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The main human echinococcal infections are caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, which causes cystic echinococcosis (CE), and E. multilocularis, which causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The parasites have different life [...]

We compared the effects of 8 weeks of high intensity, aerobic interval training (HIT) and isoinertial resistance training (IRT) on: (i) O 2 kinetics during heavy (HiEx) intensity exercise and; (ii) work economy during moderate (ModEx) intensity exercise in 12 healthy elderly men (69.3 ± 4.2 years). Breath-by-breath O 2 and muscle deoxygenation ([ HHb ] by means of NIRS) were measured in HiEx and ModEx at identical workloads before and after trainings. In HiEx , O 2 and HHb responses were modeled as tri-exponential and mono-exponential increasing functions, respectively. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures analysis was made; Effect size (η2) was also evaluated. After HIT the amplitude and the time delay of the slow component of O2 uptake (O 2sc) during HiEx were smaller (−32%; P = 0.045) and longer (+19.5%; P = 0.001), respectively. At Post IRT : (i) during ModEx, gain was lower (−5%; P = 0.050); (ii) during HiEx , τ2 (+14.4%; P = 0.050), d3 (+8.6%; P = 0.050), and τ3 (+17.2%; P = 0.050) were longer than at Pre IRT. After HIT , the decrease of the O 2sc amplitude was likely induced by the beneficial effects of training on a more responsive O 2 delivery and consumption cascade leading to a better muscle metabolic stability. IRT training was able to increase exercise economy during ModEx and to reduce the amplitude and delay the onset of O 2sc during HiEx. These effects should be due to the reduction and the delayed recruitment of Type II muscle fibers. The better exercise economy and the delayed appearance of O 2sc induced by IRT suggests that strength training might be included in endurance training programs to improve exercise economy and resistance to fatigue in this population of old subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the cognitive dysfunction as primary multiple sclerosis (MS) manifestation in patients with mild or no non-cognitive neurological domain impairment. The study suggests the consideration of MS diagnosis in cognitive dysfunction. The association of MS with severe cerebellar, brainstem and cortical atropy is discussed.

Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may present with self-limiting abdominal involvement, characterized by hepatitis with mild elevation of aminotransferases, splenomegaly, and rarely with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC). Usually, treatment of EBV related AAC is symptomatic, without the need for surgery. Here, we describe a severe case of AAC occurring as the first manifestation of infectious mononucleosis in a young adult woman, receiving treatment with interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6r) inhibitor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); moreover, we have performed a review of the literature on EBV-related AAC., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2021 Pacini Editore SRL, Pisa, Italy.)

We compared the effects of 8 weeks of high intensity, aerobic interval training ( HIT) and isoinertial resistance training ( IRT) on: (i) O 2 kinetics during heavy ( HiEx ) intensity exercise and; (ii) work economy during moderate ( ModEx ) intensity exercise in 12 healthy elderly men (69.3 ± 4.2 years). Breath-by-breath O 2 and muscle deoxygenation ([ HHb ] by means of NIRS ) were measured in HiEx and ModEx at identical workloads before and after trainings. In HiEx , O 2 and HHb responses were modeled as tri-exponential and mono-exponential increasing functions, respectively. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures analysis was made; Effect size (η 2 ) was also evaluated. After HIT the amplitude and the time delay of the slow component of O 2 uptake ( O 2sc ) during HiEx were smaller (-32%; P = 0.045) and longer (+19.5%; P = 0.001), respectively. At Post IRT : (i) during ModEx, gain was lower (-5%; P = 0.050); (ii) during HiEx , τ 2 (+14.4%; P = 0.050), d 3 (+8.6%; P = 0.050), and τ 3 (+17.2%; P = 0.050) were longer than at Pre IRT . After HIT , the decrease of the O 2sc amplitude was likely induced by the beneficial effects of training on a more responsive O 2 delivery and consumption cascade leading to a better muscle metabolic stability. IRT training was able to increase exercise economy during ModEx and to reduce the amplitude and delay the onset of O 2sc during HiEx . These effects should be due to the reduction and the delayed recruitment of Type II muscle fibers. The better exercise economy and the delayed appearance of O 2sc induced by IRT suggests that strength training might be included in endurance training programs to improve exercise economy and resistance to fatigue in this population of old subjects.