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The paper considers the issue of compliance with the technological regulations for the operation of the regenerator of the aeration tank. An analysis of the features of the processes in the regenerator was carried out, the factors affecting them were determined, namely the intensity of aeration, consumption and initial dose of activated sludge. To determine the characteristics of activated sludge at the exit from the regenerator, experimental studies were conducted and a model was obtained that describes the regeneration process in the aeration tank. Using the model, the influence of the process components on the concentration of activated sludge at the outlet of the aeration tank was studied. As a result of the study, it was established that the dose of sludge at the exit from the first corridor of the aeration tank (regenerator) depends on the concentration and consumption of activated sludge, which is received after settling the mixture from secondary sedimentation tanks. The practical use of the obtained results will make it possible to quickly respond to changes in the technological mode of sludge regeneration and effectively influence the process of biological cleaning in the aeration tank. Compliance with the technological regulations for the operation of treatment facilities is aimed at protecting the environment, preventing pollution of water bodies due to the inflow of insufficiently treated wastewater.

Запропоновано експертний метод дослідження ефективності комплексу технічних засобів інформування пасажирських літаків при виникненні надзвичайної ситуації в умовах висотного польоту. Вдосконалена узагальнена модель ефективності застосування індивідуальних та колективних технічних засобів інформування пасажирів та членів екіпажу при виникненні надзвичайної ситуації, яка описана відповідними ознаками, склад яких визначає група експертів – висококваліфікованих фахівців в авіаційній галузі. Визначення таких ознак для об’єкта вибору експертним методом вирішує завдання знаходження вагомих коефіцієнтів шляхом ранжування відповідних коефіцієнтів та їх порівняння між собою. Проведено оцінку ефективності комплексу науково обґрунтованих технічних рішень інформування пасажирів авіаційних суден при виникненні надзвичайної ситуації. Така оцінка здійснювалась висококваліфікованими експертами у галузі авіаційних перевезень. Результати експертних рішень оброблялись із використанням математичних методів. Результати досліджень отримані за допомогою інструментальних вимірювань, для яких встановлені стандартизовані методики обробки результатів вимірювання. Результати колективної експертизи ефективності використання технічних засобів інформування пасажирів були отримані за допомогою методу ранжування вагомих коефіцієнтів кількісної шкали оцінювання. Результати досліджень були отримані за допомогою розрахунку кількі-сних оцінок значимості вихідної інформації, яка відповідає поєднанню джерел аргументації з урахуванням їх впливу на думку експерта. Також були запропоновані кількісні значення кваліфікаційних оцінок, які відповідають різним ступеням проінформованості експерта. Наведені результати експертного опитування групи спеціалістів у галузі авіаційної безпеки щодо ефективності використання технічних засобів індивідуального та колективного інформування пасажирів повітряних суден в надзвичайних ситуаціях висотного польоту. Це дозволило визначити ефективність та пріоритетність застосування даних технічних засобів при виникненні надзвичайної ситуації та зберегти життя багатьом пасажирам повітряних суден.

The processing of oil refining waste is essential from economic and environmental points of view. An important issue is the processing of soapstock to extract fatty acids, which are raw materials for various industries. The two-stage method of fatty acids obtaining from soapstock using saponification with sodium hydroxide solution and decomposition with sulfuric acid is investigated. The peculiarity of the work is the study of the influence of soapstocksaponification conditions on the key efficiency indicators of fatty acid extraction: yield and neutralization number. A sample of soapstock was obtained as a result of alkaline neutralization of sunflower oil. Soapstock quality corresponds to DSTU5033 (CAS68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 68.5%, fatty acids – 62.6%, neutral fat – 5.9%. Rational saponification conditions were determined: duration (85min.) and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (45%). After saponification, the soapstock was subjected to decomposition with sulfuric acid under the following conditions: temperature 90°C, duration 40min. Under the rational saponification conditions, the yield of fatty acids (91.8%) and the neutralization number (187.1mgKOH/g) were determined. The obtained fatty acids correspond to the first-grade fatty acids according to DSTU4860 (CAS61788-66-7). Acid indicators: mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 1.5%, mass fraction of total fat – 98.0%, cleavage depth – 69.2% oleic acid. The use of the soapstock saponification stage before decomposition leads to an improvement in the quality indicators and an increase in the neutralization number of fatty acids by 4%, yield – by 16.2%. The results of the study make it possible to produce fatty acids from soapstock by two-stage technology with high yield and neutralization number

The object of research is the process of chemical transesterification of palm olein with increased oxidation indicators in the presence of potassium glyceroxide catalyst. Transesterification is an important method of fat modification. The use of fats with increased oxidation indicators leads to the deactivation of common catalysts and a decrease in the efficiency of the process. There is a need to increase the dosage of catalysts, increase the process temperature, which negatively affects the product quality. An alternative transesterification catalyst (potassium glyceroxide) was used for the transesterification of palm olein with increased oxidation indicators. Palm olein (CAS Number 93334-39-5) with standard indicators was used: melting point 22.4°C, peroxide value 0.8½Ommol/kg, anisidine value 0.3c.u. Olein was subjected to heating at a temperature of 90°C in order to increase oxidation indicators, after which it underwent transesterification. The difference in melting points of the initial and transesterified palm olein was used as a parameter of process efficiency. The maximum limit values of the oxidation indicators at which the process is effective are: peroxide value 12.7½Ommol/kg, anisidine value 10.4c.u. The difference in melting points is 12.1°C, which indicates the efficiency of the process. The qualitative indicators of the obtained transesterified fat indicate compliance with DSTU 4336 (CAS Number 97593-46-9): melting point 34.5°C, peroxide value 1.2½Ommol/kg, anisidine value 1.0c.u. The results of the research make it possible to use fat with increased oxidation indicators without pretreatment and predict the efficiency of transesterification depending on the fat indicators. This will increase profitability and reduce production waste.

The object of this study is the dynamics of hazardous parameters of the gas environment when materials are ignited in the premises. The task addressed was the early detection of fires in the premises. It is proposed to resolve this issue on the basis of using an assessment of the coherence of frequency components in the third-order spectrum relative to the dynamics of hazardous parameters of the gas environment. The results indicate the nonlinear nature of the dynamics of hazardous parameters of the gas environment both in the absence and in the presence of fires. It was established that the assessment of the coherence of the frequency components relative to the considered triplets in the third-order spectrum contains information on the ratio of order to chaos in the dynamics of hazardous parameters of the gas environment. This information can be used to reliably detect fires. It was found that when the test materials in the form of alcohol, paper, wood, and textiles are ignited, the ratio of order to chaos in the temperature and CO dynamics in a gaseous medium is halved. It was established that the average values for frequency indices from 0 to 20 of the coherence of the frequency components of the dynamics of hazardous parameters on the ignition interval of test materials are in the range from +0.005 to –0.187. At the same time, in the interval of absence of ignition of test materials, the average values of the coherence assessment for frequency indices from 0 to 20 are in the range from +0.48 to +0.022. The reported results generally indicate the prospects and further development of studies into the coherence of the frequency components of the third-order spectrum for the dynamics of hazardous parameters of the gas environment in order to detect fires in the premises

Exploring ways of learning foreign language grammar using video content in secondary education is relevant because most research focuses on other educational levels and rarely takes into account student and teacher assessments. In addition, the vast majority of studies deal with the theoretical aspects of foreign language grammar learning at school. Accordingly, there is a need for empirical studies that focus more on secondary education and the nature of teachers and students' perceptions of such issues. This determined the relevance of the article. The aim of the study is to establish the effectiveness of the use of audiovisual materials as a tool for learning a foreign language. As a result, was determined the assessment of teachers and students' feasibility of introducing video content in the process of learning grammar of a foreign (English) language. The main methods in the study were methods of experiment and interviewing; also, the method of questioning was used. The main hypothesis is that the introduction of video content as teaching material for learning foreign languages is an effective method of teaching, positively evaluated by all participants in the educational process. The results of the study show that the introduction of films as teaching material in the educational process contributes to the teacher's willingness to use video content for their lessons, the understanding of all participants in the educational process of the benefits of using audio-visual materials is improved; the performance increases. Increasing the level of methodological skill and awareness gained through personal experience encourages improvement of the learning process, awareness of the need to use the completely rich arsenal of modern methods and forms of language teaching. In the future perspective is the study that the use of audio-visual content as didactic material is not only a means of learning a language, but also a factor in improving critical thinking skills, a sense of social justice, awareness of art, in particular, history of the culture.

The graphical dependence of the washing capacity of ethanol-containing soapstock on the concentration in an aqueous solution and the temperature of interaction with the polluted material has been determined. It is proposed to use a 40% aqueous solution of ethanol-containing soapstock in the hand cleaning paste technology. This soapstock solution has a washing capacity of 92–98% at the temperature of interaction with the polluted material of 25–40°C. The regularity of the effect of the structurant content on the consistency of hand cleaning paste was investigated using an approximating polynomial. This made it possible to substantiate the effective concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (0.4...0.6%) and cetysltearyl alcohol (1.8...2.0%) in the formulation. The obtained regression equation is useful for adjusting the content of structurants in the formulation, depending on the consumer's requirements for the viscosity of the developed detergent. A comparison of the quality indicators of the developed hand cleaning paste based on ethanol-containing soapstock with a sample of similar “Primaterra Automotive” commercial hand cleaning paste was carried out. The quality indicators of the developed paste are as follows: effective viscosity at 20...22°С – 32.0Pa∙s; foaming capacity – 23mm, foam stability – 62.0%; washing ability – 92.0%. It was determined that these quality indicators do not differ significantly in the developed detergent and commercial analogue. The data obtained indicate the prospects of processing ethanol-containing soapstock into the hand cleaning paste based on natural surfactants. The developed detergent due to the content of ethanol, glycerin and hydrogen peroxide has antiseptic properties, which is a competitive advantage among analogues. Such utilization of ethanol-containing soapstock makes the process of oil neutralization environmentally safe and economically viable

The paper proposes and substantiates the approach to the location of fire hydrant kits in the plan of the building, which is one of the main areas of implementation of the required level of its fire protection system. It is determined that the location of fire hydrant kits is a must to ensure irrigation of each point of the room with the required number of jets, which affects the success of the use of internal fire water for firefighting. The parameters influencing the location and number of fire hydrant sets in the building are investigated. It is shown that when using fire hoses of maximum length, the radius of the fire hydrant set increases and their required number decreases accordingly. The diameter of the fire hose affects the water consumption obtained from the crane set and must be at least standard. It is shown that when choosing the number of fire hydrant sets, in addition to the characteristics of their equipment, it is necessary to take into account the design features of the room and the standard number of jets, which significantly affects the economic component. The principles of placement of the main and additional fire hydrant sets for different number of jets at each point of the room are investigated. Based on the analysis of parameters that affect the number of fire hydrant kits in the plan of the building, an approach to the placement of PAC on the principle of their reasonable sufficiency. The efficiency of the proposed approach to the placement of fire hydrant kits is established. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed approach to the placement of fire hydrant kits showed that the rationale for the decision on the number of main and additional fire hydrant kits in the building allows to meet regulatory requirements for irrigation of each point of the room with the required number of jets. protection.

A method has been developed to detect hazardous conditions of contaminated air in urban areas in real time for an arbitrary number of pollutants. The method is based on restoring the hidden dynamics of the combined risk of instantaneous action on the basis of the current measurements of the concentration of pollutants at the point of control. Other data on current conditions at the point of control are not used in the developed method. Therefore, the method, in contrast to known analogs, is universal and can be applied for arbitrary conditions and control points. At the same time, the restored dynamics of the level of the combined risk of instantaneous action makes it possible not only to identify dangerous conditions relating to contaminated atmospheric air but, on the basis of the current recurrence of combined risk levels, to assess the probability of detecting and predicting dangerous levels in the combined risk of instantaneous action in real time at the predefined point of control. Using the developed method at several control points in an arbitrary area would make it possible to determine the space-time distribution of the levels of the combined risk of instantaneous action of atmospheric pollution on the population within a territory. Experimental measurements of the concentration of formaldehyde, ammonia, and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere have been performed at the point of control within an industrial city with an air pollution level of 37 units on the AQC scale (USA). Based on the measurements, the method has been confirmed to be feasible. It was established that at the time of a credible dangerous event, the level of the combined risk of instantaneous action was approximately 10-3with a single probability of this level. This level of the combined risk is about 105times higher than the corresponding upper limit of permissible individual risk. It is shown that the maximum forecast time of the dangerous level of combined risk under the considered conditions does not exceed 18 hours

A method has been proposed to prevent anthropogenic emergencies caused by fire in the premises, based on using the current measure of increment recurrence in the vector of the gas environment state in order to detect possible dangers of maintenance personnel injuries and equipment destruction in the premises. The proposed measure makes it possible to monitor the dynamics of the gas environment state and to identify dangerous states caused by the emergence of fires in the premises at a facility. It has been shown that the gas environment in the premises a means for the transition of impacts from a source of ignition when danger appears in the form of a fire. We verified the proposed method using an example of detecting danger in the form of ignitions of alcohol and paper in a model chamber, which simulated a no hermetic location of an object. It has been established that the estimation of the probability of recurrence of increments in the states of the gas environment tends to increase from zero to 0.5 for alcohol and 0.6 for paper before the moment of the start of a fire. One should note that a sharp and periodic change in the probability estimate is characteristic of the growth trend in the estimation of the probability of recurrence of increments in the gas environment state. It was revealed that there is a random change of phase states corresponding to the mode of the dynamic stability in the dynamics of increments before the emergence of a danger caused by the ignition of a material. The estimate of the probability of recurrence of increments becomes close to zero when danger emerges in the form of ignition of a material. Such a situation corresponds to the loss of dynamic stability of the state of the gas environment. After that, there are the individual random recurrence points, which belong to the region of the main diagonal of the recurrence plot in the dynamics of increments. Further development of the danger under consideration leads to the chaotic nature of increments in the gas environment state. It has been shown that monitoring the dynamics of increments of the states of the gas environment makes it possible to identify the moments of the emergence of a danger caused by the ignition of materials in the premises at a facility. The above indicates the efficiency of the proposed method to prevent emergencies caused by fires at facilities by early detection of ignitions of materials based on the identification of moments when the stability of increments of the states of the gas environment in the premises is disrupted

A self-adjusting method for calculating recurrence diagrams has been developed. The proposed method is aimed at overcoming the metric-threshold uncertainty inherent in the known methods for calculating recurrence diagrams. The method provides invariance to the nature of the measured data, and also allows to display the recurrence of states, adequate to real systems of various fields. A new scientific result consists in the theoretical justification of the method for calculating recurrence diagrams, which is capable of overcoming the existing metric-threshold uncertainty of known methods on the basis of self-adjusting by measurements by improving the topology of the metric space. The topology is improved due to the additional introduction of the scalar product of state vectors into the operation space. This allowed to develop a self-adjusting method for calculating recurrence diagrams with increased accuracy and adequacy of the display of recurrence states of real systems. Moreover, the method has a relatively low computational complexity, providing invariance with respect to the nature of the irregularity of measurements. Verification of the proposed method was carried out on the basis of experimental measurements of concentrations of gas pollutants of atmospheric air for a typical industrial city. The main gas pollutants of the atmosphere are formaldehyde, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide, caused by stationary and mobile sources of urban pollution. The obtained experimental verification results confirm the increased accuracy and adequacy of the display of the recurrence of atmospheric pollution states, as well as the invariance of the method with respect to the nature of the irregularity of measurements. It has been established that the accuracy of the method is influenced by the a priori boundary angular dimensions of the recurrence cone. It was shown that with a decrease in the boundary angular dimensions of the recurrence cone, the accuracy of the recurrence mapping of the real states of dynamical systems in the calculated diagrams increases. It was experimentally established that the accuracy and adequacy of the mapping of the recurrence states of real dynamical systems acceptable for applications is provided for a boundary angular size of the recurrence cone of 10° or less.

Two-point communication model of the wireless environment with one-beam and multi-beam propagation of radio waves were developed. The specified models make it possible to create various particular two-point communication models of wireless environment, taking into account the assigned geometry of location of shadowing and scattering structures in the environment. The practical use of the proposed models is limited to arbitrary points of radiation and reception in the environment, taking into account location of directional aerials in them. To study known multipoint technologies under conditions of emergency situations, we developed the multipoint communication models with one-beam and multibeam propagation of radio waves from each radiation point to each reception point, predetermined by the presence of shadowing and scattering structures in the environment. The developed multipoint models make it possible to create specific models at the physical level for various multi-aerial technologies, taking into consideration the use of aerial arrays of arbitrary configuration at the transmitting and receiving sides. Verification of the developed communication models of the wireless environment was performed. It was found that the use of directional aerials at the transmitting and receiving sides of the wireless environment in the presence of considerable shadowing and scattering structures makes it possible to significantly improve noise immunity. It is noted that with the use of the developed communication models, it is possible to carry out in-depth examination of the physical level with a view to developing a reliable and stable architecture of communications under conditions of emergency situations.

The novel heterocyclizations of ethyl 5-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate are developed. New derivatives of ethyl esters of 4-R-6,8-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,2-dyhidropyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine-7-carboxylic acids were obtained. The in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were revealed. The most potent antibacterial compound appeared to be 1.3 inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus. Pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine 2.15 showed significant antifungal activity against Candida tenuis. The anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was determined.

The novel heterocyclizations of ethyl 5-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate are developed. New derivatives of ethyl esters of 4-R-6,8-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,2-dyhidropyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine-7-carboxylic acids were obtained. The in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were revealed. The most potent antibacterial compound appeared to be 1.3 inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus. Pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine 2.15 showed significant antifungal activity against Candida tenuis. The anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was determined.