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The maize cultivation trial was conducted at the Research and Experimental Field "Radmilovac" of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade in 2022 on the soil type luvic chernozem in completely randomized blocks. The cropping system included tillage with a disk harrow at 25-30 cm with complete incorporation of winter wheat crop residues and tillage with a harrow before sowing. Basic fertilizer was applied in the fall at 500 kg ha-1 NPK (15:15:15). The following microbiological fertilizers were used for top dressing in spring: Biofertilizer ("Slavol", manufacturer "Agrounik" Serbia) with 5 l ha-1 in two treatments and Eko lame with 10 l ha-1 in 3 treatments. The top dressing in the control variant was done with nitrogen fertilizer AN at the rate of 60 kg ha-1 N. Maize varieties (ZPSC 666) were used. The maize was grown in a six crop rotation. Statistical analysis confirmed that top dressing had a greater effect on morphological, productive characteristics and grain yield of maize. The highest grain yield was achieved in the variant with the “Eko Lame” fertilizer (5900 kg ha-1) and the lowest in the control treatment (3500 kg ha-1). The differences achieved were statistically very significant. In addition to the analysis of the grain yields obtained, a similar trend was found by comparing the morphological and productive characteristics of the maize plants obtained. The correlation-regression analysis of the obtained data showed a statistically positive dependence of the grain yield on the height of the plant, the length and width of the maize cob, and on the mass of grains per plant and the kernel weight.

The experiment with low-input technology of soybean was conducted at the research and study field "Radmilovac", Faculty of Agriculture Belgrade in 2022 on the luvic chernozem soil type, in completely randomized blocks. Cropping system included tillage with a disc harrow at 20-25 cm with the complete previous crop residues incorporation and the pre-sowing tillage with a harrow. The basic fertilization was conducted in autumn with 300 kg ha-1 NPK (15:15:15). For top dressing in spring, the following microbiological fertilizers were applied: biofertilizer ("Slavol", manufacturer "Agrounik" Serbia) with 5.0 l ha-1 in two treatments and Eko lame 10 l ha-1 in three treatments. The top dressing in the control variant was done with nitrogen fertilizer AN at the rate of 40 kg ha-1 N. The soybean (NS Maximus) cultivars were used. The crop was grown in a six-crop rotation (winter wheat-maize-spring barley+red clover-red clover-soybean-sunflower). Statistical analysis confirmed that top dressing had a greater effect on the productivity of soybean. The highest grain weight per plant (30.4 g) and absolute weight (180.2 g) was achieved with the microbiological fertilizer Eko Lame, the lowest with the control variant (18.1 and 178.6 g). The differences achieved were statistically very significant. This led to a statistically very significant increase in grain yield of this variant (3400 kg ha-1) compared to the control (2800 kg ha-1), i.e. a significant increase compared to foliar fertilization with Slavol (3280 kg ha-1). The use of microbiological fertilizers had an effect on the increased competitiveness against weeds and the increase in grain yield.

Slabija kontrola, naročito višegodišnjih korova, izražena je u poslednje vreme kako u održivim, tako i konvencionalnim sistemima zemljoradnje. Kontinuirano se mora raditi na iznalaženju što povoljnijih rešenja u pogledu izbora sistema obrade, plodoreda i drugih alternativnih rešenja u cilju smanjenja zavisnosti kontrole korova od primene herbicida. Efikasnost u kontroli korova zavisi od izbora sistema obrade zemljišta u konstelaciji sa svim ostalim agrotehničkim merama (izbor sorte, gustina useva, vremena setve, đubrenja), kao i faktora koji su pratioci proizvodnje (tip zemljišta, meteorološki uslovi i dr.). Ispitivanje uticaja sistema obrade zemljišta na zakorovljenost ozime pšenice obavljeno je na "Radmilovcu" eksperimentalnom dobru Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Zemunu. Ozima pšenica je gajena posle kukuruza u okviru četvoropoljnog plodoreda (kukuruz-ozima pšenica-jari ječam+crvena detelina-crvena detelina) na zemljištu tipa izluženi černozem tokom dve godine: 2021/22 i 2022/23. U ispitivanjima bila su uključena tri sistema obrade zemljišta: konvencionalni sistem obrade zemljišta –oranje raoničnim plugom na 25 cm dubine i predsetvenu obradu tanjiračom i drljačom; sistem zaštitne obrade zemljišta - obrada izvedena čizel plugom bez prevrtanja ornice na dubinu 25 cm koja ostavlja preko 30% žetvenih ostataka na površini zemljišta sa tanjiranjem i drljanjem i sistem bez obrade zemljišta zasnovan na direktnoj setvi, sa ostavljenom celokupnom masom žetvenih ostataka. U okviru svakog sistema obrade zemljišta primenjena su dva nivoa prihranjivanja ozime pšenice sa azotom (60 i 120 kg ha-1) i kontrolna varijanta (bez prihranjivanja). Prihranjivanje je obavljano u fazi bokorenja sa mineralnim đubrivom KAN (25-27%N). Površina elementarne parcele bila je 6 m2 sa gustinom setve od 650 klijavih zrna m-2. U zaštiti od korova isključena je upotreba herbicida. Za setvu korišćeno je originalno seme ozime pšenice Novosadske sorte Pobeda. Determinacija vrsta i uzorci korova za određivan

Kako bi učinila organsku proizvodnju dostupnijom kako potrošačima, tako i proizvođačima, Serbia Organika odnosno njen stručni tim, već nekoliko godina vrši terenska i online istraživanja i rezultate istih prezentuje u vidu stručnih i naučnih publikacija kako u Srbiji tako i u inostranstvu. S tim u vezi u toku 2020. i 2024. godine urađene su ankete u direktnom kontaktu u Beogradu i u Novom Sadu i online gde je obuhvaćena cela Srbija. Prema dobijenim rezultatima, osobe starosti od 25 do 50 godina najčešće kupuju organske proizvode. U odnosu na rezultate iz 2020. godine u 2024. godini u kategoriji ispitanika (25–35 godina) čak 83% više kupuje organske proizvode. Slična tendencija je zabeležena i u kategoriji starijih ispitanika (35–50 godina). Ipak cena i dalje predstavlja ograničavajući faktor pri kupovini organskih proizvoda, naročito za najstariju grupu potrošača (stariji preko 50 godina), iako su se u periodu između dve ankete cene u značajnoj meri izjednačile sa cenama konvencionalnih proizvoda. Uprkos tome, i dalje je nizak stepen informisanosti i nepoznavanje značaja koje za društvo i životnu sredinu pruža bavljenje organskom proizvodnjom dodatno utiču na stav velikog broja potencijalnih potrošača ove vrste hrane. U rezultatima ankete u 2024. godini primetno je bolje prepoznavanje organskih proizvoda i jasnije je istaknuta zdravstvena bezbednost organski proizvedene hrane prilikom odabira i kupovine organskih proizvoda. Veća je dostupnost i raznovrsnost organskih proizvoda u maloprodaji, a razvijeni su i različiti maloprodajni kanali. Ipak trgovački lanci predstavljaju najčešći način kupovine organskih proizvoda. U odnosu na 2020. godinu u anketi iz 2024. godine zainteresovanost za kupovinu organskih grickalica je značajno porasla, dok je potražnja organskog mleka i ostalih organskih mlečnih proizvoda veoma niska, što je i opravdano jer su neki od tih proizvoda u poslednjih nekoliko godina, kao što je mleko vrlo malo prisutni na tržištu, dok su mlečni proizvodi, In order to make organic production more accessible to both consumers and producers, Serbia Organika, i.e. its expert team, has been conducting field and online research for several years and presents the results in the form of professional and scientific publications both in Serbia and abroad. In this regard, surveys were conducted in 2020 and 2024 in direct contact in Belgrade and Novi Sad and online, covering the whole of Serbia. According to the results obtained, people between the ages of 25 and 50 buy organic products most often. Compared to the results from 2020, in the year 2024, in the category of respondents (25-35 years old), even 83% more buy organic products. A similar tendency was noted in the category of older respondents (35–50 years old). Nevertheless, the price is still a limiting factor when buying organic products, especially for the oldest group of consumers (older than 50 years old), although in the period between the two surveys, the prices have significantly equaled the prices of conventional products. Despite this, there is still a low level of information and lack of knowledge of the importance of organic production for society and the environment, which additionally affects the attitude of a large number of potential consumers of this type of food. In the results of the survey in 2024, there is noticeable better recognition of organic products and the health safety of organically produced food is more clearly highlighted when choosing and buying organic products. The availability and variety of organic products in retail is greater, and various retail channels have been developed. However, retail chains represent the most common way of buying organic products. Compared to 2020, in the survey from 2024, the interest in buying organic snacks has increased significantly, while the demand for organic milk and other organic dairy products is very low, which is justified because some of these products in the last few years, such as that milk is

The maize cultivation trial was conducted at the Research and Experimental Field "Radmilovac" of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade in 2022 on the soil type luvic chernozem in completely randomized blocks. The cropping system included tillage with a disk harrow at 25-30 cm with complete incorporation of winter wheat crop residues and tillage with a harrow before sowing. Basic fertilizer was applied in the fall at 500 kg ha-1 NPK (15:15:15). The following microbiological fertilizers were used for top dressing in spring: Biofertilizer ("Slavol", manufacturer "Agrounik" Serbia) with 5 l ha-1 in two treatments and Eko lame with 10 l ha-1 in 3 treatments. The top dressing in the control variant was done with nitrogen fertilizer AN at the rate of 60 kg ha-1 N. Maize varieties (ZPSC 666) were used. The maize was grown in a six crop rotation. Statistical analysis confirmed that top dressing had a greater effect on weediness of maize. The weed community in maize crops consisted of 15 weed species, with terophytes dominating: Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Veronica persica Poir. and Sonchus oleraceus (annual species) and Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Convolvulus arvensis L.and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (perennial species). The obtained results show that the highest number of weeds, weeds per species, fresh and air-dry biomass were recorded in the control variant. The statistically lowest values for the number of weed plants per species and fresh biomass, as the most important parameters of weed infestation, were recorded in the treatment with Eko lame. The differences in weed population in the variants with microbiological fertilizers were not statistically significant, while there were statistically very significant differences compared to the control. The use of microbiological fertilizers affected the initial faster development of maize plants and increased competitiveness against weeds.

The experiment with low-input technology of soybean was conducted at the research and study field "Radmilovac", Faculty of Agriculture Belgrade in 2022 on the luvic chernozem soil type, in completely randomized blocks. Cropping system included tillage with a disc harrow at 20-25 cm with the complete previous crop residues incorporation and the presowing tillage with a harrow. The basic fertilization was conducted in autumn with 300 kg ha1 NPK (15:15:15). For top dressing in spring, the following microbiological fertilizers were applied: biofertilizer ("Slavol", manufacturer "Agrounik" Serbia) with 5.0 l ha-1 in two treatments and Eko lame 10 l ha-1 in three treatments. The top dressing in the control variant was done with nitrogen fertilizer AN at the rate of 40 kg ha-1 N. The soybean (NS Maximus) cultivars were used. The crop was grown in a six-crop rotation (winter wheat-maize-spring barley+red clover-red clover-soybean-sunflower). Statistical analysis confirmed that top dressing had a greater effect on weediness of soybean. The weed community in investigated crops consisted of 11 weed species, with dominating: Solanum nigrum L., Polygonum aviculare L. and Avena fatua L., (annual species) and Convolvulus arvensis L. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (perennial species). The obtained results show that the highest number of weeds, weeds per species, fresh and air-dry biomass were recorded in the control treatment. The statistically lowest values for the number of weed plants per species were recorded in the treatment with Eko lame, but for fresh biomass in the treatment with Slavol. The differences in weediness in the variants with microbiological fertilizers were not statistically significant, while there were statistically very significant differences compared to the control. Application of microbiological fertilizers affected the initial faster growth of soybean plants and increased competitiveness against weeds.

In the last decade, the production and consumption of organic food have increased steadily worldwide. While there is increasing scientific evidence for biodiversity and environmental sustainability-related benefits of organic farming, there is still considerable scientific controversy about whether or not, and to what extent organic production methods result in food quality and safety, and human health gains. This review provides an update of the present knowledge of the impact of an organic versus a conventional food diet on health. Considering the nutritional value of organic products, the content of dry matter, minerals, vitamins and substances that give a better smell and taste of food, advantage is on the organic food side. In terms of the content of secondary metabolites of plants, products from organic production show significant advantages over products from conventional production. The content of polyphenols, carotenoids and vitamin C is 10-50% higher in products from organic production. The risk of food contamination by residues of pesticides and antibiotics is lower in organic than in conventional foods. Also, there is no evidence that there is a higher risk of microbiological and other natural toxins found in organically produced foods. Analyses of products from animal production, including milk, dairy products and meat, showed that products from organic production had significantly better characteristics compared to products from conventional production. This refers to the total content of useful fatty acids, especially the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), the content of which can be higher up to 60% in milk from organic production, then a better ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, higher antioxidant content and lower concentrations of drug and hormone residues in organic products.

Growing technology, especially tillage and fertilization of economically important crop species such as wheat, plays a very important role in weed control. Successful weed control in the crop in turn significantly affects the formation of grain yield, both in quantity and quality. The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of sustainable (mulch - and no- tillage) and conventional farming system on weed infestation of winter wheat. Basic fertilization was uniform (600 kg/ha NPK 15:15:15) while weed infestation differences between three levels of nitrogen fertilization in top dressing (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) were examined. The variety Pobeda, selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, served as the object of investigation. The examination was performed at "Radmilovac" on the experimental school property of the Faculty of Agriculture in Zemun within the four- crop rotation (maize-winter wheat-spring barley + red clover-red clover) on leached chernozem soil type in a two-year period. The system of conventional tillage showed the highest efficiency in the weed control (number of weed species and number of weed plants per species) of the two conservation systems. The next is the system of mulch tillage, which may be of interest for practice, while the system of no tillage had the lowest efficiency in the control of weeds, especially perennials. Increasing the amount of nitrogen in the top dressing reduces weeds in all tillage systems, mainly due to the stronger competitiveness of winter wheat. The highest fresh biomass of weeds was measured in the no-tillage system (especially in the second year of investigation) due to the significantly higher presence of perennial broadleaf weeds.

Organic products of winter wheat are believed to be more nutritious and safer foods compared to the conventional alternatives by consumers, despite the higher price of these products. The experiment with organic technology of winter wheat was conducted at the research and study field "Radmilovac", Faculty of Agriculture Belgrade in 2016/17 and 2017/18 year on the luvic chernozem soil type. Organic cropping system included tillage with a disc harrow at 20 cm with the complete maize crop residues incorporation and the pre-sowing tillage with a harrow. The basic fertilization was conducted in autumn with 3.000 kg ha-1 biohumus (commercial name „Biohumus Royal offert“, producer „Altamed“ Serbia) and top dressing in spring with 5.0 l ha-1 biofertilizer („Slavol“, producer „Agrounik“ Serbia). The common (cv. 'NS 40S') and durum (cv. 'Dolap') winter wheat cultivars were used, both developed and adapted for organic growing system. It was important to underline that organic cropping system, after 17 years of experiment (from the beginning of the establishment of the organic four-field crop rotation until 2017/18) increased soil organic matter, due to the application of organic fertilizer in combination with other practices as a part of this system (application of bio-fertilizers, incorporation of crop residues, etc.). Statistical analysis confirmed that year and genotype have greater impact on wheat productivity than their interactions. More favorable meteorological conditions in the first year led to obtaining significantly higher grain yields (4.84 and 4.45 kg ha-1) and a greater 1000-grain weight (41.6 and 40.2 g). There were also significant differences in the productivity of the studied wheat cultivars. The grain yield of common soft wheat (4.34 kg ha-1) was significantly higher than that of durum wheat (3.050 kg ha-1). The inclusion of high yielding genotypes, with enhanced utilization efficiency into low-input technology based on careful choice of cultural practices

The rhizosphere is a dynamic environment in which many parameters may influence biogenicity. The important factors determining the microbial community in the rhizosphere are plant and soil nutrient supply. The aim of this paper was to determine the abundance of basic microbiological groups in the rhizosphere of four wheat subspecies, in three fertilization treatments in the organic farming system. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. It was carried out on the leached chernozem soil type. There was significant variability in the abundance of the studied physiological groups of microorganisms between the wheat subspecies, as well as between the fertilization treatments. The rhizosphere of common wheat had the greatest abundance of fungi (24.37 x 103 g-1). The rhizosphere of compactum wheat had the largest abundance of oligonitrophilic bacteria (361.47 x 105 g-1) and amonificators (119.27 x 105 g-1). There were no significant differences in the abundance of actinomycetes between the cultivars of common, compactum and durum wheat, but their lowest number was found in the spelt wheat cultivar (11.25 x 103 g-1). The combined application of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer resulted in a significantly greater abundance of amonificators (56.6%), fungi (28.2%) and oligonitrophiles (14.6%) than in the control treatment. The results show that the crop variety and application of appropriate fertilizer formulations can influence the abundance of the studied groups of microorganisms. This is particularly the case in organic farming, which relies completely on natural resources and processes. Copyright © 2022 Jialin Yuan et al.

The aim of the study was to examine the impact of microbiological and organic fertilizers on morphological and productive characteristics of triticale during a three-year period (2009/10–2011/12). A two-factorial field experiment was arranged using a randomized block design with four replications. The object of the study was the triticale winter cultivar Odisej, and the following treatments were applied: a control variant without fertilization, microbiological fertilizer “Slavol” (Agrounik Serbia) 5.0 l ha-1, organic fertilizer “Biohumus Royal offert” (Altamed RS) 3.0 t ha-1 + microbiological fertilizer “Slavol” (Agrounik Serbia) 5.0 l ha-1. The results showed that the expression of the characteristics was significantly affected by the environment. The lowest values were obtained in the first year when the most unfavourable meteorological conditions were observed. The application of microbiological fertilizer had no impact on the stem length and grain weight per spike, but it significantly increased the number of fertile spikelets (3.7%), spike length (7.7%) and grain yield (18.6%). The combined application of fertilizers provided better results for all the examined characteristics, while in comparison with the control, the differences ranged from 4.3% for the number of fertile spikelets to 46.5% for grain yield. The strongest correlation was determined between the spike length and the number of fertile spikelets (r = 0.939**). The obtained results lead to the conclusion that under variable environmental conditions, the application of fertilizers has a significant impact on morphological and productive characteristics of triticale, and consequently on the stability of this crop production in the organic farming system., Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitivanje uticaja biohumusa i biofertilizatora na morfološke i produktivne osobine tritikalea u trogodišnjem periodu (2009/102011/12). Poljski ogled je postavljen kao dvofaktorijalni, po metodi blok sistema sa slučajnim rasporedom tretmana u četiri ponavljanja. Predmet ispitivanja bila je ozima sorta tritikalea, Odisej, a ispitivan je uticaj sledećih tretmana: kontrola bez đubrenja, biofertilizator (5,0 l ha-1), biohumus (3,0 t ha-1) + biofertilizator (5,0 l ha-1). Rezultati su pokazali da spoljašnja sredina ima značajan uticaj na ekspresiju ispitivanih osobina. Najmanje vrednosti dobijene su u prvoj godini, koja je imala i najnepovoljnije meteorološke uslove. Đubrenje je imalo statistički značajan uticaj na većinu ispitivanih osobina. Primena biofertilizatora nije uticala na dužinu stabla i masu zrna u klasu, ali je značajno povećala broj plodnih klasića (3,7%), dužinu klasa (7,7%) i prinos zrna (18,6%). Kombinovanom primenom đubriva postignuti su bolji rezultati za sve ispitivane osobine, a razlike u odnosu na kontrolu bez đubrenja kretale su se u nivou od 4,3% za broj plodnih klasića do 46,5% kod prinosa zrna. Najjača korelaciona povezanost ustanovljena je između dužine klasa i broja plodnih klasića (r = 0,939**). Dobijeni rezultati upućuju na zaključak da, u promenljivim uslovima spoljašnje sredine, primena dobro izbalansiranih formula organskih i mikrobioloških đubriva ima značajan uticaj na morfološke i produktivne osobine tritikalea, a samim tim na stabilnost proizvodnje ovog useva u sistemu organskog gajenja.

The beginnings of the development of organic production in Serbia are connected with the increase of the area under alternative small grain types, with which organic crop rotation began on many farms. The advantage of these species, except in terms of weed control in the beginning, especially if the soil is not used in production, is to provide the market with a high level of demanded and healthy food products. The needs for these products still exceed the amount produced, partly due to insufficient areas and largely due to lower grain yields of these growed species. There are a number of alternative plants that have been grown in the past, have been neglected and forgotten over time (spelt, buckwheat, etc.). However, today, before these species, new plant species are included in the production, which were not grown in our area before (quinoa, canary grass), and were very unknown to our producers. After a maximum of 100,000 ha under buckwheat (2015 year), the areas under this species are declining and so in 2019 year they amount to only 20,000 ha. Organic triticale production also had a maximum in 2015 (140,000 ha), but there was no significant decline in areas, so in 2019, a similar area remained. On the other hand, the areas under spelt have been constantly growing in the last ten years, from a modest few hundred ha in 2011, to almost 300,000 ha in 2019. Agricultural areas and soils of the Republic of Serbia have extremely favorable agroecological conditions for growing alternative small grain types in the system of organic production, especially on smaller areas. On the other hand, the fact that a certain amount of alternative small grain types is imported to Serbia, indicates that these plant species are not grown to the extent that they could, both in terms of importance and needs.

The examination of the effects of sustainable growing systems on the grain yield of winter wheat was conducted at the research and study field "Radmilovac" of Faculty of Agriculture (44o45’ N, 20o35’ E Serbia, 130 m above mean see level). Investigations was conducted in 2016/17 and 2017/18 on the luvic chernozem soil type, in completely randomized blocks. In intergrated growing system (IGS), based on low inputs, tillage was performed using a chisel plough at 25 cm with ≥30% of maize crop residues retaining on the soil surface and the pre-sowing tillage using a disc harrow and a harrow, basic fertilization in autumn with 600 kg ha-1 NPK and top dressing in spring with 60, 120 kg ha-1 N and control treatment, without top dressing. Two common winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare) Ilina and Zvezdana grew in this growing system. Statistical analysis confirmed that year, variety and top dressing had a significantly greater impact on grain yield and year and top dressing on weight of 1000 grains. Interaction of year*cultivar and year*top dressing had a significant effect on investigation parameters. More favorable meteorological conditions in the first year led to obtaining statistically significantly higher grain yields (5885.56:5585.56 kg ha-1). A higher yield per unit area was found in the Ilina variety (6012.22 kg ha-1) compared to the Zvezdana variety (5458.89 kg ha-1). With increasing N dose in top dressing, the weight of 1000 grains and the grain yield of winter wheat increased in both tested varieties (5437.5; 5704.17; 6065.00 kg ha-1). An integrated cultivation system on heavier soils has less positive effects than on soils with more favorable characteristics, especially in the higher dose of N.

Due to its positive effects on human health, hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) has increasingly been used as an alternative type of cereals in recent years. The main advantage of introducing hulless barley into various food products is a higher content of b-glucan than in other cereals and in particular common wheat. The aim of this paper was to examine morphological and productive characteristics, as well as the relationship and dependence between the studied characteristics of the hulless barley cultivar Goliat cultivated in an organic farming system. The mentioned characteristics were examined with regard to the weather conditions during three vegetation seasons (2009/2010-2011/2012) and with regard to fertilization. The impact of fertilization was monitored in the following treatments: T1 - application of biofertilizer in topdressing (5.0 l ha-1); T2fertilization using biohumus (3.0 t ha-1) and biofertilizer in topdressing (5.0 l ha-1); T0 - control - without the use of fertilizer and biofertilizer. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with four replications, on the soil type of leached chernozem. The results showed that the year had a very significant impact on all the examined characteristics. Fertilization did not have a significant impact on stem length and grain weight per spike. However, other observed characteristics showed significant changes depending on fertilization. The strongest correlation was found between harvest index and grain weight per spike (0.898**), as well as between spike length and number of fertile spikelets (0.877**). On the basis of the regression analysis equation, it was determined that with the unit increase in the number of fertile spikelets grain number per spike increased by 0.573., Zbog blagotvornog uticaja na zdravlje ljudi, poslednjih godina raste interes za upotrebom golozrnog ječma (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) kao alternativne vrste žita. Glavna prednost uključivanja golozrnog ječma u različite prehrambene proizvode proizilazi iz većeg sadržaja b-glukana u odnosu na običnu pšenicu, pa se takvi proizvodi često svrstavaju u funkcionalnu hranu. Cilj rada je proučavanje morfoloških i produktivnih osobina, kao i odnosa i zavisnosti između ispitivanih osobina ozime sorte golozrnog ječma (cv. Golijat) gajenog u organskom sistemu proizvodnje. Pomenute osobine su ispitivane u zavisnosti od vremenskih uslova tokom tri vegetacione sezone (2009/2010-2011/2012) i đubrenja. Uticaj đubrenja praćen je kroz sledeće tretmane: T1 - primena biofetilizatora u prihranjivanju (5,0 l ha-1); T2 đubrenje biohumusom (3,0 t ha-1) i biofertilizatorom u prihranjivanju (5,0 l ha-1); T0 - kontrola - bez primene đubriva i biofertilizatora. Ispitivanje je realizovano prema planu slučajnog blok sistema u četiri ponavljanja, na zemljištu tipa izluženi černozem. Rezultati su pokazali da godina, odnosno meteorološki činioci tokom vegetacione sezone ispoljavaju veoma značajan uticaj na sve ispitivane osobine. Đubrenje nije imalo značajan uticaj na dužinu stabla i masu zrna u klasu, dok su druge ispitivane osobine pokazale značajne promene u zavisnosti od delovanja ovog faktora. Značajnije efekte na proučavane osobine imala je kombinovana primena organskog đubriva i biofertilizatora u poređenju sa samostalnom primenom biofertilizatora. Najjača korelaciona povezanost ustanovljena je između žetvenog indeksa i mase zrna u klasu (0,898**), kao i između dužine klasa i broja plodnih klasića (0,877**). Na osnovu jednačine regresione analize utvrđeno je da jedinično povećanje broja plodnih klasića utiče na povećanje broja zrna u klasu za 0,573.

Durum wheat (Triticum durum or Triticum turgidum subsp. durum), has been increasingly used as an alternative type of cereals in recent years. The main advantage of introducing Durum wheat is its richness in carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins B and E and low gluten content. Therefore, these food products are usually classified as functional food. The aim of this paper is to examine morphological and productive characteristics, as well as the relationship and dependence between the studied characteristics, of the winter genotype of durum wheat (cv. Dolap) cultivated in an organic farming system. The mentioned characteristics were examined with regard to the weather conditions during two vegetation seasons (2009/102010/11) and with regard to fertilization. The impact of fertilization was monitored in the following treatments: T1  application of biofertilizer in topdressing (5.0 l ha-1); T2 fertilization using biohumus (3.0 t ha-1) and biofertilizer in topdressing (5.0 l ha-1); T0  control – without the use of fertilizer and biofertilizer. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with four replications, on the soil type of eutric cambisol. The results showed that the year, i.e. meteorological factors during the vegetation season, had a very significant impact on all the investigated parameters. Fertilization had a significant impact on the number of fertile spikelets and grain yield. The combined application of organic and microbiological fertilizer, especially in the second year, resulted in the highest value all of morphological, productive traits (except harvest index) and grain yield of durum wheat.

Kukuruz (Zea mays L.) predstavlja strateški važnu poljoprivrednu vrstu koja zauzima treće mesto po rasprostranjenosti u svetu. Ima široku upotrebu u savremenom živoitu čoveka, a prema nekim procenama industrijskom preradom kukuruza dobija se preko 500 različitih proizvoda. Pored navedenog značaja, kukuruz zauzima veoma važno mesto u plodoredu. Razvoj nauke je doprineo da kukuruz danas poseduje visok potencijal rodnosti. Osnova moderne selekcija kukuruza je u sistemu inbriding – hibridizacija. Kao mera ostvarene dobiti koristi se prosečno povećanje prinosa zrna na godišnjem nivou. Pored drugih agrotehničkih mera ovome je svakako doprinela i pozitivna interakcija svih činilaca od značaja za proizvodnju. Ovo je uticalo na određivanje cilja istraživanja kao osnove razumevanja ekspresije kvantitativnih osobina, prinos zrna i komponente prinosa zrna, kao zbira efekata genotipa, sredine i interakcije genotipa i spoljašnje sredine (GEI). Pod interakcijom genotipa i spoljašnje sredine se podrazumeva različito reagovanje genotipova na promenljive uslove spoljašnje sredine. Cilj ovog rada je da se odrede: ekspresija osobina, heterozis i nasleđivanje osobina u uslovima stresa izazvanog sulfonilureama i definiše način nasleđivanja ispitivanih osobina. Ovaj rad, takođe, treba da pokaže da li postoji i kolika je korelaciona povezanost ispitivanih osobina u uslovima stresa izazvanog različitim sulfonilureama i koja osobina najjače utiču na prinos zrna. Takođe, cilj ovog istraživanja je da se utvrdi varijabilnost osobina i stabilnost prinosa i drugih kvantitativnih osobina genotipova kukuruza, što će doprineti formiranje slike o prirodi varijabilnosti ispitivanih osobina, ali i samog prinosa zrna u različitim uslovima godine i lokaliteta pod uticajem stresa izazvanog sulfonilureama. Analiza interakcije treba da omogući izdvajanje pojedinačnih genotipova koji su pokazali najveću stabilnost i potencijal za prinos u različitim uslovima proizvodnje. Ovaj rad treba da bude od koristi kak, Maize is not only strategically important agricultural species but also is the third most widespread in the world. It is also widely used in modern life. According to some estimates, there are different maize products. Besides it is significance mentioned above, maize is regarded to have an inportant place in crop rotation. The developmend of science research has contributet to its high fertility potential. The base of moder maize selection is in inbreadin – hybridization. System in addition to certain scientific farming methods, a positive interaction among all important factors for production have contributet to that fact. This defined the aim of reserch as the base for understanding of expression of quantitative features, grain yeald and its components which is all the sum of genotype effects environment and interaction between genotype and environment (GEI). Genotype and environment means different reaction of genotype to changeable environmental conditions. The aim of research is to define: the expression of features, heterosis and inheritance of feauteres in stress conditionals caused by sulfonylureas and to define the way of inhertance tested features. The research should also present, if it exist, how big is correlative connection of tested features in stress conditionals caused by various sulfonylureas and which features influence grain yield most. Additionally, the aim of the research is to determine a feature variability and yield stability, and other quantitive features of maize genotypes, which will contribute to forming an image about the nature of variability of tested features and also of grain yield itself in different conditionals during the year and locality influenced by stress caused sulfonylureas. The interaction analysis should enable isolation of individual genotypes which showed the higes stability and yield potential in various conditions of production. The research should be of benefit to both the maize selectors and farmers in making choi

Effect of microbiological fertilizer (Slavol) and soil additives (zeolite and hydrogel) on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) yield was investigated in this paper. Trial was set up in the village of Radijevići, Serbia in agroecological conditions of mountain Zlatar (altitude 1,065 m) during a two-year period 2009 and 2010. A randomized complete block design with four replications was set up. In organic cropping system three combinations of microbiological fertilizer (Slavol) with zeolite and hydrogel were used prior to sowing. Different combinations of the microbiological fertilizer and the soil additives gave positive results especially in the second year of the trial. The best combination in organic cropping system was Slavol+hydrogel with foliar application of the microbiological fertilizer, which resulted in the greatest yield of buckwheat and this treatment can be recommended to producers. Buckwheat performed very well under limited conditions of acidic soil on high altitude in organic cropping system and it can be recommended as a very suitable crop for organic producers., U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj mikrobiološkog đubriva (Slavol) i oplemenjivača zemljišta (zeolita i hidrogela) na prinos heljde (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Ogled je postavljen u selu Radijevići u agroekološkim uslovima planine Zlatar na nadmorskoj visini od 1.065 m tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda 2009. i 2010. Ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja. U organskom sistemu gajenja su primenjene tri kombinacije mikrobiološkog đubriva sa zeolitom i hidrogelom pre setve useva. Sve varijante đubrenja su dale pozitivne rezultate u odnosu na prinos, naročito u drugoj godini istraživanja. Najbolja kombinacija u organskom sistemu gajenja je bila varijanta Slavol+hydrogel sa folijarnom primenom mikrobiološkog đubriva Slavola, koja je dala i najveći prinos heljde. Gajenje heljde pod limitiranim uslovima kiselog zemljišta na većoj nadmorskoj visini u organskom sistemu gajenja se pokazalo opravdanim i može se preporučiti proizvođačima.