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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-vet-10.1177_03009858231185108 for Osteochondrosis in the central and third tarsal bones of young horses by Kristin Olstad, Stina Ekman, Sigriður Björnsdóttir, Cathrine T. Fjordbakk, Kerstin Hansson, Sigurdur F. Sigurdsson and Charles J. Ley in Veterinary Pathology

Additional file 4: Supplemental Figure 1. Ventral vertebral lesion represents ischaemic chondronecrosis in a 12 kg piglet. a. The secondary ossification centres (2��) are absent caudo-ventrally in T8 and cranio-ventrally in T9. There is a lesion centred at the junction between T8-T9; higher magnification of the tissue inside the dashed box is shown in b. b. The lesion consists of necrotic cartilage canal vessels (asterisks), surrounded by necrotic chondrocytes (within dashed lines), representing ischaemic chondronecrosis identical to limb osteochondrosis. Viable chondrocytes (arrows) on the margin of the area of chondronecrosis are proliferating. a. The intervertebral disc appears to be absent, prompting the question of whether the lesion represents failure of the blood supply to growth cartilage, to the intervertebral disc, or both. a-b. Para-sagittal histological section from T8-T9 of a 12 kg mixed-breed piglet; a. 10x; b. 100x magnification, haematoxylin and eosin.

Additional file 3: Supplemental Table 3. Elbow and stifle osteochondrosis in the study population.

Additional file 3: Supplemental Table 1. Annotations in the first 10 pigs.

Additional file 2: Supplemental Table 2. Distribution of the 875 articular process and rib joint lesions among the 30 articulation levels raw data.

Additional file 4: Supplemental Table 2. Intra-observer agreement on whether an anatomical region was positive or negative for osteochondrosis.

Additional file 1: Supplemental Table 1. Treatments administered during the boar test.

Supplemental Material, DS1_VET_10.1177_0300985819843685 for Osteochondrosis in the Distal Femoral Physis of Pigs Starts With Vascular Failure by Kristin Olstad, Bjørn Wormstrand, Jørgen Kongsro and Eli Grindflek in Veterinary Pathology

Table S1. Literature search. (DOCX 27 kb)

Supplemental Material, DS1_VET_10.1177_0300985818777786 for Septic Arthritis/Osteomyelitis May Lead to Osteochondrosis-Like Lesions in Foals by Bjørn Wormstrand, Liv Østevik, Stina Ekman, and Kristin Olstad in Veterinary Pathology

Avhandling utgitt ved Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences. Section for Equine Medicine and Surgery Osteochondrosis (OC) is a common disease that arises in the developing joints of people, horses, pigs, dogs and other species. OC is defined as a disturbance in enchondral ossification, and in horses, the disturbance is due to primary disease of growth cartilage. At the epiphyseal growth cartilage, the disturbance tends to occur at specific predilection sites, and can lead to the formation of partially or completely detached fragments, or subchondral bone cysts, at these sites. The fragments consist of cartilage with or without bone. Whereas articular cartilage is avascular, growth cartilage has a rich blood supply during the early phases of development through so-called cartilage canals. Cartilage canals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of OC in pigs and horses. Osteochondrose (OC) er en vanlig sykdom som oppstår under utviklingen av ledd hos mennesker, hester, griser, hunder og andre arter. OC er definert som en forstyrrelse i den enchondrale forbeiningsprosessen, og hos hester oppstår denne forstyrrelsen som en følge av patologiske forandringer i vekstbrusken. I den epifyseale vekstbrusken oppstår forstyrrelsen på spesifikke, såkalte predileksjonssteder, og kan føre til helt eller delvis løse fragmenter (osteochondrosis dissecans, OCD), eller subchondrale bencyster, på disse stedene i leddet. Fragmentene består av brusk med eller uten benvev. Leddbrusk er avaskulær, mens vekstbrusk har en rikelig blodforsyning under de tidlige fasene av vekst gjennom såkalte karkanaler. Karkanaler har vært assosiert med patogenesen for OC hos griser og hester.

Background A significant heritability has been documented for articular osteochondrosis. Selection against osteochondrosis has historically been based on macroscopic evaluation, but as computed tomography (CT) now is used to select boars with optimal body composition it can potentially also be used to screen for osteochondrosis. False negative diagnosis will occur if defects have not developed or have resolved prior to screening at a single time point. The aim of the current study was to assess the suitability of the use of CT at a single point in time as a screening tool in piglets for articular osteochondrosis, which is known to be a highly dynamic condition in which lesions develop and resolve over time. Methods Male Landrace piglets (n = 18) were serial CT scanned from 2–8 times at biweekly intervals from 70–180 days of age. At each interval, 1–2 piglets were euthanased and the left distal femur processed for histological validation. Results A total of 795 defects were identified in the 112 available CT scans. Within the hind and fore limbs, the incidence of defects was highest in the stifle (n = 321) and elbow joints (n = 110), respectively. Ninety-eight per cent of the defects in the stifle and elbow joints had developed by the 7th examination interval when the piglets were a mean age of 159 days old. The proportion of defects that resolved was lowest in the stifle joint at 51% and highest in the elbow joint at 69%. Conclusions Scanning of the current piglets at an age of 159 days resulted in detection of 98% of the total number of defects that developed up to the maximum age of 180 days. The proportion of defects that resolved ranged from 51–69% for different joints, but may not adversely affect prevalence as this category of false negative diagnosis will result in selection of pigs that are disposed for healing. Optimally timed CT is a powerful screening tool for osteochondrosis.