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Objective Minimally invasive multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting (MIM CABG) has demonstrated its safety, effectiveness and high rate of reproducibility. However, minithoracotomy CABG is still rarely performed. In this study, we retrospectively analyze the CT-angiographic graft patency rates for the patients subjected to this operation. Methods A total of 245 patients were subjected to MIM CABG by a left minithoracotomy approach between 2014 and 2018. The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) harvesting, proximal, and distal anastomoses were performed under direct vision. The patients then underwent 128-slice computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA). The angiographic results were obtained for 127 (51.8%) patients (the follow-up period of 31.1 ± 7.8 months, from 15 to 45 months). Of the total patients, 204 (83.2%) were followed clinically during the time period from 12 to 56 months. Results Complete revascularization was performed for all the patients. The mean number of grafts was 2.6 ± 0.5. The perioperative mortality was 0.4% (1 patient). There were two conversions to sternotomy (0.8%), four reopenings for bleeding (1.6%), three myocardial infarctions (1.2%), and one stroke (0.4%). Twenty-two patients (9.0%) received transfusions. The long-term mortality was 4.4% (nine patients). Three patients (1.5%) suffered from a stroke during the follow-up period. For five patients (2.4%), repeat revascularization was necessary. For the examined patients, the overall graft patency rate was 89.8%, the LITA graft patency rate was 98.4%, the radial artery patency was 100%, and the saphenous vein graft patency was 84.0%. Conclusions MIM CABG allows complete surgical revascularization with excellent clinical outcomes and promising angiographic graft patency rates.

The problem of reader’s indifference of troubled teenagers hinders the development of cultural society; therefore, library-information institutions of the Russian Federation organize reading for this social community. However, library practices have low efficiency due to the lack of scientific knowledge about reader’s motives and informational needs of difficult teenagers, as well as special methods for developing their reading. To develop scientific methods for correcting the reading of difficult adolescents, taking into account their psycho-physiological features, the authors conducted the applied study based on the knowledge of the psychology of reading. The purpose of the article is to highlight the results of research aimed at studying the reader characteristics of socially troubled teenager and the method of organizing the reading in libraries. As a result, the authors revealed that the weakness of the emotional-volitional sphere, the involuntary attention, the inability to perceive and retain a large number of printed characters in consciousness is the basis of the reader’s failure of difficult adolescents. From this circumstance arose the question of using stimulating components in the reading process. Understanding the psychological features of the perception of text by troubled teenagers has allowed to assume that characteristics of the interactive document are the most suitable for them as external stimulus of reading. The data obtained in the psychological-pedagogical experiment indicated that interactive document compensates for the inadequate associative determinants of difficult teenager in the perception of printed documents, promotes visualization of literary images, which, in turn, contributes to the formation of motivational attitudes to reading and satisfies the information need. The authors consider the specific feature of interactive documents, which allows presenting the material in a more accessible perception. Reading of interactive documents can serve as a new effective method of the library work to meet the information needs of this social group, and it will expand the organization of reading of troubled teenagers.

This article develops basic principles of meta-subject teaching that can be used in the teaching of the Russian language. This new methodology is based on the axiological approach in education. A special attention is paid to the formation of a so-called linguistic worldview, which is understood as a shared worldview of a nation formed through its language. The author draws system of values, which establishes a foundation for accomplishing meta-subject principles in the teaching of the Russian language. Approaches to forming such a system both in schoolchildren and teachers of different subjects are outlined.

Here we describe the study of the sorption of high-molecular components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of natural waters - humic acids - by eight bacterial strains isolated from freshwater. Isotherms of DOM sorption by cells are described by the Langmuir equation. Gram-positive bacteria adsorb more DOM than gram-negative bacteria, with high molecular weight DOM fractions binding in a relatively selective manner. A high positive correlation (r = 0.91) was found between the decrease in the molecular weight of DOM during the sorption of these compounds by cells and the maximum sorption value. The formation of a polysaccharide capsule increases the binding of DOM by the cells of Pseudomonas sp. to the level of gram-positive bacteria.

The heterotrophic mineralization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) controls the CO2 flux from the inland waters to the atmosphere, especially in the boreal waters, although the mechanisms of this process and the fate of trace metals associated with DOM remain poorly understood. We studied the interaction of culturable aquatic (Pseudomonas saponiphila) and soil (Pseudomonas aureofaciens) Gammaproteobacteria with seven different organic substrates collected in subarctic settings. These included peat leachate, pine crown throughfall, fen, humic lake, stream, river, and oligotrophic lake with variable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (from 4 to 60mgL-1). The highest removal of DOC over 4days of reaction was observed in the presence of P. aureofaciens (33±5%, 43±3% and 53±7% of the initial amount in fen water, humic lake and stream, respectively). P. saponiphila degraded only 5% of DOC in fen water but did not affect all other substrates. Trace elements (TE) were essentially controlled by short-term (0-1h) adsorption on the surface of cells. Regardless of the nature of organic substrate and the identity of bacteria, the degree of adsorption ranged from 20 to 60% for iron (Fe3+), 15 to 55% for aluminum (Al), 10 to 60% for manganese (Mn), 10 to 70% for nickel (Ni), 20 to 70% for copper (Cu), 10 to 60% for yttrium (Y), 30 to 80% for rare earth elements (REE), and 15 to 50% for uranium (UVI). Rapid adsorption of organic and organo-mineral colloids on bacterial cell surfaces is novel and potentially important process, which deserves special investigation. The long-term removal of dissolved Fe and Al was generally consistent with solution supersaturation degree with respect to Fe and Al hydroxides, calculated by visual Minteq model. Overall, the biomass-normalized biodegradability of various allochthonous substrates by culturable bacteria is much lower than that of boreal DOM by natural microbial consortia.

Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is recognized as the major driver of CO2 emission to the atmosphere from the inland waters of high latitudes. In contrast to numerous studies of photo-induced DOM transformation, the behavior of trace element (TE) during photodegradation of boreal DOM remains virtually unknown. Towards a better understanding of concentration, size fractionation and speciation change of DOM and TE in boreal waters subjected to solar radiation, we conducted on-site photo-degradation experiments in stream and bog water collected from a pristine zone of the Northern Karelia (Russian subarctic). The removal of Fe and Al occurred only in the bog water (90% and 50% respectively, over 5 days of reaction), whereas no detectable decrease of dissolved (

Bacterial mineralization of allochthonous (soil) dissolved organic matter (DOM) in boreal waters governs the CO 2 flux from the lakes and rivers to the atmosphere, which is one of the main factor of carbon balance in high latitudes. However, the fate of colloidal trace element (TE) during bacterial processing of DOM remains poorly constrained. We separated monoculture of Pseudomonas saponiphila from a boreal creek and allowed it to react with boreal Fe-rich peat leachate of approximate colloidal (3 kDa–0.45 µm) composition C 1000 Fe 12 Al 3.3 Mg 2 Ca 3.7 P 1.2 Mn 0.1 Ba 0.5 in nutrient-free media. The total net decrease of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) concentration over 4 day of exposure was within 5% of the initial value, whereas the low molecular weight fraction of C org (LMW kDa ) yielded a 16%-decrease due to long-term bio-uptake or coagulation. There was a relative depletion in Fe over C org of 0.45 µm, colloidal and LMW fraction in the course of peat leachate interaction with P. saponiphila . Al, Mn, Ni, Cu, Ga, REEs, Y, U were mostly affected by bacterial presence and exhibited essentially the adsorption at the cell surface over first hours of reaction, in contrast to Fe, Ti, Zr, and Nb that showed both short-term adsorption and long-term removal by physical coagulation/coprecipitation with Fe hydroxide. The low molecular weight fraction (LMW kDa ) of most TE was a factor of 2–5 less affected by microbial presence via adsorption or removal than the high molecular weight (HMW) colloidal fractions (

International audience; Biodegradation and photolysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in boreal high-latitude waters are the two main factors controlling not only the aquatic fluxes and residence time of carbon but also metal nutrients associated with DOM such as Fe. The DOM is usually present in the form of organic and organomineral colloids, which also account for the majority of dissolved Fe. Here, we use the stable Fe isotope approach to unravel the processes controlling Fe behavior during bio- and photodegradation of colloids in boreal Fe- and DOM-rich humic waters (a stream and a fen). The adsorption of Fe colloids onto heterotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas aureofaciens produced enrichment in +0.4‰ (δ57Fe) in the heavier isotopes of the cell surface relative to the remaining solution. In contrast, long-term assimilation of Fe by live cells yielded preferential incorporation of lighter isotopes into the cells (−0.7‰ relative to aqueous solution). The sunlight-induced oxidation of Fe(II) in fen water led to the removal of heavier Fe isotopes (+1.5 to +2.5‰) from solution, consistent with Fe(III) hydroxide precipitation from Fe(II)-bearing solution. Altogether, bio- and photodegradation of organoferric colloids, occurring within a few days of exposure time, can produce several per mil isotopic excursions in shallow lentic and lothic inland waters of high-latitude boreal regions. Considerable daily scale variations of Fe isotopic composition should therefore be taken into account during the interpretation of the riverine flux of Fe isotopes to the ocean or tracing weathering processes using Fe isotopes in surface waters at high latitudes

The release of major and trace elements (TEs) from mineral and organic-rich podzol soil horizons has been studied in batch reactors with live and dead soil heterotrophic Pseudomonas aureofaciens bacteria and in bacteria-free systems. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations decreased and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations increased over the course of experiments with live bacteria due to on-going DOC mineralization processes. Several families of major and trace elements could be distinguished, depending on their release patterns in bacteria-free systems and live bacteria-bearing systems. Live bacteria enhanced the release of Mg, Rb, Cd, Pb, Al, Fe and V from the mineral soil horizon and the release of Rb, Ni, Pb, As, Fe, V and La from the organic soil horizon relative to bacteria-free soil or dead bacteria experiments. Unexpectedly, K, Ca, Sr, Cu, Ti, Mn, Zn and As release from the mineral horizon and Mg, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Cr, Ti, Mn and Zn release from the organic horizon decreased in the presence of live P. aureofaciens compared to bacteria-free and dead bacteria systems. Finally, live bacteria exhibited no effect on the release of Si, Al, Cu and Mo from the humic horizon and Ni, Mo, Cr, Ba, Si and La from the mineral horizon relative to the bacteria-free system. These results can be interpreted via a combination of several simultaneous processes, which occur in the soil–bacteria suspension and lead to changes in TE speciation and affinities to mineral surfaces and bacteria and include the following: 1) a slight decrease in the pH due to exometabolite production; 2) degradation of DOC and TE organic complexes by heterotrophic bacteria; 3) element adsorption at cell surfaces and biological uptake; and 4) element release from the soil mineral and organic particles. Compared to abiotic systems, the observed decreases in the concentrations of major elements and many heavy metals that leach from the soil in the presence of bacteria have important consequences regarding our understanding of the role of bacteria in element mobilizations from soil to rivers. It follows that chemical weathering in both organic and mineral horizons of podzol soil may not be strongly affected by heterotrophic bacterial activity; rather, the solution pH and DOC levels may control the intensity of element mobilization. The aqueous concentrations of many TEs (Fe, Al, La, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Rb) at the end of live-bacteria experiments were comparable with reported compositions of interstitial podzol soil solutions.

The size distribution and speciation of organic matter (OM) in soil solution, bog, stream, and humic and clearwater lake in the north boreal zone (Karelia region, north west Russia) during the summer base-flow period for several years were investigated. The samples were filtered in the field using cascade filtration through progressively decreasing pore size (100, 20, 10, 5, 0.8, 0.4, 0.22, 0.1, 0.046 μm, 100 kDa, 10 kDa and 1 kDa) followed by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis, UV–vis and size exclusion chromatography measurements. Surrogate parameters, such as specific UV absorbance (SUVA; absorbance at 254 nm normalized for DOC concentration in l mg−1 m−1) and the absorbance ratios E254/E436, E280/E350, E254/E365, E365/E470 and E470/E655 (ratio of spectrophotometric absorbance of the sample at two wavelengths) were applied for the characterization of OM in filtered and ultrafiltered water from soil solution, bog, river and lake. In the

Using membrane ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), the effect of Cd (II) and Cu (II) ions on the molecular weight distribution of humic acids (HA) in solution was investigated. It was shown that Cu (II) ions, unlike Cd (II), can take part in the formation of supramolecular HA associates (> 10 kDa).

Reaction between cytosine, a nucleobase, in methanol and several 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (R-TCNQ) in acetonitrile yielded three kinds of ionic solids; (I) insulators composed o...

The paper presents the results of a study that explores the real teaching experience designing different kinds of speech situations during lessons of Russian as a Foreign Language for beginner learners. The study was carried out at National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University in the 2014-2015 academic year. The primary concern was to discover the most productive set of expressions and speaking turns for situational communication. The outcome is an algorithm of designing speech situations and a typology of speech situations. The paper may be of interest to practising teachers of Russian as a foreign language, students from teacher training colleges and to anyone who is interested in the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language.

By using a stronger electron acceptor 1,2-dicyano[60]fullerene (C60(CN)2), a donor-acceptor type ionic complex (Bz2Cr˙+)[C60(CN)2˙¬] (1) (Bz2Cr = bis(benzene)chromium), and two anionic salts, K+[C60(CN)2˙¬](THF)x (2) and [K+(DB18C6)(THF)x]2[C60(CN)22¬] (3) (DB18C6 = dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether), were prepared. The charge on the C60(CN)2 molecules in 1 was determined by comparison of the Raman spectrum with those of the potassium salts 2 and 3. An EPR spectrum of 2 showed a narrow Lorentzian-shaped signal with a slightly larger g factor (ΔHpp = 2.8 Oe at g = 1.9997) than that of the C60˙¬ salt K+(C60˙¬)(THF) (ΔHpp = 19 Oe at g = 1.9987), indicating the elimination of the low-lying excited state and thereby the reduction of spin–orbit coupling. For the solid 1, an EPR signal characteristic of Bz2Cr˙+ spin was observed down to 4 K, while no signals arising from C60(CN)2˙¬ spin were seen at any of the temperatures measured. Moreover, the static susceptibility of 1 can be explained in terms of only the paramagnetic spin on the Bz2Cr˙+ cations. The formation of covalently linked [C60(CN)2]22¬ dimers of 1 is proposed to account for this novel phenomena.

A variety of superconductors having T c from 3 to 10 K were produced by the replacement of small portion of Cu(CN) 2 in the anion layer of a Mott insulator, κ-(ET) 2 Cu 2 (CN) 3 by N(CN) 2 . By the incorporation of N(CN) 2 , some Cu +1 ions were changed to Cu + ions. The complex is formulated as κ-(ET) 2 (Cu +1 ) 2−x−y (Cu +2 ) x (CN) 3-2y [N(CN) 2 ] y , with mainly y=0, 0.05, 0.3-0.4, 0.8 and 1.0 and x=0-1200 ppm. The T c depends on both x and y. The batches at y=0.3-0.4 have different T c 's (3.1, 6.5, 7.5, 8.8, 10.2 K) suggesting the important role of the amount of Cu 2+ .

The effect of uniaxial pressure on the superconducting transition temperature, T c , was studied in organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 . When the pressure was applied along the c-axis in the conducting b-c plane, \partial T_c/\partial p was found to show a positive value. In other words, T c increased by application of pressure, in contrast to other cases including the uniaxial pressure perpendicular to the conducting plane and the hydrostatic pressure. Detailed experimental studies on the temperature dependence of magnetization under uniaxial pressure using SQUID magnetometer are presented.

The accurate degree of charge transfer (CT) of BO complexes was obtained by Raman spectroscopy. A rich variety of states with partial CT in a wide range were available for BO materials, either due to stoichiometry or incomplete CT. Above certain acceptor strength, in the complex with BO there is a tendency for the acceptor to be ionized to the fully ionic state of −1 regardless the redox potential in general. The transport properties of BO complexes were discussed in terms of CT degree.

Three new triterpene glycosides, calcigerosides D(1) (1), D(2) (2), and E (3), have been isolated from the sea cucumber Pentamera calcigera. Their structures have been deduced from extensive spectral analysis (NMR and MS) and chemical evidence. All the compounds are disulfated pentaosides differing in aglycon structure and position of sulfate group, which were determined by the measurement of NT(1) values in the cases of glycosides 1 and 2. Glycoside 1 is a nonholostane derivative, that is, it lacks an 18(20)-lactone, which is very rare among the sea cucumber glycosides.

Raman spectroscopy was employed as a fast and exact general method to determine the charge on BEDO-TTF (BO) in its complexes in any sample form such as single crystals, powders, and dispersed polym...

Two kinds of 3,3′,5,5′-tetranitro-4,4′-biphenyldiol dianion (TNBP2−) molecules having different dihedral angles (φ) between the two phenyl rings exist in the tetrabutylammonium salt of TNBP2− (φ = 0° and 35°), while only one kind of TNBP2− molecule exists in the tetraphenylphosphonium salt (φ = 0°). The 4∶1 cation radical salt of BEDT-TTF (ET) with TNBP2− asa counter anion is metallic down to 3 K. The ET molecules form a two-dimensional conducting layer which is sandwiched by the layers of flat TNBP2− molecules (φ = 0°). The crystal structure indicates the β″432-type stacking of tetramerized ET molecules which is caused by hydrogen bonds between the CH groups of ET and the oxygen atoms (nitro and phenol) of TNBP2−. The optical spectra in a KBr pellet are consistent with both the highly conductive and distorted structural nature. The magnetic susceptibility at room temperature is high (χ = 6.7 × 10−4 emu spin−1) compared with the conventional organic metal based on ET (χ = 3.4–5.5 × 10−4 emu spin−1) indicating strong electron correlation in the 4∶1 complex. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility suggests a semimetallic nature which is consistent with the calculated Fermi surface. The calculated band width is comparable to the estimated effective on-site Coulomb repulsive energy. A semiconductive behavior with high conductivity is observed in the nearly 2∶1 ET complex of TNBP2−. A partial charge transfer state of the ET molecules is supported by the optical spectra. The high conductivity and optical data suggest that the 2∶1 salt is not (ET1+)2(TNBP2−) but most plausibly (ET0.5+)2(HTNBP1−).

The preparation of charge transfer (CT) complexes of dithiooxalate (dto) transition metal salts M(dto)2 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt or Cu) with a variety of electron donor molecules was examined based on the redox properties of constituent molecules. Conventional electron donors of TTF type, such as bis(ethylenedithio)- (BEDT-TTF (ET)) and bis(ethylenedioxy)-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDO-TTF (BO)), mainly afford 2∶1 solid CT complexes composed of a donor cation dimer D+·D+· and dianion of M(dto)2 (A2−) when M = Ni, Pd or Pt. The constituent molecules stack alternately to construct a D+·D+·A2− column. Their crystal structures are unique among the ET and BO complexes so far known, namely the M(dto)22− ions are isolated from each other being surrounded by six dimers of D+· in the crystals. Three kinds of 2∶1 complex were obtained between ET and Pd(dto)2. The electronic spectra of the solids are characterized by the particular intradimer transition of the donor cation dimer. The infrared vibrational spectra strongly exhibit the ag modes of the donor cation due to its dimerization. All of the complexes are electrical insulators. A singlet–triplet magnetic excitation is clearly observed for some of them. A highly conductive 4∶1 complex was obtained between ET and Pd(dto)2, (ET)4[Pd(dto)2], which exhibited electronic absorption extending below 5 × 103 cm−1. The complex shows a semimetallic nature.

(BEDO-TTF)4[Fe(CN)5NO] was synthesized by electrocrystallization using the nitroprussides M2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O (M = K, Rb) as supporting electrolytes and TCE (1,1,2-trichloroethane) and DCE (1,2-dichloroethane) as solvents. The crystal structure of this new salt (a = 4.0251(3), b = 15.266(2), c = 19.259(2) A, α = 97.02(1), β = 93.23(1), γ = 96.04(1)°, V = 1165.1(2) A3, Z = 3/4, space group P) is characterized by the presence of β″-type radical cation layers and anion layers containing disordered nitroprusside anions. The stoichiometry was confirmed by a micro-Raman spectroscopic study and the band structure and Fermi surface of this new salt were studied by means of the extended Huckel tight binding method. (BEDO-TTF)4[Fe(CN)5NO] is a two dimensional metal stable down to liquid helium temperatures.

Three new monosulfated triterpene glycosides, calcigerosides B (2), C(1) (3), and C(2) (4), along with the known cucumarioside G(2) (1), have been isolated from the sea cucumber Pentamera calcigera. Their structures have been deduced from extensive spectral analysis (NMR and MS) and chemical evidence. Compounds 2-4 present a novel pentasacharide chain never reported before in sea cucumber triterpene glycosides. The desulfated derivatives of calcigerosides B, C(1), and C(2) (5, 7, and 9, respectively) showed moderate cytotoxicity (IC(50) = 5 microg/mL) against a selection of four human and mouse tumor cell lines.

Frondoside C (1) is a new sulfated nonholostane triterpene glycoside obtained (with the glycosides closed by aglycone structure as impurities) from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Its structure has been elucidated on the basis of spectral data (NMR and MS) of compound 1 and of its desulfated derivative (2) obtained by solvolysis. Frondoside C (1) is just the seventh glycoside reported from sea cucumbers, having a lanostane-type aglycone devoid of the typical 18(20)- lactone ring.Key words: Cucumaria frondosa, sea cucumbers, frondosides, triterepene glycosides, antitumor activity.

New cytotoxic triterpene oligoglycoside disulfates, cucumariosides A3 (1) and A6-2 (2), have been isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria japonica. The trisulfated cucumarioside A7-3 (4) was found to be the major component in the glycoside fraction of Cucumaria miniata. The structures were assigned on the basis of extensive spectral data (NMR and MS), selective solvolysis of desulfated derivative 3 and other chemical evidence. The presence or absence of a carbonyl group at C-16 of the aglycone and of sulfate groups at C-6 of the glucose and 3-O-methylglucose units are interpreted in terms of the functional evolution of sea cucumbers in order to improve their defensive system. Both (1) and (2) are cytotoxic in vitro at IC50 = 1 μg/ml against a selection of five human and mice tumoral cell lines.

H2TNBP (3,3′,5,5′-tetranitro-4,4′-biphenyldiol) is known as a proton donor forming monoanion HTNBP1− and dianion TNBP2−. We have studied radical salts of TTF-series with TNBP2− as counter anion, and found two kinds of ET (BEDT-TTF) salts, namely 4:1 and 2:1. In the 2:1 salt, it is strongly suggested that the formula is represented as (ET0.5+)2(HTNBP1−) by the optical data and relatively high conductivity. The chemical species of anion part is determined by the chemical shift of 13 C -CP/MAS NMR in the solid state. Coexistence of TNBP2− and HTNBP1− is observed in 3:1 BO salt and 2:1 TMTSF salt, though only TNBP2− exists in 4:1 ET salt. The 2:1 TMTSF salt exhibited optical transitions at ca. 2500 and 7500 cm−1 simultaneously in the reflection spectrum, however, the intensity ratio differs from crystal to crystal. It suggests that the charge of TMTSF varies between +0.5 and +1.0, and the formula is represented as ( TMTSF (1−x/2)+ ) 2 ( TNBP 2− ) 1−x ( HTNBP 1− ) x (0 .

The accurate degree of charge transfer (CT) of BO complexes was obtained by Raman spectroscopy. A rich variety of states with partial CT in a wide range were available for BO materials, either due to stoichiometry or incomplete CT. Above certain acceptor strength, in the complex with BO there is a tendency for the acceptor to be ionized to the fully ionic state of −1 regardless the redox potential in general. The transport properties of BO complexes were discussed in terms of CT degree.

One of the most important area of holograph applications is display holography. In case of pulse recording the requirement for vibration stability is easier than compared to CW exposure. At the same time it is widely known that the behavior of sliver-halide holographic materials strongly depends on the exposure duration. In particular the exposure sensitivity drastically decreases under nanosecond pulse duration. One of the effective ways of the diffraction efficiency improvement is SHSG processing method. This processing scheme is based on high modulation of refractive index due to microvoids appearance inside emulsion layer. It should be mentioned that the SHSG method was used earlier only in the cases when the holograms were recorded by use of CW lasers. This work is devoted to the investigation of SHSG method for pulse hologram recording on VRP plates. We used a pulsed YLF:Nd laser with pulse duration of 25 nanoseconds and wavelength of 527 nm. Both transmission and reflection holograms were recorded. The different kinds of bleaching as well as developing solutions were investigated. Our final processing scheme includes the following stages: 1) development in non-tanning solution, 2) rehalogenating bleach, 3) intermediate alcohol drying, 4) uniform second exposure, 5) second development in diluted developer, 6) reverse bleaching, 7) fixing and 8) gradient drying in isopropyl alcohol. Diffraction efficiency of transmission holograms was of about 60 percent and reflection mirror holograms was of about 45 percent. Thus we have demonstrated the SHSG processing scheme for producing effective holograms on VRP plates under pulse exposure.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Properties of a crystalline passive Q-switch based on F(A) colour centers in Li doped NaF for the ruby and alexan-drite lasers are presented. Preparation, spectroscopic and Q-switching characteristics (in these lasers) , termo- andphotostability of FT(A) colour centers are considered. Q-switches properties increase with photochemical reactionshelp is discussed. Possibility of passive Q-switches creation for lasers on iaitanoias, Cr, Ti ions in various crystals with radiation wavelength 0.7-1.0 rnkm is showed.The nonlenear light absorbtion phenomenon was first discovered by S.Vavilov and got something off to nonlinear optics. This phenomenon is basis for phototropic Q-switches. or passive laser locks (PLL). Based on dye solutions PLL for visible spectral region are well known; them main defect is low phototermic stability, especially under power laser radiation affect. Based on crystals with colour centers (CC) phototropic media have much higher phototermicstability and capable of operation iii

Hemolysis and K+ loss from mouse erythrocytes, induced by triterpene glycosides and their derivatives from this order of sea cucumbers were studied. Sulfate groups, attached to position 4 of the first xylose residue and to position 6 of the third glucose residue of the branched pentaosides, having 3-O-methyl-groups in terminal monosaccharide moieties increase K+ loss. A sulfate group at C-4 of the first xylose residue increases the hemolytic activity while a sulfate at C-6 of the third monosaccharide unit decreases it. A sulfate group at C-6 of terminal 3-O-methylglucose drastically decreases the hemolytic activity and rate of K+ loss. The presence of a sulfate group at the first xylose residue in glycosides having no 3-O-methyl group at the terminal monosaccharide decreases hemolytic activity and rate of K+ loss. The presence of the 16-ketone group in aglycones having the 7(8)-double bond significantly decreases activity. These results correlate with the previously proposed trends in evolution of sea cucumber glycosides from substances having sulfate groups at C-6 of glucose and 3-O-methylglucose units to substances sulfated at C-4 of the first xylose or having no sulfate groups, and from substances with aglycone 16-ketone to substances having no oxygen functions in this position.

Triterpene glycosides from sea cucumbers are taxonomically specific,complicated and variable in their chemical structures and biological activities1. As well known cytotoxic, antifungal, and hemolytic effects of glycosides correlate with each other and due to the glycoside membranotropic action2,3. Hemolytic activity was used as a measure of membranolytic action of these glycosides. Previously we studied the influence of a sulfate group at C-4 of the first xylose residue and length of the carbohydrate chain on the hemolytic activity of triterpene glycosides from Cucumariidae family holothurians4. However, questions concerning the influence on the membranolytic activity of sulfate groups attached to the C-6 position of monosaccharide residues in the carbohydrate chains, 3-Omethyl groups in terminal monosaccharide residues, and 16 -oxo groups in aglycones with the 7(8)-double bond remained unresolved. Herein we report studies on hemolytic activity of glycosides and their derivatives from the sea cucumber order Dendrochirotida which attempt to resolve the above-mentioned questions.

Uniaxial strain was applied along the two-dimensional (2D) conducting plane of a Mott insulator κ-(ET)2Cu2(CN)3 in order to investigate the relation between the crystal and electronic structures and the electronic properties. The strain along both of the crystal axes within the 2D conducting (bc) plane induced a transition from a semiconducting to a metallic state followed by a superconducting transition. By the strain along the c-axis the superconducting transition temperature raised up to 7.3 K that was much higher than that under hydrostatic pressure.

New active media for near JR cw tunable lasers based on FO2 color centers in additively colored crystalsNaC1, KC1, KBr, RbCl doped with hydroxide ions 0H were studied. The optimal conditions of these centers formation were determined. The generation characteristics of cw lasers based on Fr-centers in LiF, TL°(I)-centersin KC1:TI, FA(II)-centers in KC1:Li and FO2-centers in crystals NaCl:OH, KC1:OH are presented. 1. INTRODUCTION Active media based on color centers in solid state hosts have wide uniform gain bands and large cross-sectionsof stimulated radiation (1 — 10 x 1017 cm2). This permits to create sources of cw laser radiation tunable in thenear JR region.1 Several types of color centers in different alkali-halide crystals overlap wavelength range from 0. 8to 3. 5 1um.24The main problems concerning the creation of active media based on cw color centers are: obtaining considerableactive center concentration at low level of absorption in the range of generation, gaining long time stability (duringkeeping), and high photostability at laser generation. Using new Fr-like color centers in alkali-halide crystals dopedwith oxygen containing impurities permits to solve these problems. This type of centers exhibits higher termo- and

The possibility of the investigation of dehydration processes by means of the modification of TG-curve in the (dm/dT)-m curve is shown at the example of dehydration of octahydrate of dicifcratoborate of cobalt. The several (3) stages of dehydration are found in the temperature range not over 430 K, where the DTG-curve shows only one minimum. The reproducibility of results (T,m) and their dependence on the various parameters of experiment were discussed. The dehydration of dicitratoborates of Zn, Cd, Fe (II) is investigated by means of TG-curves modification.