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Background: Physical restraint is applied in pediatric intensive care units to carry out certain painful procedures and to ensure the maintenance and continuity of life support devices. There is a need to analyse the factors that influence the behaviour or intention to use physical restraint. Aim: To create and test psychometrically a paediatric version of the Physical Restraint‐Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire to assess paediatric critical care nurses' intention to use physical restraint. Study Design: A psychometric study. Five medical‐surgical Paeditric Intensive care Units from five hospitals in Spain. The study took place in three phases. In phase 1, the questionnaire was adapted. In phase 2, the content validity of each item was determined, and a pilot test was conducted. In phase 3, we administered the questionnaire and determined its psychometric properties. Results: The assessment of the intention to use physical restraint was extended to all critical paediatric patients, two items were eliminated from the initial questionnaire, four new items were included, and the clinical scenarios of the intention subscale were expanded from three to six. Overall content validity index for the full instrument of 0.96 out of 1. The Paediatric Physical Restraint‐Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire is made up of four subscales (attitude, subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intention) subdivided into 7 factors and 51 items. The internal consistency for the attitude subscale obtained a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.80 to 0.73, for the SN it was 0.72 to 0.89, for the PBC it was from 0.80 to 0.73 and for the intention subscale it was 0.75. Conclusions: The Paediatric Physical Restraint‐Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire is an instrument composed of seven factors and 51 items that validly and reliably assesses the intention of paediatric nurses to apply PR in PICUs. Relevance for Clinical Practice: Having this instrument will help health centres move towards restraint‐free care by allowing managers to assess professionals' attitudes, beliefs, and intentions around the use of PR in PICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay addresses the insufficient attention paid in narrative theory to the reformulated concept of space resulting from the spatial turn in the analysis of narrative space. To address this lack of attention, the essay proposes the concept of "narrative environments" as a new lens for conceiving of narrative space that distinguishes it from setting. Narrative environments are the formal narrative expression of space: the combined social contextualization and historicization and environmental imaginings that have historically produced that space and are called forth in the narrative to build narrative space and its interactions with other narrative components. These are distinguished from "setting" in that the latter has been interpreted as textually self-sufficient, not relying on social and cultural knowledge. The article reviews recent debates on narrative space and their branching into the fields of critical geography and ecocriticism in order to bring the reenvisioned concept of space resulting from the spatial turn into the discussion. The functioning of this new perspective on space is illustrated through the analysis of island and ocean space and its narrative effects in J. M. Coetzee's Foe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este ensayo argumenta que 'Benito Cereno' de Herman Melville (1855) y 'La muñeca' de Charles W. Chesnutt (1912) elaboran su forma narrativa a partir del motivo norteamericano de la escena del afeitado. Ambos relatos presentan usos innovadores de los marcos narrativos, con narraciones simultáneas relatadas y silenciadas, y de las técnicas del engaño y la percepción equívoca, generando una ambivalencia narrativa que a su vez expresa muy bien el conflicto laboral de los barberos afroamericanos. El ensayo traza el debate sobre los barberos en el contexto de los debates políticos afroamericanos y el desarrollo de este oficio desde el siglo XVIII hasta el XX, dando cuenta de la situación controvertida que afrontaban los barberos afroamericanos que atendían a clientes blancos. Estos barberos se consideraban a sí mismos empresarios que ayudaban a formar una clase media afroamericana, pero se les acusó a menudo de servilismo y de complicidad con las jerarquías raciales. En este ensayo se demuestra que, al utilizar la escena del afeitado y la navaja de afeitar como el epítome de esta ambivalencia, 'Benito Cereno' y 'La muñeca' presentan una forma narrativa que encapsula magistralmente esta situación racial y laboral tan particular. Palabras clave: literatura afroamericana; teoría de la narración; historia del trabajo; barberos; relaciones interraciales This essay argues that Herman Melville's 'Benito Cereno' (1855) and Charles W. Chesnutt's 'The Doll' (1912) elaborate narrative form from the racial US trope of the shaving scene. The stories present innovative uses of narrative frameworks, simultaneous silenced and spoken narratives, and misperception and delusion in order to produce a narrative ambivalence that contains the conflict of African American barbering as a trade. The essay traces the historical controversy about barbering within African American political debates and the development of the trade from the eighteenth century up to the twentieth so as to disclose the ambivalent position of African American barbers serving white costumers. Black barbers saw themselves as businessmen helping to build an African American middle class, but were eventually accused of servilism and compliance with established racial hierarchies. This essay demonstrates that by deploying the shaving scene and the razor as the epitome of this ambivalence, these stories offer a narrative form that singularly expresses this particular conflictive labor and racial situation. Keywords: African American literature; narrative theory; labor history; barbers; race relations, 'Shaving the Tale': Barbers and the Narration of Racial Relations in Melville's 'Benito Cereno' and Chesnutt's 'The Doll' When the protagonist of Richard Wright's Pagan Spain (1957) enters a barbershop [...]