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Cardiomya sp. 1 Fig. 6 A���B Cardiomya cleryana auct., non d���Orbigny, 1842 ��� Barroso et al. 2016: in part. Material examined BRAZIL ��� Amap�� state ��� [1v]; northwest of Amazon Canyons; 03��37���00��� S, 50��01���00��� W; 72 m depth; 08 May 1971; GEOMAR III, stn 193; CMPHRM 3681. Description Shell small (length 7.8 mm; height 6.1 mm). Shell flank elliptical, umbones blunt. Anterodorsal margin forming a shoulder, anterior margin truncated, ventral margin rounded, crenulated. Rostrum very short, truncated, posteroventral sinuation shallow, posterodorsal margin curved upwards, extending a little above the umbones. External sculpture of 22 radial ribs, less spaced towards the anterior region, the four strongest and most widely spaced ribs at the posterior end of the shell flank; rostrum with four radial lines. Geographic distribution Brazil, Amap�� state, northwest of Amazon Canyons, 72 m. Remarks Part of the specimens listed as Cardiomya cleryana in Barroso et al. (2016: 6) (CMPHRM 3681) are here reassigned to Cardiomya sp. 1. Cardiomya surinamensis van Regteren Altena, 1971 is similar to Cardiomya sp. 1, but can be distinguished from it by its weak radial ribs, which vanish towards the anterior region, and the wide rostrum, devoid of radial ornamentation., Published as part of Lima, Tarcilla Carvalho De, Oliveira, Cl��o Dilnei de Castro & Absal��o, Ricardo Silva, 2020, Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil, pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 619 on page 13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.619, http://zenodo.org/record/3777241, {"references":["d'Orbigny A. D. 1842. Voyage dans l'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique Orientale de l'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833. Tome 5, Partie 3, Mollusques: I-XLIII, 1 - 758. P. Bertrand, Paris; V. Levrault, Strasbourg. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 50739 page / 35 / mode / 1 up [accessed 20 Mar. 2020].","Barroso C. X., Salani S., Rabay S. G. & Matthews-Cascon H. 2016. Septibranchia (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the North and Northeast coasts of Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records 9 (1): 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 41200 - 016 - 0004 - y"]}

Cardiomya sp. 2 Fig. 6 C���D Material examined BRAZIL ��� Amap�� state ��� [1v]; off Salin��polis; 00��29���00��� S, 47��24���00��� W; 22 m depth; 15 Jun. 1971; GEOMAR III, stn 2533; CMPHRM 3668. Description Shell small (length 5.8 mm; height 4.1 mm). Shell flank triangular, umbones blunt. Anterodorsal margin descending, anterior margin extended, ventral margin rounded, crenulated. Rostrum very short, posteroventral sinuation unobtrusive, posterodorsal margin slightly curved upwards, not extending much above the umbones. External sculpture of 17 radial ribs, many incomplete on the middle of the shell flank, followed by three strongest and most widely spaced complete radial ribs; rostrum with commarginal growth lines only. Geographic distribution Brazil, Amap�� state, off Salin��polis, 22 m., Published as part of Lima, Tarcilla Carvalho De, Oliveira, Cl��o Dilnei de Castro & Absal��o, Ricardo Silva, 2020, Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil, pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 619 on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.619, http://zenodo.org/record/3777241

Dichotomous key of the species from Brazilian waters 1. Complete ribs covering the entire shell flank................................................................................... 2 ��� Complete ribs restricted to posterior half of the shell flank.............................................................. 3 2. Anterodorsal margin descending...................................................................................................... 4 ��� Anterodorsal margin forming a shoulder.......................................................................................... 5 3. Rostrum short........................................................................................................... Cardiomya sp. 3 ��� Rostrum very short........................................................................................................................... 8 4. Numerous ribs (~ 20); equidistant....................................... Cardiomya cleryana (d���Orbigny, 1842) ��� Few strong ribs (~ 6���12); very spaced; distributed throughout the shell flank........................................................................................................................... Cardiomya ornatissima (d���Orbigny, 1853) 5. Shell flank rounded........................................................................................................................... 6 ��� Shell flank elliptical to trapezoidal................................................................................................... 7 6. Rostrum long............................................................................ Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Rostrum very short.................................................................................................. Cardiomya sp. 1 7. Ribs (~ 30���50) equidistant, evenly distributed throughout the shell to the rostrum................................................................................................................................. Cardiomya striata (Jeffreys, 1876) ��� Ribs (~ 18���35) more spaced in the posterior part of the shell flank........................................................................................................................................................ Cardiomya striolata (Locard, 1897) 8. Anterodorsal margin forming a shoulder.............................................. Cardiomya minerva sp. nov. ��� Anterodorsal margin descending............................................................................. Cardiomya sp. 2, Published as part of Lima, Tarcilla Carvalho De, Oliveira, Cl��o Dilnei de Castro & Absal��o, Ricardo Silva, 2020, Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil, pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 619 on page 15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.619, http://zenodo.org/record/3777241, {"references":["d'Orbigny A. D. 1842. Voyage dans l'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique Orientale de l'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833. Tome 5, Partie 3, Mollusques: I-XLIII, 1 - 758. P. Bertrand, Paris; V. Levrault, Strasbourg. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 50739 page / 35 / mode / 1 up [accessed 20 Mar. 2020].","d'Orbigny A. D. 1853. Mollusques. Tome 2. In: de la Sagra R. (ed.) Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l'ile de Cuba: 1 - 380. A. Bertrand, Paris. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 138987 page / 247 / mode / 1 up [accessed 20 Mar. 2020].","Locard A. 1897. Notices conchyliologiques. XLVIII. Sur les Cuspidaria des cotes de France. L'Echange, Revue Linneenne 13 (155): 94 - 95."]}

Cardiomya minerva sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B7AF183B-CE39-4084-A9B1-E0F366458513 Fig. 5 A���F Diagnosis Quadrangular shell flank, very short truncated rostrum, posterodorsal margin curved upwards, extending above the umbones; external sculpture composed of six posterior radial ribs, rostrum with commarginal growth lines only. Etymology This species is named after the character Minerva McGonagall, from the Harry Potter series of books written by the British J.K. Rowling. The name is employed as a noun in apposition. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL ��� Alagoas state ��� [1i]; Macei��, Praia da Avenida; 10 m depth; 10 Apr. 1990; IBUFRJ 5785. Other type material PORTUGAL ��� [12v and fragments], syntypes of Cardiomya cadiziana Huber, 2010 [= replacement name for Cardiomya curta (Jeffreys, 1876)]; off Algarve; 36��54���00��� N, 8��14���30��� W; 523���684 m depth; USNM 172032 ��� [5v], syntypes of Cardiomya cadiziana; S��o Pedro Canyon; 39��55���00��� N, 9��56���00��� W; 1818 m depth; USNM 172033 ��� [4v], syntypes of Cardiomya cadiziana; S��o Pedro Canyon; 39��42���00��� N, 9��43���00��� W; 1097���2003 m depth; USNM 172034. SURINAME ��� [1v], holotype of Cardiomya surinamensis van Regteren Altena, 1971; 06��22.5��� N, 55��10��� W; 20 m depth; RMNH.MOL.55387. Description Shell small (length 4.3 mm; height 3.2 mm). Shell flank quadrangular, umbones raised. Anterodorsal margin forming a shoulder, anterior and ventral and margin rounded, little angulated. Rostrum very short, truncated, posteroventral sinuation shallow, posterodorsal margin curved upwards, extending above the umbones. External sculpture of six radial ribs on the posterior half of the shell flank; rostrum with commarginal growth lines only. Geographic distribution Only known from the type locality. Remarks The most similar species to Cardiomya minerva sp. nov. are Cardiomya surinamensis van Regteren Altena, 1971 (Fig. 5 G���H) and Cardiomya cadiziana Huber, 2010 (Fig. 5 I���J). These two species can be distinguished from Cardiomya minerva sp. nov. by their trapezoidal shell flank, external sculpture composed of incomplete radial ribs on anterior region of the shell flank. Additionally, C. cadiziana exhibits a shorter rostrum, with several faint radial lines, and straight posterodorsal margin, not extending above the umbones., Published as part of Lima, Tarcilla Carvalho De, Oliveira, Cl��o Dilnei de Castro & Absal��o, Ricardo Silva, 2020, Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil, pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 619 on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.619, http://zenodo.org/record/3777241

Cardiomya striolata (Locard, 1897) Figs 3 A���F, 4A���H Cuspidaria striolata Locard, 1897: 94���95. Cuspidaria striolata ��� Locard 1898: 195���196, pl. VIII, figs 20���25; 1899: 130. ��� Poutiers & Bernard 1995: 151, 167. ��� Allen 2011: 441. Cardiomya costellata auct., non Deshayes, 1835 ��� Jeffreys 1865: 49���50; 1869: pl. XLIX, fig. 3. ��� Allen & Morgan 1981: 464���466, fig. 29. ��� Salas 1996: 76, figs 137���138. ��� Porcheddu et al. 1997: 157���162, figs 1���3. ��� Mikkelsen & Bieler 2008: 224, figured. ��� Tunnell et al. 2010: 339, figured. ��� Oliver et al. 2016. Cardiomya cleryana auct., non d���Orbigny, 1842 ��� Barroso et al. 2016: 6���7, fig. 5. ��� Oliveira et al. 2017: 286, 291. Cardiomya perrostrata auct., non Dall, 1881 ��� Barroso et al. 2016: 10, fig. 7A���B. ��� Machado et al. 2016: 3, figs 1A���B. Cardiomya striata auct., non Jeffreys, 1876 ��� Oliveira et al. 2017: 284. Cardiomya sp. 3 ��� Lamy & Pointier 2018: 752, pl. 252, fig. 7. Cardiomya sp. 7 ��� Lamy & Pointier 2018: 755, pl. 252, fig. 11. Material examined Type material SPAIN ��� [2v], syntypes of Cardiomya striolata (Locard, 1897); north of Spain, Bay of Biscay; 44��05��� N, 05��36��� W; 608 m depth; Travailleur Expedition 1882, stn 02; MNHN 24210. Other material BARBADOS ��� [3s]; off Payn��s Bay; 64���137 m depth; 1918; USNM 502902. BRAZIL ��� Amap�� state ��� [9v]; west of Cassipor�� river mouth; 4��35���30��� N, 50��21���00��� W; 104 m depth; 18 May 1971; GEOMAR III, stn 210; CMPHRM 3678 ��� [4v]; west of Amazon river mouth; 02��01���00��� N, 47��32���30��� W; 86 m depth; 20 Apr. 1971; GEOMAR III, stn 150; CMPHRM 3679 ��� [1v]; Amazon canyons; 02��53���00��� N, 47��17���00��� W; 112 m depth; 14 Sep. 1970; GEOMAR II, stn 129; CMPHRM 3680 I. ��� Bahia state ��� [5v]; 15��53���49��� S, 38��31���05��� W; 66 m depth; 30 Apr. 1996; REVIZEE/SCORE Central, stn C76; MNRJ 15892 ��� [5v]; Royal Charlotte Bank; 15��53���49��� S, 38��31���05��� W; 66 m depth; 30 Apr. 1996; REVIZEE/SCORE Central, stn 76C; IBUFRJ 12337. ��� Esp��rito Santo state ��� [1i, 2v]; Trindade island; 20��29��� S, 29��18��� W; 63 m depth; 22 May 1987; Marion Dufresne MD 55, stn DC61; MNRJ 25957 ��� [1i]; Vit��ria-Trindade Seamounts; 20��41���41��� S, 34��35���02��� W; 108 m depth; 12 Jul. 2001; REVIZEE/SCORE Central, stn 45R; IBUFRJ 21296. ��� Cear�� state ��� [1v]; Canopus Bank; 03��13��� S, 38��31��� W; CMPHRM 712A. ��� Pernambuco state ��� [2v]; Itamarac�� island; CMPHRM 3695A. ��� Alagoas state ��� [1v]; Macei��; 09��27���08��� S, 35��07���07��� W; 08 Sep. 1965; CMPHRM 3651A. COUNTRY UNKNOWN ��� [7v]; Mediterranean; 82 m depth; 1870; USNM 172020 ��� [2s, 5v]; Mediterranean, off Soloom Bay; 73���220 m depth; USNM 172017 ��� [3v]; Aegean Sea; 450 m depth; USNM 172025. IBERIAN PENINSULA ��� [2v]; Gibraltar; 1942; C.B. Adams leg.; MCZ 154438. IRELAND ��� [In part, 10s and 2v]; northwest off Ireland; 300 m depth; 1869; Porcupine Expedition, stn 25; USNM 172007. ITALY ��� [4v]; Naples; 11 Sep. 1937; S. Putzep leg.; MCZ 231146. SCOTLAND ��� [1v]; Loch Fyne; MCZ 243626. SPAIN ��� [2v]; Cartagena Bay; 84���153 m depth; 1870; USNM 172018. Description Shell small (maximum length 9.3 mm; maximum height 6.3 mm). Shell flank trapezoidal, umbones blunt. Anterodorsal margin forming a shoulder, anterior margin little extended, ventral margin rounded, crenulated. Rostrum short, tapering towards the tip, posteroventral sinuation unobtrusive, posterodorsal margin curved upwards, extending above the umbones. External sculpture of 18���35 radial ribs, weak and closely spaced anteriorly; becoming stronger posteriorly, the last three to four being the strongest and most widely spaced, the posterior most rib separated from the previous ones; commarginal growth lines well marked; rostrum with one to three radial lines. Type localities North of Spain, Bay of Biscay (608���1037 m depth). Southwest of Portugal, Gulf of C��diz (2100 m depth). Mediterranean Sea, off Xauen Bank (322 m depth). Geographic distribution Mediterranean Sea, north Atlantic Ocean and Brazil. Confirmed records: United States: North Carolina to Florida (Mikkelsen & Bieler 2008), Texas (Tunnell et al. 2010). West Indies (Mikkelsen & Bieler 2008); Bahamas (Mikkelsen & Bieler 2008); Barbados, off Payn��s Bay (USNM 502902); Guadeloupe (Lamy & Pointier 2018). Caribbean Central American (Mikkelsen & Bieler 2008). Scotland: Shetland: Whales Skerries (Jeffreys 1865), Loch Fyne (MCZ 243626). Western Europe: Hebrides Seamount (Allen & Morgan 1981). Dublin: off Ireland (USNM 172007). Italy: Sea of Sardinia, Tavolara island (Porcheddu et al. 1997), Naples (MCZ 231146). France: off Nantes (Allen & Morgan 1981); west of Brest (Allen & Morgan 1981); Saint-Raphael (Locard 1898); Provence (Locard 1898); Marseille (Locard 1898); Bay of Biscay (Locard 1899; Allen & Morgan 1981). Iberian Peninsula: Gibraltar (MCZ 154438). Spain: Cartagena Bay (USNM 172018). Gulf of C��diz (type locality). Portugal: Cape St Vicent (Salas 1996); Off Huelva (Salas 1996); West of the Straith of Gibraltar (Salas 1996). Morocco: off Casablanca (Salas 1996); off Rabat (Salas 1996); East of Ceuta (Salas 1996); Alboran Ridge (Salas 1996); Xauen Bank (Salas 1996); West of Alboran basin (Salas 1996); Aegean sea: (USNM 172025). Mediterranean: (Poutiers & Bernard 1995) (USNM 172020); off Soloom Bay (USNM 172017). Brazil: Amap�� state, Amazon Canyons (CMPHRM 3680I); west of Cassipor�� river mouth (CMPHRM 3679; CMPHRM 3678); Cear�� state, Canopus, off Cear�� (712A); Pernambuco state, Itamarac�� Island (CMPHRM 3695A); Bahia state: (MNRJ 15892); Royal Charlotte Bank (IBUFRJ 12337); Esp��rito Santo state (MNRJ 25957). Bathymetry: from 50 m (Porcheddu et al. 1997) to 2100 m (Locard 1898). Remarks Cardiomya striolata (Locard, 1897), was usually regarded as a junior-synonym of Cardiomya costellata (Deshayes, 1835), with more strongly ribbed ornamentation (see Dall 1886; Salas 1996; Porcheddu et al. 1997). However, in our opinion C. striolata is a distinct, full species, which differs from C. costellata by its tapering rostrum which extends above the umbones, trapezoidal shell flank, anterodorsal margin forming a shoulder, and unobtrusive posteroventral sinuation. Cardiomya costellata was described based on fossil specimens from the Tertiary of Greece (Fig. 4I). Since its original description, several incorrect records of C. costellata have been made in a series of erroneous taxonomic identifications of different species (e.g., Philippi 1844; Abbott 1974; Abbott & Morris 1995; Redfern 2001; Ardovini & Cossignani 2004; Lee 2009; Morton 2016; Oliver et al. 2016; Lamy & Pointier 2018). Literature records of true specimens of C. striolata could be confirmed in references of C. costellata accompanied by figures, detailed descriptions or cross-referenced with vouchers in collections. Additionally, many specimens of C. striolata labeled as C. costellata were found among museums holdings. Considering the specimens from Brazil, Cardiomya striolata has often been misidentified in the literature: [1] part of the specimens listed as C. cleryana in Barroso et al. (2016: 6), as well as the figured specimen in Barroso et al. (2016: 7, fig. 5). [2] the specimen figured in Machado et al. (2016: 3, figs 1A���B) as C. perrostrata and then identified as C. cleryana by Oliveira et al. (2017: 286). [3] the specimen from CMPHRM 712A reported upon as C. perrostrata by Barroso et al. (2016) and later identified as C. striata by Oliveira et al. (2017). [4] Absal��o et al. (2006) recorded the occurrence of C. cleryana and C. perrostrata at Bahia State. These specimens were later identified as Cardiomya cleryana (MNRJ 15892) and a mix of C. cleryana and C. ornatissima (IBUFRJ 12337) by Oliveira et al. (2017: 291). However, the specimens identified as C. cleryana on both lots are actually Cardiomya striolata. The specimens of C. ornatissima were renumbered as IBUFRJ 21305. Cardiomya striata can be distinguished from C. striolata by its rectangular shell flank and entire shell (including the rostrum) ornamented with radial ribs., Published as part of Lima, Tarcilla Carvalho De, Oliveira, Cl��o Dilnei de Castro & Absal��o, Ricardo Silva, 2020, Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil, pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 619 on pages 7-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.619, http://zenodo.org/record/3777241, {"references":["Locard A. 1897. Notices conchyliologiques. XLVIII. Sur les Cuspidaria des cotes de France. L'Echange, Revue Linneenne 13 (155): 94 - 95.","Locard A. 1898. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Mollusques Testaces vol. 2. G. Masson, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 98313","Poutiers J. M. & Bernard F. R. 1995. Carnivorous bivalve molluscs (Anomalodesmata) from the tropical western Pacific Ocean, with a proposed classification and a catalogue of recent species. In: Bouchet P. (ed.) Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM 14. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 167: 107 - 187.","Allen J. A. 2011. Descriptions of new deep-water species of the family Cuspidariidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and including a bibliography of the known species from the Atlantic. Journal of Conchology 40 (4): 428 - 445.","Jeffreys J. G. 1865. British Conchology, or an Account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding Seas. Vol III. Marine Shells, comprising the remaining Conchifera, the Solenoconchia and Gasteropoda as far as Littorina. Van Voorst, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16342","Jeffreys J. G. 1869. British Conchology, or an account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding Seas. Vol V. Marine Shells and naked Mollusca to the end of the Gastropoda, the Pteropoda, and Cephalopoda with a supplement and other matter, concluding the work. Van Voorst, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16342","Allen J. A. & Morgan R. E. 1981. The functional morphology of Atlantic deep water species of the families Cuspidariidae and Poromyidae (Bivalvia): an analysis of the evolution of the septibranch condition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 294: 413 - 546. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1981.0117","Salas C. 1996. Marine Bivalves from off the Southern Iberian Peninsula collected by the Balgim and Fauna 1 expeditions. Haliotis 25: 33 - 100.","Porcheddu A. S., Ghisotti F. & Castelli A. 1997. Ritrovamento di Cardiomya costellata (Deshayes, 1835) nelle acque antistanti l'Isola Tavolara (Sardegna nord-orientale) e discussione sulla validita specifica di Cardiomya striolata (Locard, 1898). 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Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96 (6): 1347 - 1361. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315415001848","Absalao R. S., Caetano C. H. S. & Fortes F. R. 2006. Filo Mollusca. In: Lavrado H. P. & Ignacio B. L. (eds), Biodiversidade Bentonica da Regiao Central da Zona Economica Exclusiva Brasileira: 211 - 260. Serie Livros. Documentos REVIZEE / SCORE Central, Rio de Janeiro."]}

INTRODUCTION: To describe an unusual case of Cushing's disease with spontaneous axial pain due to multiple consecutive vertebral fractures which led to secondary deformity that required surgical treatment. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 43-year-old man was referred to our service with back pain without previous trauma. He was diagnosed of refractory arterial hypertension and we observed centripetal obesity during exploration. With clinical findings and laboratory studies, ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome due to a pituitary microadenoma was diagnosed and the patient underwent an endoscopic-assisted endonasal transsphenoidal resection. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) revealed spine and hip osteoporosis. Moreover, X-ray, MR and CT showed multiple vertebral osteoporotic compression fractures in thoracic and thoracolumbar area. Secondary kyphosis thoracolumbar deformity and sagittal imbalance was treated by two-level Smith-Petersen osteotomies (SPO) and instrumented posterolateral arthrodesis T10-L3 using fenestrated pedicles screws with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). At six years of follow-up dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) recovered normal values (T-score lumbar spine L2-L4 1.4 and T-score hip -1.9) and X-ray study showed an adequate sagittal vertebral axis. DISCUSSION: Osteoporosis is a common feature of CD and fractures occur in 30-50% of cases. Treating the underlying cause reduces the risk of new fractures. Medical therapy is usually enough but consecutive multiple vertebral fractures related to glucocorticoid excess may lead to secondary painful deformity. CONCLUSION: Vertebral compression fractures result from secondary corticoid-induced osteoporosis in Cushing's disease. Early detection and treatment of primary disease decreases the risk of new fractures. However, unusual secondary spinal deformity or disability may require surgery. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IJS Publishing Group Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introdu??o: O crescimento da popula??o idosa no Brasil ? um fen?meno not?vel e consolidado sob o ponto de vista estat?stico. Em decorr?ncia desse fen?meno, h? uma necess?ria preocupa??o no que concerne ? aten??o integral da sa?de dessas pessoas. O envelhecimento humano ? um processo universal, din?mico e progressivo que acarreta em transforma??es morfol?gicas, bioqu?micas, ps?quicas, sociais e funcionais. Tais modifica??es resultam na diminui??o da capacidade funcional sist?mica do idoso, reduzindo e limitando a capacidade do organismo, podendo deix?-lo mais vulner?vel ao surgimento de doen?as e de restri??es funcionais. Objetivo: Este estudo visa avaliar se o h?bito de praticar dan?as tradicionais do Rio Grande do Sul constitui-se como um fator protetor para a mobilidade corporal, ocorr?ncia de quedas e qualidade de vida em indiv?duos idosos moradores da regi?o Noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. M?todo: Foi realizado um estudo do tipo caso-controle, que visa verificar se o h?bito de praticar dan?a regionalista do Rio Grande do Sul confere prote??o quanto aos desfechos anteriormente mencionados. A amostra foi constitu?da por 54 indiv?duos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos de idade, de quaisquer g?neros, divididos em dois grupos, praticantes (caso) e n?o praticantes (controle) da dan?a regionalista do Rio Grande do Sul. Todos os idosos que aceitaram participar da investiga??o em pauta n?o possu?am restri??es cl?nicas para a realiza??o dos testes avaliativos propostos. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que os idosos que praticam dan?a regionalista do Rio Grande do Sul distinguiram-se, significativamente, em diversos aspectos dos que n?o a praticam, evidenciando melhor mobilidade, autopercep??o de qualidade de vida e menor experi?ncia de quedas. Entretanto, a an?lise de regress?o log?stica bin?ria revelou efeitos discretos em rela??o ? previsibilidade dessas vari?veis de mobilidade, equil?brio e quedas para determinar o h?bito de dan?ar: a) especificamente a cada ml de ?gua derramada no teste do Timed Up and Go em dupla-tarefa motora (TUG-DT) existiu uma chance 6% menor de o idoso pertencer ao grupo praticante de dan?a; b) al?m disso, o fato de o indiv?duo n?o ter experienciado quedas elevou em 3,78 vezes as chances deste pertencer ao grupo praticante das dan?as tradicionais ga?chas, embora o achado apresente uma signific?ncia lim?trofe. Por fim, verificou-se uma associa??o independente entre obter escores mais elevados no Mini exame do estado mental (MEEM) e na autopercep??o de qualidade de vida com o h?bito de dan?ar, bem como uma redu??o na quantidade de medicamentos de uso cont?nuo nesse grupo. Conclus?es: Pode-se concluir que o h?bito da pr?tica de dan?as tradicionais do Rio Grande do Sul, provavelmente, confere benef?cios independentes discretos quanto ao equil?brio din?mico dos idosos moradores da regi?o Noroeste do estado e contribui para uma melhor qualidade de vida e, outrossim, a dan?a talvez reduza as chances de que seus praticantes experienciem quedas da pr?pria altura. Assim, sugere-se a condu??o de ensaios cl?nicos controlados e randomizados para melhor compreender o real potencial terap?utico protetivo que as dan?as tradicionais do Rio Grande do Sul, eventualmente, conferem ? popula??o idosa. Introduction: The growth of the elderly population in Brazil is a remarkable and consolidated phenomenon from a statistical point of view. As a result of this phenomenon there is a necessary concern regarding the integral health care of these people. Human aging is a universal, dynamic and progressive process that leads to morphological, biochemical, psychic, social and functional transformations. Such modifications result in a decrease in the systemic functional capacity of the subject, reducing and limiting the capacity of the organism, making it more vulnerable to the emergence of diseases and functional restrictions. Objective: This study aims to evaluate if the habit of practicing traditional dances in Rio Grande do Sul constitutes a protective factor for body mobility, occurrence of falls and quality of life in elderly individuals living in the northwest region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul South. Method: A case-control study was carried out to verify if the habit of practicing regional dance in Rio Grande do Sul confers protection on the aforementioned outcomes. The sample consisted of 54 individuals aged 60 and over, of any gender, divided into two groups, practitioners (case) and non-practitioners (control) of the regional dance of Rio Grande do Sul. All subjects who accepted to participate in the research in question and had no clinical restrictions for the performance of the evaluation tests proposed. Results: The partial results show that the subjects that practice regional dance in Rio Grande do Sul differ significantly from those who do not practice it in several aspects, better mobility, self-perception of quality of life and less experience of falls for the group practicing the dance. However, the binary logistic regression analysis revealed very discrete effects in relation to the predictability of these variables of mobility, balance and falls to determine the habit of dancing: a). Specifically, to each mL of water poured in the TUG-DT test there was a 6% lower chance of the subject belonging to the dancing group; B). In addition, the fact that the subject did not experience falls had a 3.78-fold increase in his chances of being a member of the traditional gaucho dances group, although the finding had a borderline significance. Finally, there was an independent association between obtaining higher scores in the MMSE and the self-perception of quality of life with the habit of dancing, as well as a reduction in the amount of medication of continuous use in this group. Conclusions: It is possible to conclude that the habit of practicing traditional dances in Rio Grande do Sul probably gives discrete independent benefits as to the dynamic balance of elderly people living in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Region of our state and contribute contributes to a better quality of life and also, the dance may reduce the chances that its practitioners will experience falls of their own height. Thus, we suggest conducting controlled and randomized clinical trials to better understand the real protective therapeutic potential that the traditional dances of Rio Grande do Sul eventually confer on the elderly population. Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES

Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) Figs 1, 2, 4 Neaera ornatissima var. perrostrata Dall, 1881, p. 110. Neaera perrostrata Dall���Verrill 1881 ���1882, p. 561 [July, 1882]. Neaera perrostrata (Dall) ��� Verrill 1882, p. 340. Neaera perrostrata Dall���Verrill 1884, pp. 277, 285. Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) perrostrata Dall���Dall 1886, pp. 296-297, pl. II, figs 3a���b. Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) perrostrata Dall���Dall 1889, pp. 66���67, 177 [as Cardiomya perrostrata], pl. II, figs 3a���b [reproduction of figure by Dall 1886]. Cardiomya perrostrata ��� E.A. Smith 1889, p. 424. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall���Verrill & Bush 1898, p. 809, pl. LXXIV, fig. 3 [but not pl. LXXIII, fig. 2]. Cardiomya abyssicola ���* Verrill & Bush 1898, pp. 806���808, in part, pl. 74, fig. 1 [non Cardiomya abyssicola Verrill & Bush 1898, pl. 73, fig. 4, pl. 77, fig. 9]. Cuspidaria perrostrata Dall���? Dall & Simpson 1901, pp. 497, 513. Cuspidaria perrostrata Dall���Verco 1908, p. 201. Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) perrostrata (Dall) ��� Johnson 1915, p. 42. Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) perrostrata Dall 1881 ��� Johnson 1934, p. 34. Cuspidaria perrostrata Dall���? McLean 1936, p. 119. Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) perrostrata Dall���McLean 1951, p. 49, pl. 10, fig. 2 [reproduction of figure by Dall, 1886]. Cuspidaria perrostrata Dall���M. Smith 1951, p. 42, pl. 61, figs 3a���b [reproduction of figure by Dall, 1886]. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall���Poirier 1954, p. 186. Cuspidaria perrostrata ���?Parker 1956, tables 1, 2. Cuspidaria perrostrata Dall 1881 ���? Parker & Curray 1956, table 1. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata Dall, 1881 ��� Warmke & Abbott 1961, p. 211, pl. 44, fig. D [= Cardiomya cf. ornatissima]. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall���? Warmke & Erdman 1963, table 1. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall���Wagner & Abbott 1964, p. 164. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata Dall���Rice & Kornicker 1965, p. 138, table 2, pl. 16, fig. 15 [= Cardiomya sp.]. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall���Wagner & Abbott 1967, p. 243. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall) ���? Radwin 1969, p. 233. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���*? Rios 1969, p. 10. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���*? Rios 1970, p. 220. Cuspidaria perrostrata Dall���Altena 1971, pp. 79, 80 [as Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall)]. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall) ��� Morris 1973, p. 105, pl. 34, fig. 10 [= C. alternata (d���Orbigny, 1853)]. Cardiomya perrostrata ��� Od�� 1973, p. 83. Cuspidaria perrostrata ���? Wigley & Stinton 1973, pp. 16, 17, tables 4, 7, figs 9, 10 [plots of distribution and bathymetric range]. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Abbott 1974, p. 567, fig. 6213 [reproduction of figure by Dall, 1886]. Cardiomya abyssicola (Verrill and Bush, 1898) ��� Abbott 1974, p. 567, fig. 6216 [reproduction of figure by Verrill and Bush, 1898] [non Cardiomya abyssicola Verrill & Bush 1898, pl. 73, fig. 4, pl. 77, fig. 9]. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall 1881 ��� Humfrey 1975, p. 286. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Rios 1975, p. 261, pl. 85, fig. 1257 [= C. cleryana]. Cardiomya perrostrata ���? Blake et al. 1977, tables 3, 4. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall, 1881 ��� Od�� 1977, p. 107. Cardiomya perrostrata ���? Bishof 1980, p. 44, tables 2, 4, 5, 7, 9���11, 16, 17, 21, 22, fig. 7 [plot of ecological dominance]. Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Allen & Morgan 1981, pp. 461���464, figs 27, 28. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���*?M.P.d. Oliveira et al. 1981, p. 503. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall 1881) ���? Wigley & Theroux 1981, table 4. Cardiomya perrostrata ���? Hill et al. 1982, table 3. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall 1881) ��� Theroux & Wigley 1983, p. 56, tables 5, 312, 313, fig. 22. Cuspidaria perrostrata ���? Maurer & Wigley 1984, p. 8, appendix table 2. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Maciolek-Blake et al. 1985, p. B-8. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Rios 1985, p. 281, pl. 99, fig. 1387 [= C. cleryana]. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Turgeon 1985, p. 82. Cardiomya perrostrata ���?Woodward-Clyde Consultants & Continental Shelf Associates 1985, pp. B-54, B-305, B-310, B-320, B-382. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Turgeon et al. 1988, p. 49. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Espinosa et al. 1994, p. 126. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Hilbig 1994, p. 945. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Rios 1994, p. 303, pl. 104, fig. 1485 [= C. cleryana]. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Espinosa et al. 1995, p. 79. Cardiomya (Cardiomya) perrostrata ��� Poutiers & Bernard 1995, pp. 151, 165. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Theroux & Wigley 1998, table 4. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Turgeon et al. 1998, p. 53. Cardiomya perrostrata ���?Vittor & associates 1998, table 2. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall, 1881 ���? Carlos & Joaqu��n 1999 [���1998���], p. 150. Cardiomya perrostrata ���?Vittor & associates 1999, table 2. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Mikkelsen & Bieler 2000, p. 373. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Soares-Gomes & Pires-Vanin 2003, p. 720. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���?Bieler & Mikkelsen 2004, p. 512. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���Mikkelsen & Bieler 2004, p. 595. Cardiomya perrostrata ���*? Pimp��o 2004, p. 137. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata ��� Absal��o & Pimenta 2005, p. 51, fig. 134 [= C. cleryana]. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Agudo & Bleicker 2005, p. 6. Cardiomya perrostrata ���? Muniz & Pires-Vanin 2005, appendix 1. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���?Soares-Gomes & Fernandes 2005, pp. 75, 76. Cardiomya perrostrata ���? Soares-Gomes & Pires-Vanin 2005, pp. 722, 723. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Absal��o et al. 2006, p. 258 [= C. cleryana and/or C. ornatissima]. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Garc��a 2007, p. 6. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���* Mikkelsen & Bieler 2007 [���2008���], p. 224, figured [= variety of C. alternata]. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Raffucci 2007, p. [67]. Cardiomya perrostrata Dall, 1881 ���? Villalobos 2007, pp. 31 [as ���perrustrata���], 34, 83, 119. Cardiomya perrostrata ���? Wysong 2008, pp. 69, 82, 87. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Agudo-Padr��n et al. 2009, p. 14. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Rios 2009, p. 606, figured [= C. cleryana]. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Turgeon et al. 2009, p. 738. Cardiomya perrostrata (W. H. Dall 1881) ��� Huber 2010, Chapter 5. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall 1881) ��� Allen 2011, p. 440. Cardiomya perrostrata ���? Amaral & Nallin 2011, p. 570. Cardiomya perrostrata ���?Amaral et al. 2011, p. 458. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Arruda et al. 2011, p. 242. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Gracia et al. 2012, table 1. Cardiomya perrostrata ��� Hebbeln et al. 2012, Appendix 2-10 (unnumbered figure). Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� C. D.d. C. Oliveira 2012, p. 9. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Correa-Sandoval & Rodr��guez-Castro 2013, pp. 567, 577. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ��� Petuch & Myers 2014, pp. 197, 210, 276. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���? Agudo-Padr��n 2015, p. 72. Cardiomya perrostrata (W. H. Dall 1881) ��� Huber 2015, Chapter 5. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���* Barroso et al. 2016, pp. [9���11], fig. 7 [= variety of C. alternata and Cardiomya sp.]. NOT Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) ���* Machado et al. 2016, figs 1a���b [= Cardiomya sp. and C. cleryana]. Type-locality. Blake Expedition, sta. 43 (24��08���00���N; 82��51���00���W; 620m). United States, Florida, off Dry Tortugas. Redescription. Shell small (max. height: 13 mm; max. length: 25 mm, USNM 95 393), inequivalve, with left valve slightly overlapping right valve along ventral margin. Shell flank globose, umbones prominent and blunt. Rostrum elongated, longer and more curved in larger specimens. Posterior margin slightly curved upwards, posteroventral sinuation gently marked, crenulated, ventral and anterior margins rounded, anterodorsal margin forming a well-marked shoulder. Larval shell type 2D, ca. 215���235 �� m in length. Nepioconch smooth, ca. 1 mm in length. Dissoconch with 20���25 radial ribs, the 4���5 strongest ribs ornament the posterior end of the shell flank, just anterior to the rostrum; rostrum with 7���10 radial riblets and arenophilic lines. Periostracum minutely pitted. Hinge plate narrow, left valve edentulous, right valve with strong posterior lateral tooth. Lithodesma present. Remarks. Figure 2 A illustrates the largest shell studied herein, measuring 25 mm in length. This seems to be the only known individual of C. perrostrata with a shell length exceeding 10 mm; most valves of the species range from 6���10 mm in length. Cardiomya perrostrata displays a gradual increase in the relative length of the rostrum during its ontogeny and in larger specimens the rostrum is more prominently curved upwards (Fig. 1). Some individual variation is also observed in the strength of radial ribs, especially those at the posterior half of the shell. Variation in these features, which are regarded as diagnostic for Cardiomya species, is probably the main culprit for the high incidence of misidentifications of C. perrostrata in the literature. It is most often confused with C. ornatissima (Orbigny, 1853 in 1842���1853), C. cleryana (Orbigny, 1842 in 1834���1847) and C. striata (Jeffreys, 1876). Cardiomya ornatissima (Fig. 3 A) differs from C. perrostrata in displaying fewer (4���6) and more widely spaced radial ribs, particularly towards the posterior margin. Additionally, in C. ornatissima the rostrum is curved downwards and the posteroventral sinuation is not marked. Cardiomya cleryana (Fig. 3 B) can be distinguished from C. perrostrata by its shorter rostrum, posteroventral sinuation gently curved and shell trigonal to elliptical. Cardiomya striata (Fig. 3 C) differs from Cardiomya perrostrata in having an elliptical shell, larger umbones, shorter rostrum, and radial ribs that are equidistant and more or less equal in prominence. Geographic distribution. Figure 4 plots all records of C. perrostrata known to us. The majority of records originate from checklists and ecological studies that are insufficiently illustrated and usually unvouchered (Appendix 1). Records for which we could corroborate the correct identification of C. perrostrata by the examination of vouchers or figures were plotted as triangles on the map. The distribution of C. perrostrata is Western Atlantic, with records ranging from 42��N (Gulf of Maine) to 30��S (Tramanda��, Brazil), in depths of 18 m (Bishof 1980) to 1646���1829 m (USNM 811156). Mean depth of records is 381.9 m (median = 223.8 m), but we could only confirm the taxonomic identification of four records shallower than 200 m. If only verified records are considered, the species mean depth is 582.6 m (median = 620 m) (Fig. 4A). Confirmed occurrences are as follows (See the discussion section for notes on records marked with ���?���): United States, Massachusetts, South of Martha���s Vineyard, around Block and Alvim canyons (Allen & Morgan 1981; Verrill 1881 ��� 1882; Verrill & Bush 1898); off Miame, USNM 95527, USNM 330569, USNM 432665; off Fowey Rocks, USNM 83149; off Fowey Light, USNM 458608, USNM 458632, USNM 458650, USNM 458651, USNM 458657, USNM 458659, USNM 458660, USNM 458664, USNM 458861, USNM 458866, USNM 458869; off Dry Tortugas (type-locality, Dall 1881); Gulf of Mexico, Campeche Bank (Hebbeln et al. 2012); off Cape San Blas, USNM 323764; Louisiana, Southeast of Mississippi Delta, USNM 811156, USNM 94005; West Indies (Warmke & Abbott 1961?); Puerto Rico? (Dall & Simpson 1901); Lesser Antilles, off Montserrat, USNM 95393; off Grenada (Dall 1886); Southwest Atlantic, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, off Bacia de Campos, MNRJ 17080, MNRJ 25568, MNRJ 25605, MNRJ 27011, MNRJ 27082, MNRJ 30859, IBUFRJ 14985, IBUFRJ 15022, IBUFRJ 15323, IBUFRJ 15504, IBUFRJ 15625, IBUFRJ 16062, IBUFRJ 17039, IBUFRJ 17145, IBUFRJ 17616, IBUFRJ 17618, IBUFRJ 17621, IBUFRJ 18247, IBUFRJ 20050, IBUFRJ 20051, IBUFRJ 20052, IBUFRJ 20948, IBUFRJ 20949, IBUFRJ 20950, IBUFRJ 20951; South of Maric��, IBUFRJ 2366., Published as part of Oliveira, Cl��o D. C., Sartori, Andr�� F. & Absal��o, Ricardo S., 2017, Error cascade in taxonomy: The case of Cardiomya perrostrata (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) in Brazilian waters, pp. 281-300 in Zootaxa 4247 (3) on pages 284-286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/438569, {"references":["Dall, W. H. (1881) Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Caribbean Sea, 1877 - 1879, by the United States coast guard steamer \" Blake \", Lieut. - Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. XV. Preliminary report on the Mollusca. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 9 (2), 33 - 144.","Verrill, A. E. (1882) Notice of recent additions to the marine Invertebrata of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new genera and species and critical remarks on others: Part IV. Additions to the deep-water Mollusca, taken off Martha's Vineyard, in 1880 and 1881. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 5, 315 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.284.315","Dall, W. H. (1886) Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877 - 78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879 - 80), by the U. S. Coast survey steamer \" Blake \", Lieut. - Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. XXIX. Report on the Mollusca. Part 1. Brachiopoda and Pelecypoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 12 (6), 171 - 318.","Smith, E. A. (1889) Mollusca. In: Report of a deep-sea trawling cruise off the S. W. Coast of Ireland, under the direction of Rev. W. Spotswood Green, M. A., F. R. G. S. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 4 (24), 420 - 425. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938909460558","Verrill, A. E. & Bush, K. J. (1898) Revision of the deep-water Mollusca of the Atlantic coast of North America, with descriptions of new genera and species. Part I - Bivalvia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 20 (1139), 775 - 901.","Dall, W. H. & Simpson, C. T. (1901) The Mollusca of Porto Rico. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, 20 (1), 351 - 524.","Johnson, C. W. (1915) Fauna of New England. 13. List of the Mollusca. 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(1970) Coastal Brazilian seashells. Fundacao Cidade do Rio Grande, Museu Oceanografico de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 255 pp.","Morris, P. A. (1973) A field guide to the shells of our Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the West Indies. 3 rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 330 pp.","Ode, H. (1973) A survey of the molluscan fauna of the northwest Gulf of Mexico: Preliminary report (continued). Texas Conchologist, 9 (4), 73, 75 - 83.","Wigley, R. L. & Stinton, F. C. (1973) Distribution of macroscopic remains of recent animals from marine sediments off Massachusetts. Fishery Bulletin, 71 (1), 1 - 40.","Abbott, R. T. (1974) American seashells: The marine Mollusca of the Atlantic coast of North America. 2 nd Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 663 pp.","Humfrey, M. (1975) Sea shells of the West Indies: A guide to the marine molluscs of the Caribbean. Collins, London, 351 pp.","Rios, E. C. (1975) Brazilian marine mollusks iconography. 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(2005) Moluscos marinhos da APA do Arquipelago de Santana, Macae, RJ: Chave ilustrada para identificacao das especies do substrato inconsolidado. Editora Ciencia Moderna Ltda, Rio de Janeiro, 84 pp.","Agudo, A. I. & Bleicker, M. S. (2005) Malacofauna marinha catarinense: uma aproximacao ao estado atual do conhecimento dos moluscos marinhos: II: Bivalvia. Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Malacologia, 36 (152), 4 - 7.","Muniz, P. & Pires-Vanin, A. M. S. (2005) More about taxonomic sufficiency: A case study using polychaete communities in a subtropical bay moderately affected by urban sewage. Ocean Science Journal, 40 (3), 17 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 03022607","Soares-Gomes, A. & Pires-Vanin, A. M. S. (2005) Bivalve mollusk assemblages on Sao Paulo's northern continental shelf, southeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 65 (4), 717 - 727.","Absalao, R. S., Caetano, C. H. S. & Fortes, R. R. (2006) Capitulo 6. Filo Mollusca. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Ignacio, B. L. (Eds.), Biodiversidade bentonica da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 211 - 260.","Garcia, E. F. (2007) Report on mollusks collected in a dredging expedition to Bahia de Campeche, southwestern Gulf of Mexico. American Conchologist, 35 (2), 4 - 11.","Mikkelsen, P. M. & Bieler, R. (2007 [\" 2008 \"]) Seashells of southern Florida: living marine mollusks of the Florida Keys and adjacent regions: Bivalves. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 503 pp.","Raffucci, F. A. G. (2007) Nomenclatura de los organismos acuaticos y marinos de Puerto Rico e Islas Virgenes: Volumen 2. Moluscos de Puerto Rico e Islas Virgenes. Parte 1. Clase Bivalvia, Clase Scaphopoda, Clase Monoplacophora. Unpublished pdf-ppt list of bivalve families, genera and species. Available from: http: // drna. pr. gov / historico / biblioteca / publicaciones / tecnicas / molusc 01. pdf (accessed 9 February 2017)","Villalobos, R. C. R. (2007) Diversidad y patrones de distribucion espacial de la comunidad de moluscos de la fachada atlantica venezolana: El efecto de los parametros ambientales. MS thesis, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, 128 pp.","Wysong, E. J. (2008) Hurricane effects on molluscan death assemblages and their facies. MS thesis, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 89 pp.","Agudo-Padron, A. I., Bleicker, M. S. & Saafeld, K. (2009) Recent marine molluscs of Santa Catarina state, SC, southern Brazil region: A comprehensive synthesis and check list. Fisaya, 3, 1 - 17.","Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian sea shells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp.","Turgeon, D. D., Lyons, W. G., Mikkelsen, P. M., Rosenberg, G. & Moretzsohn, F. (2009) Bivalvia (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota. Fol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A & M Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 711 - 744.","Huber, M. 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Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92 (6), 1367 - 1377. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315411001421","Hebbeln, D., Wienberg, C., Beuck, L., Dehning, K., Dullo, C., Eberli, G., Freiwald, A., Glogowski, S., Garlichs, T., Jansen, F., Joseph, N., Klann, M., Matos, L., Nowald, N., Reyes Bonilla, H., Ruhland, G., Taviani, M., Wilke, T., Wilsenack, M. & Wintersteller, P. (2012) Report and preliminary results of R / V Maria S. Merian cruise MSM 20 - 4. WACOM: West Atlantic cold-water coral ecosystems: the west side story: Bridgetown - Freeport, 14 march - 7 april 2012. Berichte aus dem MARUM und dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universitat Bremen, 290, 1 - 120.","Oliveira, C. D. de C. (2012) Consideraoes sobre a taxonomia de Septibranchia (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) e o estado da arte do conhecimento do grupo no Brasil. Sicardia, 2012 (3), 5 - 12.","Correa-Sandoval, A. & Rodriguez-Castro, J. H. 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Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-02T14:41:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Cristina de Oliveira.pdf: 3208793 bytes, checksum: a854bbbb00daaa77139b51a6910d3c2f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T14:41:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Cristina de Oliveira.pdf: 3208793 bytes, checksum: a854bbbb00daaa77139b51a6910d3c2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 The law n?? 10.639/2003 promoted undeniable achievements, which provide new debates in education area around the possibilities that the knowledge and dissemination of African and Afro-Brazilian cultures can offer to expand the debate on multiculturalism. It promotes dialogue on the subject of blackness, since African ethnicity underlies the formation of the Brazilian people. For this debate be established as standardized educational practice, however, it is necessary to the critical examination of teacher education, questioning the common places until then in vogue in education, perpetuating prejudices. Thus, this research aims to analysis and reflection on the effects regarding the law 10.639/2003 and the consequences on teacher formation at graduation level in the course of Portuguese and Literatures - one of the areas of knowledge that the law mentions directly -, based on the questioning of formation of higher education in Brazil and the structural inequalities of education, particularly the insertion of black and African descent within our society. Investigates and discusses the formation of the literature professor, the subject reader trainer, so that the discussion of aspects of the afro-brazilian literature and the literature of Portuguese-speaking African countries can contribute as sources for reflection on the identity of the Brazilian people, the black and African descent in their individual and collective training, questioning coloniality of minds and the benefits of literary literacy A lei n?? 10.639/2003 promoveu ineg??veis conquistas, que propiciam novos debates na ??rea da Educa????o em torno das possibilidades que o conhecimento e a difus??o das culturas africanas e afro-brasileiras podem oferecer para a amplia????o do debate em torno do multiculturalismo. Promove o di??logo acerca do tema da negritude, uma vez que a etnia africana est?? na base da forma????o do povo brasileiro. Para que tal debate se estabele??a como pr??tica educativa normatizada, no entanto, faz-se necess??rio o exame cr??tico sobre a forma????o docente, problematizando os lugares comuns at?? ent??o em voga na educa????o, perpetuando preconceitos. Assim, essa pesquisa visa ?? an??lise e ?? reflex??o sobre os efeitos da Lei 10.639/2003 e suas consequ??ncias sobre a forma????o docente de n??vel superior no curso de Letras ??? uma das ??reas de conhecimento cuja reda????o da lei menciona diretamente -, partindo da problematiza????o da forma????o do ensino superior no Brasil e as desigualdades estruturais da educa????o, sobretudo da inser????o do negro e do afrodescendente no seio de nossa sociedade. Investiga e debate a forma????o do professor de literatura, formador do sujeito leitor, de modo que a discuss??o sobre aspectos da literatura afro-brasileira e das literaturas de express??o portuguesa dos pa??ses africanos possam contribuir como fontes para a reflex??o sobre a identidade do povo brasileiro, do negro e do afrodescendente em sua forma????o individual e coletiva, problematizando a colonialidade das mentes e os benef??cios do letramento liter??rio.

Mugil margaritae new species (Fig. 10) All specimens from Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV-V- 35725, SL 151 mm, Boca de R��o/Nova Esparta, Isla Margarita, 10 �� 58 ��� 14 ���N, 64 �� 10 ��� 13 ���W, 2007, M. Nirchio. Paratypes: MBUCV-V- 35726 (11, SL 90���166 mm), MZUSP 115346 (4, SL 126���165 mm) collected with holotype; LBP 6129 (1, SL 265 mm), San Bernardo/Zulia, 11 ��00���06���N, 71 �� 36 ��� 28 ���W, 2006, H. Brice��o, M. D��vila & N. Flores. Diagnosis. Mugil margaritae is distinguished from M. liza, M. curvidens and M. trichodon in having 3 spines and 9 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 9 branched anal fin rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 8 branched anal fin rays in juveniles). Mugil margaritae differs from M. incilis in having the dorsal-fin origin midway between the snout tip and the caudal-fin base and 17���18 longitudinal scale rows around the caudal peduncle (vs. the dorsal-fin origin much closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base and 20���23 longitudinal scale rows around the caudal peduncle) and from M. brevirostris, M. curema and M. rubrioculus in having 40���44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base and 13���15 (usually 14) longitudinal scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the pelvic-fin origin (vs. 35���39 oblique scale rows from the origin of the pectoral-fin limit to the caudal-fin base and 12���13, usually 13 oblique scale rows from the limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base) Description. Morphometric data presented in table 11. Maximum examined body length 265 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed, moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body convex from tip of snout to spinous dorsal-fin origin; straight from this point to soft dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from this point to caudal peduncle, concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, slightly concave from this point to vertical through caudal-fin base. Orbital diameter equal to snout length. Eye covered with adipose tissue, except for oval-shaped central area in adults. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30���35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 23. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays i, 8 in adults, n = 23. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 13���15, 14.6 (15), n = 23. Tip of pectoral fin not reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, extending to vertical through about middle of pelvic fin-length. Pelvic fin with I, 5. Tip of pelvic-fin reaching vertical through base of fourth dorsal-fin spine. Anal-fin rays with II, i, 9 in specimens smaller than 30���35 mm SL, III, 9 in adults, n = 23. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending slightly beyond anterior border of orbit. Teeth on upper and lower lips minute, unicuspid, spatulate, with slightly curved tips (Fig. 10 A). External upper lip teeth larger than inner teeth. Single row of teeth smaller than upper lip teeth on lower lip. Scales spinoid, spines rudimentary on surface of scales, not projecting on scale margin (Fig. 10 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral-fin rays to caudal-fin base 40���44, 40.8 (40), n = 23. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 13 ���15,14 (14), n = 23. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 17 ���18,17.9 (18), n = 23. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal area. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin 2.5 times as long as pectoral-fin length in holotype. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic twice as long as pelvic fin in holotype. Gill rakers close set, 48���85 (71) on ceratobranchial portion of first arch, increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2). Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally; dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral portion of body, whitish on abdominal region. Central portion of scales of longitudinal scale rows from midbody to dorsal midline of body slightly darker than remainder of scales, forming inconspicuous horizontal stripes in live or recently preserved specimens. All fins pale, with few scattered dark chromatophores. Distal margin of caudal fin darker than remaining parts of fin. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with relatively large dark spot extending over basal portions of ten dorsalmost branched rays, with vertically elongate whitish spot under it extending along bases of fourth through eleventh branched rays. Cytological and molecular data. The karyotype of Mugil margaritae possesses a complement of 2 N+ 24 composed of 22 M + 2 SM chromosomes with a conserved arm number FN= 48. NORs are located on the telomeric region of the long arm of the metacentric chromosome pair N o 1 and C-bands are distributed on the pericentromeric and telomeric regions of all chromosomes with some chromosomes displaying intercalary heterochromatic blocks, some being more conspicuous (Nirchio et al., 2005). The molecular analyzes showed that the number of nucleotid differences between M. margaritae and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 8.7 to 64.0 (16 S) and 29.4 to 107.2 (COI) (tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed ones ranged from 0.015 to 0.129 (16 S) and 0.047 to 0.191 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Fig. 3 shows that this species is genetically most similar to M. curema. Etymology. The species is named after Isla Margarita, Venezuela, a locality where the type species was collected. Distribution. Mugil margaritae is known from two localities along the Venezuelan coast (Fig. 4) and was captured together with M. trichodon, M. rubrioculus and M.incilis at one of these two localities., Published as part of Menezes, Na��rcio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cl��udio De & Siccharamirez, Raquel, 2015, Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 3918 (1) on pages 26-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287820, {"references":["Nirchio, M., Cipriano, R., Cestari, M. & Fenocchio (2005) Cytogenetical and morphological features reveal significant differences among Venezuelan and Brazilian samples of Mugil curema (Teleostei: Mugilidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3, 99 - 102. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252005000100006"]}

Mugil incilis Hancock 1830 (Fig. 9) Mugil incilis Hancock, 1830: 127 (type locality: Guyana); neotype: BMNH 1933.8. 2.69, designated by Thomson, 1997: 491; Steindachner, 1879: 26 (only specimens originating from Demerara); Jordan & Swain, 1884: 266 (only specimens originating from northern coast of South America); Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 812 (only specimens originating from Par��, Brazil); Fowler, 1903: 744 (Surinam); Schultz, 1949: 111 (Venezuela); Menezes, 1983: 3 (only specimens originating from northern to northeastern Brazilian coast); Menezes & Figueiredo, 1985: 23 (only specimens originating from northern to northeastern Brazilian coast; Thomson, 1997: 491 (only specimens originating from Guyana, Suriname and Brazil); Gonz��lez-Bencomo et al. 1997: 159 (Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela); Aguilera, 1998: 51, Venezuela); Keith et al., 2000: 26 (Guyana); Menezes et al., 2003: 65 (only specimens originating from southern Caribbean to northeastern Brazilian coast); Harrison, 2003: 1083 (only specimens originating from southern Caribbean region to northeastern Brazilian coast; size, habitat, biology and fisheries; distribution). Mugil guentheri Steindachner, 1864: 37 (type locality: Guyana) Mugil xinguensis Steindachner, 1907: 489 (type locality: Provid��ncia, Rio Xingu, Brazil). Myxus calancalae de Beaufort, 1940: 112 (type locality: lower R��o Calancala, near San Antonio, Goajira, Colombia; Nijssen et al., 1982: 91 (type catalog); Thomson, 1997: 487 (synonym of Mugil curema); Harrison et al., 2007: 91 (examination of 3 syntypes and indication of synonymy with Mugil incilis). Material examined. LBP18386, 3, SL 139���175 mm, Brazil, Par��: Bragan��a, foz do Rio Caet��, 0�� 56 ��� 48 ���S, 46 �� 37 ���02.4���W; LBP 9059, 2, SL 320���340, Vigia, 0�� 51 ��� 43.2 ���S, 48 ��08��� 21 ���W; MZUSP 77656, 1. SL 38���57, Praia do Mosqueiro, 1 �� 17 ��� 10.4 ���S, 48 �� 33 ��� 30.4 ���W; MZUSP 77667, 1, SL 98 mm Salvaterra, Praia do Jubim, 1 ��03��� 32 ���S, 48 �� 33 ��� 30 ���W; MZUSP 67529, 1, SL 225 mm, Vigia, 0�� 08���06.6���S, 48 �� 13 ��� 33 ���W; MZUSP 3743, 1, SL 170 mm, Bel��m, 1 �� 45 ���S, 48 �� 46 ���06���W; MZUSP 67413 -14, 3, 145 ��� 147 mm, Maranh��o: Ilha de S��o Lu��s, Rio Curu����, approximately 2 �� 31 ���S, 44 �� 16 ���W; MZUSP 43588, 1, SL 170 mm, Lagoa dos Viana, sistema Pindar��-Mirim, 3 �� 21 ���06.6���S, 48 �� 13 ��� 33 ���W; ECAM uncatalogued, 10, SL 112���234 mm, Venezuela: Isla de Margarita, Laguna La Acequia, Boca de R��o, 10 �� 57 ��� 40 ���N, 64 �� 11 ��� 11 ���W. Diagnosis. Mugil incilis is the only species from the study area having the dorsal-fin origin much closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base and is further distinguished from M. liza, M. curvidens and M. trichodon in having 3 spines and 9 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched ray and 9 branched rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched ray and 8 branched rays in juveniles), from M. curema, M. rubrioculus and M. brevirostris in having 41���44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs. 35���39 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base) and from M. margaritae in having 20���23 longitudinal scale rows around the caudal peduncle (vs. 17���18 longitudinal scale rows around the caudal peduncle). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 10. Maximum examined body length 340 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed and moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex along tip of snout, straight from vertical through anterior border of orbit to vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from that point to caudal peduncle, straight to slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to pelvic-fin origin, straight from this point to anal-fin origin, slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Orbital diameter equal to snout length. Eye covered with adipose tissue, except for oval-shaped central area in adults. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30���35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 24. Spinous dorsal fin-origin closer to snout tip than to caudal base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays i, 8 in adults, n = 24. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 14 ���15, 14, 8, n = 24. Tip of pectoral-fin falling short of vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, extending to vertical through about one-third of pelvic fin-length. Pelvicfin rays with I, 5. Tip of pelvic-fin reaching vertical through base of fourth dorsal-fin spine. Anal fin with II, i, 8 in specimens smaller than 30���35 mm SL, III, 8 in adults, n = 24. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through anterior border of orbit. Single row of minute, unicuspid, spatulate teeth with slightly curved tips on both lips (Fig. 9 A). Teeth on upper lip slightly larger and more widely spaced than slender teeth on lower lip. Scales spinoid, spines well-developed on surface of scales and projecting posteriorly along scale margin (Fig. 9 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral-fin base to caudal-fin base 42���47, 44.6, n = 23. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 13���14, 13.7, n = 23. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 20 ���23, 21, n = 23. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal area. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base about 2.5 times as long as pectoral fin in 175 mm SL specimen (LBP 9061). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin twice as long as pelvic fin in same specimen. Gill rakers close set; 23���68 rakers on ceratobranchial portion of first arch, increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2). Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally; dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral region, whitish on abdominal region. Central portion of scales of longitudinal scale rows from midlateral region to dorsal midline of body slightly darker, forming inconspicuous horizontal stripes in live or recently preserved specimens. Pelvic and anal fins pale with few scattered dark chromatophores. Spinous dorsal, soft dorsal, pectorals and caudal fins with scattered dark chromatophores. Distal margin of caudal fin slightly darker than remaining parts of fin. Anterodorsal tip of soft dorsal fin dark. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with small dark spot extending over basal portions of unbranched rays and ten dorsalmost branched rays, with vertically elongate whitish spot under it extending through bases of remaining ventralmost branched rays. Cytogenetic and molecular data. The chromosome complement of Mugil incilis is composed of 48 acrocentric chromosomes (FN= 48). The largest chromosome pairs, classified as number 1, show a subcentromeric secondary constriction. C-banding showed heterochromatic blocks at the centromeric/pericentromeric regions of all chromosomes, which were more conspicuous on chromosomes 1, given the C-positive signals include the secondary constrictions. AgNO 3 and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 45 S rDNA demonstrated that the nucleolus organizer regions are indeed located on the secondary constrictions of chromosome pair number 1 with 5 S rDNA located on this same chromosome pair, near the NOR���s, though signals are closer to the centromeres and of smaller size, compared to those of the major ribosomal gene clusters (Hett et al., 2011). The molecular analyzes showed that the number of nucleotide differences between M. incilis and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 34.0 to 63.6 (16 S) and 97.7 to 106.9 (COI) (Tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed species ranged from, 0.061 to 0.148 (16 S) and 0.166 to 0.198 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 1 shows that this species is genetically most similar to M. margaritae and M. curema. Distribution. Mugil incilis is known from the Venezuelan coast to northern Brazil (Maranh��o), always associated with low salinity water or even freshwater and has been captured together with M. trichodon and M. rubrioculus (Fig. 4) Remarks. Examination of one specimen from Sapucaia, Rio Para��ba, Brazil (MNRJ 2150) identified by Ribeiro (1915) as Mugil incilis revealed it to be Mugil curema Valenciennes. The material from Ilha do Bom Jesus, Ba��a de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ 3657, 5 specimens and MNRJ 3658, 12 specimens) also identified as M. incilis, actually represented M. curema and M. liza respectively. One specimen from San Bernardo/Zulia, Venezuela (LBP 6128) has the origin of the spinous dorsal fin closer to the tip of the snout than to the caudal-fin base, which is the main character that distinguishes Mugil incilis from all the other Mugil species. This specimen, however, has fewer transverse lateral series scales (39 vs. 42���47) and might represent a new species as indicated by Siccha-Ramirez et al. (2014: 91) based on molecular data. This specimen is included in the present analysis as Mugil sp. (tables 2 to 7)., Published as part of Menezes, Na��rcio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cl��udio De & Siccharamirez, Raquel, 2015, Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 3918 (1) on pages 24-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287820, {"references":["Hancock, J. (1830) Observations on the mullets of the coast of Guiana, and the grey-mullet of the British coast, with incidental remarks on the airbladder and stomach in fishes. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts, London, I, 125 - 139.","Thomson, J. M. (1997) The Mugilidae of the world. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 41 (3), 457 - 562.","Steindachner, F. (1879) Zur Fisch-fauna des Magdalenen Stromes. Denskschrifte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, 60, 19 - 78.","Menezes, N. A. (1983) Guia pratico para o conhecimento e identificacao das tainhas e paratis (Pisces: Mugilidae) do litoral brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2 (1), 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751983000100001","Menezes, N. A. & Figueiredo, J. L. (1985) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. V. Teleostei (4). Sao Paulo da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 105 pp.","Gonzalez-Bencomo, E. J., Borjas, J. A. & Castillo, E. C. (1997) Ictiofauna del sector San Carlos del Lago Maracaibo, Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad del Zulia, 31 (2), 151 - 179.","Aguilera, O. (1998) Los peces marinos del occidente de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18, 43 - 47.","Keith, P., Le Ball, P. Y. & Planquette, P. (2000) Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane. Tome 2. Fascicule 1. Batrachoidiformes, Mugiliformes, Beloniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Perciformes, Pleuronectiformes, Tetraodontiformes, 126 pp.","Menezes, N. A. (2003) Mugilidae. In: Menezes, N. A., Buckup, P. A., Figueiredo, J. L. & Moura, R. L. (Eds.), Catalogo de das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Sao Paulo. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de sao Paulo, 160 pp.","Harrison, I. J. (2003) Mugilidae,. In: Carpenter, K. E. (Ed.), The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. FAO species identification guide for fihery purpose, pp. 1071 - 1085. [vii + 602 - 1373]","Steindachner, F. (1864) Ichthyologische Beitrage Notizen. Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaftlichen Classe, 1 (5), 37 - 38.","Hett, A. K., Nirchio, M., Oliveira, C., Siccha, Z. R., Rossi, A. R. & Sola, L. (2011) Karyotype characterization of Mugil incilis Hancock, 1830 (Mugilifomes: Mugilidae) including a description of an unusual co-localization of major and minor ribosomal genes in the family. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9 (1), 107 - 112. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252011005000005","Ribeiro, A. M. de (1915) Fauna Brasiliense. Peixes. V (Eleutherobranchios Aspirophorus) Physoclisti. Archivos do Museu Naciona, Rio de Janeiro, 17, 1 - 679.","Siccha-Ramirez, Z. R., Menezes, N. A., Nirchio, M., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Molecular identification of mullet species of the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America and the phylogeographic analysis of Mugil liza. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 22 (11), 86 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 10641262.2013.833583"]}

Mugil brevirostris (Ribeiro, 1915) (Fig. 1) Querimana brevirostris Ribeiro, 1915 (unpaginated), Brazil [type locality: Brazil (no precise locality)]; holotype (probably lost); Thomson, 1997: 494 (as a probable synonym of Mugil trichodon Poey, 1835). Mugil hospes (not of Jordan & Culver, 1895), Thomson, 1997: 490 (only specimens originating from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); Harrison, 2003: 1082 (only specimens originating from Brazilian coast). Mugil gaimardianus (not of Desmarest, 1831: 129), Menezes, 1983: 4 (only specimens originating from Brazilian coast); 1985: 22 (only specimens originating from Macei��, Alagoas, Canan��ia, S��o Paulo and Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Mugil sp., Menezes et al., 2003: 65 (only specimens originating from Brazilian coast). Material examined. Neotype���MZUSP 115087, SL 106 mm, Canan��ia, S��o Paulo, 25 ��00��� 45 ���S, 47 �� 56 ���07���W. Other material. MZUSP 30333, 31446, 4, SL 71���101.5 mm, Brazil, Amap��: approximately 1 �� 26 ���N, 52 ��01���W; MZUSP 77667, 20, SL 24.5���52 mm, Par��: Salvaterra, Praia do Jubim, 0�� 45 ��� 31.6 ���S, 48 �� 30 ��� 51.6 ���W; MZUSP 67402 -03, 3, SL 135���156 mm, Maranh��o: Ilha de S��o Lu��s, Rio Curu����, approximately 2 �� 31 ���S, 44 �� 16 ���W; MZUSP 67409, 67408, 67404, 4, SL 142���171 mm, Alagoas: Lagoa Munda��, 9 �� 38 ��� 28 ���S, 35 �� 46 ��� 44 ���W, MZUSP 51159, 2, SL 144 and 183 mm, Coqueiro Seco, 09�� 38 ��� 14 ���S, 35 �� 47 ���07���W; MZUSP 115075,1, SL 209 mm, Macei��, 9 �� 24 ���S, 35 �� 31 ���W; MZUSP 67336, 30, SL 78���100 mm, Bahia: mouth of Rio Paragua��u, near Maragogipe, 12 �� 7.5 ���S, 38 ��09���W; MZUSP 115076, 1, SL 100 mm, Rio de Janeiro: Ba��a da Ilha Grande, 23 ��09���07.5���S, 44 �� 13 ��� 44 ���W; MZUSP 15076, 2, SL 64 and 66 mm, Atafona, 21 �� 36 ���S, 41 ��01���W; MZUSP 67319, 27, SL 22���88 mm, Atafona, Ilha da Conviv��ncia, 21 �� 36 ���S, 41 ��02���W; MZUSP 43717, 67383, 67393, 67406, MZUSP 115078) 10, SL 52���193 mm, S��o Paulo: Canan��ia, 25 ��00��� 45 ���S, 47 �� 56 ���07���W; MZUSP 67407, 2, SL 172 and 182 mm, Canan��ia, Ilha do Cardoso, 25 ��07��� 54 ���S, 47 �� 57 ��� 59 ���W; MZUSP 67322, 1, SL 156 mm, Iguape, Rio Ribeira de Iguape, 24 �� 30 ��� 29 ���S, 47 �� 31 ��� 39 ���W; MZUSP 67317, 3, SL 155���200 mm, Santos, Praia do Embar��, 23 �� 58 ��� 23 S, 46 �� 19 ��� 26 ���W; MZUSP 15079,1, SL 32 mm, Praia Grande, 24 ��00��� 31.8 ���S 46 �� 24 ��� 44 ���W; MZUSP 67526, 3, SL 88���107 mm, Santa Catarina: Ibiraquera, Barra da Lagoa de Ibiraquera, 28 ��07��� 44 ���S, 48 �� 39 ��� 50.2 ���W; MZUSP 67411 -12, 20, SL 27���64 mm, Rio Grande do Sul: Laguna dos Patos, approximately 31 ��09���S, 51 �� 25 ���W. Diagnosis. Mugil brevirostris is the only species from the study area having the pectoral fin reaching to, or extending slightly beyond, the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. tip of the pectoral fin not reaching the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin). Mugil brevirostris is additionally distinguished from M. liza, M. curvidens and M. trichodon in having 3 spines and 9 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 9 branched anal fin rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 8 branched anal fin rays in juveniles) and from M. incilis in having the dorsal-fin origin located midway between the snout tip and the caudal-fin base and 35���38 oblique scale rows between the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs. the dorsal-fin origin closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base and 41���44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal origin of the pectoral fin base to the caudal-fin base). Mugil brevirostris additionally differs from M. margaritae in having 35���38 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal base (vs. 40���44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base), and from M. curema and M. rubrioculus by having the pectoral fin with 2 unbranched and 12���14, usually 13 branched rays (vs. 2 unbranched and 14���16, usually 15 branched rays). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Maximum examined body length 209 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed and moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex along tip of snout, straight from vertical through anterior border of orbit to vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from that point to caudal peduncle, concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle, concave along caudal peduncle. Orbital diameter greater than snout length. Eye covered with adipose tissue, except for narrow oval-shaped central area in adults. Adipose tissue small to almost absent in specimens shorter than 30���35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 138. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays in specimens smaller than 30���35 mm SL ii, 7, n = 45; i, 8 in adult specimens, n = 93. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii; first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 12 ���14, 13, n = 138. Tip of pectoral fins reaching to, or extending slightly beyond, vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fin I, 5. Tip of pelvic fins reaching vertical through base of third dorsal-fin spine. Anal fin in specimens smaller than 30���35 mm SL II, i, 9; III, 9 in adult specimens, n = 138. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla falling short of vertical through anterior border of orbit. Teeth unicuspid, spatulate with slightly curved tips (Fig. 1 A), external teeth on upper lip larger than inner teeth. Single row of close set finer teeth on lower lip smaller than upper lip teeth. Characters n range mean SD Scales spinoid; spines well-developed and projecting on surface of scales (Fig. 1 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral fin base to caudal-fin base 33���39, 36.7, n = 113. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 12���14, 12.6, n = 112. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 18 ���19,18.5, n = 122. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal margin. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes, but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base about 3 times as long as pectoral fin in 218 mm SL specimen (MZUSP 115075). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin about twice as long as pelvic fin in same specimen. Gill rakers close set, 21���75 on ceratobranchial portion of first arch; rakers increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2). Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally, with dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral region, whitish on abdominal region. Spinous dorsal, pelvic and anal fins pale, with few scattered dark chromatophores. Soft dorsal, pectorals and caudal fins with numerous scattered dark chromatophores. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with small dark spot covering basal portions of unbranched rays and of five dorsalmost branched rays. Cytogenetic and molecular data. Cytogenetic data unavailable. Molecular analyzes showed that the number of nucleotide differences between Mugil brevirostris and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 10.0 to 64.0 (16 S) and 62.3 to 109.9 (COI) (Tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed species ranged from 0.017 to 0.127 (16 S) and 0.104 to 0.215 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 3 shows that this species is genetically most similar to Mugil sp. TABLE 2. Nucleotide differences observed in COI gene among the samples analyzed. Data of Mugil liza and M. cephalus introduced for comparisons 4 13 22 28 31 37 40 43 47 49 55 58 64 65 67 71 76 79 82 85 91 92 94 97 100 103 109 112 Mugil cephalus I - - - - - - - - - - A C A G U C U A U C U C A A C C U U Mugil cephalus II - - - - - - - - - -. U..... A/G U/C......... Mugil cephalus III - - - - - - - - - -... G/A.... C......... Mugil cephalus IV - - - - - - - - - -. U... C/U. A/G........... liza C G C C A A U U C A. U...... U/C.......... trichodon G A U U G A A C C C.. G. C U C...... G U U C.. rubrioculus A G C A U/C G U C C A C U.... C G.... G...... brevirostris A G C A U G U C U A C/U U A/G. C. C. C G C. G C U... Mugil sp. G A U U G G A C C A U U G. C. C. C G.. G C.. C.. incilis G/A A/G U A G/A A G C C U.. G... C.. U C U G... C C. curema A G U A G A G C C A. U G. C. C... C U... U C C. margaritae G A U A G A G C C A. U G... C......... C C. curvidens C G C G A A A C C A.. G. C. C... C. G. U... 118 121 127 130 133 139 142 145 148 151 160 163 166 169 172 175 178 181 184 187 190 193 194 196 197 199 203 205 Mugil cephalus I A C A A U U A A C U A A A C G U/C G C C A U A C A G U C A Mugil cephalus II... G......... U. C.. U..... A... Mugil cephalus III... G......... U. C........ A... Mugil cephalus IV... G......... U. C............. liza... G......... U............... trichodon C U G C C C.. U C. G. U. C C G U U C... A C... rubrioculus. U. C. C.... G.... C.. U. C. U. A.... brevirostris... C. C U.. C. G. U. C.... C G U. A... Mugil sp.... C. C U.. C. G. U. C.... C. U. A C... incilis... C C C. G U C G G U.. C.... C.. G. C U G. curema.. G C C C. G U C G G.. A C.... C. U.. C U G. margaritae.. G C C C.. U C G G U.. C.... C. U.. C U G. curvidens... C C C... C.. C. A..... C.... C U. ......continued on the next page TABLE 2. (Continued) 208 209 211 214 220 223 226 229 232 235 241 244 247 250 256 262 263 265 268 271 277 280 283 286 287 289 292 298 Mugil cephalus I A A C A U U A U U C A U C A C U C U C A C U C U C A U G Mugil cephalus II.. U G. C...... U G.... U......... Mugil cephalus III..... C.. C... U G.... U......... Mugil cephalus IV.. U G. C...... U G.... U....... C. liza.. U G U/C... C.... G.... U........ trichodon G. U.... A...... U... U C.. U. C/U G A C rubrioculus G C G. C. G A C U. C.. C/U U/C. G. C/U.. U. U. A A brevirostris G C. G C C. A C U G C... C. G U C. C.. U. A. Mugil sp. G C G G C C. A C U..... C. G U C. C.. U G A A incilis G. U.. C. A C U. C... C. A. C... C. G C A curema G. U. C C. A C U. C..... A U C... C.. C A margaritae G. U.. C. A C U. C U... U A U U.. C/U C.. C A curvidens G. U.... A C U. C U... U A U C U.. C.. A A 301 304 307 308 310 313 316 319 325 328 331 334 337 340 343 344 346 349 350 352 355 356 358 361 364 367 370 373 Mugil cephalus I A A G G U G A A A G U U U C A U A C A C C C G C C C A G Mugil cephalus II.. A.................... U.... Mugil cephalus III.. A.. G/A. G..... A......... U.... Mugil cephalus IV.. A.... G. A............. U... A liza.. A.... G............... U.... trichodon.... A. G. G. C. C....... U U A. U.. A rubrioculus G. A U A. C.. A.. C U C C. A G... U. U U. A brevirostris G. A U A. C.. A C C C U C C G A G... U. U.. A Mugil sp. G. A U A. C. G A C C C U U C G G G U U. U. U U. A incilis. U.. A. U G. A.. C U. C G. G... A.. U G A curema. U.. A. U A/G. A.. C G.. G. G.... U. U G A margaritae. U.. G A U.. A.. C G. C G U G...... U. A curvidens.... A A C.. A.. C G. C G A G U.. G/A.. U G A ......continued on the next page TABLE 2. (Continued) 376 379 385 388 391 394 400 403 404 406 409 412 415 418 424 425 430 433 436 439 442 445 451 454 455 457 460 463 Mugil cephalus I U U C C U C C U/C C U G G U C U U C U U C U U A C A C U A Mugil cephalus II.. U.... C.. A U............... G Mugil cephalus III....... C.. A U............... G Mugil cephalus IV... U... C.. A U.... U...... C/U... G. liza....... C.. A U......... U/C..... G. trichodon. C G U C U A C U A A U. U.. U A. U... U. U C G. rubrioculus...... U. U A G/A.. U. C U C C.... U. U. G. brevirostris C. U.. U. C U G A. C U. C U..... U U C U. G Mugil sp... U... U C U G A U. U C C U.... C C U C U... incilis. A.. C. A C. A A U. U.. G C.. C. C C/U C. C G. curema.... C. A C. A A U. U. C G/A... U/C. C U C. C G. margaritae...... A C. A A U. U.. G... C. C U C U C G. curvidens.. U U C. G.. G A U. U..... U C C C U C U C G 469 472 475 476 477 478 481 484 487 490 493 496 499 502 505 508 511 514 515 517 520 523 526 529 532 535 538 539 Mugil cephalus I U A U A C U U A U A/G A C U C G A U C C A U C U A C U U U Mugil cephalus II............................ Mugil cephalus III.. U/C........... A........ G.... Mugil cephalus IV C........ R/G/A.... A.............. liza......... G.... A.............. trichodon A C.. U. C.... U.. U.. U U G... U.. C C. rubrioculus C G. C U C C. C G U. C. C.. U U.... C.. C C. brevirostris.. C C U C C.. G.... U..... C U. C U C C C Mugil sp... C C U C C....... C...... U. C. C C C. incilis. C C. U C G... G U C U C. C U... U C U.. C.. curema. U.. U C A/G G. G. U C U U. C U... U C U.. C.. margaritae. U.. U C G G. G G U C. U G C U... U C U.. C.. curvidens C C C. U C. G C.. U.. U.. U. G.. C C.... ......continued on the next page TABLE 3. (Continued) 251 252 253 254 255 256 258 261 262 263 264 265 266 268 270 271 272 275 276 277 279 280 Mugil cephalus I G U C A A A A U C C C U U A C A G A A U A C Mugil cephalus II......... U.. C...... C.. Mugil cephalus III............ C...... C.. Mugil cephalus IV......... U.. C...... C.. Mugil lza......... U.. C...... C.. trichodon.. U G. C. C.. U A A - U...... U rubrioculus.... G C. C.. A C A - G. A. G.. U brevirostris.... G C. C.. A C A - A. A. G. G U Mugil sp.... G C. C. U A. A - A. A. G.. U incilis.. -.. U.. U.. C A U U G A.. A.. curema..... C.... U C A C U. A A/G G C. U margaritae..... C.... U C A C U. A. G C. U curvidens A C... C G A.. U. A C.. A. G... 281 283 287 288 289 290 295 296 297 298 299 300 306 307 324 328 330 331 341 342 348 349 Mugil cephalus I A A - A A C U U C C A C A G/U U C G A G C C U Mugil cephalus II.. -................... Mugil cephalus III.. -................... Mugil cephalus IV.. -.... C........ A..... liza.. -................... trichodon U U -....... C. U. G. A G A... rubrioculus. U A. C.... U C. C. G U A. A. U C brevirostris U U A. C.... U C. C. G U A. A U. C Mugil sp U U A. C.... U C. C. G U A U A U. C incilis. U G. U U. C U. C. U. G. A G A U. C curema. U A G C U C... C. U. G. A G A.. C margaritae. U A G C..... C. U. G. A G A U U C curvidens U U A. U.. C.. C U U. G U A G A.. C .... ..continued on the next page Distribution. Specimens of Mugil brevirostris that have been examined in this study were found at area from the northern (Amap��) to the southern Brazilian coast (Rio Grande do Sul). This species is captured together with M. curvidens, M. curema, M. incilis, and M. rubrioculus along all its distributional range (Fig. 4). Remarks. No specimen that could be identified as type-material of Querimana brevirostris was found in the collection of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, despite a careful, approximately six months search by Marcelo Britto, ichthyologist and curator of that institution. One specimen (MNRJ 2021) in very poor condition which had been identified by Al��pio de Miranda Ribeiro as Querimana brevirostris, but not cited as a type, is smaller (total length = 30 mm) than specimens used by Ribeiro, 1915 in his original description (several specimens from an unknown locality in Brazil measuring 53 mm in length). Nine specimens (MNRJ 2977) from Ba��a da Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, SL 32���37.5 mm, also identified as Querimana bevirostris are rather Mugil curvidens Valenciennes. In Ribeiro���s original description there is a clear reference to the tip of the pectoral fins reaching the vertical through the origin of the first dorsal-fin spine and the presence of 33 ���lateral line��� scales. The only species of Mugil that has long pectoral fins, reaching to, or extending slightly beyond, the vertical through the base of the first dorsal-fin spine is Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver, described from Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean. However, two examined paratypes of this species (SU 28290, SL 166 mm and USNM 47446, SL 160 mm), have respectively 43 and 45 lateral series scales along the sides of the body. Given that the specimens from Brazil identified as Mugil gaimardianus by Menezes & Figueiredo (1985) and Mugil sp. by Menezes et al. (2003) and all specimens herein examined characteristically have the tip of the pectoral fins reaching to, and sometimes extending slightly beyond, the vertical through the origin of the first dorsal-fin spine and 33���39 lateral series scales, they should be considered as Mugil brevirostris (Ribeiro, 1915). Since the the type series of this species is lost, one of the M. brevirostris specimens we have examined in the present study (MZUSP 115087, SL 106 mm) from Canan��ia, S��o Paulo is herein designated as neotype in order to resolve the uncertainty about the identity of the species., Published as part of Menezes, Na��rcio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cl��udio De & Siccharamirez, Raquel, 2015, Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 3918 (1) on pages 3-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287820, {"references":["Ribeiro, A. M. de (1915) Fauna Brasiliense. Peixes. V (Eleutherobranchios Aspirophorus) Physoclisti. Archivos do Museu Naciona, Rio de Janeiro, 17, 1 - 679.","Thomson, J. M. (1997) The Mugilidae of the world. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 41 (3), 457 - 562.","Harrison, I. J. (2003) Mugilidae,. In: Carpenter, K. E. (Ed.), The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. FAO species identification guide for fihery purpose, pp. 1071 - 1085. [vii + 602 - 1373]","Menezes, N. A. (1983) Guia pratico para o conhecimento e identificacao das tainhas e paratis (Pisces: Mugilidae) do litoral brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2 (1), 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751983000100001","Menezes, N. A. (2003) Mugilidae. In: Menezes, N. A., Buckup, P. A., Figueiredo, J. L. & Moura, R. L. (Eds.), Catalogo de das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Sao Paulo. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de sao Paulo, 160 pp.","Menezes, N. A. & Figueiredo, J. L. (1985) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. V. Teleostei (4). Sao Paulo da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 105 pp."]}

Mugil rubrioculus Harrison, Nirchio, Oliveira, Ron & Gav��ria, 2007 (Fig. 11) Mugil rubrioculus Harrison, Nirchio, Oliveira, Ron & Gav��ria, 2007: 80 (type locality: Margarita Island, Macanao, Peninsula at Boca del R��o, 10 �� 57 ��� 48 ���N, 64 �� 10 ��� 42 ���W; Siccha-Ramirez, Menezes, Nirchio, Forest & Oliveira, 2014: 86 and 91 (genetic diversity). Mugil gaimardianus (non Desmarest) Cervig��n, 1993: 374, 377; Nirchio et al., 2003: 114. Mugil sp., Nirchio et al. 2005: 100. Material examined. LBP 6063, 1, SL 212, Venezuela: Isla de Margarita, Boca de R��o/Novas Esparta, 10 �� 57 ��� 39.6 ���N, 64 �� 10 ��� 26.4 ���W; LBP 4933, 2, SL 203���237 mm, Brasil: Pernambuco, Rio Formoso, 08�� 40 ��� 31 ���S, 35 ��06��� 44 ���W; Bahia, Porto Seguro, 16 �� 26 ��� 31 ���S, 39 ��00��� 52 ���W; LBP 9060, 5, SL 151���183 mm, Par��: Bragan��a, foz do Rio Caet��, 0�� 56 ��� 48.5 ���S, 46 �� 37 ���02.4���W. Diagnosis. Mugil rubrioculus is distinguished from M. liza, M. curvidens and M. trichodon in having 3 spines and 9 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 9 branched anal fin rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 8 branched anal fin rays in juveniles). Mugil rubrioculus differs from M. incilis in having the dorsal-fin origin midway between the snout tip and the caudal-fin base and 35���38 oblique scale rows between the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs the dorsal-fin origin closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base and 41���44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral fin base to the caudal-fin base). Mugil rubrioculus is distinguished from M. margaritae in having 35���38 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs. 40���44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base) and from M. curema by the presence of a conspicuous black spot on the anterodorsal portion of the second (soft) dorsal fin contrasting with the lighter color of the remainder of the fin, the basal portion of the pectoral fin dusky or with a small inconspicuous dark spot and the iris orange-reddish in live or recently preserved specimens (vs. anterodorsal portion of the second dorsal fin uniformly dark or slightly darker than the remainder of the fin, but not bearing a distinct dark spot, a conspicuous dark spot extending over most of the basal portion of the pectoral fin and the iris not orange-reddish in live or recently preserved specimens). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 12. Maximum examined body length 260 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed, moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex along tip of snout, straight from vertical through anterior border of orbit to vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from that point to caudal peduncle, concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to analfin origin, slightly concave from this point to vertical through caudal-fin base. Orbital diameter greater than snout length. Eye covered in adults with adipose tissue, except for oval-shaped central area. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30���35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 9. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays i, 8 in adults, n = 9. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second ray; branched rays 14���15, 14.8, n = 9. Tip of pectoral fin not reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, extending to vertical through about one-third of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic fin with I, 5. Tip of pelvic fin reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Anal fin with II,i, 8 in specimens smaller than 30���35 mm SL; III, 8 in adults, n = 9. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending to vertical through anterior border of orbit. Single row of minute, unicuspid, spatulate teeth with slightly curved tips on both lips (Fig. 11 A). Teeth on upper lip slightly larger and more widely spaced than slender teeth on lower lip. Scales spinoid, spines rudimentary on surface of scales, not projecting along scale margin (Fig. 11 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal origin of pectoral-fin rays to caudal base 35���38, 36.8, n = 9. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 12���13, 12.8, n = 9. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 17���18, 17.8, n = 9. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal area. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered with small scales extending between interradial membranes, but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base 2.5 times as long as pectoral fin in 255 mm SL specimen (LBP 6849). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin 1.8 times as long as pelvic fin in same specimen. Gill rakers close set, 65���71 on ceratobranquial portion of first arch, increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2) Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally, dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral portion of body, whitish on abdominal region. Central portion of scales of longitudinal scale rows from midbody to dorsal midline of body darker than remainder of scales, forming inconspicuous horizontal stripes in live or recently preserved specimens. Spinous dorsal, pelvic and anal fins pale with few scattered dark chromatophores. Soft dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins profusely covered with dark chromatophores. Distal margin of caudal fin darker than remaining parts of fin. Anterodorsal portion of soft dorsal fin with conspicuous dark spot. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with small dark spot extending over basal portions of unbranched rays and of eight dorsalmost branched rays, vertically elongate whitish spot under it extending through bases of remaining ventralmost branched rays. Cytogenetic and molecular data. Mugil rubrioculus exhibits a karyotype 2 n= 48 with exclusively acrocentric chromosomes (NF= 48), one pair of NORs interstitially located on chromosome pair number 8 and constitutive chromatin distributed in pericentromeric position of all chromosomes (Nirchio et al., 2007) The molecular analyses showed that the number of nucleotide differences between M. rubrioculus and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 40.0 to 64.0 (16 S) and 97.2 to 114.2 (COI) (tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this and remaining analyzed species ranged from 0.073 to 0.125 (16 S) and 0.176 to 0.203 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 3 shows that this species is more similar to Mugil sp. and M. brevirostris. Distribution. Within the study area this species is known from the South Caribbean (Venezuela) and from the northern Brazilian coast (Par�� to Bahia) where it has been captured together with M. curema, M. incilis, and M. curvidens (Fig. 4)., Published as part of Menezes, Na��rcio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cl��udio De & Siccharamirez, Raquel, 2015, Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 3918 (1) on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/287820, {"references":["Harrison, I. J., Nirchio, M. Oliveira, C., Ron, E. & Gaviria, J. (2007) A new species of mullet (Teleostei: Mugilidae) from Venezuela, with a discussion on the taxonomy of Mugil gaimardianus. Journal of Fish Biology, 71 (Supplement A), 76 - 97. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2007.01520. x","Siccha-Ramirez, Z. R., Menezes, N. A., Nirchio, M., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Molecular identification of mullet species of the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America and the phylogeographic analysis of Mugil liza. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 22 (11), 86 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 10641262.2013.833583","Nirchio, M., Cervigon, F., Porto, J. I. R., Perez, J. E., Gomez, J. A. & Villalaz, J. V. (2003) Karyotype supporting Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 and M. gaimardianus Desmarest, 1831 (Mugilidae: Teleostei) as two valid nominal species. Scientia Marina, 67 (1), 113 - 115. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2003.67 n 1113","Nirchio, M., Cipriano, R., Cestari, M. & Fenocchio (2005) Cytogenetical and morphological features reveal significant differences among Venezuelan and Brazilian samples of Mugil curema (Teleostei: Mugilidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3, 99 - 102. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252005000100006"]}

© 2015 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure © 2015 European Society of Cardiology. Background The significance of detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood of antibody-positive patients for risk of development of Chagas heart disease is not well established. The objective of this study was to compare detection of T. cruzi DNA with known clinical and laboratory markers of Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) severity. Methods This is a case-control study nested within a retrospective cohort developed in Brazil to understand the natural history of Chagas disease. The study enrolled 499 T. cruzi seropositive blood donors (SP-BD) and 488 frequency matched seronegative control donors (SN-BD) who had donated between 1996 and 2002, and 101 patients with clinically diagnosed CC. In 2008-2010 all enrolled subjects underwent a health questionnaire, medical examination, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. A blinded panel of three cardiologists adjudicated the outcome of CC. Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast minicircle sequences were amplified by real-time PCR using an assay with a sensitivity of one parasite per 20mL of blood. All testing was performed on coded samples. Results Rates of PCR detection of T. cruzi DNA were significantly (P=0.003) higher in CC patients and SP-BD diagnosed with CC (79/105 [75.2 %]) compared with SP-BD without CC (143/279 [51.3%]). The presence of parasitaemia was significantly associated with known markers of disease progression such as QRS and QT interval duration, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, higher left ventricular index mass, and elevated troponin and NTpro-BNP levels. Conclusion Trypanosoma cruzi PCR positivity is associated with presence and severity of cardiomyopathy, suggesting a direct role of parasite persistence in disease pathogenesis.

We obtain the Paris law of fatigue crack propagation in a disordered solid using a fuse network model where the accumulated damage in each resistor increases with time as a power law of the local current amplitude. When a resistor reaches its fatigue threshold, it burns irreversibly. Over time, this drives cracks to grow until the system is fractured in two parts. We study the relation between the macroscopic exponent of the crack growth rate -- entering the phenomenological Paris law -- and the microscopic damage-accumulation exponent, $\gamma$, under the influence of disorder. The way the jumps of the growing crack, $\Delta a$, and the waiting-time between successive breaks, $\Delta t$, depend on the type of material, via $\gamma$, are also investigated. We find that the averages of these quantities, $$ and $/$, scale as power laws of the crack length $a$, $ \propto a^{\alpha}$ and $/ \propto a^{-\beta}$, where $$ is the average rupture time. Strikingly, our results show, for small values of $\gamma$, a decrease in the exponent of the Paris law in comparison with the homogeneous case, leading to an increase in the lifetime of breaking materials. For the particular case of $\gamma=0$, when fatigue is exclusively ruled by disorder, an analytical treatment confirms the results obtained by simulation.

1. The effects of restraint stress on c-fos mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus were investigated by in situ hybridization. 2. Confirming previous findings, c-fos mRNA expression increased after 30 min of forced restraint. 3. This effect was attenuated by a previous i.c.v. injection of the anxiolytic benzodiazepine midazolam (20 nmol/2 microliters) or the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP-7; 5 nmol/2 microliters). 4. These results suggest that the dentate gyrus is activated during restraint stress and that this activation may be modulated by benzodiazepine gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) or NMDA receptors.

Benjamin et al. proposed changing the conventional “statistical significance” threshold (i.e.,the alpha level) from p ≤ .05 to p ≤ .005 for all novel claims with relatively low prior odds. They provided two arguments for why lowering the significance threshold would “immediately improve the reproducibility of scientific research.” First, a p-value near .05provides weak evidence for the alternative hypothesis. Second, under certain assumptions, an alpha of .05 leads to high false positive report probabilities (FPRP2 ; the probability that a significant finding is a false positive)