Search

Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae that breed in the western North Pacific (WNP) are listed as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act. Previous research in the WNP concluded that the full extent of humpback whale breeding areas is unknown. Recovering this endangered population requires identifying all associated breeding grounds and potential threats in those locations. Prior to 2015, humpback whales were known to occur in the Mariana Archipelago (within the WNP), but their population identity and habitat use there were unknown. To determine the population identity of humpback whales in the Mariana Archipelago and whether the area serves as a breeding ground for these whales, small-boat photo-identification and biopsy sampling surveys were conducted in the southern portion of the archipelago during February and March 2015-2018. A total of 14 mother-calf pairs and 27 other non-calf whales were encountered. Seven non-calves were re-sighted in multiple years, including 4 females associated with calves in one or more years. Competitive behavior was observed in multiple years. Comparisons with other North Pacific humpback whale catalogs resulted in matches to breeding (Japan and Philippines) and feeding (Russia) grounds in the WNP. DNA profiling of 28 biopsy samples identified 24 individuals (14 females, 10 males) representing 7 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. The haplotype frequencies from the Mariana Archipelago showed the greatest identity with the Ogasawara breeding ground and Commander Islands feeding ground in the WNP. This study establishes the Mariana Archipelago as a breeding area for endangered WNP humpback whales, which should be considered in ongoing research and conservation efforts.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to develop a methodological approach to the classification of digital economies by the criterion of environmental efficiency and sustainability.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper consists in determining the eco-economic component of digital future in the model of sustainable development of economy and developing the recommendations for its regulation for provision of balance of the global economic system in the future.

The purpose of the chapter is to develop the algorithms of flexible state management of changes in the economy of a multicultural region and to approbate them by the example of top-3 multicultural regions of modern Russia. The problem of supporting high flexibility of state management of the economy of multicultural regions consists in underdevelopment of the scientific and methodological provision of this management depending on the context and the current needs and capabilities of the region. A perspective method of solving the determined problem is the usage of the developed and presented algorithms of flexible state management of migration flows and foreign economic activities in a multicultural region.

Purpose: The authors study the scientific and practical problem of imperfection of the algorithm and insufficiency of the scientific and methodological provision of integration of the green economy in the model of digital future of the modern socio-economic systems. The purpose of the paper is to solve this problem through improvement of the algorithm and to develop the scientific and methodological provision of integration of the green economy in the model of digital future of the modern socio-economic systems.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to develop a scientific methodology that would allow the most complete, accurate and reliable measurement of the level of technological infrastructure development of the “green” digital economy, as well as scientific recommendations for public management of digital infrastructure development of the “green” digital economy.

The research shows that despite the tendency of significant increase of migration growth of population in multicultural regions of Russia, the incoming migration flows do not stimulate the achievement of strategic priorities of social policy in the regions. This shows either insufficiency or low effectiveness of state management of migration. The current problems of state management of migration in multicultural regions of modern Russia include forced urbanization, increase of load on able-bodied population shadowization of the labor market, and growth of unemployment. The methods of solving these problems are connected to increase of government’s attention to the interests and needs of migrants and provision of mutual profit of migration—for migrants and for the hosting multicultural region.

Purpose: The purpose of the work is to study the influence of the fourth technological paradigm on the sustainable development of modern digital economy from the standpoint of all its subjects using a systematic approach, as well as to identify alternative scenarios to regulate this influence and identify the most Pareto-optimal of them.

Originality/Value It is determined that, despite multiple advantages, connected to logical succession of the process of making of managerial decisions in modern business systems, the Russian model of this process has drawbacks that are caused by stage-by-stage and fragmentary solution of problems and implementation of decisions, as well as by underdevelopment of feedback and marketing activities.

Humpback whales migrate seasonally from high latitude feeding areas to lower latitude breeding areas for mating and calving. In 2004–2006, a North Pacific basin-wide study called SPLASH was conducted as an international collaboration among various groups of researchers. The Russian Far East consists of multiple high latitude feeding areas and during SPLASH, 102 whales were identified and compared to catalogs from breeding areas. Our goal in this study was to further investigate the migratory destinations of whales from the Russian Far East using a total of 1,459 photographs of whales identified from 2004 to 2014. We compared the latest Russian catalog with the SPLASH catalog from wintering areas (2004–2006) and with two additional regional catalogs from Okinawa (1989–2006) and the northern Philippines (2000–2006). We found a total of 152 matches: 106 with Asian, 35 with Hawaiian, and 11 with Mexican breeding grounds. The match rate was higher in mainland Kamchatka and consisted mostly of whales from the Asian breeding ground. In the Commander Islands, the proportion of whales from Asia was twice that of Hawaii and six times higher than Mexico. The total match rate was low, supporting the hypothesis of some undiscovered humpback whale breeding location in the North Pacific.

Originality/value: As a result, it is substantiated that outsource is a perspective tool of making of managerial decisions in modern business systems. Various directions of application of this tool are accessible at each stage of the process of making of managerial decisions in a modern business system. The advantages of decision making by the principles of outsource are attraction of additional resources, access to possibilities of automatization, and low expenses, and the drawbacks include the complexity of organization of this process and temporary character of obtained advantages. Too active usage of outsource and transfer of most managerial decisions to it may lead to loss of independence of the business system and increase of the risk of its reorganization. That's why the principles of outsource are recommended for making of certain managerial decisions by business systems in the period of crisis and by newly formed business systems and those that experience deficit of resources.

Purpose The purpose of the chapter is to study dynamics of development of economic conflicts and to develop a conceptual model of conflict of socio-economic system as an analog to the model of economic cycle. Methodology The author compiles and analyzes the existing conceptual static model of conflict of a socio-economic system. The theoretical basis of the research includes the works of modern authors that reflect provisions of the theory of cycles and devoted to cyclic fluctuations of socio-economic systems. The methodology of the chapter includes the method of dynamic modeling of the process of development of socio-economic systems and the method of formalization (graphic presentation of the obtained results and conclusions). Also, the author uses the complex of general scientific methods within the systemic approach – induction, deduction, analysis, and synthesis. Conclusions It is substantiated that the existing conceptual static model of economic conflict, which treats it as a non-recurrent phenomenon in socio-economic system, contradicts its dynamic nature. Instead of this, similarly to the model of economic cycle, a conceptual dynamic model of conflict of socio-economic system is developed, which treats economic conflict as a process that develops according to a certain algorithm and is constantly repeated. Originality/value The offered conceptual model of conflict of a socio-economic system as an analogue of the model of economic cycle allows specifying the methodology of studying economic crises, which are manifestations/examples of economic conflicts. This model emphasizes the dichotomic nature of economic conflict (its probable negative or positive consequences), which allows for more precise treatment of economic crisis – which is usually considered to be a negative phenomenon. According to the offered model, crisis is not a phase of economic cycle but socio-economic process that is characterized by cyclic fluctuations. As is expected, the developed model will allow describing the practice of development of modern socio-economic systems with higher precision.

The purpose of the paper is to develop a scientific concept of using transition to Industry 4.0 as a mechanism of formation and development of the pleasure economy for stimulating the sustainable d...

Purpose The purpose of the research is to determine the stages of the development of information economy in modern Russia and to create a conceptual model of establishment and development of information economy in modern Russia. Methodology The methodology of the research includes a systemic approach and the method of comparative analysis. Results The authors conclude that despite large potential, Russia is still at the initial stage of information economy’s formation due to the influence of the determined institutional, structural, and investment barriers. At present, Russia is in the process of transition from the initial stage of information economy’s formation, which is related to the formation of technosphere (spheres of the ICT), to the middle stage, in which sociosphere (information society) is established. However, despite this, there is a large potential in the sphere of informatization of socio-economic system of Russia, which belongs to the final stage of the formation of information economy. Recommendations The created conceptual model of establishment and development of information economy in modern Russia showed structural disproportions in information economy of modern Russia. Insufficient technological support, which has resulted in ineffective state management during the formation of information economy at the initial stage, cannot be combined with independently formed social core, the process of creation of which, initiated by the state directive on transition to the middle stage of the formation of information economy, should have started this year. The authors offer practice-oriented recommendations for correction of the current strategy of information economy’s formation in modern Russia.

Purpose The purpose of the paper is to study modern Russian practice to grant tax holidays for entrepreneurship, substantiate the practicability of application as a tool of tax incentive for business renewal in modern Russia, reveal barriers and develop recommendations for its successful introduction in Russian tax practice. Methodology In the study we employed a complex of general scientific methods and the method of trend analysis. With their help we investigated trend data of Russian business renewal in 2007–2018. Information and analytical background of the study was a statistical data of Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat), INSEAD, Cornell University, World Intellectual Property Organization and Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. Results It is revealed that since 2008 tax preferences have been applied for the purposes of tax incentive to upgrade entrepreneurship. However, they become a tax credit that is much less incentive than tax holidays. Recommendations To overcome the barrier on the way of tax holidays for tax incentive of Russian business renewal (related to tax evasion), we developed a proprietary algorithm.

Purpose The purpose of the work is to determine new types of taxes and new forms of taxation in the conditions of information economy and to determine the perspectives of their optimization. Methodology The methods of systemic and problem analysis, logical analysis (analysis of causal connections), and method of formalization (graphic presentation of information) are used. Results It is determined that in the conditions of information economy all three closely interconnected tendencies are manifested: growth of the value of information and its becoming the key resource, distribution of information technologies and their becoming a special type of business assets, and formation and development of Internet entrepreneurship. Under the influence of these tendencies, which are already seen in economic systems, possibilities of collection of traditional types of taxes (with the help of traditional forms of taxation, based on corporate tax reports) will be limited. This will lead to establishment of a new balance in the tax system, at which traditional types of taxes will be replaced with new types of taxes, collected with the help of the corresponding new forms of taxation. These are tax on information, collected in the Internet form, on information technologies, collected in the ICT form, and tax on Internet sales, collected in the electronic form. These new types of taxes and new forms of taxation, which will be applied in the conditions of information economy, will influence entrepreneurial structure and individuals. Recommendations For preventing a social crisis due to coming transformations of the tax system in the conditions of information economy and for protecting the interests of the state in the aspect of full-scale collection of taxes, the authors offer recommendations on optimization of new types of taxes and new forms of taxation, related to establishment of lower tax rates.

International audience; Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) differences between humpback whales on different feeding groundscan reflect the cultural transmission of migration destinations over generations, and thereforerepresent one of the very few cases of gene-culture coevolution identified in the animal kingdom.In Russian Pacific waters, photo-identification (photo-ID) studies have shown minimal interchangebetween whales feeding off the Commander Islands and those feeding in the Karaginsky Gulf,regions that are separated by only 500 km and have previously been lumped together as a singleRussian feeding ground. Here, we assessed whether genetic differentiation exists between these2 groups of humpback whales. We discovered a strong mtDNA differentiation between the 2feeding sites (FST = 0.18, ΦST = 0.14, P < 0.001). In contrast, nuclear DNA (nuDNA) polymorphisms,determined at 8 microsatellite loci, did not reveal any differentiation. Comparing our mtDNA resultswith those from a previous ocean-basin study reinforced the differences between the 2 feedingsites. Humpback whales from the Commanders appeared most similar to those of the westernGulf of Alaska and the Aleutian feeding grounds, whereas Karaginsky differed from all other NorthPacific feeding grounds. Comparison to breeding grounds suggests mixed origins for the 2 feedingsites; there are likely connections between Karaginsky and the Philippines and to a lesser extentto Okinawa, Japan, whereas the Commanders are linked to the Mexican breeding grounds. ThemtDNA differentiation between the Commander Islands and Karaginsky Gulf suggests a case ofgene-culture coevolution, correlated to fidelity to a specific feeding site within a particular feedingground. From a conservation perspective, our findings emphasize the importance of consideringthese 2 feeding sites as separate management units.