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To meet the growing demand for high-quality extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) with health-promoting properties and pleasant sensory properties, studies are needed to establish optimal production parameters. Bioactive components of EVOO, including phenolic compounds, carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, and squalene, contribute to its organoleptic properties and beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to develop an Arbequina EVOO with high phenol content, particularly oleocanthal and oleacein, on a laboratory scale by analyzing the effects of different temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) and times (30 and 45 min) of malaxation. Higher temperatures decreased the levels of the phenolic compounds, secoiridoids, tocopherols, and squalene, but increased the pigments. EVOO with the highest quality was produced using malaxation parameters of 20 °C and 30 min, although oleocanthal and oleacein were higher at 30 and 25 °C, respectively. Overall, 20 °C and 30 min were the processing conditions that most favored the physiological and chemical processes that contribute to higher levels of bioactive compounds in the oil and diminished their degradation and oxidation processes. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Els poliuretans són una classe de polímers orgànics amb composicions molt variades, sintetitzats amb poli-isocianats units a polialcohols. No només es farà un estudi dels polialcohols utilitzats en aquests, si no s’estudiarà la seva obtenció i sinterització dins un món sostenible, molt necessitat per la manca de combustibles i energies fòssils, com per exemple, el petroli. Els olis vegetals tenen un paper molt important dins la industria, tant química, com per totes les indústries existents, aportant un pas sostenible per no malbaratar recursos que ràpidament s’esgoten. És per això que mitjançant la gliceròlisi de diferents àcids grassos s’aconsegueix elaborar un oli molt consumit mundialment parlant, gran base per la obtenció dels anomenats bio-polialcohols. Paral·lelament, fer un estudi econòmic i de viabilitat es pot considerar un punt important per tal d’estimar una sinterització realista del projecte a un negoci real, així donant una petita pinzellada empresarial alhora d’elaborar el projecte.

The upward trend of seawater temperature has encouraged improving the knowledge of its consequences on fish, considering also the development of diets including vegetable ingredients as an approach to achieve a more sustainable aquaculture. This study aims to determine the effects on musculoskeletal growth of: (1) a high-water temperature of 28 &deg, C (versus 21 &deg, C) in gilthead sea bream juveniles (Sparus aurata) fed with a diet rich in palm oil and, (2) feeding the fish reared at 28 &deg, C with two other diets containing rapeseed oil or an equilibrated combination of both vegetable oils. Somatic parameters and mRNA levels of growth hormone-insulin-like growth factors (GH-IGFs) axis-, osteogenic-, myogenic-, lipid metabolism- and oxidative stress-related genes in vertebra bone and/or white muscle are analyzed. Overall, the data indicate that high-water rearing temperature in this species leads to different adjustments through modulating the gene expression of members of the GH-IGFs axis (down-regulating igf-1, its receptors, and binding proteins) and also, to bone turnover (reducing the resorption-activity genes cathepsin K (ctsk) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp9)) to achieve harmonic musculoskeletal growth. Moreover, the combination of palm and rapeseed oils seems to be the most beneficial at high-water rearing temperature for both balanced somatic growth and muscular fatty acid uptake and oxidation.

Intensive research has recently been carried out to synthesize non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) from five-membered cyclic carbonates and amines as a sustainable route to industrial relevant polyurethanes. Herein, an activated disubstituted cyclic carbonate and methyl ester containing monomer CE was prepared using castor oil based heptanal and CO 2 . Good results for the catalytic cycloaddition have been obtained using renewable sugar cane bagasse in combination with TBAB, and this system has been shown to be recyclable. A novel poly(amide-hydroxyurethane) ( PAHU ) was obtained by bulk ring-opening and amidation polymerization of high reactive CE with 1,6-diaminohexane at low temperature and in absence of catalyst. PAHU contains aliphatic pendant moieties allowing its self-assembling into nanoparticles in aqueous solution, showing potential application in catalysis or drug delivery among other applications.

Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is largely appreciated for its proven nutritional properties. Additionally, organic foods are perceived as healthier by consumers. In this context, the aim of the present study was to compare the phenolic profiles of EVOO from olives of the Hojiblanca variety, cultivated under organic and conventional systems. The quantification and identification of individual polyphenols was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem mode (LC-MS/MS). Significantly higher levels (p &lt, 0.05) of phenolic compounds were found in organic EVOOs. The methodology used was able to detect previously unreported differences in bioactive components between organic and conventional EVOOs.

Nuts and vegetable oils are important sources of fat and of a wide variety of micronutrients and phytochemicals. Following their intake, several of their constituents, as well as their derived metabolites, are found in blood circulation and in urine. As a consequence, these could be used to assess the compliance to a dietary intervention or to determine habitual intake of nuts and vegetable oils. However, before these metabolites can be widely used as biomarkers of food intake (BFIs), several characteristics have to be considered, including specificity, dose response, time response, stability, and analytical performance. We have, therefore, conducted an extensive literature search to evaluate current knowledge about potential BFIs of nuts and vegetable oils. Once identified, the strengths and weaknesses of the most promising candidate BFIs have been summarized. Results from selected studies have provided a variety of compounds mainly derived from the fatty fraction of these foods, but also other components and derived metabolites related to their nutritional composition. In particular, α-linolenic acid, urolithins, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid seem to be the most plausible candidate BFIs for walnuts, whereas for almonds they could be α-tocopherol and some catechin-derived metabolites. Similarly, several studies have reported a strong association between selenium levels and consumption of Brazil nuts. Intake of vegetable oils has been mainly assessed through the measurement of specific fatty acids in different blood fractions, such as oleic acid for olive oil, α-linolenic acid for flaxseed (linseed) and rapeseed (canola) oils, and linoleic acid for sunflower oil. Additionally, hydroxytyrosol and its metabolites were the most promising distinctive BFIs for (extra) virgin olive oil. However, most of these components lack sufficient specificity to serve as BFIs. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to discover new candidate BFIs, as well as to further evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, dose-response relationships, and reproducibility of these candidate biomarkers and to eventually validate them in other populations. For the discovery of new candidate BFIs, an untargeted metabolomics approach may be the most effective strategy, whereas for increasing the specificity of the evaluation of food consumption, this could be a combination of different metabolites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12263-019-0628-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In the present study, we assessed for the first time the changes in the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and polyphenolic composition of interspecific hybrid palm oil extracted from Elaeis oleifera × Elaeis guineensis (O × G, Coari × La Me cultivar) during the fruit ripening process 18, 20, 22, and 24 weeks after anthesis. A progressive decrease (p < 0.05) of phenolic content occurred during fruit development together with marked changes in polyphenol profiles. Significant negative correlations were established between antioxidant activity measured by TEAC (R = -0.954; p < 0.05) and ORAC (R = -0.745; p < 0.05) and the fruit ripening stage, while a positive correlation between total phenolic content was found using either the TEAC assay or the ORAC assay. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was also obtained with oils extracted at 18 WAA. These results highlight that O × G fruits of early ripeness represent a better source of phenolic compounds and may provide extracts with higher antioxidant activities when hybrid palm oil is aimed to be used as a functional ingredient for the development of food or food products with antioxidant properties.

There has been an increase in the use of botanicals as skin photoprotective agents. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is well known for its high concentration of polyphenolic compounds and for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to analyse the photoprotection provided by Punica granatum seed oil nanoemulsion entrapping the polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction against UVB-induced DNA damage in the keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. For this purpose, HaCaT cells were pretreated for 1 h with nanoemulsions in a serum-free medium and then irradiated with UVB (90200 mJ/cm2) rays. Fluorescence microscopy analysis provided information about the cellular internalization of the nanodroplets. We also determined the in vitro SPF of the nanoemulsions and evaluated their phototoxicity using the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test. The nanoemulsions were able to protect the cells' DNA against UVB-induced damage in a concentration dependent manner. Nanodroplets were internalized by the cells but a higher proportion was detected along the cell membrane. The SPF obtained (~25) depended on the concentration of the ethyl acetate fraction and pomegranate seed oil in the nanoemulsion. The photoprotective formulations were classified as non-phototoxic. In conclusion, nanoemulsions entrapping the polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction show potential for use as a sunscreen product.

En la actualitat, els poliuretans i els polièsters són dos dels materials polimèrics més importants ia que se poden utilitzar en multitud de camps donada la seva versatilitat. Els últims avenços en la investigació sobre aquest tipus de polímers venen donats per la creixent demanda de processos més sostenibles i l'ús de matèries primeras d'origen renovable. Algunes d'aquestes són els olis vegetals, com l'oli de ricí el qual no és apte per el consum humà. A partir d'aquest oli, s'obté l'àcid ricinoleic amb un rendiment elevat. Aquest àcid es converteix mitjançant piròlisi en àcid undecenoic i heptanal. L'àcid undecenoic ha estat àmpliament utilitzat per a la síntesi de diferents monòmers i polímers amb elevats rendiments i sostenibilitat química. En canvi el heptanal, apreciat per les qualitats olfactives d'alguns dels seus derivats, és àmpliament utilitzat com un intermediari de síntesi per a la indústria de fragàncies i aromes. Malgrat l'ús d'aquest compost com a producte intermedi químic en la química de polímers és pràcticament inexistent. En la present tesi s'ha investigat una àmplia varietat de transformacions químiques per obtenir monòmers bifuncionals i renovables així com els seus polièsters i poliuretans, utilitzant heptanal com a matèria primera. Tanmateix, s'han desenvolupat diferents nanosistemes basats en aquests polímers com són micel·les o nanocàpsules. Com a conclusió general, s'ha demostrat que la transformació de l'heptanal en monòmers i polimers mitjançant processos mediambientalment compatibles és una alternativa sostenible en química de polimers. En la actualidad, los poliuretanos y los poliésteres son dos de los materiales poliméricos más importantes ya a que se pueden utilizar en multitud de areas debido a su versatilidad. Los últimos avances en la investigación sobre este tipo de polímeros son impulsados por la creciente demanda de procesos más sostenibles y el uso de materias primas renovables. Algunas de estas materias primas renovables son los aceites vegetales, como el aceite de ricino el cual no es comestible. A partir de este aceite, se obtiene el ácido ricinoleico con un alto rendimiento. Este ácido se convierte mediante pirólisis en ácido undecenoico y heptanal. El ácido undecienoico ha sido ampliamente utilizado para la síntesis de diferentes monómeros y polímeros con elevados rendimientos y sostenibilidad química. En cambio el heptanal, apreciado por las cualidades olfativas de algunos de sus derivados, es ampliamente utilizado como un intermediario de síntesis para la industria de fragancias y aromas. Sin embargo, el uso de este compuesto como producto intermedio químico en la química de polímeros es prácticamente inexistente. En esta tesis se ha investigado una amplia variedad de transformaciones químicas para obtener monómeros bifuncionales y renovables así como sus poliésteres y poliuretanos, utilizando heptanal como materia prima. Además, se desarrollaron diferentes nanosistemas basados en estos polímeros como son micelas o nanocápsulas. Como conclusión general, se ha demostrado que la transformación de heptanal en monómeros y polimeros mediante procesos mediambientalmente compatibles es una alternativa sostenible en química de polimeros. Nowadays, polyurethanes and polyesters are two of the most important polymeric materials that can be used in different applications due to their versatility. The recents advances in the research of these kinds of polymers are driven by the growing demand for greener processes and the use of renewable raw materials. Some of these renewable raw materials are vegetable oils, such as non-edible castor oil. From this oil, ricinoleic acid is obtained in a high yield. Ricinoleic acid is converted by chemical thermal cracking process into undecenoic acid and heptanal. Undecenoic acid has been widely used for the synthesis of different monomers and polymers combining high performance and sustainability. Heptanal, appreciated for the olfactory qualities of certain of its derivatives, is widely used as a synthesis intermediate for fragrance and aroma industry. However, the use of C7 cut of castor oil thermal cracking as a chemical intermediate in polymer chemistry is practically non-existent. In this thesis, we have explored a wide variety of chemical transformations to obtain bifunctional biobased monomers and their polyesters and polyurethanes, using heptanal such as raw material. Furthermore, the development a novel nanoparticles with some of these materials was carried out. As a general conclusion, the transformation of heptanal into monomers and polymers using environmentally friendly procedures has been shown to be a sustainable alternative in polymer chemistry.

[ES] El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la inclusión de los altos niveles dietarios de aceites vegetales en sustitución al aceite de pescado en el perfil de ácidos grasos del filete de la Seriola dumerili. Se formularon 4 piensos, dos de ellos contenían diferentes cantidades de aceites vegetales (palma, girasol y linaza) en sustitución de aceite de pescado en un 75 y un 100% (FO 25 y FO 0, respectivamente) y un pienso se utilizó como control (FO 100), el cual contenía aceite de pescado como única fuente lipídica. Además, se formuló un cuarto pienso (FO 0+) que contenía la misma composición que FO 0 con la adición de los probióticos Lactobacillus brevis y L. buchneri. La inclusión de aceites vegetales produjo modificaciones en la composición del músculo blanco y rojo de S. dumerili, que mostró diferencias significativas en el contenido de grasa y en el perfil de ácidos grasos, que fue el reflejo de la composición de cada pienso experimental. El contenido de n-3 HUFA se redujo en los peces alimentados con piensos con mezcla de aceites vegetales (FO 25, FO 0 y FO 0+) y en contraste, se produjeron incrementos en la cantidad de ácido oleico (18:1n−9), ácido linoleico (18:2n−6) y ácido linolénico (18:3n−3). No se observaron beneficios con el aporte de probióticos en el perfil de ácidos grasos del filete de S. dumerili. Los índices de calidad lipídica indicaron que la carne era nutricionalmente adecuada., [EN] The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of high dietary levels of vegetable oils in replacement of fish oil in the fatty acid profile of the fillet of Seriola dumerili. Four diets were formulated, two of them containing a blend of vegetable oils (palm, sunflower and linseed) in replacement of fish oil at 75% and 100% (FO 25 and FO 0 diets, respectively), and one diet was formulated as control, containing fish oil as its only lipidic source. Additionaly, a fourth diet was formulated (FO 0+), containing the same composition as FO 0, with the addition of the probiotics Lactobacillus brevis and L. buchneri. The inclusion of vegetable oils produced changes in the composition of the white and red muscle of Seriola dumerili, showing significant differences in fat content and muscle fatty acid profile, which was a reflection of the composition of each experimental diet. The n-3 HUFA content was reduced in fish fed with a blend of vegetable oils (FO 25, FO 0 y FO 0+), and in contrast, increases in the amount of oleic acid (18:1-9), linoleic acid (18:2-6) and linolenic acid (18:3-3) were found. No benefits were observed from the addition of probiotics in the fatty acid profile of the of Seriola dumerili fillet. The indexes of lipidic quality indicated that the meat was nutritionally adequate., [CA] L’objectiu d’aquest treball va ser avaluar la inclusió dels alts nivells dietaris d’olis vegetals en substitució a l’oli de peix en el perfil d’àcids grassos del filet de la Seriola dumerili. Es van formular 4 pinsos, dos dels quals contenien diferents quantitats d’olis vegetals (palma, gira-sol i llinós) en substitució a l’oli de peix en un 75% i un 100% (FO 25 i FO 0, respectivament), i un pinso es va utilitzar com a control (FO 100), el contingut del qual era oli de peix com a única font lipídica. A més, es va formular un quart pinso (FO 0+) que contenia la mateixa composició que FO 0 amb l’addició dels probiòtics Lactobacillus brevis y L. buchneri. 2 La inclusió d’olis vegetals va produir modificacions en la composició del múscul blanc i roig de S. dumerili, que va mostrar diferències significatives en el contingut de greix i en el perfil d’àcids grassos, que va reflectir la composició de cada pinso experimental. El contingut de n-3 HUFA es va reduir en els peixos alimentats amb pinsos amb mescles d’olis vegetals (FO 25, FO 0 y FO 0+) i en contrast es van produir increments en la quantitat d’àcid oleic (18:1n−9), linoleic (18:2n−6) i linolenic (18:3n−3). No es van observar beneficis amb l’aportació de probiòtics en el perfil d’àcids grassos del filet de Seriola dumerili. Els índexs de qualitat lipídica van indicar que la carn era nutricionalment adequada.

Alternatives to the use of native vegetable oils (VO) as fish oil (FO) replacers in aqua feeds were evaluated. Acid oils are a free fatty acid (FFA)-rich by-product mainly from the refining of VO. Re-esterified oils are the final product of a chemical esterification reaction between acid oils and glycerol, and have less FFA and more monoand diacylglycerols (MAG and DAG), known for being good emulsifiers, than crude VO. Therefore, they could have a higher nutritive value than that of the native and acid oils. In two earlier studies in rainbow trout (Trullàs et al., 2015, 2016), diets including acid and/or re-esterified VO resulted in total fatty acid apparent digestibility coefficients above 95%. Moreover, no negative effects on growth, plasma biochemical parameters and morphology of tissues were observed when compared to the native oil diet. For all these reasons, the present study aimed at assessing their effects on the final quality of fillets of rainbow trout. Triplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed eight experimental diets containing 15% of different types of experimental rapeseed oils in addition to 5% of FO during 72 days. The experimental rapeseed oils were native (RNO), acid (RAO), re-esterified (REO), or blends (66% RN-33% RAO/33% RN-66% RAO or 66% REO-33% RAO/33% REO-66% RAO). Commercial FO was used for the control diet (F). The colorimetric analysis resulted in significant differences only in b* and C* in both fresh and thawed fillets, as well as in significant correlations between the colorimetric parameters among diets. For the total fat content, fillets of fish fed the control diet obtained the highest values, which were higher than those of fish fed diets containing RNO and the blend 66% REO-33% RAO. No differences in texture, liquid holding capacity, and TBARS were found among fillets of fish fed the different diets. Regarding tocopherol concentrations in fillets, α-tocopherol was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fillets of fish fed the control diet than in those fed RA/RE, while β + γ-tocopherol was significantly lower in fillets of fish fed C than in the rest. Even though the aforementioned differences were found, they did not seem to be relevant concerning the final quality of fillet

Re-esterified vegetable oils are obtained from a chemical esterification reaction between vegetable acid oils and glycerol. Due to their properties, it is expected that they have a higher nutritive value than their corresponding acid oils and a better digestibility than their native counterparts. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of reesterified oils with a different monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) content, produced from palm or rapeseed, on fatty acid digestibility in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Triplicate groups of fish were fed nine experimental diets containing different oils during 28 days. For each source, four different types of oil were used: native, re-esterified low or high in MAG and DAG and acid. A commercial fish oil was used for the control diet. Diets containing re-esterified oils had better apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of total fatty acids than acid oil diets. Reesterified oils do not negatively affect apparent digestibility coefficients of fatty acids when compared to their corresponding native oils and could be incorporated as a source of energy in diets for gilthead sea bream. An improvement in digestibility compared to the native oil diet was only obtained in palm re-esterified oil high in MAG and DAG.

The addition of some fat co- and by-products to feeds is usual nowadays; however, the regulations of their use are not always clear and vary between countries. For instance, the use of recycled cooking oils is not allowed in the European Union, but they are used in other countries. However, oils recovered from industrial frying processes could show satisfactory quality for this purpose. Here we studied the effects of including oils recovered from the frying industry in rabbit and chicken feeds (at 30 and 60 g/kg, respectively) on the fatty acid (FA) and tocol (tocopherol + tocotrienol) compositon of meat, liver and plasma, and on their oxidative stability. Three dietary treatments (replicated eight times) were compared: fresh non-used oil (LOX); oil discarded from the frying industry, having a high content of secondary oxidation compounds (HOX); and an intermediate level (MOX) obtained by mixing 50 : 50 of LOX and HOX. The FA composition of oil diets and tissues was assessed by GC, their tocol content by HPLC, the thiobarbituric acid value was used to assess tissue oxidation status, and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange method was used to assess the susceptibility of tissues to oxidation. Our results indicate that FA composition of rabbit and chicken meat, liver and plasma was scarcely altered by the addition of recovered frying oils to feed. Differences were encountered in the FA composition between species, which might be attributed mainly to differences in the FA digestion, absorption and metabolism between species, and to some physiological dietary factors (i.e. coprophagy in rabbits that involves fermentation with FA structure modification). The α-tocopherol (αT) content of tissues was reduced in response to the lower αT content in the recovered frying oil. Differences in the content of other tocols were encountered between chickens and rabbits, which might be attributable to the different tocol composition of their feeds, as well as to species differences in the digestion and metabolism of tocols. Tissue oxidation and susceptibility to oxidation were in general low and were not greatly affected by the degree of oxidation of the oil added to the feeds. The relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids/αT in these types of samples would explain the differences observed between species in the susceptibility of each tissue to oxidation. According to our results, oils recovered from the frying industry could be useful for feed uses.

Although carbon dioxide (CO2) is well known as one of the major green-house gases, it is also an economical C1 resource. Thus, CO2 has been regarded as an appealing starting material for the synthesis of polymers, like polycarbonates by the reaction with epoxides. Herein the reaction between natural epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), propylene oxide (PO) and CO2 under high pressure (4.0 MPa) with the presence of Co-Zn double metal cyanide (Co-Zn DMC) catalyst was studied. Temperature and reaction time were varied accordingly and the products obtained were characterized by FTIR, GPC and 1H NMR. The results obtained indicate the formation of polycarbonates in the samples collected with yields vary from 60 to 85%. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the resultant polymer prepared at reaction temperature of 80 °C and reaction time of 6 h can reach up to 6498 g/mol.

[ES] El aumento en las demandas de aceite de pescado para la formulación de piensos en acuicultura, unido a la disminución de la oferta de los mismos, ha provocado un aumento en los precios, que conlleva la necesidad de buscar alternativas a esta fuente lipídica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la sustitución de aceite de pescado por aceites vegetales en piensos destinados a la alimentación de seriola, sobre la evolución de su calidad y vida útil. Se partió de seriolas alimentadas con un pienso que contenía aceite de pescado (F100) y otro en el que se había sustituido por aceites vegetales (F0). Se evaluaron distintos parámetros físico-químicos y microbiológicos de seriola fresca, así como de seriola congeladadescongelada envasada a vacío a lo largo del almacenamiento en refrigeración. El incremento de los valores de nitrógeno básico volátil total (N-BVT) indicó una pérdida de frescura progresiva en seriola fresca y en la descongelada, tanto para F0 como para F100. La evolución del índice de ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA) durante el almacenamiento indicó un escaso nivel de oxidación lipídica, en todas las muestras de seriola. Los cambios observados en los parámetros de textura pusieron de manifiesto la pérdida de elasticidad y firmeza del músculo de pescado durante el almacenamiento, para ambos tipos de dietas. Los recuentos microbiológicos aumentaron progresivamente a lo largo del periodo de estudio, tanto en seriola fresca como descongelada alimentada con ambos tipos de pienso. La congelación-descongelación provocó una pérdida de calidad inicial de las muestras descongeladas en comparación con las frescas. Sin embargo, el envasado a vacío contribuyó a su conservación, observándose un patrón de deterioro similar al que presentaron las muestras de seriola fresca. En base a los resultados obtenidos se podría establecer un periodo de vida útil próximo a 14 días, tanto para las muestras de seriola fresca como para las de seriola congelada-descongelada y envasada a vacío, alimentadas con la dieta F0 o con la F100. La sustitución de aceites de pescado por aceites vegetales no afectó a la calidad ni a la vida útil de seriola de piscifactoría fresca y congelada-descongelada., [EN] The increase in demand for fish oil for feed formulation in aquaculture, together with the decrease in the supply, has caused an increase in the prices, which implies the need to find alternatives to this lipid source. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the fish oil replacement by vegetable oils in feed for yellowtail feeding on the evolution of their quality and shelf-life. Raw material was yellowtail fed a feed containing fish oil (F100) and another in which this had been replaced by vegetable oils (F0). Different physicochemical and microbiological parameters were evaluated in fresh and in frozen-thawed yellowtail vacuum packaged during cold storage. The increase of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) indicated a progressive loss of freshness in fresh and thawed yellowtail, in both F0 and F100. The evolution of the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) during storage showed a low level of lipidic oxidation in all samples. The changes observed in the textural parameters showed the loss of elasticity and firmness of fish muscle during storage, for both types of diets. Microbiological counts progressively increased throughout the study period, both in fresh and thawed yellowtail fed both types of feed. The freeze-thawing caused a loss of initial quality of thawed samples compared to fresh. However, the vacuum packaging contributed to its preservation, showing a spoilage pattern similar to that of fresh yellowtail. Based on the results it could be established a period of shelf-life close to 14 days, for both samples of fresh or frozen-thawed yellowtail, fed diet F0 or F100. Replacement of fish oils by vegetable oils did not affect the quality or shelf-life of farmed yellowtail fresh or frozen-thawed., [CA] L'augment en les demandes d'oli de peix per a la formulació de pinsos en aqüicultura, unit a la disminució de l'oferta dels mateixos, ha provocat un augment en els preus, que comporta la necessitat de buscar alternatives a esta font lipídica. L'objectiu d'este treball va ser avaluar l'efecte de la substitució d'oli de peix per olis vegetals en pinsos destinats a l'alimentació de seriola, sobre l'evolució de la seua qualitat i vida útil. Es va partir de seriolas alimentades amb un pinso que contenia oli de peix (F100) i un altre en el qual s'havia substituït per olis vegetals (F0). Es van avaluar distints paràmetres fisicoquímics i microbiològics de seriola fresca, així com de seriola congelada-descongelada envasada a buit al llarg de l'emmagatzemament en refrigeració. L'increment dels valors de nitrogen bàsic volàtil total (NBVT) va indicar una pèrdua de frescor progressiva en seriola fresca i en la descongelada, tant per a F0 com per a F100. L'evolució de l'índex d'àcid tiobarbitúrico (TBA) durant l'emmagatzemament va indicar un escàs nivell d'oxidació lipídica, en totes les mostres de seriola. Els canvis observats en els paràmetres de textura van posar de manifest la pèrdua d'elasticitat i fermesa del múscul de peix durant l'emmagatzemament, per a ambdós tipus de dietes. Els recomptes microbiològics van augmentar progressivament al llarg del período d’estudi, tant en seriola fresca com descongelada alimentada amb ambdós tipus de pinso. La congelació-descongelació va provocar una pèrdua de qualitat inicial de les mostres descongelades en comparació amb les fresques. No obstant açò, l'envasament a buit va contribuir a la seua conservació, observant-se un patró de de deterioració similar al que van presentar les mostres de seriola fresca. Basant-se en els resultats obtinguts es podria establir un període de vida útil pròxima a 14 dies, tant per a les mostres de seriola fresca com per a les de seriola congelada-descongelada i envasada a buit, alimentades amb la dieta F0 o amb la F100. La substitució d'olis de peix per olis vegetals no va afectar la qualitat ni a la vida útil de seriola de piscifactoria fresca i congelada- descongelada.

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of gemfibrozil were developed under Quality by Design approach for improvement of dissolution and oral absorption. Preliminary screening was performed to select proper components combination. Box–Behnken experimental design was employed as statistical tool to optimize the formulation variables, X 1 (Cremophor ® EL), X 2 (Capmul ® MCM-C8), and X 3 (lemon essential oil). Systems were assessed for visual characteristics (emulsification efficacy), turbidity, droplet size, polydispersity index and drug release. Different pH media were also assayed for optimization. Following optimization, the values of formulation components ( X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 ) were 32.43%, 29.73% and 21.62%, respectively (16.22% of gemfibrozil). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated spherical droplet morphology. SNEEDS release study was compared to commercial tablets. Optimized SNEDDS formulation of gemfibrozil showed a significant increase in dissolution rate compared to conventional tablets. Both formulations followed Weibull mathematical model release with a significant difference in t d parameter in favor of the SNEDDS. Equally amodelistic parameters were calculated being the dissolution efficiency significantly higher for SNEDDS, confirming that the developed SNEDDS formulation was superior to commercial formulation with respect to in vitro dissolution profile. This paper provides an overview of the SNEDDS of the gemfibrozil as a promising alternative to improve oral absorption.

The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of dietary acid and re-esterified rapeseed oils as alternatives to native vegetable oils (VO) on growth performance and feed utilization in rainbow trout. Acid oils are a free fatty acid (FFA)-rich by-product from the refining of VO and re-esterified oils are the final product of a chemical esterification process between acid oils and glycerol. Because re-esterified oils have a high content of mono- and diacylglycerols (MAG and DAG), known for being good emulsifiers, a higher nutritive value than that of the native and the acid oils might be expected. A 72-day feeding trial where triplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed eight experimental diets formulated to contain 15% of a native, a re-esterified and an acid rapeseed oil, in addition to a 5% of fish oil (FO), was carried out. Diets with the native or the re-esterified oils blended with the acid oil were also studied. A commercial fish oil was used for the control diet. Fish fed rapeseed acid and re-esterified oil diets (RA and RE, respectively) showed high fat and total fatty acid apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) (RA: 90.5 ± 0.3%, RE: 92.5 ± 1.0% for total fat and RA: 95.7 ± 0.1%, RE: 95.8 ± 0.2% for total fatty acids). However, the lowest total fatty acid ADC was that obtained in animals fed RA, which was significantly lower (P b 0.05) than that of fish fed the rapeseed native oil diet (RN: 96.7 ± 0.1%). No significant differences in final weight were obtained between fish fed RA (375.9 ± 2.9 g) and RE (381.5 ± 11.1 g) and those fed RN (393.7 ± 6.1 g), even though both values were significantly lower (P b 0.05) than that of fish fed the control diet (411.1 ± 3.3 g). Nonetheless, fish fed diets including blends of the rapeseed acid and the re-esterified oils (RE/RA and RA/RE) had higher final weights (392.8 ± 4.4 and 394.6 ± 1.6, respectively) than those of RA and RE, although differences were not statistically significant. Furthermore, RA and RE diets did not produce relevant changes in plasma parameters or in the morphology of liver and intestine of fish. Therefore, the inclusion of rapeseed acid and re-esterified oils along with a 5% of FO in aqua feeds does not seem to have negative effects on fat and fatty acid digestibility, growth, plasma parameter or morphology of liver and intestine in rainbow trout. However, before recommending their use, further studies regarding their effects on the final composition and quality of fillets should be carried out. Statement of relevance: Re-esterified and acid rapeseed oils could be included in diets for rainbow trout as economically advantageous sources with no negative results in fat and fatty acid digestibility, plasma parameters and morphology of liver and intestine.

El desenvolupament de nous biopolímers ha esdevingut un tema de gran interes, degut tant a la disminució de les reserves de petroli i el seu preu com als problemes derivats de la sostenibilitat mediambiental. A banda dels benificis mediambientals que suposen, l’aplicacio de la quimica click permet la transformació eficient d’aquests materials. Un tipus particular de polímers renovables son els poliesters alifátics, que son adequats en moltes aplicacions donada la seva biocompatibilitat i biodegradabilitat. En aquesta tesi s’han preparat poliesters emprant oils vegetals con l’oli de rici i l’oli de girasol i amb l’aplicacio de la química click. En particular, s’han aplicat les adicions tiol-è i tiol-í als l’àcid 10-undenoic i 10-undecinoic, derivats de l’oli de rici, per obtenir monomers de condensació que contenen funcionalitats tioèter i vinilsulfur respectivament. L’addició tio-Michael s’ha aplicat a l’enona de l’oleat de metil, derivada del oli de girasol per obtenir un monomer hidroxiester que conté un grup cetona. A partir d’aquests monomers i de bioplastics ja desenvolupats com l’acid polilàctic o la caprolactona s’han desenvolupat copolímers a l’atzar i de bloc les propietats dels quals els fan una alternativa per aquests materials convencionals. Finalment, la modificació d’aquests nous poliesters permet l’acces a un ventall de poliesters funcionalitzats., El gran desarrollo que están experimentando actualmente los biopolímeros se debe fundamentalmente a los altos precios y disminución de las reservas de petroleo junto con la preocupacion que existe hoy en dia en materia de sostenibilidad ambiental. Por otra parte, además de sus beneficios medioambientales, se puede aprovechar la química “click” para una transformación eficiente de estos materiales. Entre los polímeros de origen renovable los poliésteres alifáticos están entre los más estudiados por ser considerados muy adecuados para aplicaciones como biomateriales debido a su biocompatibilidad y biodegradabilidad. En esta tesis, se han preparado poliésteres renovables combinando la utilización de aceites vegetales (ricino y girasol) y química “click”. En particular, se han usado reacciones de acoplamiento tiol-eno y tiol-ino con los ácidos 10-undecenoico y 10-undecinoico, para obtener monómeros de condensación que contienen funcionalidades tioéter y sulfuro de vinilo respectivamente. La adición tio-Michael se aplicó a un derivado del aceite de girasol, el oleato de metilo que contiene un grupo funcional enona, para obtener un monómero hidroxiéster con grupos cetona, capaz de experimentar policondensación. Además, se han sintetizado copoliésteres al azar y en bloque a partir de estos monómeros y ácido poliláctico y policaprolactona para obtener materiales cuyas propiedades les convierten en una alternativa a estos poliésteres convencionales. Por último la modificación de estos materiales permite acceder a una gran variedad de poliésteres funcionalizados., The development of biobased polymers is nowadays attracting a great deal of interest due to the high price and future depletion of fossil fuel stocks, together with concerns regarding environmental sustainability. Moreover, besides their sustainability benefits, taking advantage of click chemistry allows for the efficient transformation of these materials. One particular class of renewable polymers is aliphatic polyesters that are generally considered to be well suited for applications as polymer-based biomaterials due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this thesis, we have prepared renewable polyesters taking into advantage of collaboration between vegetable oils (castor and sunflower oils) and click chemistry. In particular, thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions were applied to the castor oil derivatives, 10-undecenoic acid and 10-undecynoic acid, to obtain condensable monomers containing thioether and vinylsulfide functionalities respectively. Thiol-Michael addition was applied to a sunflower oil derivative, enone-containing methyl oleate, to synthesize a polycondensation hydroxyester monomer with ketone functionality. In addition, several random and block copolyesters from these monomers and biobased plastics such as poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) have been developed with potential as these conventional analogues. Finally, the postpolymerization modifications of the polyesters allowed to develop a platform of functionalized polyesters.

This study is on the reuse of the residue generated by a Moringa oleifera oil extraction plant. The residual oil cake produced during the process of oil extraction retains the positively charged protein of the M. oleifera seed, which is the active component in the process of attracting and capturing suspended particles in waters. Such coagulant flocculant properties give rise to the elimination of turbidity in the process of water purification. In the cases studied, it has been demonstrated that the same amount (100 mg/L) of Aluminum sulfate coagulant and M. oleifera coagulant is required to reduce water turbidity to levels within the International guidelines (

[cat] L’àcid maslínic (2a, 3ß-dihidroxilean-12-ene-28oic) és un triterpè pentacíclic que s’ha aïllat de diferents espècies vegetals, tant medicinals com comestibles, i al qual se li han atribuït efectes beneficiosos per a la salut. A la present memòria s’ha estudiat la toxicitat i la biodisponibilitat d’aquest compost per tal d’aprofundir en el seu coneixement. En primer lloc, s’ha posat a punt una tècnica per determinar l’àcid maslínic a plasma de rata mitjançant una doble extracció líquid-líquid i posterior anàlisi per HPLC-MS. Aquest mètode ha demostrat ser lineal (R>0,997), exacte (, [eng] Maslinic acid (2a, 3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28oic) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from medicinal and edible plants, and with health-enhancing effects. Therefore, the present work aims to assess the toxicity and bioavailability to get an in-depth knowledge of maslinic acid. Firstly, a method was set up to determine maslinic acid in rat plasma by means of a double liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC-MS analysis. The method is lineal, accurate, sensitive and precise with a recovery of 99% and a matrix effect of 24%. The method allowed the determination of maslinic acid in plasma withdrawn 24h after the administration of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg to rats. Secondly, it was evaluated whether high doses of maslinic acid have harmful effects, following the OECD guidelines (2008). Subacute toxicological evaluation was performed through the daily oral administration of 50 mg/kg maslinic acid to mice for 28 days. The treatment did not modify the body weight and did not exert harmful effects as shown in the hematology, clinical biochemistry and histopathology evaluation. Thirdly, the bioavailability of maslinic acid has been studied by the administration of the triterpene to rats orally (50 mg/kg) and intravenously (1 mg/kg). Blood was collected at different times over 24 h and the plasmatic concentrations of maslinic acid obtained after both administrations were analyzed simultaneously following a population PK approach with the NONMEM software. These concentrations were best fitted to a bicompartmental model with first order absorption and lineal elimination processes. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained indicate that maslinic acid has a relatively rapid absorption and a low bioavailability. Finally, the metabolites of maslinic acid were studied after its oral administration to rats (50 mg/kg) by HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS. Seven metabolites were identified in plasma resulting from phase I reactions and corresponding to mass/charge ratios of 487.3 (M1 - M4), 485.3 (M5) and 501.3 (M6 and M7). Only 4 of them were detected in urine (M1, M4, M5 and M6). Maslinic acid was the main compound in both matrices. In conclusion, maslinic acid does not exert adverse effects in vivo, and has a low bioavailability and metabolism with biotransformations mainly attributable to phase I.

Le travail de stage consiste à appliquer une démarche de conception développé au Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC) de l’ENSIACET mettant en œuvre une simulation globale du procédé sous Aspen Plus, une évaluation économique et environnementale à partir d'une Analyse du Cycle de Vie. La production de biodiesel à partir d'huiles végétales usagées, en tant qu'alternative à des combustibles fossiles sert de cas d'étude. Une première analyse «porte à porte» est effectuée en vue de comparer et de valider le modèle de simulation développée à partir de résultats de la littérature. Plusieurs schémas de procédés sont ainsi étudiés et comparés. Ces schémas de procédés ont été rigoureusement mis en œuvre et simulés d’abord avec des procédés déjà connus, sur lesquels plusieurs études ont été développées dans la littérature et dans l’industrie. C’est pour cette raison que, dans cette étude, deux de ces cas ont été répliqués avec succès et qu’en plus, une étude économique est réalisée et plusieurs de ces indicateurs environnementaux sont calculés pour comprendre et vérifier les différents aspects de la production de biodiesel. De plus, on a développé une étude comparative des variantes des procédés pour la production de biodiesel les plus communs dans l’industrie. Outgoing

Se ha estudiado la actividad biocida de aceites esenciales extraídos de plantas aromáticas como el romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) y la salvia (Salvia officinalis L.) sobre la araña roja (Tetranychus urticae Koch) y la mosca de la fruta (Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann). El aceite esencial de salvia a la concentración del 1% se mostró capaz de atraer adultos de C. capitata. La mayor actividad frente a la araña roja se observó por parte del aceite esencial de salvia, provocando, con gran rapidez, una alta tasa de mortalidad. El aceite de salvia al 0,25% consiguió reducir el nivel de puesta de T. urticae, llegando incluso a tasas de reducción de un 50%.

Biofuels are nowadays considered a questionable environmental alternative to fossil fuels. In that context, this work analyses the environmental impacts when introducing rapeseed on the traditional and current wheat and barley agricultural rotation by means of a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA). The introduction of rapeseed, the correctness of its conversion to obtain straight vegetable oil and its use as self-consumption biofuel in tractors are evaluated. Life cycle assessment is used in this work to evaluate the impacts of different considered scenarios. A sensitivity analysis has also been conducted. The results presented show a modest environmental improvement (diminishment of 6 out of the 10 analyzed environmental impacts) when introducing rapeseed to local crop rotations and its partial conversion to oil to be used as fuel in existing diesel engines. Additionally, the ratio between the energy obtained and the total energy input shows moderate positive results when comparing the latter case with the current one. Results from this study can be used to support research and decision making to assess the convenience of introducing alternative fuels in agricultural exploitations

El projecte següent té com a pretensió bàsica l’estudi del procés Lurgi dedicat a la producció de biodièsel; un mètode bastament aplicat i amb resultats molt prometedors sobre tant la seva eficiència com rendibilitat. És per aquest motiu que es pretén analitzar-lo en profunditat per descobrir-ne els seus avantatges i aprofitar l’oportunitat per dissenyar una planta que n’empra els seus coneixements. En el projecte es diferencien dues parts bàsiques: en primer lloc, es duu a terme una simulació del procés mitjançant l’eina de simulació Aspen Plus® per tal d’analitzar el procés en profunditat i treure’n les dades necessàries per poder donar pas a la segona part important del mateix, que consisteix en el disseny de la planta corresponent. El disseny vol intimar en conceptes com el càlcul d’equips, la seva disposició a la planta, les seves connexions i altres consideracions importants per a poder garantir un bon funcionament d’una planta d’aquestes característiques, ja que la planta pretén produir biodièsel (i glicerol) per a la seva venta posterior. En aquesta part de disseny també hi entren en consideració la confecció de plànols que representen la realitat desitjada de la planta de producció; diagrames tals com els de procés (PFD) i els d’instrumentació (P&ID) són una meta perseguida per tal de poder donar una visió aproximada de com hom imagina el resultat final assolible. Com és obvi, també hi ha una part dedicada a l’estudi econòmic i ambiental. La part econòmica pretén intentar discernir si és factible, i en darrer terme, rentable la planta en qüestió. I pel que fa a l’estudi ambiental, s’examinen els factors a considerar quan es parla d’una planta com aquesta. Finalment, i com quedarà palès, es pot dir amb certesa fundada que el mètode Lurgi resulta aplicable i queda emparat gràcies a uns resultats acceptables tant des del punt de vista qualitatiu com quantitatiu; els números ho recolzen i el disseny proposat respon a les exigències marcades per l’equip.

Premi al millor Projecte de Fi de Carrera presentat durant l'any 2012 en l'àmbit d'Optimització de Recursos que atorga DOW CHEMICAL IBÉRICA. El present projecte fa referència a l’enginyeria bàsica de procés per una planta productiva 12.000t anuals de biodièsel a partir d’oli vegetal usat, com per exemple, olis utilitzats per cuinar. Abans de desenvolupar el projecte en sí, s’ha fet una recerca dels diferents processos actuals i un breu estudi de mercat, per concretament veient el nombre de plantes actuals de biodièsel, així com la seva producció. Es fa una breu reflexió sobre el procés seleccionat i es fa una justificació de les etapes de procés implicades i de com funcionaran. La realització dels balanços de matèria i energia són fonamentals, on tots els càlculs s’han realitzat sense ajuda de cap programa informàtic. El fet de no tenir ajudar informàtica a implicat fer un treball de recerca de les propietats físiques i químiques de les matèries primes i productes implicats; de la cinètica i equilibri químic de les reaccions d’esterificació i transesterificació i de les relacions d’equilibri en les diferents unitats de procés. Acabat els balanços es procedeix al dimensionament dels equips implicats, així com el requeriment bàsics dels serveis generals. S’ha elaborat un estudi d’impacte ambiental del funcionament de la planta, on es pot veure els residus generats fins les emissions de CO2 implicades. Al final d’aquest apartat es farà una reflexió sobre la sostenibilitat del biodièsel. Finalment, després de fer un estudi econòmic de la planta, que inclou el pressupost, el cost de producció i un estudi de viabilitat econòmica, en que es mostra un resultat interessant. El projecte va acompanyat d’una sèrie de plànols per facilita la comprensió del projecte. Cal destacar el diagrama de blocs, el diagrama de flux (PFD), diagrama de procés (PI&D) i finalment, el plànol d’implantació preliminar d’equips. Award-winning

Adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 MD with those of a low-fat-diet (LFD) on circulating inflammatory biomarkers related to atherogenesis. A total of 516 participants included in the Prevention with Mediterranean Diet Study were randomized into 3 intervention groups [MD supplemented with virgin olive oil (MD-VOO); MD supplemented with mixed nuts (MD-Nuts); and LFD]. At baseline and after 1 y, participants completed FFQ and adherence to MD questionnaires, and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers including intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), IL-6, and 2 TNF receptors (TNFR60 and TNFR80) were measured by ELISA. At 1 y, the MD groups had lower plasma concentrations of IL-6, TNFR60, and TNFR80 (P < 0.05), whereas ICAM-1, TNFR60, and TNFR80 concentrations increased in the LFD group (P < 0.002). Due to between-group differences, participants in the 2 MD groups had lower plasma concentrations of ICAM-1, IL-6, TNFR60, and TNFR80 compared to those in the LFD group (P ≤ 0.028). When participants were categorized in tertiles of 1-y changes in the consumption of selected foods, those in the highest tertile of virgin olive oil (VOO) and vegetable consumption had a lower plasma TNFR60 concentration compared with those in tertile 1 (P < 0.02). Moreover, the only changes in consumption that were associated with 1-y changes in the geometric mean TNFR60 concentrations were those of VOO and vegetables (P = 0.01). This study suggests that a MD reduces TNFR concentrations in patients at high cardiovascular risk., Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN): AGL2009-13906-C02-02 and AGL2010-22319-C03-02; Instituto de Salud Carlos III: PI10/01407, G03/140, CIBEROBN, RD06/0045, European Union, and a “Sara Borrell” postdoctoral program (M.U.-S.; Ref: CD09/00134). CIBER OBN is an initiative of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. G.C-B. was the recipient of a Manuel de Oya fellowship; P.V-M. thanks the APIF predoctoral fellowship from the University of Barcelona. R.L. thanks the “Ramon y Cajal” program (MICINN) and Fondo Social Europeo.

Here, we performed an 11-week trial to study the effects of four experimental diets on the digestion, nutrient absorption and intestinal histology of gilthead sea bream. The diets were formulated with a low fish meal content (25%) and were rich (75%) in plant proteins. Fish oil (FO) was replaced at 0%, 33%, 66% and 100% by graded levels of a blend of vegetable oils (VO) (diets FO, 33VO, 66VO and 100VO respectively). Protease activity increased in the pyloric caeca (PC) and decreased in the proximal intestine (PI) of the 66 and 100VO groups, while lipase and α-amylase activities were not modified by VO. The capacity of brush-border membrane vesicles obtained from PC, PI and distal intestine to absorb amino acids was not modified, but d-glucose and linoleic acid absorption diminished when VO was included in the diets. In summary, these results show that when 75% of protein is provided by vegetable sources in the diet of gilthead sea bream, up to 66% of FO can be replaced by a blend of VO without compromising digestive processes. Only the total replacement of VO results in an impaired digestion, with reduced total protease activity and accumulation of lipid droplets in the enterocytes of the PI. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., This research was funded by a Spanish project (AGL2004-06319-CO2)

Considering the belief that natural lipids and edible substances are safer for topical applications and that carotenoids are able to protect cells against photooxidative damage, wea have investigated whether topical creams and lotions, produced with Buriti oil and commercial surfactants, can exert photoprotective effect of against UVA and UVB irradiation. Emulsions and plain Buriti oil were diluted in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Cell treatment was divided in two stages, prior and after being exposed to 30 minutes of UVA plus UVB radiation or 60 minutes to UVA radiation. Emulsions prepared with ethoxylated fatty alcohols as surfactants and containing α-tocopherol caused phototoxic damage to the cells, especially when applied prior to UV exposure. Damage reported was due to prooxidant activity and phototoxic effect of the surfactant. Emulsions prepared with Sorbitan Monooleate and PEG-40 castor oil and containing panthenol as active ingredient, were able to reduce the damages caused by radiation when compared to non-treated cells. When the different cells lines used in the study were compared, keratinocytes showed an increase in cell viability higher than fibroblasts. The Buriti oil emulsions can be considered potential vehicles to transport antioxidants precursors and also be used as adjuvant in sun protection.

En aquest projecte s’exposen els conceptes teòrics i els càlculs realitzats per al disseny d’una planta transportable per a la producció de biodiesel a partir d’olis vegetals usats, utilitzant un procés d’obtenció estàndard. S’han dimensionat els tancs d’emmagatzematge de reactius i productes i les bombes, i s’ha dissenyat un sistema de canonades per a la part de procés i la de serveis. S’han realitzat aquests treballs procurant una perfecta implantació dins d’un contenidor de transport marítim.