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This master thesis deals with three different periods of anti-fascism activism in the Netherlands between 1945 and 1989. Using Dan Stone’s theory of the downfall of the anti-fascist consensus and Nigel Copsey’s concept of the anti-fascist minimum, it asks the question what role anti-fascism has played as a structuring force in Dutch politics in the post-war era. Three different waves of anti-fascism are identified, during which ideological components significantly varied, leading to different views of what constituted the fascist threat. The main argument is that anti-fascism provided the left with a discourse to express anxieties about the survival of democracy, was driven by shifting narratives and interpretations of World War II and formed a potential instrument for intra-left cooperation.

Background. We have investigated the effect of propofol on language processing using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods. Twelve healthy male volunteers underwent MRI scanning at a magnetic field strength of 3 Tesla while performing an auditory language processing task. Functional images were acquired from the perisylvian cortical regions that are associated with auditory and language processing. The experiment consisted of three blocks: awake state (block 1), induction of anaesthesia with 3 mg kg-1 propofol (block 2), and maintenance of anaesthesia with 3 mg kg-1 h-1 propofol (block 3). During each block normal sentences and pseudo‐word sentences were presented in random order. The subjects were instructed to press a button to indicate whether a sentence was made up of pseudo‐words or not. All subjects stopped responding during block two. The data collected before and after the subjects stopped responding during this block were analyzed separately. In addition, propofol plasma concentrations were measured and the effect‐site concentrations of propofol were calculated. Results. During wakefulness, language processing induced brain activation in a widely distributed temporofrontal network. Immediately after unresponsiveness, activation disappeared in frontal areas but persisted in both temporal lobes (block 2 second half, propofol effect‐site concentration: 1.51 µg ml-1). No activation differences related to the task were observed during block 3 (propofol effect‐site concentration: 4.35 µg ml-1). Conclusion. Our findings suggest sequential effects of propofol on auditory language processing networks. Brain activation firstly declines in the frontal lobe before it disappears in the temporal lobe. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 641-50

This bachelor thesis deals with the late 18th century writings by Helen Maria Williams on the French Revolution. Having experienced its many episodes firsthand, Williams gained both fame and notoriety in Great Britain because of her support for the revolution. Her first work, Letters Written in France (1790), described the revolution in sympathetic, even euforic, terms and was received well. However, with the dramatic increase of violence, the revolution lost supporters abroad, especially in Williams' native country. Although she emphatically opposed the Jacobin regime, Williams came under intense scrutiny, resulting to her becoming an intellectual exile. In this thesis the focus lies on her first work on the early revolution and later works on the Jacobin Terror, as well as on her reception in Great Britain.

Beim neonatalen Atemnotsyndrom ist die Beatmung der Frühgeborenen mit hohen Sauerstoffpartialdrücken eine oft lebensrettende Therapie. Durch diese therapeutische Hyperoxie entstehen allerdings vermehrt reaktive Sauerstoffspezies, die an der Pathogenese verschiedener Lungenerkrankungen beteiligt sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Modelle für oxidativen Stress in der Lunge zu entwickeln und die Mechanismen der oxidativen Schädigung näher zu charakterisieren. Folgende Modelle werden untersucht: 1. Untersuchung von isolierten Typ-II-Zellen aus Hyperoxie-exponierten bzw. Kontroll-Ratten (in vivo) und 2. Kultivierung isolierter Typ-II-Zellen in Gegenwart von H2O2 (in vitro). Wir zeigen in dieser Arbeit, das erst die Kultivierung von Typ-II-Zellen unter Basalbedingungen zu einem starken Anstieg der Expression von Hitzeschockproteinen (HSP) führt, wohingegen frisch isolierte Zellen keine HSP exprimieren. In Übereinstimmung mit der neueren Literatur schließen wir daraus, dass allein die basalen Zellkulturbedingungen für die Zellen ein Stressfaktor darstellen können. Unter 44-stündiger Hyperoxie steigt die Konzentration der PAF-ähnlichen Oxidationsprodukte von Phospholipiden (PAF-RC) lediglich im Blutplasma an, bleibt dagegen in der Lungenlavage unverändert. PAF-RC wirken über den Rezeptor des Thrombozyten-aktivierenden Faktors (PAF) proinflammatorisch und werden durch die PAF- Acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) abgebaut. Unter Hyperoxie ist die PAF-AH-Aktivität im Blutplasma unverändert, in der Lavage jedoch auf ein Drittel vermindert. Wir nehmen daher an, dass die hyperoxische Lungenschädigung weder durch eine verminderte PAF-AH- Aktivität noch durch die direkte Peroxidation von Surfactantlipiden in den Alveolen vermittelt wird. Wahrscheinlich wird die pulmonale Sauerstofftoxizität durch die Lipidperoxidation im Blutgefäßsystem oder –plasma verursacht. Unter H2O2-Stress werden in den Typ-II-Zellen zum einen ungesättigte Surfactantlipide oxidiert, zum anderen wird die Aufnahme von Palmi, Ventilation of preterm babies with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) using high oxygen pressures is often a life-saving therapy. A severe side effect of this therapeutic hyperoxia though, is the formation of reactive oxygen species that are involved in the pathogenesis of different lung diseases. This thesis is designed to develop models for oxidative stress in the lung and to further characterise the mechanisms of oxidative damage. The following models have been examined: 1. Examination of isolated type II cells from hyperoxia-exposed and control rats (in vivo). 2. Cultivation of isolated type II cells in the presence of H2O2 (in vitro). In this thesis we show that only by cultivating type II cells under basal conditions the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) is strongly activated, whereas freshly isolated cells do not express HSP. We conclude in accordance with the newer literature, that the basal cell culture conditions alone can represent a stress factor for the cells. Under 44 hours of hyperoxia the concentration of the PAF-like oxidation products of phospholipids (PAF-RC) rises only in blood plasma, but not in the lung lavage. PAF- RC act proinflammatory via the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor and are degraded by the PAF-Acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Hyperoxia does not affect the PAF- AH-activity in blood plasma, but decreases it to one third in the lavage. According to these findings we assume that neither the decreased PAF-AH activity nor the direct peroxidation of surfactant lipids in the alveoli cause hyperoxic lung injury. More likely the pulmonary surfactant toxicity is caused by the lipid peroxidation in the blood vessel system or blood plasma. Under H2O2 stress unsaturated surfactant lipids in the type II cells are oxidated on the one hand, on the other hand the palmitic acid uptake in the cells as well as the phosphatidylcholine synthesis is inhibited. The oxidative inhibition of glycerol-3- phosphate-acyltransferase (GPAT), the k

Ziel der Studie war es, an einem großen Patientenkollektiv den Einfluss möglicher Faktoren auf persistierende Beschwerden der Stimme und des Schluckens nach Anästhesie zu untersuchen, wobei als primärer Endpunkt das subjektive Befinden des Patienten definiert wurde.An 10.013 erwachsenen Patienten, bei denen zwischen 07/02-03/04 eine Intubation, Larynxmasken-, Maskennarkose oder Regionalanästhesie erfolgte, führten wir am 1. postoperativen (p.o.) Tag Befragungen hinsichtlich des Auftretens von Heiserkeit und Schluckbeschwerden mit einer visuellen Analogskala durch. Am 3. bzw. 7. p.o. Tag erfolgten gegebenenfalls weitere Befragungen. Im Falle des Fortbestehens wurde den Patienten eine phoniatrische Untersuchung angeraten.Nach einer Intubationsnarkose haben folgende Faktoren einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Entstehung der Beschwerden: Alter, Geschlecht, Intubationsdauer, Verwendung von Lokalanästhesie-Gel, Rachentamponade oder Magensonde sowie postoperatives Erbrechen. Keinen signifikanten Einfluss hatten der Ausbildungsstand des Anästhesisten sowie der Schwierigkeitsgrad der Intubation. Der phoniatrischen Diagnostik unterzogen sich 36 von 55 Patienten (65,5%), die noch am 7. p.o. Tag über Beschwerden klagten. Dabei waren in nur drei Fällen (0,04%) eine partielle Recurrensparese bzw. in einem Fall (0,01%) ein Stimmlippenhämatom nachweisbar. Nach einer Intubation tritt häufiger Heiserkeit auf als nach der Larynxmaske (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.8-3.1). Nach Larynxmasken gibt es häufiger Schluckbeschwerden als Heiserkeit (p<0.001), nach Intubationen ist es umgekehrt (p<0.001).

BACKGROUND: We have investigated the effect of propofol on language processing using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Twelve healthy male volunteers underwent MRI scanning at a magnetic field strength of 3 Tesla while performing an auditory language processing task. Functional images were acquired from the perisylvian cortical regions that are associated with auditory and language processing. The experiment consisted of three blocks: awake state (block 1), induction of anaesthesia with 3 mg kg(-1) propofol (block 2), and maintenance of anaesthesia with 3 mg kg(-1) h(-1) propofol (block 3). During each block normal sentences and pseudo-word sentences were presented in random order. The subjects were instructed to press a button to indicate whether a sentence was made up of pseudo-words or not. All subjects stopped responding during block two. The data collected before and after the subjects stopped responding during this block were analyzed separately. In addition, propofol plasma concentrations were measured and the effect-site concentrations of propofol were calculated. RESULTS: During wakefulness, language processing induced brain activation in a widely distributed temporofrontal network. Immediately after unresponsiveness, activation disappeared in frontal areas but persisted in both temporal lobes (block 2 second half, propofol effect-site concentration: 1.51 microg ml(-1)). No activation differences related to the task were observed during block 3 (propofol effect-site concentration: 4.35 microg ml(-1)). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest sequential effects of propofol on auditory language processing networks. Brain activation firstly declines in the frontal lobe before it disappears in the temporal lobe.