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2. List of Contributors

Author

Yemil Atisha-Fregoso, J. Antonio Avina-Zubieta, Francesca Barone, Thomas G. Benedek, Ayal Ben-Zvi, Sasha Bernatsky, Susan A. Boackle, Hendrika Bootsma, Rebecka L. Bourn, Simon J. Bowman, Ian N. Bruce, Jill P. Buyon, Nancy L. Carteron, Kevin S. Cashman, Eliza F. Chakravarty, Sarah K. Chen, Yuting Chin, Benjamin F. Chong, Ann E. Clarke, Hannah Cohen, Karen H. Costenbader, José C. Crispín, Mary K. Crow, Maria Dall'Era, Karina de Leeuw, Yun Deng, Rama Dey-Rao, Betty Diamond, Thomas Dörner, Cristina Drenkard, Alexandre Dumusc, Laura Durcan, Olga Dvorkina, Giordano Egiziano, Keith B. Elkon, John M. Esdaile, Benjamin A. Fisher, Carla M. Fox, Robert I. Fox, Deborah M. Friedman, Shu Man Fu, Felicia Gaskin, Ian Giles, Ellen M. Ginzler, Bevra Hannahs Hahn, John G. Hanly, James E. Hansen, Falk Hiepe, Andrea Hinojosa-Azaola, Bimba Hoyer, Jens Y. Humrich, Yiannis Ioannou, David Isenberg, Mariko L. Ishimori, Peter M. Izmirly, Judith A. James, Caroline A. Jefferies, Scott A. Jenks, Meenakshi Jolly, April M. Jorge, Cees G.M. Kallenberg, Diane L. Kamen, Mariana J. Kaplan, George A. Karpouzas, Maryann Kimoto, Kyriakos A. Kirou, Dwight H. Kono, Frans G.M. Kroese, Antonio La Cava, Christine H. Lee, Thomas J.A. Lehman, Lyndell L. Lim, S. Sam Lim, Irina Litvin, Yudong Liu, Christian Lood, Susan Manzi, Terry K. Means, Juan M. Mejia-Vilet, Christa Miliaresis, Eric Morand, Laurence Morel, Champa Nataraja, Sandra V. Navarra, Saba Nayar, Timothy B. Niewold, Tamara M. Nowling, Farzana Nuruzzaman, Jim C. Oates, Andrew Oberst, Nancy J. Olsen, Ben Parker, Michelle Petri, Colin K.L. Phoon, David S. Pisetsky, Chaim Putterman, Anne V. Quismorio, Francisco P. Quismorio, Anisur Rahman, Bruce C. Richardson, Gabriela Riemekasten, James T. Rosenbaum, Brad H. Rovin, Jorge Sánchez-Guerrero, Ignacio Sanz, Lisa R. Sammaritano, Winston Sequeira, Tarun S. Sharma, Nan Shen, Cailin Sibley, Animesh A. Sinha, Brandi E. Stevens, Ariel D. Stock, Abel Suárez-Fueyo, Sun-Sang J. Sung, Sarah F. Taber, Yuanjia Tang, Isabelle J.C. Thibau, Tito P. Torralba, Zahi Touma, Betty P. Tsao, George C. Tsokos, Murray B. Urowitz, Swamy Venuturupalli, Arjan Vissink, Daniel J. Wallace, Hongyang Wang, Michael M. Ward, Stacy Weinberg, Victoria P. Werth, Sterling G. West, Le Xion, Jinoos Yazdany, Edward Yelin, Xiang Yu, and Yong-Rui Zou

Published
2019
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3. Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy

Author

Olga Dvorkina, Irina Litvin, and Ellen M. Ginzler

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Cyclophosphamide, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Lupus nephritis, Azathioprine, Immunosuppression, medicine.disease, Gastroenterology, Immunosuppressive drug, Maintenance therapy, immune system diseases, Internal medicine, medicine, Rituximab, skin and connective tissue diseases, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Immunosuppressive agents are widely used for serious manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to minimize irreversible injury and reduce toxicity from corticosteroids. In addition to steroid sparing, use of these agents has aimed to prevent new flares of disease once remission has occurred. In the past two decades, efforts have focused on minimizing the use of cyclophosphamide (CTX) for even the most severe manifestations, particularly nephritis, by (1) using sequential therapy with CTX for induction of remission, followed by maintenance therapy with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (AZA); (2) shortening the period of induction with CTX; and (3) substituting MMF for CTX for remission induction in nephritis. The goal of substituting new biological agents for conventional immunosuppressive agents for lupus nephritis (LN) has not yet been realized, although rituximab has been successfully substituted for immunosuppression in some patients with cytopenias. MMF and methotrexate (MTX) have been increasingly used for nonrenal lupus in place of AZA.

Published
2019
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4. Newer Therapeutic Approaches for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Author

Olga Dvorkina and Ellen M. Ginzler

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Clinical trial, Rheumatology, Refractory, immune system diseases, Immunology, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Medicine, Immunotherapy, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, skin and connective tissue diseases, business, Intensive care medicine
Abstract

In recent years, advances in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) refractory to conventional therapy have been suggested in anecdotal series and some clinical trials. A number of promising agents have been studied only in murine models of SLE, and clinical trials are awaited. Rigorously conducted clinical trials must be completed to advance these studies to the point that new therapies for SLE will be approved.

Published
2005
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5. Risk of Connective Tissue Disorders among Breast Implant Patients

Author

Jay H. Lubin, Mary Cay Murray, Lenore M. Buckley, Louise A. Brinton, Theodore Colton, Olga Dvorkina, and Robert N. Hoover

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Breast Implants, Truth Disclosure, law.invention, Cohort Studies, Risk Factors, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Surgery, Plastic, Risk factor, Retrospective Studies, Scleroderma, Systemic, Lupus erythematosus, business.industry, Reproducibility of Results, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Retrospective cohort study, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Connective tissue disease, Surgery, Sjogren's Syndrome, Relative risk, Rheumatoid arthritis, Breast implant, Female, business, Cohort study
Abstract

In a US retrospective cohort study (1960-1996), 351 (4.8%) of 7,234 patients with breast implants and 62 (2.9%) of 2,138 patients who had undergone other types of plastic surgery reported subsequent rheumatoid arthritis (RA), scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Sjögren's syndrome (relative risk = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5, 2.8). Risks of RA, scleroderma, and Sjögren's syndrome were elevated both before and after 1992, when the Food and Drug Administration changed the status of breast implants to investigational. When records for these diseases were retrieved (35-40% retrieval rate) and blindly reviewed, two expert rheumatologists assessed only a minority of the cases as being "likely" (e.g., regarding RA, 16.5% for implant patients and 23.5% for comparison patients). Recalculation of incidence rates using "likely" diagnoses found relative risks of 2.5 (95% CI: 0.8, 7.8) for RA, scleroderma, and Sjögren's syndrome combined and 1.9 (95% CI: 0.6, 6.2) for RA only. When the proportions deemed "likely" were applied to all self-reports, the estimated relative risks were 2.0 (95% CI: 0.7, 5.4) for the three disorders combined and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.5, 3.8) for RA. These results indicate that self-reports of connective tissue disorders are influenced by reporting and surveillance biases. Given the diagnostic complexities of these diseases, excess risks, if they exist, may be beyond detection even in a study of this size.

Published
2004
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6. Contributors

Author

Engy Abdellatif, Aryeh M. Abeles, Abby G. Abelson, Abhishek Abhishek, Steven B. Abramson, Jonathan D. Adachi, Michael A. Adams, Thomas Aigner, Shizuo Akira, Daniel Aletaha, Antonios O. Aliprantis, Adriana Almeida de Jesus, Roy D. Altman, Mary-Carmen Amigo, Martin Aringer, Dana P. Ascherman, Shervin Assassi, Sergei P. Atamas, Pedro Ming Azevedo, Alan N. Baer, Dominique Baeten, Colin Baines, Nancy A. Baker, Emese Balogh, Alejandro Balsa, Xenofon Baraliakos, Thomas Bardin, Les Barnsley, Joan M. Bathon, Angela Bauch, Jill J.F. Belch, Nicholas Bellamy, Teresita Bellido, Michael Benjamin, Michael W. Beresford, Brian Berman, Bonnie Lee Bermas, George Bertsias, John P. Bilezikian, Yelda Bilginer, Julius Birnbaum, Felicity L. Bishop, Jane F. Bleasel, Markus Böhm, Marcy B. Bolster, Stefano Bombardieri, Michael Bonelli, Sydney L. Bonnick, Dimitrios T. Boumpas, Aline Bozec, Richard D. Brasington, Juergen Braun, Matthew A. Brown, Ian N. Bruce, William D. Bugbee, Marwan A.S. Bukhari, Rubén Burgos-Vargas, Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester, Jane C. Burns, David B. Burr, Frank Buttgereit, Vivian P. Bykerk, Leonard H. Calabrese, Jeffrey P. Callen, Sabrina Cavallo, Tim E. Cawston, Vinod Chandran, Michael Denis Chard, Prateek Chaudhary, Lan X. Chen, Hyon K. Choi, Ernest H. Choy, Lisa Christopher-Stine, Alvina D. Chu, Daniel J. Clauw, Philip J. Clements, Megan E.B. Clowse, J. Gerry Coghlan, Philip G. Conaghan, Cyrus Cooper, Karen H. Costenbader, Paul Creamer, José C. Crispín, Bruce N. Cronstein, Raymond Cross, Natalie E. Cusano, Maurizio Cutolo, Chris D'Adamo, Vivette D'Agati, David P. D'Cruz, Hanne Dagfinrud, David I. Daikh, Nicola Dalbeth, Seamus E. Dalton, Shouvik Dass, Aileen M. Davis, Karel De Ceulaer, Chad L. Deal, Kevin D. Deane, Alessandra Della Rossa, Paul F. Dellaripa, Elaine Dennison, Christopher P. Denton, Paul Dieppe, Michael Doherty, Patricia Dolan, Rachelle Donn, Olga Dvorkina, George S.M. Dyer, Richard Eastell, N. Lawrence Edwards, Paul Emery, Gurhan Erturan, Luis R. Espinoza, Steve Eyre, Antonios C. Fanouriakis, Joshua Farber, Shawn Farrokhi, Anders Fasth, Eugen Feist, Debbie Feldman, David T. Felson, John D. Fisk, G. Kelley Fitzgerald, Raymond H. Flores, David A. Fox, Clair A. Francomano, Jennifer Frangos, Anthony J. Freemont, Kevin B. Fricka, Daniel E. Furst, Cem Gabay, Massimo Gadina, J.S. Hill Gaston, Steffen Gay, Lianne S. Gensler, Laura Geraldino-Pardilla, Danielle M. Gerlag, Ellen M. Ginzler, Alison M. Gizinski, Dafna D. Gladman, Garry E. Gold, Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky, Sarah Goldingay, Sharon M. Gordon, Rachel Gorodkin, Jörg J. Goronzy, Simon Görtz, Rodney Grahame, Andrew J. Grainger, Ellen M. Gravallese, Jeffrey D. Greenberg, Bansari Gujar, Matilda Hagan, Karlene Hagley, Alan J. Hakim, John C. Hall, Vedat Hamuryudan, John G. Hanly, Eric P. Hanson, Boulos Haraoui, John B. Harley, Philip J. Hashkes, Gillian A. Hawker, Philip N. Hawkins, Turid Heiberg, Dick Heinegård, Simon M. Helfgott, Pauline Y.P. Ho, Marc C. Hochberg, Jacqueline Hochman, Chelsea J. Hodgkiss-Harlow, Robert W. Hoffman, Markus Hoffmann, V. Michael Holers, Michael F. Holick, Christopher Holroyd, Osvaldo Hübscher, David J. Hunter, M. Elaine Husni, Robert D. Inman, Zacharia Isaac, Maura D. Iversen, Douglas A. Jabs, William Jackson, Sarada Jaimungal, Judith A. James, Rose-Marie Javier, Alyssa K. Johnsen, Joanne M. Jordan, Tsuneyasu Kaisho, Cees G.M. Kallenberg, David Kane, Mohit Kapoor, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Dimitrios G. Kassimos, Daniel L. Kastner, Jeffrey N. Katz, Jonathan Kay, Jennifer A. Kelly, Edward Keystone, Munther A. Khamashta, Dinesh Khanna, Ingvild Kjeken, Alisa E. Koch, Matthew F. Koff, Leah Kottyan, Loukia A. Koutsogeorgopoulou, Virginia Byers Kraus, Pradeep Kumar, Tore K. Kvien, Robert Lafyatis, Robert B.M. Landewé, Carol A. Langford, Arthur N. Lau, Ronald M. Laxer, Thomas J. Learch, George Lewith, Yi Li, Katherine P. Liao, Geoffrey Littlejohn, Pilar Lorenzo, Thomas A. Luger, Ingrid E. Lundberg, Karin Lundberg, Klaus P. Machold, C. Ronald MacKenzie, Alfred D. Mahr, Eric Manheimer, Joan C. Marini, Javier Marquez, Debbie Marsden, Johanne Martel-Pelletier, Emilio Martín-Mola, Manuel Martínez-Lavín, Elena M. Massarotti, Eric L. Matteson, Stephen J. Matzat, Reza Mayahi, Maureen Davidica Mayes, Timothy McAlindon, Hayley McBain, Bill McCarberg, Edward F. McCarthy, Geraldine McCarthy, Michael F. McDermott, Dennis McGonagle, Lachy McLean, Peter A. Merkel, Jamal A. Mikdashi, Frederick W. Miller, Paul D. Miller, Kirsten Minden, Paul A. Monach, Kathleen Mulligan, Gauthier Namur, Esperanza Naredo, Kim E. Naylor, Amanda E. Nelson, Stanton P. Newman, Ellen Nordal, Ulrich Nöth, Eleana Ntatsaki, John J. O'Shea, Chester V. Oddis, Alejandro Olivé, Mohammed A. Omair, Michael J. Ombrello, Antonina Omisade, Voon H. Ong, Patrik Önnerfjord, Philippe Orcel, Caroline Ospelt, Seza Ozen, Stephen A. Paget, Dipak R. Patel, Carlo Patrono, Jean-Pierre Pelletier, Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira, Clarissa A. Pilkington, Michael H. Pillinger, Carlos Pineda, Robert M. Plenge, Andrew Price, Luminita Pricop, Lars Rackwitz, Angelo Ravelli, Anthony C. Redmond, Westley H. Reeves, Elaine F. Remmers, Luis Requena, Clio Ribbens, Bruce C. Richardson, Elena Riera Alonso, Graham Riley, Christopher Ritchlin, Susan Y. Ritter, Ivan O. Rosas, Drew D. Rowan, Martin Rudwaleit, Marina Rull, Marite Rygg, Kenneth G. Saag, Jane E. Salmon, Donald M. Salter, Daniel J. Salzberg, Philip N. Sambrook, Tore Saxne, Hans-Georg Schaible, Jose U. Scher, Georg Schett, Nicole Schmitz, Benjamin Schreiber, H. Ralph Schumacher, Daniella Muallem Schwartz, David G.I. Scott, Margaret Seton, Lauren M. Shapiro, Nancy Sharby, Jeffrey Siegel, Richard M. Siegel, Joachim Sieper, Richard M. Silver, Shonni J. Silverberg, Julia F. Simard, Barry P. Simmons, Robert W. Simms, Nora G. Singer, Malcolm D. Smith, Stacy E. Smith, Josef S. Smolen, Tim D. Spector, Virginia D. Steen, Allen C. Steere, Günter Steiner, Andre F. Steinert, George Stojan, John H. Stone, Vibeke Strand, Rainer H. Straub, Elizabeth A. Streeten, Giulio Superti-Furga, Deborah P.M. Symmons, Zoltan Szekanecz, Paul P. Tak, Antonio Tavoni, Peter C. Taylor, Robert Terkeltaub, Sarah S. Thomas, Jennifer E. Thorne, Jonathan H. Tobias, Adriana H. Tremoulet, George C. Tsokos, Rocky S. Tuan, Carl Turesson, Sebastian H. Unizony, Ana M. Valdes, Wim B. van den Berg, Désirée van der Heijde, Ronald Frits van Vollenhoven, John Varga, Dimitrios Vassilopoulos, Edward M. Vital, Karen Walker-Bone, Daniel J. Wallace, Gary Warburton, Robert J. Ward, Richard Watts, Mihir D. Wechalekar, Lucy R. Wedderburn, Michael E. Weinblatt, Matthew R. Weir, Claire Y.J. Wenham, Sterling G. West, Cornelia M. Weyand, Kenneth E. White, Kevin L. Winthrop, John B. Wong, Anthony D. Woolf, Jane Worthington, Huji Xu, Hasan Yazici, D.A. Young, Sebahattin Yurdakul, Yuqing Zhang, and Haoyang Zhuang

Published
2015
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8. Suspected hydroxychloroquine-associated QT-interval prolongation in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Author

Olga Dvorkina, Nadia Morgan, and Sheetal Patel

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Lupus erythematosus, business.industry, Prolongation, MEDLINE, Hydroxychloroquine, medicine.disease, QT interval, Dermatology, Long QT Syndrome, Rheumatology, Antirheumatic Agents, medicine, Humans, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Female, business, Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies, medicine.drug
Published
2013

9. List of Contributors

Author

Joseph M. Ahearn, Olga Amengual, Zahir Amoura, Cynthia Aranow, John P. Atkinson, Tatsuya Atsumi, Ingrid Avalos, Dimitrios Balomenos, Jacques Banchereau, George Bertsias, Markus Böhm, Dimitrios T. Boumpas, D. Ware Branch, Hermine I. Brunner, Jill P. Buyon, Livia Casciola-Rosen, Ricard Cervera, George Chamilos, Edward K.L. Chan, Robert M. Clancy, Christine A. Clark, Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau, Maura Couto, José C. Crispín, Mary K. Crow, Michael J. Day, Betty Diamond, Iris Dotan, Roland M. du Bois, Yong Du, Catia Duarte, Yun Deng, Jan P. Dutz, Olga Dvorkina, Thomas Ernandez, Gerard Espinosa, A. Darise Farris, Michelle M.A. Fernando, Barri J. Fessler, Aryeh Fischer, Deborah M. Friedman, Marvin J. Fritzler, Richard Furie, Gary S. Gilkeson, Ellen M. Ginzler, John G. Hanly, Evelyn V. Hess, Gary S. Hoffman, Diane Horowitz, Luis Ines, Yiannis Ioannou, Judith A. James, Caroline A. Jefferies, Kenneth C. Kalunian, Mariana J. Kaplan, Grainne Kearns, Mary Keogan, Cristián Vera Kellet, Munther A. Khamashta, Takao Koike, Dwight H. Kono, Steven A. Krilis, Annegret Kuhn, Vasileios C. Kyttaris, Robert G. Lahita, Carl A. Laskin, Gaëlle Leroux, Yi Li, Matthew H. Liang, Chau-Ching Liu, Thomas Luger, Ian R. Mackay, Meggan Mackay, Kathleen Maksimowicz-McKinnon, Mark J. Mamula, Susan Manzi, Galina Marder, Ahmad K. Mashmoushi, T.N. Mayadas, Lloyd Mayer, Terry K. Means, Joan T. Merrill, Kristina E. Milan, Rina Mina, Chandra Mohan, Anne-Barbara Mongey, Seetha U. Monrad, Johannes C. Nossent, Jim C. Oates, Gerlinde Obermoser, Karolina Palucka, Eva D. Papadimitraki, Virginia Pascual, Andras Perl, Jean-Charles Piette, Shiv Pillai, Westley H. Reeves, Bruce C. Richardson, Anthony Rosen, Brad H. Rovin, Minoru Satoh, Peter Schur, Karen A. Spitzer, C. Michael Stein, Isaac E. Stillman, Tom J.G. Swaak, Kendra N. Taylor, Argyrios N. Theofilopoulos, Betty P. Tsao, George Tsokos, Hideki Ueno, Aziz M. Uluğ, Evan S. Vista, Bruce T. Volpe, Tim J. Vyse, Mark H. Wener, Victoria P. Werth, Yuan Xu, Lijun Yang, C. Yung Yu, Raymond L. Yung, Dun Zhou, and Haoyang Zhuang

Published
2011
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10. Corticosteroid and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug use in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Author

Olga Dvorkina and Ellen M. Ginzler

Subjects
Drug, medicine.medical_specialty, Systemic lupus erythematosus, business.industry, medicine.drug_class, media_common.quotation_subject, medicine.disease, immune system diseases, Prednisone, Internal medicine, Rheumatoid arthritis, Concomitant, Toxicity, Immunology, medicine, Corticosteroid, Cortisone, skin and connective tissue diseases, business, media_common, medicine.drug
Abstract

Corticosteroids have been the mainstay of therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus since the 1950s. Over time the specific preparations, dosage, and routes of administration have changed, but their use for virtually all clinical organ system manifestations of lupus have been described. This chapter briefly discusses the biologic mechanisms of action of steroids and considers their association with the temporal improvement in survival. We review the data on steroid efficacy for particular disease manifestations, including recommendations for induction therapy, prevention of lupus flares, and steroid-tapering regimens, including the use of alternate day administration and concomitant treatment with other immunosuppressive agents. The limitations of steroid use secondary to acute and long-term side effects are discussed. We also consider the efficacy and toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Shortly after Philip Hench introduced the use of cortisone for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 1948, this revolutionary therapy began to be used in patients with severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). By 1955, prednisone, a derivative of cortisone, was synthesized, and in February 1955, prednisone was approved for the treatment of SLE. Subsequently a number of other glucocorticoid (GC) preparations have been used to treat lupus, but none of these preparations or the regimens used have been specifically approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This chapter will discuss GC and non-steroidal therapy for SLE, including mechanism of action, dose regimens (intravenous pulse, alternate-day, tapering regimens) efficacy and toxicity, and use for specific clinical manifestations. In the absence of specific recommendations from the literature, we will make suggestions based on our experience with a large cohort of SLE patients dating from the early 1960s to the present (2010).

Published
2011
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