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Hgf/c-Met signaling supports migration of cells with CEC phenotype

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The “bag breakup” fragmentation is the dominant mechanism for spume droplet production in high winds, which substantially affects the ocean–atmosphere exchange processes. The amount of droplets ejected from the surface, as well as their typical sizes, is prescribed by the surface wind velocity and fetch. The corresponding empirical correlations were obtained only for the limited parameters of the laboratory environment. The applicability range can be extended through the construction of a theoretical model that describes the initiation of the bag-breakup fragmentation, estimates the fragmenting liquid volume prescribing the droplet sizes, and determines the dependence on the wind parameters. This paper presents such a model. First, we conducted linear stability analysis of small-scale disturbances at the water surface under a high wind; this showed that the small-scale ripples (about 1 cm) propagating against the wind in the surface wind drift following the reference frame grew fast due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, when the wind friction velocity exceeded the threshold of about 1 m s−1. Given the weak dispersion, the nonlinear stage of evolution was addressed using the Riemann simple wave equation modified to describe the increasing disturbances. The analytical solution for the equation suggested the scaling of the volume of liquid undergoing the bag-breakup fragmentation and its dependence on in agreement with the laboratory data. Using the scaling, we calculated the statistics of the bag-breakup fragmentation based on the lognormal size distribution of the fragmenting objects. Significance Statement The “bag breakup” fragmentation is the dominant mechanism for generating spray in hurricane winds. The parameters of spray droplets substantially affect the exchange processes between the ocean and the atmosphere and, thereby, the development of sea storms. The rapid process of spray generation can only be studied in laboratory environments using sophisticated experimental techniques. To apply the laboratory data to field conditions, we need a theoretical model that describes the threshold for fragmentation initiation, the fragmenting liquid volume, which scales the size and number of spray droplets, their dependence on wind parameters, etc. In the present work, we suggest a simple analytical model of the bag-breakup initiation, verify it in the laboratory experiment, and suggest the statistical description of the fragmentation events.

The book about Louis Henri de Nicolay, a German-speaking poet from Strasbourg, is much more than a reconstruction of the biography of a “German in Russia”. The multi-author book edited by Rodolphe Baudin and Alexandra Veselova reveals the mechanisms underlying the functioning of intellectual ties between Alsace and Russia. Also, it demonstrates the “exemplary” and unique features of the personal history of a graduate of the University of Strasbourg, who became a tutor of the future Emperor Paul I and then president of the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The authors show the life trajectory of Nicolay in the broad context of the tripartite cultural transfer between France, Germany, and Russia and of the “circulation of knowledge and people” in Europe as a whole. The multifaceted image of the Strasbourg intellectual is recreated through the analysis of his epistolary and poetic heritage, sources on the history of Mon Repos Park (Nicolay's estate near Vyborg), and the study of the mythologisation of his personality in Russian and Soviet culture. The publication of sources of personal origin makes the book more valuable. They are letters of Louis Henri de Nicolay, introduced into scholarly circulation and extensively commented on by the authors of the edition. This research appears to be a landmark in the historiography of intellectual connections in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment.

Lagrangian stochastic models (LSM) are widely used to model the dispersion of sea spray droplets injected from the water surface into the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) and for evaluation of the spray impact on the exchange fluxes between the atmosphere and the ocean. While moving through the MABL the droplets pass through the region of high gradients of air velocity, temperature and humidity occurring in the vicinity of the air-water interface. In this case, the applicability of LSMs constructed under the assumption of weakly inhomogeneous flows is questionable. In this work, we develop a Lagrangian stochastic model taking into account the strongly inhomogeneous structure of the airflow in MABL and, in particular, the anisotropy of turbulence dissipation rate. The model constants and the diffusion matrix coefficients are calibrated by comparison of the LSM prediction for the profiles of droplet concentration and the exchange fluxes of sensible and latent heat against the results of direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent, droplet-laden airflow over a waved water surface.

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes., The work was financially supported by the Academy of Finland, grants 250243 (O.O.), 284601 (O.O.), 309581 (O.O.); the European Research Council, ERC Starting Grant 205905 (O.O.) and Synergy Grant 856506 – LIFEPLAN (to O.O. and T.R.); Nordic Environment Finance Corporation Grant (O.O.); Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation Grant (O.O., T.R., M.H., L.A.); University of Helsinki HiLIFE Fellow Grant 2017–2020 (O.O.); and the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence Funding Scheme (223257) to O.O. via Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; the Kone Foundation 44-6977 (M.D.) and 55-14839 (G.T.); a Spanish Ramon y Cajal grant RYC-2014-16263 (M.D.); the Federal Budget for the Forest Research Institute of Karelian Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences 220-2017-0003, 0220-2017-0005 (L.V., S.S. and J.K.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Grant 16-08-00510 (L.K.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation 0017-2019-0009 (Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences) (N.I., M. Shashkov).

The oncogene yes-associated protein (YAP) controls liver tumor initiation and progression via cell extrinsic functions by creating a tumor-supporting environment in conjunction with cell autonomous mechanisms. However, how YAP controls organization of the microenvironment and in particular the vascular niche, which contributes to liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis, is poorly understood. To investigate heterotypic cell communication, we dissected murine and human liver endothelial cell (EC) populations into liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and continuous endothelial cells (CEC) through histomorphological and molecular characterization. In YAPS127A-induced tumorigenesis, a gradual replacement of LSECs by CECs was associated with dynamic changes in the expression of genes involved in paracrine communication. The formation of new communication hubs connecting CECs and LSECs included the hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf)/c-Met signaling pathway. In hepatocytes and tumor cells, YAP/TEA domain transcription factor 4 (TEAD4)–dependent transcriptional induction of osteopontin (Opn) stimulated c-Met expression in EC with CEC phenotype, which sensitized these cells to the promigratory effects of LSEC-derived Hgf. In human hepatocellular carcinoma, the presence of a migration-associated tip-cell signature correlated with poor clinical outcome and the loss of LSEC marker gene expression. The occurrence of c-MET–expressing CECs in human liver cancer samples was confirmed at the single-cell level. In summary, YAP-dependent changes of the liver vascular niche comprise the formation of heterologous communication hubs in which tumor cell–derived factors modify the cross-talk between LSECs and CECs via the HGF/c-MET axis. Significance: YAP-dependent changes of the liver vascular niche comprise the formation of heterologous communication hubs in which tumor cell-derived factors modify the cross-talk between EC subpopulations.

Within the framework of this study, the dynamics and thermodynamics of individual spherical droplets of various sizes injected into the air flow during their interaction with a marine atmospheric boundary layer were calculated within Lagrangian stochastic model (LSM). The fields of velocity, humidity, and temperature are presented as a superposition of the average component determined from the approximations of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and the fluctuation component. Turbulent fluctuations are calculated using a stochastic model based on the Langevin equation, containing the matrix of inverse relaxation times of turbulent fluctuations of the Lagrangian particles velocity. To define whether isotropic matrix or anisotropic one should be selected and also to determine the value of Kolmogorov constant the calculations within LSM were compared with the results of direct numerical simulation of the inertial particles in the atmospheric boundary layer above surface waves. It was shown that the isotropic diffusion matrix underestimates the turbulent diffusion of particles, so anisotropic one was selected.It was assumed that the injection of droplets into the air flow was carried out through two main mechanisms - fragmentation according to the "parachute" type (Troitskaya et al., Scientific Reports, 2017) and the rupture of floating bubbles. In the calculations, new modifications of the spray generation functions were used, taking into account the dependence of the number of generation events on the number of spray, obtained within the laboratory experiments done by the authors in their previous studies.The processes of heat-moisture exchange of droplets with a turbulent air flow, taking into account phase transitions, are described using the equations of droplet microphysics (Pruppatcher and Klett (1978)). Heat, moisture and momentum fluxes are calculated on the basis of averaging over the horizontal coordinate of the equations of thermoaerodynamics. These equations include volumetric sources of momentum, heat and moisture to take into account the effect of droplets on the temperature and humidity of atmospheric air, which are obtained by averaging the solution to the equations of microphysics of droplets. When calculating the profiles of average temperature and humidity, gradient hypotheses of closure with the coefficients of turbulent diffusion coefficients of heat and humidity were used.The work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) project № 19-17-00209Troitskaya, Y., Kandaurov, A., Ermakova, O., Kozlov D., Sergeev D., Zilitinkevich S. Bag-breakup fragmentation as the dominant mechanism of sea-spray production in high winds. Sci Rep 7, 1614 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01673-9. Prupatcher H.R., Klett J.D. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Dordrecht: D. Riedel. 1978, 714 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9905-3.

A series of experiments was carried out on the Thermostratified Wind Wave Tank of IAP RAS, to study the processes of secondary generation of spray due to the fall of the droplets onto a rough surface. The general scheme of the experiments was similar to [1]. The range of equivalent wind speed from U10 is from 21 to 34 m/s. Initially, high-speed filming with shadow visualization of the rough surface from above was performed, followed by detection, marking and calculating the number of events during image processing using special programs. It has been demonstrated that the number of phenomena of falling drops into water per unit time per unit area, leading to the formation of spray, significantly exceeds the similar values for previously studied mechanisms of spray generation: liquid ligaments fragmentation type, bubbles rupture and bag-breakup fragmentation type. Further, detailed studies of this phenomenon were carried out with a higher resolution filming. Two main scenarios of this event: with the formation of a “crown” at large angles of drop incidence, and the so-called "jet" at small angles were identified by analogy with [2]. The number droplets, size and velocity distributions were obtained for different wind speeds. These results can be used to design a spray generation function due to this phenomenon.Investigations were supported by Russian Science Foundation project 21-19-00755 (carrying out experiments), Russian Foundation Basic Research project 21-55-52005 (data processing), work of A.A. Kandaurov was partially supported by the President's grant for young scientists МК-5503.2021.1.5.Troitskaya, A. Kandaurov, O. Ermakova, D. Kozlov, D. Sergeev, and S. Zilitinkevich, The ‘Bag Breakup’ Spume Droplet Generation Mechanism at High Winds. Part I: Spray Generation Function, J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 2167–2188, 2018. V. Gielen, P. Sleutel, J. Benschop, M. Riepen, V. Voronina, C. W. Visser, D. Lohse, J. H. Snoeijer, M. Versluis, andH. Gelderblom, Oblique drop impact onto a deep liquid pool, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 2, pp. 083602, 2017.

The work is concerned with the study of the breaking surface wave impact on the scattered radar signal in laboratory conditions using optical methods for analyzing the state of the water surface.The experiments were carried out on the reconstructed TSWiWaT wind wave flume of the IAP RAS. The channel is 12 m long, the channel cross-section varies from 0.7 x 0.7 m at the entrance to 0.7 x 0.9 m in the working section at a distance of 9 m. The airflow speed on the axis is 3-35 m/s, which corresponds to the values of the wind speed U10 of 11-50 m/s.At the beginning of the channel, a wavemaker was installed, operating in a pulsed mode and generating a train of three long waves every 15 seconds. In front of the area under study, an inclined plate was installed under the water, simulating shallow water and stimulating the breaking of waves in the zone of optical and radar measurements. In parallel, wind waves were generated. Due to the design features of the experimental setup, the distance from the beginning of the channel to the inclined plate in the case of optical measurements was 884 cm, and for radar measurements - 781 cm.Radar measurements were carried out using a Doppler scatterometer operating at a wavelength of 3.2 cm, with the ability to simultaneously receive two direct and two cross-polarizations (VV, HH, VH, HV). The dimensions of the observation window on the water surface varied depending on the selected incidence angles (30, 40, 50 degrees). Optical measurements were carried out independently of radar measurements using three cameras with a shooting frequency of 50 Hz. Using a specially developed algorithm based on threshold processing of the image brightness, the time dependences of the fraction of breakers on the area of the investigated water surface during the passage of a train of three waves were calculated. Due to the different configuration of the experiments, the data of radar and optical measurements are separated in time, their synchronization was performed using correlation analysis. Comparison of the data made it possible to find that, on cross-polarization, the received power monotonically increases with an increase in the fraction of breakers, while on direct polarization, the change in power remains within the values observed during collapses of wind waves. Further comparison of the values of the radar cross-section of the water surface and the relative area of the wave breaking will make it possible to determine the influence of the breaking on the formation of the scattered signal.This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) project No. 21-17-00214.

European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant 205905 (to O.O.) and Synergy Grant 856506—LIFEPLAN (to O.O. and T.R.); Spanish Ramón y Cajal Grant RYC-2014-16263 (to M.M.D.) (...), Delgado, M.D.M., Roslin, T., Tikhonov, G., Meyke, E., Lo, C., Gurarie, E., Abadonova, M., Abduraimov, O., Adrianova, O., Akimova, T., Akkiev, M., Ananin, A., Andreeva, E., Andriychuk, N., Antipin, M., Arzamascev, K., Babina, S., Babushkin, M., Bakin, O., Barabancova, A., Basilskaja, I., Belova, N., Belyaeva, N., Bespalova, T., Bisikalova, E., Bobretsovz, A., Bobrov, V., Bobrovskyi, V., Bochkareva, E., Bogdanov, G., Bolshakov, V., Bondarchuk, S., Bukharova, E., Butunina, A., Buyvolov, Y., Buyvolova, A., Bykov, Y., Chakhireva, E., Chashchina, O., Cherenkova, N., Chistjakov, S., Chuhontseva, S., Davydov, E.A., Demchenko, V., Diadicheva, E., Dobrolyubov, A., Dostoyevskaya, L., Drovnina, S., Drozdova, Z., Dubanaev, A., Dubrovsky, Y., Elsukov, S., Epova, L., Ermakova, O.S., Ermakova, O., Esengeldenova, A., Evstigneev, O., Fedchenko, I., Fedotova, V., Filatova, T., Gashev, S., Gavrilov, A., Gaydys, I., Golovcov, D., Goncharova, N., Gorbunova, E., Gordeeva, T., Grishchenko, V., Gromyko, L., Hohryakov, V., Hritankov, A., Ignatenko, E., Igosheva, S., Ivanova, U., Ivanova, N., Kalinkin, Y., Kaygorodova, E., Kazansky, F., Kiseleva, D., Knorrem, A., Kolpashikov, L., Korobov, E., Korolyova, H., Korotkikh, N., Kosenkov, G., Kossenko, S., Kotlugalyamova, E., Kozlovsky, E., Kozsheechkin, V., Kozurak, A., Kozyr, I., Krasnopevtseva, A., Krugliko, S., Kuberskaya, O., Kudryavtsev, A., Kulebyakina, E., Kulsha, Y., Kupriyanova, M., Kurbanbagamaev, M., Kutenkov, A., Kutenkova, N., Kuyantseva, N., Kuznetsov, A., Larin, E., Lebedev, P., Litvinov, K., Luzhkova, N., Mahmudov, A., Makovkina, L., Mamontov, V., Mayorova, S., Megalinskaja, I., Meydus, A., Minin, A., Mitrofanov, O., Motruk, M., Myslenkov, A., Nasonova, N., Nemtseva, N., Nesterova, I., Nezdoliy, T., Niroda, T., Novikova, T., Panicheva, D., Pavlov, A., Pavlova, K., Van, P., Podolski, S., Polikarpova, N., Tatiana Polyanskaya81, Pospelov, I., Pospelova, E., Prokhorov, I., Prokosheva, I., Puchnina, L., Putrashyk, I., Raiskaya, J., Rozhkov, Y., Rozhkova, O., Rudenko, M., Rybnikova, I., Rykova, S., Sahnevich, M., Samoylov, A., Sank, V., Sapelnikova, I., Sazonov, S., Selyunina, Z., Shalaeva, K., Shashkov, M., Shcherbakov, A., Shevchyk, V., Shubin, S., Shujskaja, E., Sibgatullin, R., Sikkilah, N., Sitnikova, E., Sivkov, A., Skok, N., Skorokhodova, S., Smirnova, E., Sokolova, G., Sopin, V., Spasovski, Y., Stepanov, S., Stratiy, V., Strekalovskaya, V., Sukhov, A., Suleymanova, G., Sultangareeva, L., Teleganova, V., Teplov, V., Teplova, V., Tertitsa, T., Timoshkin, V., Tirski, D., Tolmachev, A., Tomilin, A., Tselishcheva, L., Turgunov, M., Tyukh, Y., Van, V., Ershkova, E., Vasin, A., Vasina, A., Vekliuk, A., Vetchinnikova, L., Vinogradov, V., Volodchenko, N., Voloshina, I., Xoliqov, T., Yablonovska-Grishchenko, E., Yakovlev, V., Yakovleva, M., Yantser, O., Yarema, Y., Zahvatov, A., Zakharov, V., Zelenetskiy, N., Zheltukhin, A., Zubina, T., Kurhinen, J., Ovaskainen, O.

This article discusses the Norwegian language textbooks for foreigners Stein på stein and Her på berget, published from 1995 to 2015. These textbooks are analyzed as tools for promoting the official ideology and as sources of information showing how Norwegians would like to present their society and themselves to representatives of other nations. Such an interpretation is considered to be possible since these publications are primarily designed for immigrants who are planning to come to Norway for permanent residence. Norwegian language courses are expected to provide future citizens of Norway with the necessary knowledge about the society, culture and history of the country, and allow them to become acquainted with the values and lifestyle of Norwegians. The focus of the article is one of the most popular series of textbooks published by Cappelen Damm: Stein på stein and Her på berget. Over the course of twenty-five years, new editions of these textbooks have been published: for example, the first edition of the textbook Stein på stein was published in 1990, and the last one in 2015. The new editions show changes in the image of Norwegian society, shifts on emphasis, the themes that were important to discuss in different editions, and some new concepts and topics that the authors of the textbooks considered necessary to introduce in the new editions. When analyzing the texts, the authors single out several lexical ideologemes, the so-called “values” (verdier), which can be considered especially significant in the self-presentation of the Norwegian nation. Such ideologemes as “equality” (likestilling / likhetstanke), “democracy” (demokratiet) and “environmentally conscious” (miljøbevissthet) are analyzed. The article considers the political background for the actualization of these concepts in educational texts; the development of the semantic fields, the core of which are the mentioned ideologemes; the organization of these concepts in the text and model characters of the textbooks as bearers of these “values”.

This article describes the first step toward the development of the geophysical model function (GMF) for the retrieval of wind speed and wind stress in hurricanes, based on developing a relation between the cross-polarized satellite SAR data from Sentinel-1 and winds/stress observed from collocated NOAA GPS-dropsondes data. Field measurements and remote sensing data for tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean were analyzed. Using the data measured by GPS-dropsondes, average wind velocity profiles were obtained, while the parameters of the wind boundary layer (drag coefficient and friction velocity) were restored from the “wake” part of the velocity profiles using the self-similarity property. The self-similarity of the velocity profile “defect” in the boundary layer, known from the fluid dynamics, was used to retrieve the parameters of the atmospheric boundary layer (the surface wind velocity, drag coefficient, and friction velocity) from the dropsonde wind velocity profiles in ten major hurricanes. Based on the processing of the measurements in the hurricanes Irma 2017/09/07 and Maria 2017/09/21 and 2017/09/23 at a time close to the time of acquisition of the Sentinel-1 images, the dependencies of the cross-polarized normalized radar cross section on the wind speed and wind friction velocity were obtained and used for constructing the GMFs.

We investigated the effect of weak combined magnetic field (CMF) on stem cell proliferation and regeneration of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. CMF parameters were set in accordance with Valery Lednev's theory of magnetic parametric resonance. It was shown that CMF with an amplitude of 74 μT and a frequency of 30 Hz accelerated the growth of the planarian head blastema by 25%. Alterations of the frequency in range from 27 to 33 Hz led to a complete disappearance of the effect. A further decrease in the CMF frequency inhibited regeneration. The maximum inhibition (24%) was observed at a frequency of 16 Hz. A further decrease in the CMF frequency (down to 13 Hz) led to disappearance of the described effect. Regeneration rate changes under the CMF are influenced by alterations in stem cell mitotic activity, which in turn depends on the wound-induced gene expression level. Thus, the CMF, preset in accordance to the Lednev's theory, can specifically influence the expression of regeneration-related genes and regeneration itself, what can find biomedical applications.

Cell wall recalcitrance is a major constraint for the exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource for energy and bio-based products. Transcriptional regulators of the lignin biosynthetic pathway represent promising targets for tailoring lignin content and composition in plant secondary cell walls. However, knowledge about the transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis in lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as Miscanthus, is limited. In Miscanthus leaves, MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 are expressed at growth stages associated with lignification. The ectopic expression of MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 in N. benthamiana leaves was sufficient to trigger secondary cell wall deposition with distinct sugar and lignin compositions. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the transcriptional responses to MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 overexpression showed an extensive overlap with the response to the NAC master transcription factor MsSND1, but were distinct from each other, underscoring the inherent complexity of secondary cell wall formation. Furthermore, conserved and previously described promoter elements as well as novel and specific motifs could be identified from the target genes of the three transcription factors. Together, MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 represent interesting targets for manipulations of lignin content and composition in Miscanthus towards a tailored biomass.

The preliminary attempts to develop of the geophysical model function (GMF) for the retrieval of wind speed and wind stress in hurricanes, based on a dependency between the cross-polarized satellite SAR data from Sentinel-1 and wind speed or turbulent stress obtained from collocated NOAA GPS-dropsondes data array. Field measurements in the Atlantic Ocean during hurricane season in the period 2001-2018 were analyzed. Using the data measured by GPSdropsondes, due to the ensemble averaging, mean wind velocity profiles were obtained, and the atmospheric boundary layer parameters drag coefficient and turbulent stress (or friction velocity) were retrieved from the “wake” part of the velocity profiles taking into account a self-similarity property of the velocity profile “defect”. The parameters were retrieved for 25 major hurricanes of categories 4 and 5. The collocation of Sentinel-1 images and GPS-dropsonde data was made for the hurricanes Irma 2017/09/07, Maria 2017/09/21 and 2017/09/23, taking into account the assumption that turbulent boundary layer parameters in the hurricanes remain quasistationary. The dependencies of the cross-polarized normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) on the wind speed and wind friction velocity were obtained, the results were compared to the data for small and moderate winds, represented in [1], a good agreement is demonstrated. In the region of high wind speeds the relation between NRCS and the wind friction velocity becomes ambiguous, it may be explained by the dependency on the hurricane sector.

On the base of laboratory experiments on co- and cross-polarized microwave signal scattering on a wavy water surface, the dependences of NRCS on wind speed and friction velocity at high wind speeds were obtained. It is shown that the cross-polarized NRCS demonstrates sensitivity to the wind speed when its value is more than 20 m/s, in contrast to the co-polarized NRCS. Based on the analysis of the Doppler spectra, it was suggested that the backscattered signal is formed mainly on wave breakers. This assumption was verified by analyzing the dependence of the scattered signal power at both polarizations on the area of the white-cap coverage, which revealed their direct dependence. Based on the phenomenological approach used in statistical physics, a parametrization of the dependence of the white-cap coverage fraction on the wind friction velocity was proposed. This parametrization was based on the use of the universal Gibbs method, the central concept of which is a canonical ensemble or an ensemble of a thermodynamic system states which are in a weak thermal contact with a "thermostat". In this case, the atmospheric boundary layer acts as a thermostat, and the entire ensemble of states of the sea surface, including breakers, is the canonical ensemble. Based on this parametrization, the GMF was proposed to retrieve the wind speed and wind friction velocity for wind speeds above 40 m/s, which also considering the angular dependence of the NRCS.

In storm conditions, the atmosphere and the ocean are multiphase: the boundary layer of the atmosphere is saturated with splashes and raindrops, foamy areas are present on the surface of the water, and the near-surface water layer is saturated with air bubbles. This causes radical changes in the ocean-atmosphere exchange processes that must be taken into account when constructing models. Empirical data on the parameters of such media, obtained under natural conditions, are characterized by large errors. Laboratory modeling on large experimental facilities helps to reduce this uncertainty. In this regard, modern laboratory facilities for modeling hurricane wind conditions have been created in the USA and Japan. This article presents the results of recent studies of multiphase media at the Unique Scientific Installation “Complex of large-scale geophysical stands” of the IAP RAS.

The work is concerned with the development of a method for the retrieval of tropical cyclones boundary atmospheric layer parameters, namely the wind friction velocity and wind speed at meteorological height. For the analysis, we used the results of field measurements of wind speed profiles from dropwindsondes launched from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) aircraft and collocated data from the Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) located onboard of the same aircraft.The results of radiometric measurements were used to obtain the emissivity values, which were compared with the field data obtained from the falling dropwindsondes. Using the algorithm taking into account the self-similarity of the velocity defect profile (Ermakova et al., 2019), the parameters of the atmospheric boundary layer were determined from the data measured by dropwindsondes. This algorithm gives an opportunity to obtain the wind speed value at meteorological height and wind friction velocity from the averaged data in the wake part of the profiles of the marine atmospheric boundary layer.A comparison of the wind speed U10 dependencies, retrieved from the SFMR data and measurements from dropwindsondes, with the similar dependencies obtained in (Uhlhorn et al., 2007), was made, and their satisfactory agreement was demonstrated. This work was supported by the RFBR projects No. 19-05-00249, 19-05-00366.

Cell wall recalcitrance is a major constraint for the exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource for energy and bio-based products. Transcriptional regulators of the lignin biosynthetic pathway represent promising targets for tailoring lignin content and composition in plant secondary cell walls. However, knowledge about the transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis in lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as Miscanthus, is limited. In Miscanthus leaves, MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 are expressed at growth stages associated with lignification. The ectopic expression of MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 in N. benthamiana leaves was sufficient to trigger secondary cell wall deposition with distinct sugar and lignin compositions. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the transcriptional responses to MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 overexpression showed an extensive overlap with the response to the NAC master transcription factor MsSND1, but were distinct from each other, underscoring the inherent complexity of secondary cell wall formation. Furthermore, conserved and previously described promoter elements as well as novel and specific motifs could be identified from the target genes of the three transcription factors. Together, MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 represent interesting targets for manipulations of lignin content and composition in Miscanthus towards a tailored biomass.

This paper describes laboratory experiments (using a high-speed wind-wave flume) of the effects of water waves on heat and momentum exchange in the near-water atmospheric boundary layer at high win...

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890–2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change., Measurement(s)phenological event • climateTechnology Type(s)digital curationFactor Type(s)geographic location • yearSample Characteristic - LocationRussia • Ukraine • Uzbekistan • Belarus • Kyrgyzstan Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11687169