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G. V. Ivanov’s works are evaluated in different ways, but no matter what place analysts give him in the poetic hierarchy, two characteristics remain unchangeable. He is one of the most significant Russian poets. His poetic language is often focused on reconsidering the experience of his predecessors, which produces a large number of intertextual connections, which represent a constant of poetic language, one of the codes that allow people to see its true depth and pragmatic overtones. The essay introduces a large body of analytical works on G. V. Ivanov focusing on his similarities and differences with various writers, which often reveal controversies with their worldview and interpretations of creativity. For all the variety of works of this type, so far no one has paid attention to the interaction of G. V. Ivanov and L. N. Tolstoy. The second part of the essay proves that the poem “Kak vy kogda-to razborchivy byli…” (How picky once you were...) contains at least six direct textual and structural links with the story by L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball” and his model of world outlook. These connections capture the complex nature of ambivalent assessment of Tolstoy’s position, associated with common stereotyping behavior of the nobility. As the semantic analysis reveals, the lyrical hero of G. V. Ivanov is not only in conceptual relationship with the character of L. N. Tolstoy, but he declares similar stereotypes, characterized by axiological similarity and a single archaic coordinate system.

The aim of the work is to review the scientific literature on one of N. Gumilyov’s most famous poems, “The Lost Streetcar,” one hundred years from the date of writing, due to the lack of an accurate dating of its creation, is in 2019, 2020, or 2021. The availability of a large number of analytical works indicates the constant interest of researchers in this multifaceted and ambiguous poem. The work is aimed at the implementation of several tasks: to give a comprehensive picture of the assessment of the text; look at it through the prism of analytics; reveal the true validity of certain interpretations; identify the main points of application of analytical thought; to discover how a clash of different interpretations of the same facts makes it possible to characterize the truth of these interpretations. It consists of four interconnected parts that take into account a different degree of interpretation breadth. The total representation of the materials associated with each of these parts allows drawing a number of conclusions. In particular, that the very first characteristics given by the poet’s contemporaries do not lose their relevance nowadays. And that researchers’ enthusiasm for seeking intertextual links sometimes leaves out discussing the individual author style features of the text itself. It is also important that researchers literally dissolve the poem in contexts that are significant for world culture and deprive it of independence. Assessments and interpretations of the text can be both in a relationship of mutual complementarity, and can be mutually exclusive. The perception of the text as reflecting biographical facts and esoteric generalizations and preferences of the author represents the main opposition, the components of which are focused on all studies of the poem.

В статье рассматривается образный строй романа А. Белого "Петербург" как репрезентатор творческой манеры автора. The article explores the system of images of the novel Petersburg by A. Bely as a salient example of the author's creative manner. The purpose of the article is to discover the linguistic factors that ensure the unity of the texts and produce their originality in the context of the aesthetic and ideological priorities of the writer.

The importance of the work is determined by the place which I. Annensky occupies in Russian poetry and his unrelenting influence on generations of readers. The purpose of the work is to reveal the presence and linguistic ways of implementing the semantics of the Buddhist understanding of the world in the poetic heritage of I. Annensky. The material for the study is all original poems of the poet. The main methods are semantic, comparative and intertextual analysis. From the days of his study at the university, the poet was well acquainted with the basics of Buddhism and demonstrated obsession with it throughout his life. Several poems undoubtedly present semantic complexes that are directly referred to Buddhism, refurbishing its major provisions. The ways of translating Buddhist semantics are diverse and they are always organically interwoven into an artistic whole. The language of the poet is consistently focused on ambiguity, uncertainty and ambivalence, which is manifested at various text levels. The work lists the main language transformations used by the poet. It is illustrated on the example of the poem "", which mysteriousness steadily draws the attention of readers and researchers. The author shows that the poem realizes the Buddhist conception of the ratio of extremely small and infinitely large quantities, implying their identity. The authors draw a parallel between the lines of I. Annensky and W. Blake which implement identical Buddhist ideas. The conclusion outlines the prospects for a detailed analysis of other texts.

The present article deals with the meaningful and functional characteristics of the closed topics, that are the topics which are thought to be improper (taboo), and they are blocked in Russian, English and Chinese communication in a variety of ways. Their characteristics have not received a proper description in scientific works; therefore the study, based on the methods of semantic and communicative analysis, survey and comparison of the communication ways in different languages, aimed at filling the gap in probative identification of a list of closed topics, seems to be a current matter of interest. The authors use the term closedness and view it as an indicator of topic's irrelevance that manifests itself with various language means. The article demonstrates the presence of a commonly shared list of closed topics in the above mentioned cultures. The possibility of reference to such topics in conversation is regulated by communication format, purpose and the degree of contact's intimacy. The strategies of closed topic avoidance are marked with semantic replacement called mitigation and euphemism substitution. The study results ascertain that the closed topic list is shared by the Russian, English and Chinese cultures, but points to some differences in the way the conversations go. In conclusion the authors give a wide range of applications: from theoretical constructs that describe the mechanism of communication processes flow to the specific recommendations for optimizing communication in different spheres of human interaction.

he article is in the context of linguistic and semiotic studies related to theoretical issues of base units’ typology, in particular, theoretical linguistics and “pure” semiotics. Sign is one of the basic units of linguistics and semiotics. The way of understanding the nature and structure of the sign essentially influences the nature of almost all studies. The depth, consistency and completeness of perception of signs are reflected in the currently existing classifications of signs. The article fills in a gap in the perception of the sign variety nature in the semiotic and linguistic understanding. It provides a tool for the correct interpretation of a large body of facts related to the secondary use of proper names in the specific function and precedential units in a broad context. The analysis of the actual texts indicates that the current classifications of signs do not reflect in their entirety all the signs which actually exist and function in the space of language and culture. Beyond the limits proposed by these classification schemes are left the phenomena of sufficient frequency. The article based on the appositive and distribution methods describes and analyzes the type of signs that has not been previously perceived by researchers as an independent one and has not been studied at all. This sign is called a bifocal sign and it is consistently described in terms of its specific features which do not allow mixing it with other types of signs. The results show that an adequate interpretation of any text which includes a bifocal sign is impossible without taking into account the specificity of this sign.

The goal of the article is to examine the meaning potential of the lexeme “enemy” which occupies one of the first places in any language due to its long standing, high stability and abundance. Nevertheless, it is relatively seldom investigated from the perspective of cognitive linguistics which opens up new prospects for its research through the use of language as a reliable tool for studying the content and structure of mental units. To this end, the authors collected and analyzed direct and derivative nominations of “enemy”, phraseological units and proverbs with them and set of associations provided by modern representatives of the Russian, Chinese and English linguocultures. The received data reveal vis-a-vis universality or cultural specificity in the perception of “enemy” which can have historical, geographical, social, political or economic explanation. Despite coinciding in many aspects, the connotations and interpretations of the lexeme “enemy” in different languages and cultures are sometimes worlds apart and misunderstanding their meaning may lead to disagreements and conflicts. The authors hope to promote better understanding among contacting parties by contributing to comprehension of the intricate language-culture relationship. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2s1p461