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This study explores the effect of partial passive ownership (PPO) in a successive two‐round endogenous timing game wherein firms choose research and development (R&D) investments in the first round and then subsequently choose quantities in the second round. We show that each firm prefers to be a quantity leader independent of the timing of R&D decisions, but the welfare‐inferior Cournot competition is an equilibrium of an endogenous production timing game. Moreover, we discover that the equilibrium of an endogenous R&D timing game crucially depends on the PPO level and R&D spillovers rate, while the R&D timing coordination may not be socially desirable unless both are low or high. Our findings suggest that the R&D leadership position of a PPO holder can play an anticompetitive role in the coordination of R&D competition with higher R&D spillovers rates and PPO levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides a comprehensive innovation analysis of the e-commerce strategies implemented by leading online retailers, focusing specifically on the Turkish market. The main goal of this research is to explore the effectiveness of various types of innovation adopted by major e-commerce platforms in Turkey, with particular emphasis on well-established brand names such as Amazon (Nasdaq: AMZN), Trendyol (Alibaba), and Hepsiburada (Nasdaq: Heps). To achieve this, the study uses the “ten types of innovation” framework to dissect the different facets of innovation in the e-commerce domain. Based on the research, we show the reasons behind Amazon's failure to establish a strong foothold in the Turkish market upon its entrance. The research seeks to identify potential innovative opportunities that can aid in the adoption of blue ocean strategies.

An integrated approach is proposed in the study of rational schemes for the distribution of cargo flows at a regional transport loop for multimodal transportation, considered within the framework of an oligopolistic market. A technique has been developed for the parallel application of two approaches, differing in their mathematical nature, to the issues of increasing the economic efficiency of these transportations. The results obtained by the previously developed method of economic and geographical delimitationof «influence areas» of loading stations serve as a justification for the correctness of the results obtained by using an algorithm based on the Pareto optimization of the freighttransportation process. Rational variants for organizing the freight transportation, taking into account time and cost indicators, have been obtained. The system of analytical calculations is used as a software tool to obtain a mathematically sound and transport–logistic diversified model of a regional oligopolistic freight market.

The study provides a comprehensive innovation analysis of the e-commerce strategies implemented by leading online retailers, focusing specifically on the Turkish market. The main goal of this research is to explore the effectiveness of various types of innovation adopted by major e-commerce platforms in Turkey, with particular emphasis on well-established brand names such as Amazon (Nasdaq: AMZN), Trendyol (Alibaba), and Hepsiburada (Nasdaq: Heps). To achieve this, the study uses the "ten types of innovation" framework to dissect the different facets of innovation in the e-commerce domain. Based on the research, we show the reasons behind Amazon's failure to establish a strong foothold in the Turkish market upon its entrance. The research seeks to identify potential innovative opportunities that can aid in the adoption of blue ocean strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to analyse the cooperation and competition relationship in the oil and gas industry in Romania using the game theory. The players are the companies, the payoffs are the profits obtained by the entities and there are two strategies as cooperation and competition. Two cases are considered: duopolistic and triopolistic market. The mathematical models have as variables the probabilities of choosing cooperation and competition by each player. They are described by two and three nonlinear differential equations. The time delay is introduced in order to highlight the time between choosing a strategy and its effect. The case studies use real data for two and three companies, respectively, with two scenarios related to the obtained payoffs if they cooperate or not. The time evolutions of the variables are carried out using Wolfram Mathematica 9. Finally, some conclusions and future research are drawn.

The results of further research on the creation of a mathematical model of railway freight traffic carried out in a regional transport and technological system are presented. The proposed logistic approach is applied to the issues of optimizing the management of transportation directed to ports located on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. Built on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the transport infrastructure of the region under consideration and the performance of the operating company, the mathematical model provides ample opportunities to address issues of regulating of transportation. The method of economic and geographical delimitation of the «influence areas» of loading stations is significantly developed both in terms of using the geometric properties of higher order algebraic curves and in terms of a deeper approach to studying the transportation process. The results of the research can serve as one of the basis for improving the economic efficiency of the functioning of international transport corridors in the framework of multimodal transport.

Summary. An integrated approach is proposed in the study of rational schemes for the distribution of cargo flows at a regional transport loop for multimodal transportation, considered within the framework of an oligopolistic market. A technique has been developed for the parallel application of two approaches, differing in their mathematical nature, to the issues of increasing the economic efficiency of these transportations. The results obtained by the previously developed method of economic and geographical delimitation of «influence areas» of loading stations serve as a justification for the correctness of the results obtained by using an algorithm based on the Pareto optimization of the freight transportation process. Rational variants for organizing the freight transportation, taking into account time and cost indicators, have been obtained. The system of analytical calculations is used as a software tool to obtain a mathematically sound and transport--logistic diversified model of a regional oligopolistic freight market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of effective management of the railway freight flows in the conditions of the multiplicity of operators requires the rationalization of the transportation pro-cess. The further development of the authors’ research on creating the mathematical model of the railway freight flows in the region transportation and technological sys-tem is presented. For the first time, the theory of algebraic curves of higher orders is used to create a territorial model of the oligopolistic market of freight traffic. The al-gorithm for creating a model of freight transportation is based on the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the operator company in the considered re-gion with the use of analytical, heuristic, and graphic capabilities of math software. The theoretical substantiation of the territorial picture, the freight transportation market in the region is obtained. The carried-out research allows to specify possible ways of optimization of freight traffic distribution.

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of further research on the creation of a mathematical model of railway freight traffic carried out in a regional transport and technological system are presented. The proposed logistic approach is applied to the issues of optimizing the management of transportation directed to ports located on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. Built on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the transport infrastructure of the region under consideration and the performance of the operating company, the mathematical model provides ample opportunities to address issues of regulating of transportation. The method of economic and geographical delimitation of the «influence areas» of loading stations is significantly developed both in terms of using the geometric properties of higher order algebraic curves and in terms of a deeper approach to studying the transportation process. The results of the research can serve as one of the basis for improving the economic efficiency of the functioning of international transport corridors in the framework of multimodal transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic energy pricing provides a promising solution for the utility companies to incentivize energy users to perform demand side management in order to minimize their electric bills. Moreover, the emerging decentralized smart grid, which is a likely infrastructure scenario for future electrical power networks, allows energy consumers to select their energy provider from among multiple utility companies in any billing period. This paper thus starts by considering an oligopolistic energy market with multiple non-cooperative (competitive) utility companies, and addresses the problem of determining dynamic energy prices for every utility company in this market based on a modified Bertrand Competition Model of user behaviors. Two methods of dynamic energy pricing are proposed for a utility company to maximize its total profit. The first method finds the greatest lower bound on the total profit that can be achieved by the utility company, whereas the second method finds the best response of a utility company to dynamic pricing policies that the other companies have adopted in previous billing periods. To exploit the advantages of each method while compensating their shortcomings, an adaptive dynamic pricing policy is proposed based on a machine learning technique, which finds a good balance between invocations of the two aforesaid methods. Experimental results show that the adaptive policy results in consistently high profit for the utility company no matter what policies are employed by the other companies.

The problem of effective management of the railway freight flows in the conditions of the multiplicity of operators requires the rationalization of the transportation process. The further development of the authors' research on creating the mathematical model of the railway freight flows in the region transportation and technological system is presented. For the first time, the theory of algebraic curves of higher orders is used to create a territorial model of the oligopolistic market of freight traffic. The algorithm for creating a model of freight transportation is based on the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the operator company in the considered region with the use of analytical, heuristic, and graphic capabilities of math software. The theoretical substantiation of the territorial picture, the freight transportation market in the region is obtained. The carried-out research allows to specify possible ways of optimization of freight traffic distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The article shows how in undefined condition in business processes. Methodology - Produced a review of the current state of the market secondary metallurgy of precious metals. The basic tenets of the theory of antagonistic games and show their application in an oligopolistic market recyclers of electronic scrap. It is shown that decision-making in the field of business process is advantageously carried out on the basis of market monitoring and behavior of other contracting parties, in particular, to their pricing decisions. Originality/value - The models, which can formalize the behavior of companies in an oligopolistic market and find a solution under conditions of uncertainty. The proposed rules non-cooperative interaction and competition rules are making management decisions on planning business processes, in particular, to ensure the natural resources of the enterprise. Findings - Improving the competitive strategy of raw materials procurement is possible through the use of guidelines defining their behavior in a competitive environment that include elements of game theory. Non-cooperative game models of interaction and competition can be used in the planning of business processes. Application management advice supply of raw materials necessary to make now can be used to implement the ability to manage the volumes supplied raw materials to attract more number of suppliers in the development of business processes, in particular in the field of planning, supply of raw materials on the basis of long-term relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a mathematical model for analyzing long-term infrastructure investment decisions in a deregulated electricity market, such as the case in the United States. The interdependence between different decision entities in the system is captured in a network-based stochastic multi-agent optimization model, where new entrants of investors compete among themselves and with existing generators for natural resources, transmission capacities, and demand markets. To overcome computational challenges involved in stochastic multi-agent optimization problems, we have developed a solution method by combining stochastic decomposition and variational inequalities, which converts the original problem to many smaller problems that can be solved more easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems of Economy is the property of Research Centre for Industrial Developmen Problems of Nas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: In the proposed model, the independent system operator (ISO) provides the opportunity for maintenance outage rescheduling of generating units before each short-term (ST) time interval. Long-term (LT) scheduling for 1 or 2years in advance is essential for the ISO and the generation companies (GENCOs) to decide their LT strategies; however, it is not possible to be exactly followed and requires slight adjustments. The Cournot-Nash equilibrium is used to characterize the decision-making procedure of an individual GENCO for ST intervals considering the effective coordination with LT plans. Random inputs, such as parameters of the demand function of loads, hourly demand during the following ST time interval and the expected generation pattern of the rivals, are included as scenarios in the stochastic mixed integer program defined to model the payoff-maximizing objective of a GENCO. Scenario reduction algorithms are used to deal with the computational burden. Two reliability test systems were chosen to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model for the ST decision-making process for future planned outages from the point of view of a GENCO. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents the oligopolistic market for cars in our country. In order to fulfil the objectives of this paper, we will analyze the content of automobile market in Romania by considering the inflows (production and imports) and outflows (sales and export) in the period 2007-2011, the structure of the market and the influence of the Program of stimulating new acquisitions in the national auto park (Rabla) on the automobile market. Regarding the sales situation for local cars in the studied period, we can notice a big decrease starting with the auto market crash in 2009 caused by the economic crisis, Comparing with the first year from the analysed period, we can notice constant decreases year to year, thus in 2008 we can notice a decrease of 26.1%, about 81.945 comparing with 110.902 cars in 2007. The descending trend is even more abrupt starting with 2009, when, despite the efforts for stimulating the auto market with the "Rabla" programme, we have a decrease of 65% comparing with 2007 with a level of only 38.736 cars. In 2010 the trend continued, but with a decrease level smaller than in 2009, but not sufficient to bring an increase is sales, their level being 34.400 units, 4.336 less than in 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses a modular state feedback supervisory control problem where two local controllers should achieve a common control objective against another local controller. Each local controller has its own control objective described as a predicate. This article also addresses a nonblocking modular control problem in which a discrete event system controlled by three local controllers tends to reach the common marked states of two local controllers that are, however, prohibited by the third local controller. For a case study, we apply the proposed theory to an oligopolistic market composed of two firms and one government. Two oligopolistic firms have a common objective to maximise their total profit through collusion. However, the government prevents them from engaging in collusion. We show that the modular supervisory control theory presented in this article can be used to solve the problem of ‘how can the firms maximise their total profit against the intervention of government’? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists report price rigidity in markets with oligopolistic structures, while explaining the phenomenon. If an oligopolistic firm raises prices, other prices will remain stable in oligopolistic firms, so we will see a significant decrease in sales volume in the firm which increased prices. To avoid this situation an oligopolistic company will not initiate price increases. If oligopolistic firms lower prices, other oligopolistic firms will reduce prices promptly and the result will be that of lower volume of sales - will sell the same physical volume of goods but at a lower price. To avoid this situation, the company will not initiate oligopolistic price decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]