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The sub-Jovian desert is a region in the mass-period and radius-period parameter space, typically encompassing short-period ranges between super-Earths and hot Jupiters, that exhibits an intrinsic dearth of planets. This scarcity is likely shaped by photoevaporation caused by the stellar irradiation received by giant planets that have migrated inward. We report the detection and characterization of TOI-3568 b, a transiting super-Neptune with a mass of $26.4\pm1.0$ M$_\oplus$, a radius of $5.30\pm0.27$ R$_\oplus$, a bulk density of $0.98\pm0.15$ g cm$^{-3}$, and an orbital period of 4.417965(5) d situated in the vicinity of the sub-Jovian desert. This planet orbiting a K dwarf star with solar metallicity, was identified photometrically by TESS. It was characterized as a planet by our high-precision radial velocity monitoring program using MAROON-X at Gemini North, supplemented by additional observations from the SPICE large program with SPIRou at CFHT. We performed a Bayesian MCMC joint analysis of the TESS and ground-based photometry, MAROON-X and SPIRou radial velocities, to measure the orbit, radius, and mass of the planet, as well as a detailed analysis of the high-resolution flux and polarimetric spectra to determine the physical parameters and elemental abundances of the host star. Our results reveal TOI-3568 b as a hot super-Neptune, rich in hydrogen and helium with a core of heavier elements with a mass between 10 and 25 M$_\oplus$. We analyzed the photoevaporation status of TOI-3568 b and found that it experiences one of the highest EUV luminosities among planets with a mass M$_{\rm p}$ $<2$ M$_{\rm Nep}$, yet it has an evaporation lifetime exceeding 5 Gyr. Positioned in the transition between two significant populations of exoplanets on the mass-period and energy diagrams, this planet presents an opportunity to test theories concerning the origin of the sub-Jovian desert., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A on September 4, 2024

The current standard model of cosmology successfully describes a variety of measurements, but the nature of its main ingredients, dark matter and dark energy, remains unknown. Euclid is a medium-class mission in the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) that will provide high-resolution optical imaging, as well as near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, over about 14,000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky. In addition to accurate weak lensing and clustering measurements that probe structure formation over half of the age of the Universe, its primary probes for cosmology, these exquisite data will enable a wide range of science. This paper provides a high-level overview of the mission, summarising the survey characteristics, the various data-processing steps, and data products. We also highlight the main science objectives and expected performance., Comment: Accepted for publication in the A&A special issue`Euclid on Sky'

Planetary systems around solar analogs inform us about how planets form and evolve in Solar System-like environments. We report the detection and characterization of two planetary systems around the solar analogs TOI-1736 and TOI-2141 using TESS photometry data and spectroscopic data obtained with the SOPHIE instrument on the 1.93 m telescope at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP). We performed a detailed spectroscopic analysis of these systems to obtain the precise radial velocities (RV) and physical properties of their host stars. TOI-1736 and TOI-2141 each host a transiting sub-Neptune with radii of $2.44\pm0.18$ R$_{\oplus}$ and $3.05\pm0.23$ R$_{\oplus}$, orbital periods of $7.073088(7)$ d and $18.26157(6)$ d, and masses of $12.8\pm1.8$ M$_{\oplus}$ and $24\pm4$ M$_{\oplus}$, respectively. TOI-1736 shows long-term RV variations that are consistent with a two-planet solution plus a linear trend of $-0.177$ ms$^{-1}$d$^{-1}$. We measured an RV semi-amplitude of $201.1\pm0.7$ ms$^{-1}$ for the outer companion, TOI-1736 c, implying a projected mass of $m_{c}\sin{i}=8.09\pm0.20$ M$_{\rm Jup}$. From the GAIA DR3 astrometric excess noise, we constrained the mass of TOI-1736 c at $8.7^{+1.5}_{-0.6}$ M$_{\rm Jup}$. This planet is in an orbit of $570.2\pm0.6$ d with an eccentricity of $0.362\pm0.003$ and a semi-major axis of $1.381\pm0.017$ au, where it receives a flux of $0.71\pm0.08$ times the bolometric flux incident on Earth, making it an interesting case of a supergiant planet that has settled into an eccentric orbit in the habitable zone of a solar analog. Our analysis of the mass-radius relation for the transiting sub-Neptunes shows that both TOI-1736 b and TOI-2141 b likely have an Earth-like dense rocky core and a water-rich envelope., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A on October 6, 2023

This paper presents a quantitative validation of SOLPS-ITER simulations against the TCV-X21 reference case and provides insights into the neutral dynamics and ionization source distribution in this scenario. TCV-X21 is a well-diagnosed diverted L-mode sheath-limited plasma scenario in both toroidal field directions, designed specifically for the validation of turbulence codes [D.S. Oliveira, T. Body, et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 096001]. Despite the optimization to reduce the impact of the neutral dynamics, the absence of neutrals in previous turbulence simulations of TCV-X21 was identified as a possible explanation for the disagreements with the experimental data in the divertor region. This motivates the present study with SOLPS-ITER that includes kinetic neutral dynamics via EIRENE. Five new observables are added to the extensive, publicly available TCV-X21 dataset. These are three deuterium Balmer lines in the divertor and neutral pressure in the common and private flux regions. The quantitative agreement metric is combined with the conjugate gradient method to approach the SOLPS-ITER input parameters that return the best overall agreement with the experiment. A proof-of-principle of this method results in a modest improvement in the level-of-agreement; shortcomings of the method and how to improve it are discussed. Alternatively, a scan of the particle and heat diffusion coefficients shows an improvement of 10.4% beyond the agreement level achieved by the gradient method. The result is found for an increased transport coefficient compared to what is usually used for TCV L-mode plasmas, suggesting the need for accurate self-consistent turbulence models for predictive boundary simulations. The simulations indicate that ~65% of the total ionization occurs in the SOL, motivating the inclusion of neutrals in future turbulence simulations towards improved agreement with the experiment.

This paper is divided in two parts. In the first part, we prove coercivity results and minimization of the Euler energy functional. In the second part, we focus on the existence and multiplicity of a positive solution of fractional Dirichlet problem involving the $\gamma(\xi)$-Laplacian equation with non-negative weight functions in $\mathcal{H}^{\alpha,\beta;\chi}_{\gamma(\xi)}(\Lambda,\mathbb{R})$ using some variational techniques and Nehari manifold., Comment: 14 pages

The perovskite BaBiO$_3$ crystallizes in a cubic structure and undergoes structural transitions toward lower symmetry phases upon cooling. The two low-temperature monoclinic phases are insulating, and the origin of this unexpected non-metallic character has been under debate. Both monoclinic phases exhibit tilting and breathing distortions, which are connected with the insulating nature of this compound and may have important effects on phononic heat conductivity. Here, we report the first thermal conductivity measurement, $\kappa$(T), in pristine polycrystalline BaBiO$_3$ from 1.5 K to 310 K. At low and intermediate temperatures, we observe features reminiscent of a glass-like behavior, whereas at high-temperatures we find a downturn - typical of a crystalline solid. We compare our findings with available data of other recently investigated perovskite oxides displaying similar temperature dependence.

Simulations of high-density deuterium plasmas in a lower single-null magnetic configuration based on a TCV discharge are presented. We evolve the dynamics of three charged species (electrons, D$^{+}$ and D$_{2}^{+}$), interacting with two neutrals species (D and D$_2$) through ionization, charge-exchange, recombination and molecular dissociation processes. The plasma is modelled by using the drift-reduced fluid Braginskii equations, while the neutral dynamics is described by a kinetic model. To control the divertor conditions, a D$_2$ puffing is used and the effect of increasing the puffing strength is investigated. The increase in fuelling leads to an increase of density in the scrape-off layer and a decrease of the plasma temperature. At the same time, the particle and heat fluxes to the divertor target decrease and the detachment of the inner target is observed. The analysis of particle and transport balance in the divertor volume shows that the decrease of the particle flux is caused by a decrease of the local neutral ionization together with a decrease of the parallel velocity, both caused by the lower plasma temperature. The relative importance of the different collision terms is assessed, showing the crucial role of molecular interactions, as they are responsible for increasing the atomic neutral density and temperature, since most of the D neutrals are produced by molecular activated recombination and D$_2$ dissociation. The presence of strong electric fields in high-density plasmas is also shown, revealing the role of the $E \times B$ drift in setting the asymmetry between the divertor targets. Simulation results are in agreement with experimental observations of increased density decay length, attributed to a decrease of parallel transport, together with an increase of plasma blob size and radial velocity.

We introduce a new version of $\psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative, on an arbitrary time scale. The fundamental properties of the new operator are investigated and, in particular, we prove an integration by parts formula. Using the Laplace transform and the obtained integration by parts formula, we then propose a $\psi$-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral on times scales. The applicability of the new operators is illustrated by considering a fractional initial value problem on an arbitrary time scale, for which we prove existence, uniqueness and controllability of solutions in a suitable Banach space. The obtained results are interesting and nontrivial even for particular choices: (i) of the time scale; (ii) of the order of differentiation; and/or (iii) function $\psi$; opening new directions of investigation., Comment: This is a 20 pages preprint of a paper whose final and definite form is published in 'Math. Meth. Appl. Sci.', Online ISSN: 1099-1476

TOI-1055 is a Sun-like star known to host a transiting Neptune-sized planet on a 17.5-day orbit (TOI-1055 b). Radial velocity (RV) analyses carried out by two independent groups using nearly the same set of HARPS spectra have provided measurements of planetary masses that differ by $\sim$ 2$\sigma$. Our aim in this work is to solve the inconsistency in the published planetary masses by significantly extending the set of HARPS RV measurements and employing a new analysis tool that is able to account and correct for stellar activity. Our further aim was to improve the precision on measurements of the planetary radius by observing two transits of the planet with the CHEOPS space telescope. We fit a skew normal (SN) function to each cross correlation function extracted from the HARPS spectra to obtain RV measurements and hyperparameters to be used for the detrending. We evaluated the correlation changes of the hyperparameters along the RV time series using the breakpoint technique. We performed a joint photometric and RV analysis using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme to simultaneously detrend the light curves and the RV time series. We firmly detected the Keplerian signal of TOI-1055 b, deriving a planetary mass of $M_b=20.4_{-2.5}^{+2.6} M_{\oplus}$ ($\sim$12%). This value is in agreement with one of the two estimates in the literature, but it is significantly more precise. Thanks to the TESS transit light curves combined with exquisite CHEOPS photometry, we also derived a planetary radius of $R_b=3.490_{-0.064}^{+0.070} R_{\oplus}$ ($\sim$1.9%). Our mass and radius measurements imply a mean density of $\rho_b=2.65_{-0.35}^{+0.37}$ g cm$^{-3}$ ($\sim$14%). We further inferred the planetary structure and found that TOI-1055 b is very likely to host a substantial gas envelope with a mass of $0.41^{+0.34}_{-0.20}$ M$_\oplus$ and a thickness of $1.05^{+0.30}_{-0.29}$ R$_\oplus$., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

In-situ, two-dimensional (2D) Langmuir probe measurements across a large part of the TCV divertor are reported in L-mode discharges with and without divertor baffles. This provides detailed insights into time averaged profiles, particle fluxes, and fluctuations behavior in different divertor regimes. The presence of the baffles is shown to substantially increase the divertor neutral pressure for a given upstream density and to facilitate the access to detachment, an effect that increases with plasma current. The detailed, 2D probe measurements allow for a divertor particle balance, including ion flux contributions from parallel flows and ExB drifts. The poloidal flux contribution from the latter is often comparable or even larger than the former, such that the divertor parallel flow direction reverses in some conditions, pointing away from the target. In most conditions, the integrated particle flux at the outer target can be predominantly ascribed to ionization along the outer divertor leg, consistent with a closed-box approximation of the divertor. The exception is a strongly detached divertor, achieved here only with baffles, where the total poloidal ion flux even decreases towards the outer target, indicative of significant plasma recombination. The most striking observation from relative density fluctuation measurements along the outer divertor leg is the transition from poloidally uniform fluctuation levels in attached conditions to fluctuations strongly peaking near the X-point when approaching detachment., Comment: Added reference

We present a spectroscopic and photometric calibration to derive effective temperatures $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and metallicities [Fe/H] for M dwarfs, based on a Principal Component Analysis of 147 spectral indices measured off moderate resolution $R \sim 11\,000$), high S/N ($>100$) spectra in the $\lambda \lambda$ 8390-8834 region, plus the J$-$H color. Internal uncertainties, estimated by the residuals, are 81 K and 0.12 dex, respectively, for $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and [Fe/H], the calibrations being valid for 3050 K $< T_{\mathrm{eff}} <$ 4100 K and $-$0.45 $<$ [Fe/H] $<$ $+$0.50 dex. The PCA calibration is a competitive model-independent method to derive $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and [Fe/H] for large samples of M dwarfs, well suited to the available database of far-red spectra. The median uncertainties are 105 K and 0.23 dex for $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and [Fe/H], respectively, estimated by Monte Carlo simulations. We compare our values to other works based on photometric and spectroscopic techniques and find median differences 75 $\pm$ 273 K and 0.02 $\pm$ 0.31 dex for $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and [Fe/H], respectively, achieving good accuracy but relatively low precision. We find considerable disagreement in the literature between atmospheric parameters for stars in common. We use the new calibration to derive $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and [Fe/H] for 178 K7-M5 dwarfs, many previously unstudied. Our metallicity distribution function for nearby M dwarfs peaks at [Fe/H]$\sim$-0.10 dex, in good agreement with the RAVE distribution for GK dwarfs. We present radial velocities (internal precision 1.4 km/s) for 99 objects without previous measurements. The kinematics of the sample shows it to be fully dominated by thin/thick disk stars, excepting the well-known high-velocity Kapteyn's star., Comment: Accepted in MNRAS

Self-consistent full-size turbulent-transport simulations of the divertor and SOL of existing tokamaks have recently become feasible. This enables the direct comparison of turbulence simulations against experimental measurements. In this work, we perform a series of diverted Ohmic L-mode discharges on the TCV tokamak, building a first-of-a-kind dataset for the validation of edge turbulence models. This dataset, referred to as TCV-X21, contains measurements from 5 diagnostic systems -- giving a total of 45 1- and 2-D comparison observables in two toroidal magnetic field directions. The dataset is used to validate three flux-driven 3D fluid-turbulence models: GBS, GRILLIX and TOKAM3X. With each model, we perform simulations of the TCV-X21 scenario, tuning the particle and power source rates to achieve a reasonable match of the upstream separatrix value of density and electron temperature. We find that the simulations match the experimental profiles for most observables at the OMP -- both in terms of profile shape and absolute magnitude -- while a poorer agreement is found towards the divertor targets. The match between simulation and experiment is seen to be sensitive to the value of the resistivity, the heat conductivities, the power injection rate and the choice of sheath boundary conditions. Additionally, despite targeting a sheath-limited regime, the discrepancy between simulations and experiment also suggests that the neutral dynamics should be included. The results of this validation show that turbulence models are able to perform simulations of existing devices and achieve reasonable agreement with experimental measurements. Where disagreement is found, the validation helps to identify how the models can be improved. By publicly releasing the experimental dataset, this work should help to guide and accelerate the development of predictive turbulence simulations of the edge and SOL.

Binary stars are supposed to be chemically homogeneous, as they are born from the same molecular cloud. However, high precision chemical abundances show that some binary systems display chemical differences between the components, which could be due to planet engulfment. In this work, we determine precise fundamental parameters and chemical abundances for the binary system HIP 71726/ HIP 71737. Our results show that the pair is truly conatal, coeval and comoving. We also find that the component HIP 71726 is more metal-rich than HIP 71737 in the refractory elements such as iron, with $\Delta$[Fe/H] $= 0.11 \pm 0.01$ dex. Moreover, HIP 71726 has a lithium abundance 1.03 dex higher than HIP 71737, which is the largest difference in Li detected in twin-star binary systems with $\Delta$ $T_{\rm eff}$ $\leq$ 50 K. The ingestion of $9.8^{+2.0}_{-1.6}$ M$_{\oplus}$ of rocky material fully explains both the enhancement in refractory elements and the high Li content observed in HIP 71726, thereby reinforcing the planet engulfment scenario in some binary systems., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures and 3 tables

Solar twins are key in different areas of astrophysics, however only just over a hundred were identified and well-studied in the last two decades. In this work, we take advantage of the very precise \textit{Gaia} (DR2/EDR3), Tycho and 2MASS photometric systems to create the Inti survey of new solar twins in the Northern Hemisphere. The spectra of our targets were initially obtained with spectrographs of moderate resolution (ARCES and Goodman spectrographs with $R$ = 31500 and 11930, respectively) to find the best solar twin candidates and then observed at McDonald Observatory with higher resolving power (TS23, $R$ = 60000) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR $\sim$ 300-500). The stellar parameters were estimated through the differential spectroscopic equilibrium relative to the Sun, which allow us to achieve a high internal precision ($\sigma(T_{\rm{eff}})$ = 15 K, $\sigma(\log g)$ = 0.03 dex, $\sigma$([Fe/H]) = 0.01 dex, and $\sigma(v_{t})$ = 0.03 km s$^{-1}$). We propose a new class of stars with evolution similar to the Sun: \textit{solar proxy}, which is useful to perform studies related to the evolution of the Sun, such as its rotational and magnetic evolution. Its definition is based on metallicity ($-$0.15 dex $\leq$ [Fe/H] $\leq$ +0.15 dex) and mass (0.95 M$_{\odot}$ $\leq$ M $\leq$ 1.05 M$_{\odot}$) constraints, thus assuring that the star follows a similar evolutionary path as the Sun along the main sequence. Based on this new definition, we report 70 newly identified solar proxies, 46 solar analogs and 13 solar-type stars. In addition, we identified 9 \textit{close solar twins} whose stellar parameters are the most similar to those of the Sun., Comment: 15 pages and 9 figures

This paper aims to investigate properties associated with fractional integral operators involving the three-parameters Mittag-Leffler function in the kernels with respect to another function. We prove that the Cauchy problem and the Volterra integral equation are equivalent. We find a closed-form to the solution of the Cauchy problem using successive approximations method and $\psi$-Caputo fractional derivative., Comment: 12 pages

This work aims to use the homotopy analysis method to obtain analytical solutions of linear time-fractional Navier-Stokes equations with cylindrical coordinates and of a system of nonlinear time-fractional Navier-Stokes equations with Cartesian coordinates. These equations are described in the $\psi$-Caputo time-fractional derivative. The solutions obtained for time-fractional Navier-Stokes equations are graphically presented., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2004.02365

We have used the homotopy analysis method to obtain solutions of linear and nonlinear fractional partial differential differential equations with initial conditions. We replace the first order time derivative by $\psi$-Caputo fractional derivative, and also we compare the results obtained by the homotopy analysis method with the exact solutions., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures

On 1 September 1859, the British astronomer Richard Carrington observed an anomalous behavior on the Sun. Approximately 17 hours later, magnetic effects of global scales were observed at Earth: aurora borealis and australis in low-latitude regions, and telegraphic equipment failures in Europe and North America. Nowadays, 160 years later, we know that solar-terrestrial connections control the magnetic activity in the geospace and on the ground, and their effects are subject of a discipline named {\it space weather}. The main goal of this modest work is to briefly present to the reader Carrington's observations and the discoveries that led to the connection between solar and terrestrial magnetic phenomena. Implications of this discovery to space weather with emphasis on the protection of technological systems in the geospace and on the ground, and a brief discussion on the future of the discipline, are briefly presented as well., Comment: 10 pages, in Portuguese, 4 figures

Investigating the existence, uniqueness, stability, continuous dependence of data among other properties of solutions of fractional differential equations, has been the object of study by an important range of researchers in the scientific community, especially in fractional calculus. And over the years, these properties have been investigated more vehemently, as they enable more general and new results. In this paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of a class of mild and classical solutions of the fractional evolution differential equation in the Banach space $\Omega$. To obtain such results, we use fundamental tools, namely: Banach contraction theorem, Gronwall inequality and the $\beta$-times integrated $\beta$-times integrated $\alpha$-resolvent operator function of an $(\alpha,\beta)$-resolvent operator function., Comment: 16 pages