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The exterior application of fire-retardant (FR) timber necessitates it to have high durability because of the possibility to be exposed to rainfall. In this study, water-leaching resistance of FR wood has been imparted by grafting phosphate and carbamate groups of the water-soluble FR additives ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)/urea onto the hydroxyl groups of wood polymers via vacuum-pressure impregnation, followed by drying/heating in hot air. A darker and more reddish wood surface was observed after the modification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP-MAS NMR), and direct-excitation 31P MAS NMR suggested the formation of C–O–P covalent bonds and urethane chemical bridges. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry suggested the diffusion of ADP/urea into the cell wall. The gas evolution analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry revealed a potential grafting reaction mechanism starting with the thermal decomposition of urea. Thermal behavior showed that the FR-modified wood lowered the main decomposition temperature and promoted the formation of char residues at elevated temperatures. The FR activity was preserved even after an extensive water-leaching test, confirmed by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. The reduction of fire hazards was achieved through the increase of the LOI to above 80%, reduction of 30% of the peak heat release rate (pHRR2), reduction of smoke production, and a longer ignition time. The modulus of elasticity of FR-modified wood increased by 40% without significantly decreasing the modulus of rupture. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-04-21 (joosat);Funder: OP RDE (Grant no.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803); CT WOOD, Luleå University of TechnologyLicens fulltext: CC BY License

Solid titanium phosphate, TiP, materials hold great promise for wastewater treatment for removal of metal ions and complexes. A series of TiP materials, synthesised at mild conditions and short reaction times, have been structurally characterised using solid-state X-ray absorption spectroscopy, phosphorus and titanium K edge XANES and EXAFS, and P-31 and Ti-47/49 NMR spectroscopy. The titanium K edge EXAFS data of alpha-Ti(HPO4)(2)center dot H2O (alpha-TiP) revealed octahedral coordination of oxygens around titanium. Repeated washing of primary beta-/gamma-TiP with hydrochloric acid results in formation of a weakly ordered solid, TiO(OH)(H2PO4)center dot H2O, TiP1-H. The structure of TiP1-H is shown by Ti EXAFS to be a titanyl compound, containing a short Ti=O bond. The analogous data for linked titanium phosphate compounds (LTP) disclosed that inter-linkage occurs between alpha-TiP and titanyl phosphate units, supported by P-31-P-31 NOESY NMR data. Ti-47/49 NMR and Ti pre-edge XANES show evidence of two different titanium environments in LTP, one very similar to that observed in TiP1-H and a second more symmetric octahedral environment. Data are discussed in terms of induced acidic hydrolyses of titanium(IV) and phosphate counterpart during washings with hydrochloric acid and water. A straightforward relation between synthesis parameters/post synthetic treatment and structural re-arrangement in the materials is established.

Some aprotic and protic ionic liquids (ILs) containing nitrate anion demonstrate unusual dynamic behavior of cations when these ILs are enclosed in micrometer-spaced layers between glass plates. We applied 17O and 15N NMR spectroscopy to discover the state and transformations of 17O and 15N isotopically enriched nitrate anion of ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) enclosed between glass plates. 15N NMR spectra demonstrated preferential orientation of the principal axes of the nitrate anions perpendicular to the normal of the glass surface. Therefore, isotropic ionic liquid EAN, when placed within a micrometer-spaced enclosure, forms an ordered phase, which is similar to a liquid crystal. The peculiarity of this phase is that the cations do not have a predominant orientation. Other features of this phase that are typical for liquid crystal phases are the changed local and translational dynamics in comparison with the isotropic state and slow transformation occurring under the action of an external magnetic field. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-05-29 (joosat);Funder: J. C. and Seth M. Kempe; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (project EM16-0013)Licesn fulltext: CC BY License

A new low-cost and simple synthesis of titanium phosphate functional materials of desired composition has been developed. The route of material transformation is unconventional solid precursor-sorbent-anode material. The synthesis is based on the heterogeneous interaction between phosphoric acid and the solid (NH4)2TiO(SO4)2·H2O precursor. The influence of the synthesis conditions on the titanium phosphate composition has been thoroughly studied using NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and DTA techniques, and mechanism of TiP formation has been established. Optimal synthesis conditions to provide obtaining of a pure TiO(OH)(H2PO4)·H2O (TiHP) phase have been found. In contrast to existing methods that require rigid synthesis conditions and high reagent consumption, the new synthesis lasts 4 h and no special equipment is needed. The sorption and electrochemical capabilities of TiHP have been investigated. The obtained material exhibits the highest sorption capacity toward Cs+ and Sr2+ ions among other TiP-based ion exchangers. Furthermore, TiHP has been tested as a sorbent for treatment of multicomponent liquid radioactive waste and distribution coefficients of the radionuclides have been found to be 105 mL·g–1. New approach to the synthesis of precursor for Li-ion batteries has been proposed. The substitution of protons of the dihydrogen phosphate group in TiHP by lanthanum (III) cations and subsequent calcination at 900 °C result in formation of nanoparticles of the final powder and provide the good electrochemical characteristics of obtained electrode material.

Crystalline bismuth(III) dithiocarbamato-chlorido complexes [Bi{S2CN(C3H7)2}Cl2] (I) and [Bi{S2CN(iso-C4H9)2}2Cl] (II) were prepared and comparatively studied by (13C, 15N) CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (CIF files CCDC nos. 1971976 and 1971975, respectively). The dithiocarbamate ligands are typically coordinated in the S,S'-iso- (I) or aniso- (II) bidentate-terminal mode. In each of the compounds, neighboring molecules are connected through one or two μ2-Cl– ligands into zigzag-like polymer chains, in which the central atom has sixfold coordination: [BiS2Cl4] (I) or [BiS4Cl2] (II). The binding unit in the polymer chains of I is a four-membered [Bi–(μ-Cl)2–Bi] metallocycle in the butterfly conformation (the dihedral angle is 140.51(3)°). Therefore, stronger binding of heteroleptic molecules in polymer chains leads to a considerably shorter interatomic Bi–Bi distances in I (4.0904(4) A) than in II (4.8772(4) A). The thermal behavior of heteroleptic bismuth(III) complexes was studied by simultaneous thermal analysis with recording of TG and DSC curves. Although the major product of thermal transformations of I and II is Bi2S3, the microprobe method also identified the presence of reduced bismuth and BiCl3.

It was found that Li[BOB]·nH2O salts were not readily suitable for the synthesis of high-purity orthoborate-based tetraalkylphosphonium ionic liquids, as exemplified here for trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(oxalato)borate, [P6,6,6,14][BOB]; along with [BOB]-, a metastable transition anionic complex (TAC) of dihydroxy(oxalato)borate with oxalic acid, [B(C2O4)(OH)2·(HOOC-COOH)]-, was also formed and passed into the ionic liquid in the course of the metathesis reaction with trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride. On the contrary, Na[BOB] was found to be a more suitable reagent for the synthesis of this IL, because [BOB]- anions safely passed into the final IL without hydrolysis, when metathesis reactions were performed using aqueous-free media. Since ultra-pure Na[BOB] is not commercially available, in this work, a preparation protocol for ultra-pure (>99%) Na[BOB] was developed: (i) molar ratios of boric and oxalic acids were optimised to minimise boron-containing impurities, (ii) the Na[BOB] product was thoroughly purified by sequential washing of a fine powder product in hot acetonitrile and ethanol and (iii) characterised using powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state 11B MAS NMR spectroscopy. The physico-chemical properties of the prepared boron-impurity-free IL, i.e., its density, viscosity, electric conductivity, glass-transition temperature and thermal stability, were found to be significantly different from those of the previously reported [P6,6,6,14][BOB], containing ca. 45 mol% of TAC, [B(C2O4)(OH)2·(HOOC-COOH)]-. It was found that a high-purity [P6,6,6,14][BOB] prepared in this work has a considerably lower viscosity, a higher viscosity index and a wider electro-chemical window (ECW) compared to those of the sample of [P6,6,6,14][BOB] with ca. 45 mol% of TAC. Interestingly, [B(C2O4)(OH)2·(HOOC-COOH)]- in the latter sample almost completely transformed into [BOB]- anions upon heating of the IL sample at 413 K for 1 hour, as confirmed using both 11B and 13C NMR. Therefore, in this work, apart from a well-optimised synthetic protocol for boron-impurity-free [P6,6,6,14][BOB], implications of boron-containing transition anionic complexes in tetraalkylphosphonium-orthoborate ILs used in different applications were highlighted.

Some ionic liquids (ILs) change their dynamic properties when placed in a confinement between polar surfaces (Filippov et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2018, 20, 6316). The diffusivities of ions and NMR relaxation times in these ILs also reversibly change under a strong static magnetic field. The mechanisms of these phenomena are not clear, but it has been suggested that they involve modified hydrogen-bonding networks formed in these ILs in the presence of polar surfaces. To obtain a better understanding of these effects, we performed temperature-dependent measurements of chemical shifts and diffusion coefficients for ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) IL in the bulk phase (IB) and confined in layers with a thickness of ~4 μm between quartz plates unexposed (I phase) and exposed (IMF phase) to a static magnetic field of 9.4 T. It was shown that the NMR chemical shift of NH3 protons of EAN in the I phase is strongly shifted upfield, ~0.0145 ppm/K, which is due to weakening of the hydrogen-bonding network of the confined EAN. Exposure to the magnetic field leads to restitution of the hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding network). The temperature dependences of diffusion coefficients follow the order D(I) > D(IB) > D(IMF) and can be described by a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann approach with variation of the pre-exponential factor, which is determined by the strength of the H-bonding network. Confinement of EAN between plates (IB → I) is an endothermic process, while processes occurring in a magnetic field, I → IMF and IMF → I, are exothermic and endothermic, respectively.

We report on syntheses, characterisation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of electronic/molec ...

Self-diffusion of ions in the protic ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) was studied by 1H NMR pulsed field gradient techniques between 294 and 393 K in the presence of a PTFE insert in a 5-mm NMR tube. At all temperatures, the bulk diffusion of ions (measured by 1H and 15N NMR) can be described by a unique diffusion coefficient. The presence of solid hydrophobic surfaces of PTFE induces regions of EAN in their vicinity, where diffusion of ions, both cations and anions, is reduced compared to the bulk values. An additional line-shape analysis in 1H NMR spectra showed that local mobility of ethylammonium cations in the surface layers near PTFE is also reduced.

Boric acid is known to enhance the kinetics of CO2 absorption by some active aqueous solutions. However, the mechanism of interaction of boric acid with CO2 in the presence of active molecules is n...

Ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) ionic liquid confined between flat polar glass plates demonstrates variable diffusivity that is sensitive to an external static magnetic field. Outside the magnetic field, diffusivity between the plates is higher than that in the bulk. However, after placing the system in a strong static magnetic field, the diffusivity gradually decreased. These processes occur during transformations between phases formed in EAN subjected to micrometer-size restrictions outside and within the magnetic field (Filippov et al., J. Mol. Liq. [2018] 268, 49). In this study, we used samples of two types: (i) with roughened surface formed by treatment of the glass plates with aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid and (ii) with vacuum deposited TiO2 layers with a thickness of ca. 1 μm at glass-plate edges. Neither the surface modification of the glass plates, nor the TiO2 layers controlled thickness of EAN confined between glass-plates significantly changed the above-described effects, which have been observed in studies using untreated glass plates. Therefore, the range of systems with detected phase transformations in EAN and accompanying effects, such as accelerated diffusivity and change in diffusivity under the influence of a static magnetic field, was expanded to the systems with roughened surfaces and the systems with TiO2 layers controlled inter-plates distances. Results of experiments with roughened surfaces additionally suggested that the phase transformation of confined EAN in the external magnetic field is isotropic in nature rather than a phase transition from “layered to bulk” structures.

New heteroleptic mercury(ii) complexes [Hg4(S2CNPr2)6(NO3)2] (1) and [Hg4(S2CNPr2)4Cl4] (2) were synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray dif raction and 13C and 15N MAS NMR spectroscopy. In these complexes, the metal atoms are linked in pairs by bridging dipropyldithiocarbamate ligands (Pr2Dtc) to form tetranuclear cations and molecules. The further structural organization of compound 1 to the polymeric chains [Hg4(S2CNPr2)6(NO3)2]n occurs due to the linking of [Hg4(S2CNPr2)6]2+ cations by pairs of bridging nitrate groups. The formation of the supramolecular polymeric structure of 2 is determined by pairwise secondary Hg⋯Cl bonds between the cyclic [Hg4(S2CNPr2)4Cl4] molecules, in which the central eight-membered metallocycle [Hg4S4] adopts a distorted chair conformation. The thermal behavior of compounds 1 and 2 was studied by simultaneous thermal analysis.

1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]) is one of the most widely used ionic liquids for various applications. This study is focussed on the chemical stability of [EMIM][OAc] on the surfaces of polar glass plates. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and NMR diffusometry of [EMIM][OAc] IL confined between glass plates with a specific surface area 105–106 m−1 are thoroughly investigated. A rapid and spontaneous reaction took place on the surfaces of glass plates leading to the formation of neutral chemical moieties as evident by the appearance of new signals in the 1H NMR spectra. These new products are assigned as N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and acetic acid. These neutral chemical moieties have significantly increased the ion diffusivity by dissociation of the cation and the anion in [EMIM][OAc] IL. The yield and rate of formation of NHC and acetic acid are found to increase with the increasing surface area of polar glass plates and the time of contact between the IL and glass surfaces. Based on NMR spectroscopy, a dissociative reaction mechanism is proposed for the formation of free NHC in the neat [EMIM][OAc] IL.

We used 1H NMR diffusometry to study mixtures of ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) with water (3.1–12.4 mol% of added H2O) confined between polar glass plates and exposed to a static magnetic field of 9.4 T. The presence of such restrictions reverses the concentration dependence of the diffusivities of the EA (ethylammonium) cation and water typical for the bulk system. The presence of water weakens the effects of a static magnetic field on diffusion of the EA cation as well as on proton exchange of –NH3 groups. Surprisingly, the amplitude of the echo signal of water protons decreases during exposure to the magnetic field and finally disappears, a phenomenon that depends on the concentration of water in the system. Based on experimental data, we suggest that water in the system is present in two states with different dynamic properties. One type of water formed in confinement possesses NMR relaxation time typical for liquids; its diffusivity can be measured by 1H NMR. The second type of water is formed upon exposure of the sample of the first type to the magnetic field and eventually includes all the water in the system. This type of water possesses “solid-like” NMR relaxation features that makes it “invisible” to the NMR diffusometry technique. We suggest that this second type of water is adsorbed onto the glass plates. Correspondingly, EAN exists in two liquid phases: the first one contains an EAN-water mixture, while the second one contains neat EAN, and forms on the microscopic scale range under the influence of a static magnetic field.

The double ionic-polymer complex ([Au(S2CNPr2)2][AgCl2])n (1) was prepared as an individual fixation form of gold(III) from NaCl solutions with silver(I) dipropyldithiocarbamate and was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and 13C magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 1 comprises two nonequivalent centrosymmetric complex cations [Au(S2CNPr2)2]+ (A and B) and the discrete linear anion [AgCl2]–. Gold(III) cations are linked by pairs of unsymmetrical secondary Au…S bonds to form linear supramolecular chains (…A…B…)n. Neighboring cations are additionally linked by [AgCl2]– anions via secondary Ag…S and Cl…S bonds, the anions being involved in the overall stabilization of the supramolecular structure. The cation–anion interactions lead to a distortion of the linear configuration of the [AgCl2]– anion. The character of thermolysis of 1 accompanied by quantitative regeneration of bound Au and Ag was established by simultaneous thermal analysis.

Protein nanofibrils (PNFs) represent a promising class of biobased nanomaterials for biomedical and materials science applications. In the design of such materials, a fundamental understanding of the structure-function relationship at both molecular and nanoscale levels is essential. Here we report investigations of the nanoscale morphology and molecular arrangement of amyloid-like PNFs of a synthetic peptide fragment consisting of residues 11-20 of the protein β-lactoglobulin (β-LG

We report a comparative analysis of non-halogenated surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs), which consists of the surface-active anion, 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, and the phosphonium, and imidazolium cations i.e., tetrabutylphosphonium ([P4444]+), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P66614]+), and 1-methyl-3-hexylimidazolium ([C6C1IM]+). We explored the thermal and electrochemical properties, i.e., degradation, melting and crystallization temperatures, and ionic conductivity of this new class of IL. These SAILs were tested as an electrolyte in a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-based supercapacitor at various temperatures from 253 to 373 K. The electrochemical performance of different SAILs by varying the cationic core as a function of temperature were compared, in the same MWCNT-based supercapacitor. We found that the supercapacitor cell with [C6C1IM][EHS] shown high specific capacitance (Celec in F g-1), a high energy density (E in Wh kg-1), and a high power density (P in kW kg-1) when compared to those for the other SAILs i.e. [P4444][EHS], [P66614][EHS], and [N8888][EHS] at all temperatures. The supercapacitor with an MWCNT-based electrode and [C6C1IM][EHS], [P4444][EHS], and [P66614][EHS] as an electrolyte showed a specific capacitance of 148, 90, and 47 F g-1 (at the scan rate of 2 mV s-1) with an energy density of 82, 50, and 26 Wh kg-1 (at 2 mV s-1) respectively, at 298 K. The temperature effect can be seen by the three to four-fold increase in the specific capacitance of the cell and the energy density values, i.e., 290, 198, and 114 F g-1 (at 2 mV s-1) and 161, 110, and 63 Wh kg-1 (at 2 mV s-1), respectively, at 373 K. This study reveals that these new SAILs specifically [C6C1IM][EHS] and [P4444][EHS] can potentially be used as electrolytes in the wide range of temperature. The solution resistance (Rs), charge transfer resistance (Rct), and equivalent series resistance (ESR) also decreased with an increase in temperature for all SAILs as electrolytes. These new SAILs can explicitly be used for high-temperature (wide range of temperature) electrochemical applications, such as efficient supercapacitors for high energy storage due to enhanced specific capacitance, energy, and power density at elevated temperatures.

Some ionic liquids (ILs) change their dynamic properties when placed in a confinement between polar surfaces (Filippov et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2018, 20, 6316). The diffusivities of ions and NMR relaxation times in these ILs also reversibly change under a strong static magnetic field. The mechanisms of these phenomena are not clear, but it has been suggested that they involve modified hydrogen-bonding networks formed in these ILs in the presence of polar surfaces. To obtain a better understanding of these effects, we performed temperature-dependent measurements of chemical shifts and diffusion coefficients for ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) IL in the bulk phase (I

The dinuclear complex mercury(II) cyclopentamethylenedithiocarbamate (piperidine-1-carbodithioate) [Hg2{S2CN(CH2)5}4] was synthesized and its chemisorption activity toward a solution of AuCl3 in 2 M HCl was studied. The chemisorption of gold from the solution forms an ionic gold(III)‒mercury(II) dithiocarbamato-chlorido complex comprising three isomeric gold cations and an unsymmetrical hexachlorodimercurate anion. The structural organization and thermal behavior of the resulting compounds was studied.

In this work, we compared the effects of curcumin and cholesterol directly competing to insert into the DMPC lipid bilayer during bilayer formation from an initially non-ordered state. 2H and 14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that curcumin is not embedded deep in the lipid bilayer and interacts mainly with the head group of the lipid. In a more complex system of DMPC/CHOL/CUR, curcumin amplifies the effect of cholesterol on the ordering of lipid acyl chains.

Ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) ionic liquids confined between polar glass plates and exposed to a strong magnetic field of 9.4 T demonstrate gradually slowing diffusivity, a process that can be reversed by removing the sample from the magnetic field. The process can be described well by the Avrami equation, which is typical for autocatalytic (particularly, nucleation controlled) processes. The transition can be stopped by freezing the sample. Cooling and heating investigations showed differences in the freezing and melting behavior of the sample depending on whether it had been exposed to the magnetic field. After exposure to the magnetic field, the sample demonstrated decrease in the 1H NMR signal of residual water. 1H NMR spectroscopy with presaturation demonstrates that the most probable mechanism of the decrease of the bulk water signal is adsorption of water on polar surfaces of glass plates. Generally, our findings confirm our previous suggestion that alteration of the dynamic properties of confined alkylammonium nitrate ionic liquids exposed to a magnetic field is related to the alteration of real physical-chemical phases.

Absorption modes and the reactivity of nonhalogenated ionic liquids (ILs) at inorganic oxide surfaces of γ-Al2O3, MgO, and SiO2 particles were characterized using multinuclear (11B, 31P, and 29Si) solid-state magic-angle-spinning NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. ILs are composed of the trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium cation, [P6,6,6,14]+, and bis(mandelato)borate, [BMB]−, or bis(salicylato)borate, [BScB]−, anions. Spectroscopic measurements were performed on room-temperature (298 K) samples and samples exposed to 15 h at 373 K. The single-pulse 11B NMR data of heated [P6,6,6,14][BMB] mixed with the inorganic oxides showed a significant change in the spectra of the anion for all three oxides. In contrast, no such spectral changes were detected for heated [P6,6,6,14][BScB] mixed with the inorganic oxides. 31P MAS NMR data for the IL/metal oxide systems revealed interactions between [P6,6,6,14]+ and the surfaces of oxides. A significant intensity of 31P CP-MAS NMR signals indicated a low mobility of cation...

Chemisorption synthesis on the basis of the binuclear compound [Bi2{S2CN(C3H7)2}6] (I) and preparative isolation of the ion-polymeric heteronuclear gold(III)-bismuth(III) complex ([Au{S2CN(C3H7)2}2 ...

Amorphous titanium phosphate ion-exchangers are often of a “mixed type”, i.e., they contain a mixture of –HPO4 and –H2PO4 active groups. Their synthesis requires careful handling to obtain the same ...

Self-diffusion and NMR relaxation of ethylammonium (EA) cations were studied in the protic ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) confined between parallel polar glass plates separated by a few um as a function of time after placement in a magnetic field of 9.40 T. Immediately after sample placement, the diffusion coefficient of EA (D) increased by a factor of 2, while the transverse NMR relaxation of NH3 protons decreased by factors of up to 22 in comparison with bulk EAN, according to previously published data. Further exposure to the magnetic field leads to gradual changes of D, T1 and T2 with a time constant of 70 min and a total equilibration time of longer than 4 hours. This process does not depend on the orientation of the glass plates relative to the magnetic field. Removing the sample from the magnetic field and repeating the experiment demonstrated that complete recovery of the sample to the accelerated D and shortened T2 occurs in approximately 24 hours. Thus, EA cation dynamics is accelerated relative to bulk when the cation is confined between polar glass plates and stored in the absence of a strong magnetic field, but demonstrate a trend to change to bulk values of D and T2 after exposure to a magnetic field. Because the observed characteristic times of the change far exceed molecular process times in EAN, we relate this phenomenon to reversible phase transformations occurring with EAN between polar plates outside the strong magnetic field, and reverse change of the phases after placing the sample in the magnetic field. This conclusion was confirmed by data of Raman spectroscopy.

We have synthesised three new complexes of [Ag6{S2CN(iso-C4H9)2}6]n (1), [Au{S2CN(iso-C4H9)2}2][AgCl2] (2) and [Au{S2CN(iso-C4H9)2}2][Ag0.69Au0.31Cl2] (3), chemically identified these compounds using solution (1H, 13C) and solid-state (13C, 15N) CP-MAS NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, and structurally characterised them by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. There are six structurally inequivalent silver(I) centres in the former compound, whose unusually complicated, monodimensional polymeric structure is generally stabilised by six unequal iBuDtc ligands acting as bridges, along with numerous ligand-supported Ag–Ag interactions. Studying the capability of the precipitated AgiBuDtc to bind gold(III) from a [AuCl4]–/5.15 M NaCl solution, the double pseudo-polymeric heterometallic dithiocarbamato-chlorido complexes 2 and 3 were successfully obtained as individual fixation modes of gold to the solid phase. In the self-assembly of a bidimensional supramolecular structure of the latter two compounds, numerous interionic secondary bonds (Au···S, Ag···S and S···Cl), the anagostic H C···Ag interactions and the Cl···H C hydrogen bonds play a key role. To study the thermal behaviour of crystalline compounds 1 and 2, we additionally used simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). During the thermolysis of 1/2, the formation of Ag2S/AgCl,Au0 was supported, respectively, by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, while the dispersity and morphology of residual substances were studied using scanning electron microscopy.

Crystalline polymeric thallium(I) morpholinedithiocarbamate [Tl2{S2CN(CH2)4O}2] n (I) and the heteronuclear ion–polymeric gold(III)–thalium(III) complex ([Au{S2CN(CH2)4O}2][TlCl4]) n (II) are preparatively isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy. According to the X-ray diffraction data, the main structural units of compounds I and II (CIF files CCDC 1548079 and 1548080) are presented by the binuclear centrosymmetric molecule [Tl2{S2CN(CH2)4O}2], noncentrosymmetric complex cation [Au{S2CN(CH2)4O{2]+, and isomeric complex anions [TlCl4]–. The formation of the three-dimensional polymeric structure (coordination number of Tl is 7), which is not characteristic of thallium(I) dithiocarbamates, is a consequence of the participation of the secondary Tl…O and Tl…S bonds of two types in the supramolecular self-organization of compound I. Nonequivalent secondary interactions of the first type join the binuclear molecules [Tl2{S2CN(CH2)4O}2] into polymer layers, which, in turn, form the three-dimensional polymeric framework due to the secondary bonds Tl…S. The revealed ability of freshly precipitated compound I to the chemisorption of gold(III) from solutions (2 M HCl) makes it possible to obtain heteronuclear supramolecular complex II as an individual form of binding. In the structure of the latter, the pairs of stronger secondary Au…S bonds join the gold(III) cations into dimers [Au2{S2CN(CH2)4O}4]2+ of the angular structure, the structural ordering of which is achieved in the cationcationic polymeric chain ([Au2{S2CN(CH2)4O}4]2+) n of the helical type involving the pairs of less strong Au…S bonds between the adjacent binuclear units. The distorted tetrahedral anions [TlCl4]– are localized between the polymeric chains. The study of the thermal behavior of compounds I and II by simultaneous thermal analysis makes it possible to establish the character of thermal transformations of the substances and to identify Tl2S (I), TlCl, and elemental gold (II) as thermolysis products.

We used 1 H pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance to study the self-diffusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with average molecular mass of 200 and ions in mixtures of PEG with imidazolium bis(mandelato)borate (BMB) and imidazolium bis(oxalato)borate ionic liquids (ILs). The IL was mixed with PEG in the concentration range of 0-100 wt%. Within the temperature range of 295 to 353 K, the diffusion coefficient of BMB is slower than that of the imidazolium cation. The diffusion coefficients of PEG, as well as the imidazolium cation and BMB anions, differ under all experimental conditions tested. This demonstrates that the IL in the mixture is present in at least a partially dissociated state. Generally, increasing the concentration of PEG leads to an increase in the diffusion coefficients of PEG and both the ions and decreases their activation energy for diffusion. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift alteration analysis showed that the presence of PEG changes the chemical shifts of both ions but in different directions. Impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the ionic conductivity of the ILs mixed with PEG. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Two crystalline polymorphs of a binuclear tris(di-n-butyldithiocarbamato)bismuth(III) complex, I and II, with an empirical formula of [Bi{S2CN(n-C4H9)2}3] were synthesised and characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), solid-state NMR and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. At the supramolecular level, these mononuclear molecular units interact in pairs via secondary Bi⋯S bonds, yielding binuclear formations of [Bi2{S2CN(n-C4H9)2}6]. The polymorph I ( P 1 ¯ ) contains two isomeric non-centrosymmetric binuclear molecules of [Bi2{S2CN(n-C4H9)2}6], which are related to each other as conformers, therefore having four structurally inequivalent bismuth atoms and twelve inequivalent dithiocarbamate ligands. In contrast, the structurally simpler polymorph II ( P 2 1 / n ) exists as a single molecular form of the corresponding centrosymmetric binuclear formation, comprising two structurally equivalent bismuth atoms and three structurally different dithiocarbamate groups. The polymorphs I and II were found to be interconvertible by altering the solvent system during the recrystallisation process. Sun et al. (2012) has reported a crystalline form of the title compound which resembles, but is not identical with, polymorph II. Experimental solid-state 13C and 15N cross-polarisation (CP) magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of both polymorphs I and II were in accord with the direct structural data on these complexes. Assignments of the resonance lines in the solid-state 13C and 15N NMR spectra were assisted by chemical shift calculations of the crystals using periodic DFT.

The crystalline nickel(II) di-i-amyl) dithiophosphate (Dtph), [Ni{S2P(O-i-C5H11)2}2] (I) was isolated on a preparative scale and characterized by 13C, 31P MAS NMR, and X-ray diffraction (CIF file CCDC no. 1469369). The χ2-statistic diagrams were constructed from full 31P CP/MAS NMR spectra for calculating the 31P chemical shift anisotropy: δ aniso = δ zz –δ iso and the asymmetry parameter η = (δ yy –δ xx )/(δ zz –δ iso ). The key structural unit of I is the centrosymmetric [Ni{S2P(O-i-C5H11)2}2] molecule in which the nickel atom coordinates two Dtph ligands in the isobidentate fashion. In molecule I, each carbon, oxygen, and sulfur atom is statistically disordered over two sites with equal occupancies. However, the disorder does not affect nickel and phosphorus. These results were interpreted as the presence in I of two [Ni{S2P(O-i-C5H11)2}2] molecules rotated through 21.0(1)° (the angle between the [NiS4] chromophore planes) relative to each other around the bisecting P–Ni–P axis passing through both four-membered [NiS2P] rings. The two molecules occupy crystal lattice sites with equal probabilities. The thermal behavior of I was studied by simultaneous thermal analysis under argon. The course of the thermal destruction of the complex was established, nickel pyrophosphate (Ni2P2O7) was identified as the final product of thermal transformations.

The main purpose of this work was to investigate the potential of ionic liquids (ILs) in crystal engineering. We have employed ILs with different combinations of cations and anions to study their role in directing crystal structure formation of a nicotinamide (NIC) and oxalic acid (OXA) system. A new crystal form of NIC–OXA salt (2:1) was identified and characterized using standard solid state tools such as powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the 2:1 salt was elucidated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The NIC–OXA 2:1 salt form revealed a two-dimensional layered structure, while the known 1:1 salt had a perpendicular “tape-like” structure. The 2:1 salt form could only be crystallized from the ILs possessing hydrogen bond acceptor functionality. We demonstrated that specific ILs could be selected as solvents for altering the solid-state structure of organic and inorganic materials.

It is demonstrated that a phosphonium orthoborate ionic liquid may serve as a wear reducing additive in biodegradable oils at steel-steel surfaces in the boundary lubrication regime. Tribological tests were performed in a ball-on-three plate configuration. A set of surface characterization techniques—SEM/EDS, FIB and white light interferometry were used to characterize surfaces following the tribotests and to observe the formation of any tribofilms. 11B NMR was used to follow changes in the composition of the ionic-liquid-oil blends and to identify boron-containing decomposition products after the tribotests. The ionic liquid reduces the wear of steel surfaces by up to 92% compared to the neat oil at 90°C; it is shown that the reduction in wear can be correlated with the formation of boron enriched patches in the boundary films.

We studied changes in the diffusion coefficients in layers of EAN confined between glass plates, placed in a strong magnetic field with a magnetic flux density B0, and rotated around the axis directed along and normal to B0. Under the rotational conditions along B0, the diffusion coefficient decreases with time after placement in the magnetic field at the same rate as for a static sample, observed previously (Filippov and Antzutkin, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2018. 20. 6316). However, when the EAN layers are rotating around the axis perpendicular to B0, the duration of exposure to the magnetic field does not affect the diffusion coefficient until the rotation stops. On the other hand, the diffusivity after extended exposure to a static magnetic field increases as the sample starts to rotate around the axis perpendicular to B0. The observed effects are due to either the periodic change in the orientation of the thin surface layers of EAN or inhomogeneity of B0 in the sample due to the B0 fluctuation.

Acetate-functionalized silica membranes were prepared via co-condensation. The molar ratio of functional groups in the silica matrix was varied in the range of 0–0.6, denoted by x. The presence of functional groups bonded to the silica network was revealed by FTIR and 29 Si and 13 C solid-state NMR analysis. The stability of the groups was studied by TG analysis. The membranes were evaluated for CO 2 /N 2 mixture separation in a temperature range of 253–373 K using a feed pressure of 9 bar and a sweep gas kept at atmospheric pressure on the permeate side. The membranes were found to be CO 2 -selective at all the conditions studied. The highest observed selectivity was 16 for x=0.4, with a CO 2 permeance of 5.12×10 −7 mol s −1 m −2 Pa −1 . For x=0.2, a permeance of as high as 20.74×10 −7 mol s −1 m −2 Pa −1 with a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 7.5 was obtained. This permeance is the highest reported for CO 2 /N 2 separation using functionalized silica membranes. It is proposed that the separation mechanism between CO 2 and N 2 was the preferential adsorption of CO 2 , which inhibited adsorption and permeation of N 2 through the silica pore network. Permporometry results revealed that as the loading of functional groups increased, the He permeance decreased. It was also indicated that the quantity of micropores in the functionalized membrane was higher than that in the parent silica membrane.

This work focuses on the synthesis of titanium phosphate (TiP1) ion-exchanger containing solely H2PO4-groups. Based on the elemental analyses, TG, 31P MAS NMR, XRD and Raman data, the formula TiO(OH)(H2PO4)·H2O is assigned to TiP1. The synthesis requires a mild heating at 70–80 °C for a short period of time, followed by filtration and HCl-washing of the TiP1 powder. The layered nature and low crystallinity of this sorbent is confirmed by powder XRD technique. The existence of micro and mesopores in the material is established using BET method. The Na+ capacity of TiP1 is determined to be 6.3 meq g−1 which is the highest value reported for H2PO4-based sorbents. The presence of H2PO4 groups is expected to considerably increase both the pH-working range of the TiP1 sorbent and its exchange capacity towards divalent metal ions. All data for TiP1 are compared to the data for amorphous TiP containing mostly HPO4 groups.

1 H NMR pulsed field gradient was used to study self-diffusion of a phosphonium bis(salicylato)borate ionic liquid ([P 6,6,6,14 ][BScB]) in the pores of Vycor porous glass at 296 K. Confinement in pores increases diffusion coefficients of the ions by a factor of 35. However, some [P 6,6,6,14 ][BScB] ions demonstrated apparent diffusion coefficients much lower than their mean values, which may be due to partially restricted diffusion of the ions. We suggest that this fraction corresponds to areas where ions are confined by pore ‘necks’ (micropores) and empty voids. Heating of the ionic liquid/Vycor system at 330 K led to a change in the diffusivity of the ions, because of their redistribution in the pores. The size of the bounded regions is on the order of 1 μm, as estimated from the dependence of the ion diffusivity on the diffusion time.

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate volumetric quantities and dynamic properties of binary trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(oxalato)borate ([P6,6,6,14][BOB]) ionic liquid (IL)/water mixtures with different water concentrations. The predicted liquid densities for typical [P6,6,6,14][BOB] IL/water mixtures are consistent with available experimental data with a relative discrepancy of less than 3%. The liquid densities and excess molar volumes of all studied [P6,6,6,14][BOB] IL/water mixtures are characterized by concave and convex features, respectively, within full water concentration range. The dynamic properties of [P6,6,6,14] cations, [BOB] anions, and water molecules are particularly analyzed through calculation of velocity autocorrelation functions, diffusion coefficients, and reorientational autocorrelation functions and correlation times. The translational and reorientational mobilities of three species become faster upon increasing water concentration in [P6,6,6,14][BOB] IL/water mixtures and present complex dynamical characteristics arising from three distinct microscopic diffusion features within the full water concentration range. The obtained striking volumetric quantities and particular dynamic properties are well correlated to microscopic liquid structural organization and distinct local ionic environment of all studied [P6,6,6,14][BOB] IL/water mixtures.

Hypothesis Oxides, hydrous oxides and hydroxides of aluminium and iron are important in determining the availability of trace and heavy metals in soil systems. The presence of complexing anions is also known to affect the binding of these metals in soils. Since organophosphates, such as inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), are present in most soil systems they are expected to affect the nature of the interaction between metal ions and metal (hyr)oxides. Experiments Both adsorption edge and isotherm experiments were conducted on Cd(II)–gibbsite and Cd(II)–IP6–gibbsite systems. In addition, solid-state 31P MAS NMR measurements were performed on the ternary system. All results were used to develop Extended Constant Capacitance surface complexation models of both the Cd(II)–gibbsite and IP6–Cd(II)–gibbsite sorption systems. Findings The presence of IP6 significantly increased sorption of Cd(II) to gibbsite below pH 8 especially at higher concentrations of Cd(II) and IP6. The 31P MAS NMR spectra, together with surface complexation modeling, indicated the presence of two outer-sphere ternary complexes with the first, [(SOH2)33+ (LHCd)9−]6−, important at relatively low concentrations, while the second, [SLH38− Cd2+]6−, dominated sorption at higher sorbate concentrations. Thus the presence of organophosphates in soil systems increases sorption and may therefore decrease the availability of trace and heavy metals to plants.

We present a structural analysis method for molecular and electronic structure of yttrium diethyldithiocarbamato-phenanthroline complex {[Y(S2CNR2)3PHEN] with R = C2H5 and PHEN = 1,10-phenanthrolin ...

The interaction of polymeric thallium(I) dimethyl- and diethyldithiocarbamates with [AuCl4]– in 2 M HCl has been studied. Heteropolynuclear complexes ([Au{S2CN(CH3)2}2][TlCl4])2 (I) and ([Au{S2CN(C2H5)2}2][TlCl4]) n (II) have been preparatively isolated from chemisorption systems [Tl2{S2CNR2}2] n –Au3+/2 M HCl (R = CH3, C2H5). These compounds have been characterized by 13C CP/MAS NMR, and their crystal and supramolecular structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Basic structural units of compounds I and II are square-planar [Au{S2CNR2}2]+ cations (with S,S'- bidentate coordination of two Dtc ligands to the gold atom) and distorted tetrahedral [TlCl4]–anions. In supramolecular self-organization, the decisive role is played by relatively weak secondary interactions Au⋯S and Au⋯Cl. With the use of simultaneous thermal analysis, the thermal behavior of I and II have been studied, which enabled the elucidation of temperature-induced transformations and identification of TlCl and reduced gold among the thermolysis products.

Natural abundance solid-state multinuclear (13 C, 15 N and 29 Si) cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning NMR was used to study structures of three block copolymers based on polyamide and dimethylsiloxane and two polyamides, one of which including ferrocene in its structure. Assignment of most of the resonance lines in 13 C, 15 N and 29 Si cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning NMR spectra were suggested. A comparative analysis of 13 C isotropic chemical shifts of polyamides with and without ferrocene has revealed a systematic shift towards higher δ -values (de-shielding) explained as the incorporation of paramagnetic ferrocene into the polyamide backbone. In addition, the 13 C NMR resonance lines for ferrocene-based polyamide were significantly broadened, because of paramagnetic effects from ferrocene incorporated in the structure of this polyamide polymer. Single resonance lines with chemical shifts ranging from 88.1 to 91.5 ppm were observed for 15 N sites in all of studied polyamide samples. 29 Si chemical shifts were found to be around -22.4 ppm in polydimethylsiloxane samples that falls in the range of chemical shifts for alkylsiloxane compounds. The CO2 capture performance of polyamide-dimethylsiloxane-based block copolymers was measured as a function of temperature and pressure. The data revealed that these polymeric materials have potential to uptake CO2 (up to 9.6 cm3 g-1 ) at ambient pressures and in the temperature interval 30-40 °C. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The molecular, crystal, and electronic structures as well as spectroscopic properties of a mononuclear heteroleptic lanthanum(iii) complex with diethyldithiocarbamate and 1,10-phenanthroline ligands (3 : 1) were studied by solid-state 13C and 15N cross-polarisation (CP) magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A substantially different powder XRD pattern and 13C and 15N CP-MAS NMR spectra indicated that the title compound is not isostructural to the previously reported analogous rare earth complexes with the space group P21/n. Both 13C and 15N CP-MAS NMR revealed the presence of six structurally different dithiocarbamate groups in the asymmetric unit cell, implying a non-centrosymmetric packing arrangement of molecules. This was supported by single-crystal X-ray crystallography showing that the title compound crystallised in the triclinic space group P1[combining macron]. In addition, the crystal structure also revealed that one of the dithiocarbamate ligands has a conformational disorder. NMR chemical shift calculations employing the periodic gauge including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) approach supported the assignment of the experimental 13C and 15N NMR spectra. However, the best correspondences were obtained with the structure where the atomic positions in the X-ray unit cell were optimised at the DFT level. The roles of the scalar and spin-orbit relativistic effects on NMR shielding were investigated using the zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA) method with the outcome that already the scalar relativistic level qualitatively reproduces the experimental chemical shifts. The electronic properties of the complex were evaluated based on the results of the natural bond orbital (NBO) and topology of the electron density analyses. Overall, we apply a multidisciplinary approach acquiring comprehensive information about the solid-state structure and the metal-ligand bonding of the heteroleptic lanthanum complex.

Two polymorphs of a new mercury(II) N,N-dipropyldithiocarbamate represented by centrosymmetric binuclear and pseudo-binuclear molecules, [Hg2(PrDtc)4] (1) and [Hg(PrDtc)2]2 (2), have been isolated, identified using heteronuclear (13C, 15N) CP-MAS NMR and structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. There are two pairs of inequivalent PrDtc ligands playing either terminal chelating or tridentate bridging structural functions in the former compound; while the latter complex comprises two pairs of structurally inequivalent chelating PrDtc ligands. The reaction of freshly precipitated mercury(II) N,N-dipropyldithiocarbamate (HgPrDtc) with a [AuCl4]−/2 M HCl solution results in the formation of the ionic complex [Au(PrDtc)2]2[Hg2Cl6] (3). There are two inequivalent centrosymmetric cations, [Au(PrDtc)2]+ (‘A’ and ‘B’), and a binuclear centrosymmetric anion, [Hg2Cl6]2− in the structure of 3. In the cationic part of the complex, each of the gold(III) cations has two pairs of the relatively weak inequivalent secondary Au···S bonds with two neighbours, therefore forming linear supramolecular cationic chains (⋯‘A’⋯‘B’⋯‘A’⋯‘B’⋯)n. To study the thermal behaviour of the compounds, simultaneous thermal analysis was also performed. The formation of HgS and reduced elemental gold was established during the thermolysis of 1/2 and 3, respectively.