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Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has hit minorities more profoundly than the majority society. We evaluated the interplay between ethnic minority identity, gender, and COVID-19-related attitudes and behaviours. Participants and procedure Using data from a survey carried out among both members of ethnic minorities in Poland and Mexico and the majority outgroups, we assessed the perception of the pandemic as a grave threat to the self and to the world, as well as compliance with the protective measures to stop the spread of COVID-19. We tested the effects of gender and minority versus majority status on protective compliance, and of the pandemic as a threat to the self and the world. Results A two-way ANOVA test with gender and ethnicity factors revealed significant effects of gender, ethnicity, and gender × ethnicity interaction. The effect of gender was significant for compliance with protective behaviours, threat to the self, and threat to the world. Women had higher mean levels of protective behaviours, perceptions of threat to the self, and perceptions of threat to the world than men. The effect of Indigenous ethnicity was significant for protective behaviours and threat to the world. The mean level of protective behaviours and threat to the world was higher for ethnic minority groups than for non-minority groups. Conclusions Maladaptive gender differences in COVID-19-related attitudes and behaviour are less prominent among people self-identifying as ethnic minority members.

Introduction Breasts are organs found in both male and female representatives. The main building blocks of the breast are fatty tissue and glandular tissue. As far as women are concerned, breast cancer is most commonly found in the upper outer quadrant. It is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide and is therefore an important public health issue. The latest data indicate that the problem of breast cancer currently affects more than 10% of women from all over the world. Importantly, it is the second most common cause of cancer-related death among women, after lung cancer. There are many factors that influence the prevalence rate of breast cancer. In general, they might be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable factors. In the following review, the emphasis will be put on the impact of non-modifiable factors on breast cancer risk and the strength of their impact. Factors that will be discussed include age, gender, ethnic and racial background, family history and genetic factors, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Material and Methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed and Google Scholar database, using following keywords: “Breast Cancer”, “Risk factors of Breast Cancer” and “Epidemiology of Breast Cancer”. Conclusion Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. In recent years, we have observed an increase in the incidence of this cancer among female representatives. The development of this cancer is influenced by many factors, which can be divided into two main groups: modifiable factors and non-modifiable factors. Importantly, it is advisable to undertake new research and initiatives to better understand the etiology of this disease and the factors affecting its development.

Introduction and purpose Microscopic colitis is multicausal inflammatory bowel disease, which affects mostly elderly, particularly women. It is a cause of chronic, watery diarrhea. MC usually presents macroscopically normal, thus diagnosis requires colonoscopy and histological examination of colonic biopsies. MC doesn’t increase risk of colon cancer. However, it leads to impaired patients’ quality of life and reduced living activity. This review aims to sum up the current state of knowledge about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of microscopic colitis. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: „microscopic colitis”, “microscopic colitis treatment”, „microscopic colitis pathogenesis”, and “ microscopic colitis diagnosis”. Conclusions Diagnosis of MC is often delayed due to similarity of clinical manifestation with other inflammatory bowel diseases, like IBS or IBD. Raising awareness about MC as a potential cause of chronic diarrhea can lead to earlier diagnosis and increased patients’ quality of life.

CHD is the most common birth defect with an incidence of 9 per 1,000 live births. The severity of the disease and the choice of treatment depend on the underlying anomaly. Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment that have led to more children with CHD reaching adulthood, disorders such as intestinal dysfunction, poor nutrition, and growth failure are still common in infants with CHD. Increased metabolic demand, decreased caloric intake, malabsorption, genetic factors, and fluid restriction can all result in an energy imbalance that negatively impacts morbidity and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, malnutrition is an important risk factor for adverse postoperative consequences. The state of nutrition affects growth and development, wound healing and the functioning of the immune system. Malnutrition affects both short-term and long-term postoperative outcomes. Recurrent infections caused by impaired immune system function and delayed healing of surgical wounds are considered short-term effects, while impaired growth, physical and cognitive development are seen as long-term effects. High postoperative mortality and morbidity, such as increased rates of hospitalization, delayed growth, prolonged recovery time, and longer hospital stays are associated with preoperative malnutrition. Appropriate nutrition protocols tailored to the requirements of patients with congenital heart disease help to improve short and long-term treatment outcomes. Nutritional and metabolic changes are age-dependent, and since this is a high-risk population, enteral and/or parenteral nutrition is difficult. Sources of increased metabolic demand in CHD include greater workload on the heart, pulmonary hypertension, and increased catecholamine secretion.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a collective term for heterogeneous metabolic disorders, the main factor of which is chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in insulin secretion or action. It affects the damage, dysfunction and performance of various organs. The aim of the study The purpose of this article is to discuss type 2 diabetes mellitus. Presentation of the mechanisms involved in it and the complications it causes in the various organs. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed data base. The research was done by looking through keywords such as: ,,type 2 diabetes”, ,,diabetic cardiomyopathy”, ,,diabetic nephropathy”, ,,diabetic neuropathy”, ,,diabetic foot”, ,,diabetic retinopathy”, ,, risk factors for type 2 diabetes”. Conclusions Many studies have shown that the presence of type 2 diabetes adversely affects the body. Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of organ complications, which significantly reduces the quality and shortens the life of patients. For that reason, care should be taken to reduce the incidence rate of this type of diabetes and to prevent and detect its complications early. Therefore, new initiatives and research should be undertaken to broadly understand the risk factors and mechanisms of developing type 2 diabetes complications.

Introduction: Sweat secretion is a physiological process controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and it operates independently of our will. Primary hyperhidrosis is a disease characterized by excessive sweating, which is thought to result from localized hyperstimulation of sweat glands by cholinergic sympathetic nerve fibers. It can be associated with significant occupational, physical and emotional impairment, as well as significant difficulties in social situations and personal relationships. Available therapies are limited by their short-term efficacy and, in some cases, significant side effects that can expose patients to potentially serious complications. One treatment for primary hyperhidrosis is chemodenervation of the sweat glands using botulinum toxin type A. Objective: To review the current literature and recent reports on hyperhidrosis treatment therapies. To discuss the mechanism of action and the role of botulinum toxin in treatment, as well as the potential risks associated with undertaking treatment. Materials and method: Literature review of PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct Conclusions: Intradermal injection of botulinum toxin A is an effective and safe therapy for severe axillary, palmar, forehead, neck and foot hyperhidrosis. Current knowledge does not indicate that this therapy is associated with dangerous complications. Unfortunately, it is not a method that permanently solves the problem of sufferers.

Abstract Background Variable relative biological effectiveness (vRBE) in proton therapy might significantly modify the prediction of RBE-weighted dose delivered to a patient during proton therapy. In this study we will present a method to quantify the biological range extension of the proton beam, which results from the application of vRBE approach in RBE-weighted dose calculation. Methods and materials The treatment plans of 95 patients (brain and skull base patients) were used for RBE-weighted dose calculation with constant and the McNamara RBE model. For this purpose the Monte Carlo tool FRED was used. The RBE-weighted dose distributions were analysed using indices from dose-volume histograms. We used the volumes receiving at least 95% of the prescribed dose (V95) to estimate the biological range extension resulting from vRBE approach. Results The vRBE model shows higher median value of relative deposited dose and D95 in the planning target volume by around 1% for brain patients and 4% for skull base patients. The maximum doses in organs at risk calculated with vRBE was up to 14 Gy above dose limit. The mean biological range extension was greater than 0.4 cm. Discussion Our method of estimation of biological range extension is insensitive for dose inhomogeneities and can be easily used for different proton plans with intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) optimization. Using volumes instead of dose profiles, which is the common method, is more universal. However it was tested only for IMPT plans on fields arranged around the tumor area. Conclusions Adopting a vRBE model results in an increase in dose and an extension of the beam range, which is especially disadvantageous in cancers close to organs at risk. Our results support the need to re-optimization of proton treatment plans when considering vRBE.

Proper and healthy sleep is an element of everyday life necessary for the proper functioning of the body. Unfortunately, a large part of humanity cannot experience proper rest, due to sleep disorders such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome, obturative sleep apnea and other diseases that complicate sleep. There are not many ways to treat sleep disorders and their use is often associated with difficulties in everyday life and side effects of the used methods. Work on this subject is still ongoing, with time there are more and more new possibilities and different, unconventional applications of substances discovered long ago. Plants containing cannabinoids have been known to mankind since ancient times. And this cannabinoids can have huge importance and contribute to the treatment and prevention of sleep disorders. Studies on the impact of these substances on sleep and sleep disorders are limited, which leads to the fact that in many countries their use is still prohibited. And therefore undertaking research on this topic requires a lot of effort. However, the data that has been collected so far on the subject of the influence of cannabinoids on sleep disorders carry optimistic information. Cannabinoids in the correct doses and ratio as to the content of individual subgroups can bring relief to people suffering from lack of proper sleep. However, the negative effects of these substances should not be forgotten. Chronic use, too high doses or improper application can have a negative impact on the quality of sleep.

HPV infection is one of the most common viral infection of the female and male reproductive tract worldwide. Most of the human papillomavirus infections cause no symptoms and go away on their own. Some infections develop into persistent infection, which can lead to the development of cancer of the cervix, anogenital, oral cavity and pharynx.In this paper, we focused on cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer in the world among women. More than 300,000 women died from this cancer in 2020. The invention and introduction of prophylactic HPV vaccines has played a significant role in reducing the number of viral infections, thus reducing the incidence of benign and malignant diseases caused by them and the mortality resulting from them. There are three vaccines on the pharmaceutical marketfor prevention of specific HPV infection. They are: a bivalent vaccine Cervarix, a tetravalent vaccine Gardasil and a nonavalent vaccine Gardasil 9. These vaccines are safe because they do not contain an attenuated virus particle, but their production is based on a virus-like particle of the main capsid protein L1-VLP. Gardasil 9 targets nine HPV types andcomparing to the other two vaccines it is the most effective at preventing the development of preinvasive cervical cancer. WHO recommends administering them to girls aged 9 to 14 in a two-dose schedule or from 15 years of age in a three-dose schedule. The side effects of the above-mentioned vaccines were mostly associated with a cutaneous reactions around the site of injection (pain, redness, swelling), and some people also experienced systemic symptoms such as a headache, a fever, vomiting, a dizziness, muscle pain and a diarrhea. The following article is an analysis of the current knowledge on the effectiveness and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccines based on publications available in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases.

Introduction and purpose: Ogilvie's syndrome is an acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon characterized by massive dilatation of the large intestine without mechanical obstruction. The aim of this publication is to review publications and case reports concerning this disease and therapeutic management. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Ogilvie's syndrome was first described in 1948. The assumed pathogenesis of the disease is increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and/or decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Most often it concerns hospitalized patients, in a serious general condition, after major injuries, operations, and pregnant or postpartum women. The importance of viral infections in the pathogenesis, including COVID-19 in recent years, is also indicated. It is important to eliminate possible organic causes of obstruction and to assess the diameter of the dilated bowel. Therapeutic options include conservative treatment, pharmacological treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, endoscopic bowel decompression and surgical treatment. Lack of medical intervention can lead to ischemia and intestinal perforation. Conclusion: Ogilvie's syndrome is a rare condition in which complications can be minimized with proper assessment, care and treatment. The progress of pharmacological and endoscopic therapy allows to reduce the need for surgical intervention, and thus - the patient's unnecessary burden.

Introduction The prostate gland is a small reproductive organ found in men. It consists of 3 zones: central, peripheral and transitional. The most common localization of prostate cancer in elderly men is the peripheral zone. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. It ranks second in terms of incidence and fifth in terms of lethality among men worldwide. There are many factors that contribute to the development of prostate cancer in men. We can divide them into two large groups: genetic factors and environmental factors. These include, among others: older age, ethnicity / race, positive family history, genetic predisposition, type of diet, obesity, smoking or higher height. Each of the above factors has a different impact on the incidence of prostate cancer, which has been demonstrated on the basis of the results of numerous studies and will be summarized in the following review. Materiał and Methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: „Prostate Cancer”, „Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer” and „Risk factors of Prostate Cancer”. Conclusions Prostate cancer is a serious problem affecting men all over the world. Every year we observe an increasing incidence of this disease, which makes prostate cancer one of the most common cancers affecting men. There are many factors affecting the occurrence of this cancer, but it is extremely difficult to study their exact impact on the development of prostate cancer. Therefore, new initiatives and research should be undertaken to broadly understand the etiology and risk factors of this cancer.

Introduction Meyer-Rokitanski-Küster-Hauser syndrome, also reffered to as Müllerian aplasia, is a congenital disorder characterized by agenesis or hypoplasia of the uterus and upper part of the vagina in female with normal female karyotype (46,XX). In these women the external genitalia have a normal structure and their internal endocrine organs function properly. Most often, this syndrome is diagnosed in adolescence due to primary amenorrhea. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed data base and Google Scholar data and published between 2011 and 2021. The research was done by looking through keywords such as:“Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome”, “MRKH syndrome”, “uterine agenesis” and “primary amenorrhea”, "vaginal agenesis", "uterus transplantation". Conclusions Recent scientific achievements have shown how much can be changed in the lives of patients with MRKH syndrome. It should be remembered that this is a disease that needs treatment by specialists in many fields. Treatment should include not only medical side of problem but also should take care of psychical side of patients life. During the last 10 years several advances have been made in MRKH syndrome research, especially within the fields of genetics, non-surgical management, and uterus transplantation as the first available fertility treatment.

Introduction and purpose Wilson’s disease is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder of copper metabolism. Its global genetic prevalence is estimated at around 1:30 000. However, in the case of many patients, it takes a long time to make a diagnosis, which delays introducing the right treatment. This review aims to gather current knowledge about clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Wilson’s disease. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: „Wilson’s disease”, „Wilson’s disease treatment”, „Wilson’s disease Pathogenesis”, and “Wilson’s disease Diagnosis”. Conclusions The diagnosis of Wilson’s disease is often delayed due to the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Screening of family members of people affected with Wilson’s disease can speed up the diagnosis in yet asymptomatic patients. Raising awareness about Wilson’s disease and diagnosing patients before the onset of serious symptoms may bring earlier diagnosis and improvement in the patient’s quality of life.

Out-of-field patient doses in proton therapy are dominated by neutrons. Currently, they are not taken into account by treatment planning systems. There is an increasing need to include out-of-field doses in the dose calculation, especially when treating children, pregnant patients, and patients with implants. In response to this demand, this work presents the first steps towards a tool for the prediction of out-of-field neutron doses in pencil beam scanning proton therapy facilities. As a first step, a general Monte Carlo radiation transport model for simulation of out-of-field neutron doses was set up and successfully verified by comparison of simulated and measured ambient neutron dose equivalent and neutron fluence energy spectra around a solid water phantom irradiated with a variation of different treatment plan parameters. Simulations with the verified model enabled a detailed study of the variation of the neutron ambient dose equivalent with field size, range, modulation width, use of a range shifter, and position inside the treatment room. For future work, it is planned to use this verified model to simulate out-of-field neutron doses inside the phantom and to verify the simulation results by comparison with previous in-phantom measurement campaigns. Eventually, these verified simulations will be used to build a library and a corresponding tool to allow assessment of out-of-field neutron doses at pencil beam scanning proton therapy facilities.

Since 2010, EURADOS Working Group 9 (Radiation Dosimetry in Radiotherapy) has been involved in the investigation of secondary and scattered radiation doses in X-ray and proton therapy, especially in the case of pediatric patients. The main goal of this paper is to analyze and compare out-of-field neutron and non-neutron organ doses inside 5- and 10-year-old pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms for the treatment of a 5-cm-diameter brain tumor. Proton irradiations were carried out at the Cyclotron Centre Bronowice in IFJ PAN Krakow Poland using a pencil beam scanning technique (PBS) at a gantry with a dedicated scanning nozzle (IBA Proton Therapy System, Proteus 235). Thermoluminescent and radiophotoluminescent dosimeters were used for non-neutron dose measurements while secondary neutrons were measured with track-etched detectors. Out-of-field doses measured using intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) were compared with previous measurements performed within a WG9 for three different photon radiotherapy techniques: 1) intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 2) three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CDRT) performed on a Varian Clinac 2300 linear accelerator (LINAC) in the Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland, and 3) Gamma Knife surgery performed on the Leksell Gamma Knife (GK) at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia. Phantoms and detectors used in experiments as well as the target location were the same for both photon and proton modalities. The total organ dose equivalent expressed as the sum of neutron and non-neutron components in IMPT was found to be significantly lower (two to three orders of magnitude) in comparison with the different photon radiotherapy techniques for the same delivered tumor dose. For IMPT, neutron doses are lower than non-neutron doses close to the target but become larger than non-neutron doses further away from the target. Results of WG9 studies have provided out-of-field dose levels required for an extensive set of radiotherapy techniques, including proton therapy, and involving a complete description of organ doses of pediatric patients. Such studies are needed for validating mathematical models and Monte Carlo simulation tools for out-of-field dosimetry which is essential for dedicated epidemiological studies which evaluate the risk of second cancers and other late effects for pediatric patients treated with radiotherapy.

PurposeThis study aims to characterize the neutron radiation field inside a scanning proton therapy treatment room including the impact of different pediatric patient sizes.Materials and MethodsWorking Group 9 of the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has performed a comprehensive measurement campaign to measure neutron ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), at eight different positions around 1-, 5-, and 10-year-old pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms irradiated with a simulated brain tumor treatment. Several active detector systems were used.ResultsThe neutron dose mapping within the gantry room showed that H*(10) values significantly decreased with distance and angular deviation with respect to the beam axis. A maximum value of about 19.5 µSv/Gy was measured along the beam axis at 1 m from the isocenter for a 10-year-old pediatric phantom at 270° gantry angle. A minimum value of 0.1 µSv/Gy was measured at a distance of 2.25 m perpendicular to the beam axis for a 1-year-old pediatric phantom at 140° gantry angle.The H*(10) dependence on the size of the pediatric patient was observed. At 270° gantry position, the measured neutron H*(10) values for the 10-year-old pediatric phantom were up to 20% higher than those measured for the 5-year-old and up to 410% higher than for the 1-year-old phantom, respectively.ConclusionsUsing active neutron detectors, secondary neutron mapping was performed to characterize the neutron field generated during proton therapy of pediatric patients. It is shown that the neutron ambient dose equivalent H*(10) significantly decreases with distance and angle with respect to the beam axis. It is reported that the total neutron exposure of a person staying at a position perpendicular to the beam axis at a distance greater than 2 m from the isocenter remains well below the dose limit of 1 mSv per year for the general public (recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection) during the entire treatment course with a target dose of up to 60 Gy. This comprehensive analysis is key for general neutron shielding issues, for example, the safe operation of anesthetic equipment. However, it also enables the evaluation of whether it is safe for parents to remain near their children during treatment to bring them comfort. Currently, radiation protection protocols prohibit the occupancy of the treatment room during beam delivery.

Within the change in the organization of social life and the decline in the importance of its collective regulators, issues concerning the body have been privatized and the body began to be seen as a reflexive project. The increasing interest in the body, ith health and image, should be situated in the context of changes in the rules that integrate the social system, which resulted in the individualism becoming basic form of sociality in Western societies. Analysis of strategies of body work shows that they are embedded in the lifestyle of the new middle class. The bodily practices characteristic for the ethos of the middle class emerged as a hegemonic ones, while obesity and negligence are presented in popculture as sins of the working class, which serves as the legitimisation of existing inequalities.

The aim of the study was to test whether proficient L2 users living in an L1-dominant environment would exhibit significant L2-L1 translation priming in a lexical decision task (LDT) and in a semantic categorisation task (SCT). Only a few previous studies have found significant L2-L1 priming in LDT whereas significant results have often been recorded in SCT but only for exemplars. In the present study, significant L2-L1 priming has been found in both tasks. Furthermore, in SCT L2-L1 priming was significant not only for exemplars but also for non-exemplars. However, the effect was stronger for exemplars than for non-exemplars. Such a pattern of results is discussed with respect to current models of lexical representation and language processing in bilinguals.

This essay reviews the following works: The Lords of Tetzcoco: The Transformation of Indigenous Rule in Postconquest Central Mexico. By Bradley Benton. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. viii +195. $99.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107190580. Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire. By Ross Hassig. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 186. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826357120. Pueblos within Pueblos: Tlaxilacalli Communities in Acolhuacan, Mexico, ca. 1272–1692. By Benjamin D. Johnson. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 252. $31.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781646420148. The Aztecs at Independence: Nahua Culture Makers in Central Mexico, 1799–1832. By Miriam Melton-Villanueva. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 249. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816533534. Portraying the Aztec Past: The Codices Boturini, Azcatitlan, and Aubin. By Angela Herren Rajagopalan. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2018. Pp. 212. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477316078. When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting That Changed History. By Matthew Restall. New York: Ecco Press, 2018. Pp. 526. ISBN: 9780062427267. Dressing the Part: Power, Dress, Gender, and Representation in the Pre-Columbian Americas. Edited by Sarahh E. M. Scher and Billie J. A. Follensbee. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2018. Pp. vii + 497. $125.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780813062211. The Woman Who Turned into a Jaguar: And Other Narratives of Native Women in Archives of Colonial Mexico. By Lisa Sousa. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 404. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780804756402. The Fifth Sun: A New History of the Aztecs. By Camilla Townsend. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp. xiii + 336. $29.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190673062.

Particle therapy is a growing cancer treatment modality worldwide. However, there still remains a number of unanswered questions considering differences in the biological response between particles and photons. These questions, and probing of biological mechanisms in general, necessitate experimental investigation. The “Infrastructure in Proton International Research” (INSPIRE) project was created to provide an infrastructure for European research, unify research efforts on the topic of proton and ion therapy across Europe, and to facilitate the sharing of information and resources. This work highlights the radiobiological capabilities of the INSPIRE partners, providing details of physics (available particle types and energies), biology (sample preparation and post-irradiation analysis), and researcher access (the process of applying for beam time). The collection of information reported here is designed to provide researchers both in Europe and worldwide with the tools required to select the optimal center for their research needs. We also highlight areas of redundancy in capabilities and suggest areas for future investment.

The paper relates the results of an ethnolinguistic vitality (ELV) survey among the Kashubs in Poland. The results reveal two interrelated layers of ELV: (1) an individual ELV reflected in language use and shaped by personal experience, emotions, and language proficiency; (2) a more collective ELV associated with the perception of the group's language strength, its status and utility. The most surprising predictor of linguistic praxis in our study, in addition to language skills, was the positive impact of experienced discouragement on language use. This remained significant when controlling for proficiency. We argue that the correlation between experiencing discouragement and increased language use is best explained by the self-empowerment of speakers who, earlier in their lives, met with negative attitudes toward their heritage language. Rather than succumbing to this discouragement and assimilating to the dominant language, their response was to develop an emotional link to Kashubian and increase their use of this minority language as a conscious act of self-determination and engagement.

The paper presents a method of forecasting the product surface topography after five-axis machining with a lens-shaped end-mill. Surface roughness is one of the key parameters considered when assessing the effectiveness of the machining process, especially in the aviation, automotive, tooling and medical equipment industries. The developed method, the first published, presented in the paper is based on the analytical equations of the trajectory of the cutting edge motion, on the basis of which the cutter action surface is generated. The developed model takes into account: cutting depth, cutting width, feed, lead angle and radial runout. Experimental studies were conducted using three different materials: 40HM steel, Al7035 aluminum alloy and Ti Grade 5 titanium alloy. Various values of the cutting width parameters and different feeds were used in the tests. Based on the results of the experimental tests, an empirical model (response surface model) was determined and was then used to verify the simulation model. The simulation results and the results of experimental tests were compared and conclusions were drawn regarding the developed models. The developed models supported by numerical simulation can be used to approximately estimate the influence of the width of cut br and feed ft on selected height characteristics Sa and Sz^ of the geometric structure of the surface (GSS) after machining with a lens-shaped end-mill in terms of the process parameters adopted in the tests. It was found that the influence of the ft on the Sa and Sz^ is greater for small values of br. The effect of br is greater with lower ft values. The cutting width br has the greatest influence on Sa and Sz^, and ft and the interaction of these parameters has the least influence.

Breast implantation (BI) is the most common plastic surgery worldwide performed among women. Generally, BI is performed both in aesthetic and oncoplastic procedures. Recently, the prevalence of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) or breast implant illness (BII) has aroused concerns. As a result, several countries, like Australia, Korea or the United Kingdom, introduced national registries dedicated to the safety and quality of BI surgeries. This narrative review aimed to focus on the clinical challenges, management and the current state of knowledge of BI. Both short and long-term outcomes of BI are determined by various alternatives and differences, which surgeons must consider during the planning and performing breast augmentation along with further complications or risk of reoperation. Proper preoperative decisions and aspects of surgical technique emerged to be equally important. The number of performed breast reconstructions is increasing, providing the finest aesthetic results and improving patient’s quality of life. Choice of prosthesis varies according to individual preferences and anatomical variables. A newly diagnosed cases of BIA-ALCL with lacking data on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are placing it as a compelling medical challenge. Similarly, BII remains one of the most controversial subjects in reconstructive breast surgery due to unspecified diagnostic procedures, and recommendations.

Introduction: Thanks to development of technology, new noninvasive techniques of coronary arteries evaluation, such as Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) were introduced. Nowadays tomographs are characterized by spatial and time resolution sufficient for reliable assessment of coronary arteries. Moreover, the dose of radiation taken by patient was substantially decreased. Two main methods of evaluation were introduced. Examination performed without contrast agent enables quantitive assessment of coronary arteries calcification by so called Agatston score. Another method performed after contrast injection is Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) Goal: This studies purpose was to determine the role of Calcium Score in assessment of Coronary Arteries Disease (CAD) advancement Materials and methods: In this study the results of 100 consecutive patients (45% men, mean age 55 ± 8.9 years) were analyzed. All patients had a positive ECG stress test score. With a 64-row CT scan, coronary artery imaging of all patients was performed. The descriptive analysis of the group was based on information obtained from referrals issued by cardiologists to the MSCT. Analyzed parameters were: age, gender, indication for referral, Calcium Score and final diagnosis. Results: In most cases (84%) of patients with positive ECG stress test score, MSCT excluded significant changes in coronary arteries. Also, the correlation between Calcium Score and sex and diagnosis was proven. Conclusions: MSCT and Calcium Score enables to find patients without significant changes in coronary arteries and positive ECG stress test and to reduce the number of referrals to coronarography.

Measurements of the active surface microgeometry of the grinding wheel by contact and optical methods are commonly used to obtain a cloud of points representing the surface of the examined tool. Parameters that can be determined on the basis of the above-mentioned measurements can be universal parameters, which are commonly used to assess the geometric structure of a surface or parameters taking into account specific properties of the grinding wheel active surface (GWAS) structure. This article proposes a methodology for determining the average level of binder, which allows the definition the cut-off level required to separate from the measurement data: (i) the areas representing grains, (ii) the areas of gumming up of the grinding wheel, and (iii) deep cavities in approximately the same places on the investigated grinding wheel, regardless of the degree of its wear. This, in turn, allows one to track changes in characteristic parameters computed from measurements of texture in the above-mentioned areas due to different GWAS wear processes. The research was based on the analysis of data obtained from measurements of single-layer grinding wheels using the replica technique. The adopted measurement methodology enables measurement of approximately the same (94% coverage) areas of the GWAS at four stages of grinding wheel operation. Errors that were computed related to the determination of the volume of abrasive on the GWAS at various stages of wear using the developed methodology were lower, on average, by 48% compared to the automatic recognition of islands made with a commercial software.

Tomaszewski Michał, Kozioł Maciej, Kozioł Jadwiga, Zadrąg-Olko Agnieszka, Tomaszewski Andrzej, Łuczyk Robert. Wartość diagnostyczna MSCT w chorobie niedokrwiennej serca u pacjentów z dodatnią próbą wysiłkową = Diagnostic value of MSCT in ischemic heart disease in patients with positive exercise test. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(5):341-348. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.53148 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3529 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.05.2016. Revised 25.05.2016. Accepted: 25.05.2016. WARTOŚĆ DIAGNOSTYCZNA MSCT W CHOROBIE NIEDOKRWIENNEJ SERCA U PACJENTÓW Z DODATNIĄ PRÓBĄ WYSIŁKOWĄ Diagnostic value of MSCT in ischemic heart disease in patients with positive exercise test Michał Tomaszewski1, Maciej Kozioł2, Jadwiga Kozioł1, Agnieszka Zadrąg-Olko3, Andrzej Tomaszewski1, Robert Łuczyk4 1Klinika Kardiologii, Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny nr 4 w Lublinie 2Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 3Oddział Onkologii Klinicznej, Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Wojewódzki im. Papieża Jana Pawła II, Zamość 4Katedra Interny z Zakładem Pielęgniarstwa Internistycznego Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie Abstract Introduction: The ECG stress test remains the most popular non-invasive diagnostic tool in coronary vascular disease (CVD) diagnostics. However, it is characterized by low sensitivity (50%), thus, it was marginalized in the latest ESC guidelines for myocardial revascularization. The development of imaging techniques provided medicine with new methods of non-invasive diagnostics for coronary CVD. One of those techniques is multislice computed tomography (MSCT), which sufficient time and spatial resolution allows a reliable assessment of the coronary arteries. High negative predictive value of this method is particularly important, as it allows the waiver of further conservative treatment, tests and invasive procedures. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the usefulness of MSCT in CVD diagnostics in patients with positive ECG stress test. Methods: The study was conducted on 100 consecutive patients (65% females, mean age 55 ± 8,9 years) with positive ECG stress test result. All of the patients underwent a CT scan of coronary arteries on 64 row CT. The retrospective analysis was based on the data obtained from the referrals issued by doctors of cardiology clinics. Analyzed parameters were: age, sex, BMI, the character of a referral (stable, urgent, sudden), blood pressure, heart rate and CCS class of a patient. Results: Most (84%) of the patients with positive result of ECG stress test, had no significant changes in their coronary arteries, only 16% had advanced changes. Statistically significant correlations between age, sex, indications for diagnostics and diagnosis were proven. Also, the correlation between Calcium Score and diagnosis was demonstrated. Conclusion: Conducting an MSCT imaging in patients with positive ECG stress test can lower the number of patients referred for an invasive treatment. Key words: CVD, coronary vascular disease, ECG stress test, MSCT. Abstrakt Wstęp: Elektrokardiograficzna próba wysiłkowa pozostaje najpopularniejszym nieinwazyjnym narzędziem w diagnostyce choroby niedokrwiennej serca. Ze względu na swoją niską czułość została ona zmarginalizowana w najnowszych wytycznych ESC dotyczących rewaskularyzacji mięśnia sercowego. Rozwój technik obrazowania dostarczył jednak nowych metod obrazowania naczyń wieńcowych. Jedną z tych metod jest wielorzędowa tomografia komputerowa (MSCT), charakteryzująca się wystarczającą rozdzielczością czasową i przestrzenną, by możliwa była wiarygodna ocena naczyń wieńcowych. Szczególnie ważna jest wysoka ujemna wartość predykcyjna tej metody, która pozwala na uniknięcie niepotrzebnych dalszych badań czy inwazyjnych zabiegów. Cel badania: Celem badania było ustalenie wartości MSCT w diagnostyce choroby niedokrwiennej serca u pacjentów z dodatnią próbą wysiłkową. Materiały i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono wśród 100 kolejnych pacjentów (65% kobiet, średni wiek 55± 8,9 lat) z dodatnim wynikiem elektrokardiograficznej próby wysiłkowej. U wszystkich pacjentów wykonano obrazowanie tętnic wieńcowych za pomocą 64-rzędowego tomografu komputerowego. Retrospektywna analiza opisowa grupy została oparta na informacjach uzyskanych ze skierowań wystawionych przez lekarzy z poradni kardiologicznych na badanie MSCT. Analizowanymi parametrami były: wiek, płeć, BMI, tryb skierowania na badanie (przypadek stabilny, pilny, nagły), ciśnienie krwi, częstość akcji serca oraz klasa CCS do której zakwalifikowano pacjenta. Wyniki: U większości (84%) pacjentów z dodatnim wynikiem próby wysiłkowej badanie MSCT nie wykazało istotnych zmian w tętnicach wieńcowych, tylko u 16% pacjentów stwierdzono zaawansowane zmiany. Udowodniono istotne statystycznie korelacje między wiekiem, płcią i wskazaniem do wykonania badania a ostateczną diagnozą. Wykazano także korelację między wynikiem Calcium Score a diagnozą. Wnioski: Wykonanie badania MSCT u pacjenta z dodatnim wynikiem elektrokardiograficznej próby wysiłkowej może obniżyć liczbę pacjentów kierowanych do leczenia inwazyjnego. Słowa kluczowe: choroba wieńcowa, choroba niedokrwienna serca, elektrokardiograficzna próba wysiłkowa, MSCT.