of awareness, determine the attitude and document breast cancer screening practices among respondents. A cross-sectional descriptive survey of 150 respondents was conducted at the Department of Radiology of a tertiary health facility in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The study population consisted of female patients referred for breast imaging. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was analysed using SPSS version 16, Chicago USA Inc. Respondents presented for breast imaging due to breast related complaints (75.2%) as opposed to routine medical screening for breast cancer (24.8%). A total of 43 (28.7%) respondents had breast ultrasound scan done previously, 105 (70%) had practiced breast self examination (BSE) before, while 54 (36%) had clinical breast examination (CBE) done previously. Among those aged 40 years and above (n=67, 44.7%) only 18 (26.9%) had a previous mammographic screening. Overall attitude to BSE was good (56%) but attitude to CBE was negative (69.3%). Respondents’ occupation was found to have a significant association with attitude towards BSE (p=0.001). The logistic regression analysis of predictors of awareness of mammography showed that women aged 40 years and above are more likely to be aware of mammography as a screening tool for breast cancer (OR=3.05,P= 0.012; 95%CI 1.28-7.27). There is a need for increased awareness and adoption of breast cancer screening practices in our environment in order to engender a reduction in breast cancer morbidity and mortality.

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in women with highest mortality in developing countries due to late presentation. The decision to remove both breasts through preventive bilateral mastectomy among high risk individuals in developing countries would transcend social, cultural and even spiritual boundaries. Preventive mastectomy if considered among women at high risk, can significantly reduces the life time risk of developing breast cancer. The study compared willingness to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy among women who reside in urban and rural communities in South-West Nigeria. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. The quantitative study was a cross-sectional comparative survey among 680 women aged 20 years and above selected using a multi-stage sampling technique from two predominantly rural and urban Local Government Areas. Participants were interviewed using semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires. In the qualitative study, focus group discussion sessions were held with the women in both rural and urban areas and analysed using detailed content analysis and results presented with Z-Y tables. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS software version 16.0. Results: Results showed that One hundred and sixty seven (49.1%) and 132 (38.8%) of women in urban and rural areas respectively were willing to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy as a primary prevention strategy if they are identified to be at high risk. (χ 2 =7.3, P = 0.007). For those who were unwilling to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy as an option for breast cancer prevention, the commonest reasons were cosmetic-related (disfigurement and scars). The determinants of willingness to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy among women in rural areas were: self-perceived risk in urban areas and level of education (P = 0.035). Respondents at high self-perceived risk of breast cancer in rural areas were 1.94 times more likely to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy compared with those at average self-perceived risk (OR 1.94, CI 1.22-3.08). Conclusions: The study concluded that respondents with increased knowledge of breast cancer, high level of educational attainment and high self-perceived risk of breast cancer were more likely to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy as a primary prevention strategy if found to be at high risk for developing breast cancer.

Tumors of the paranasal sinuses are rare. Most patients present with an advanced stage of the disease because initial symptoms are often ignored or thought to be due to other less serious conditions that may affect the head and neck region. A case of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary antrum mimicking invasive fungal sinusitis is discussed. The patient had radiological investigation with computed tomography (CT) scan displayed in axial, coronal, and three-dimensional (3D) sagittal reconstruction views. A wedge biopsy of the mass was sent for histopathology and fungal studies for definitive diagnosis.

Background: In an effort to enhance the value of early detection of breast cancer, attempts are now being made to relate a woman’s perceived risk of developing breast cancer with her actual risk. Women at increased risk but who underestimate this risk may unnecessarily defer the benefits of screening. Objective: To compare the self-perceived risk for developing breast cancer with their objective risk, as determined by the objective breast cancer risk (OBCR) and the Gail’s risk score. Materials and Methods: Quantitative methods utilized a cross-sectional comparative study design. Six hundred and eighty women aged 20 years or older were interviewed using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and selected using a multistage sampling technique from two predominantly rural and urban local government areas. A study set criteria on the OBCR was determined and classified into average or high risk for developing breast cancer (AOBCR and HOBCR, respectively), based on whether or not the respondent showed any of the two of four strong risk factors for breast cancer. Objective risk was also determined using an Internet-based Gail’s breast cancer assessment tool. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 16.0. Qualitative methods comprised focus group discussion sessions for women in both rural and urban areas, which were analyzed using detailed content analysis, and the results were presented in Z–Y tables. Result: The result of this study suggested that majority of women did not accurately assess their risk of developing breast cancer as nine in 10 women at high risk underestimated their true risk of developing breast cancer. Using the study set criteria, about one in 20 respondents were assessed to have HOBCR. Among women in rural communities, about 95% and 4% revealed AOBCR and HOBCR, compared with 93% and 11% of women in urban communities showing AOBCR and HOBCR, respectively. The Gail’s risk assessment tool was able to classify just two (5.6%) respondents as being at a high risk of developing breast cancer. The sensitivity of the Gail’s model when applied to the respondents was 5.56%. Conclusion: The study showed that OBCR has a potential of being used as a high-risk screening tool for breast cancer in middle- or low-resource setting. Therefore, clients who screen positively as HOBCR can subsequently be offered targeted screening, intensive health education, and counseling on various risk-reducing options.