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5. Towards the development of a sustainable low-cost bio-active amendment for the in situ remediation of urban brownfield top soil contaminated with lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

Author

Sepúlveda Olea, Felipe Esteban

Subjects
631.4, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Urban soils present distinctive characteristics resulting from high anthropogenic pressure. Contamination levels (e.g. heavy metals and organic compounds) tend to be higher even in the absence of heavy industry, and can pose a hazard to health. Brownfield land has been defined as any land which has been previously developed, which may or may not be contaminated. Sustainable development of brownfield land encompasses sustainable (e.g. nature-based) methods of restoration-rehabilitation. In the historically industrial city of Glasgow, there are significant areas with derelict land. This not only acts as a key detractor for investment but also denies usability for residents, posing a challenge for the city council. An example of this it the Old Glasgow Meat market site, in the east end of Glasgow, which in preliminary site investigations showed issues with lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. The aim of this PhD project is hence to develop a sustainable, bioactive, low-cost amendment that can both immobilize Pb and support biodegradation of PAHs in urban brownfield top soil, particularly applicable for sites with moderate contamination and no immediate development strategy. Different approaches have been studied for the in situ remediation of Pb contaminated soil, but the immobilization of Pb as pyromorphite (Pb5[PO4]3X; X= F, Cl, B or OH) with phosphate amendments has shown the most promise for the reduction of Pb bioavailability. There are limitations to this method in the urban environment, however, as acidic soil pH is required for Pb and P to react forming pyromorphite. Recent studies have shown that the fungus Paecilomyces javanicus, isolated from Pb contaminated soils in Scotland, is able to induce the biomineralization of Pb as pyromorphite in laboratory cultures. Biodegradation is one of the main processes responsible for the reduction of PAH concentrations in soil. For this reason, both bioaugmentation with allochthonous microorganisms and biostimulation of native microorganisms, with the addition of nutrients, have been used for the remediation of PAH contaminated soil. Biodegradation of PAHs has been extensively researched with bacteria. However, fungi have also been proposed as important promoters of PAH biodegradation. Biosorption of PAHs to microbial biomass may also occur in the environment. Brewery spent grain is an important agro-industrial waste in Scotland, and has a high nutrient content. As a lignocellulosic material it also has potential to stimulate PAHs biodegradation through enzymatic co-metabolism. The use of unprocessed brewery spent grain for bioaugmentation strategies in the context of soil remediation, has not been studied before, to the knowledge of the author. For these reasons, brewery spent grain was selected to be tested as a carrier matrix for the cultivation and subsequent inoculation of P.javanicus in soil. The Pb-biomineralizing capability of P.javanicus combined with the use of brewery spent grain as an inoculum carrier and soil amendment, was studied as a bioaugmentation/biostimulation strategy for the co-remediation of Pb and PAHs in soil. Liquid culture experiments were carried out as a first experimental stage. In cultures spiked with Pb and an organic P source, the ability of P.javanicus to biomineralize Pb as pyromorphite was corroborated with x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. An initial capture of Pb by P.javanicus as Pb-oxalate, during the first 10 days of incubation, was followed by an increase in pH and a transformation in pseudomorphism to pyromorphite. P.javanicus showed tolerance to the presence of both benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)p) and phenanthrene (Phen) in spiked culture media. With high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of culture media, no Phen was detected in solution after 10 days. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fungal biomass, showed that biosorption was the main process responsible for the removal of Phen from solution. These liquid culture experiments showed that the use of active P.javanicus biomass has potential for the removal (remediation) of Pb and Phen-PAHs in aqueous matrices. Out of eleven samples collected from the Old Glasgow Meat market, for use as a matrix in co-remediation experiments, three had concentrations of Pb above selected reference guideline values, and none had detectable PAH concentrations. For this reason, Meat market samples were used in preliminary qualitative experiments and spiked soils in quantitative microcosm experiments. Sterile spent grain proved to be a suitable matrix for the cultivation of P.javanicus, and the preparation of inoculum carriers. P.javanicus appeared to be successfully introduced in soil in microcosm and pot experiments, with the use of spent grain as an inoculum carrier and soil amendment to encourage fungal colonisation of soil, indicating that the use of spent grain as an inoculum carrier and soil amendment has significant potential as a bioaugmentation strategy for soil remediation. In microcosm experiments, sorption of Pb and other metals to added brewery spent grain occurred. This could have positive effects in reducing environmental mobility of metals. A reduction of the P concentration in spent grain used as a soil amendment indicated that P may have been released from the brewery spent grain into the soil system, providing an additional positive benefit of spent grain amendments as an organic P source in soils. In microcosm experiments with treated Pb-spiked soils, no significant changes in Pb UBM-bioaccessibility or BCR-residual Pb (sequential extraction) were observed, indicating that the limitations of P amendments in soils with neutral to alkaline pH, were not overcome with P.javanicus-bioaugmentation and that the ability of P.javanicus to biomineralize pyromorphite in liquid cultures was not easily transferred to a soil matrix. While the inoculation of P.javanicus in microcosms with Phen and B(a)p spiked soil did not appear to have an effect in their concentration over time, the amendment of spiked soil with sterile or non-sterile spent grain produced a significant decrease in B(a)p concentrations after 150 days of incubation. In pot experiments with poor quality urban soil, the use of brewery spent grain as an amendment, non-sterile and as a P.javanicus inoculum carrier, significantly increased above ground and root biomass of a native grass and wildflower mixture. A combination of the proposed bioaugmentation/biostimulation strategy with the growth of native grass and wildflower species, may help enhance the biodegradation of PAHs and availability of P for the biomineralization of Pb as pyromorphite, and is hence recommended for future studies on the co-remediation of Pb and PAHs in urban brownfield soils. The use of nature based approaches such as the latter, may be acceptable best practice for brownfield land with poor soil quality and discrete, moderate contamination. Although they may not completely resolve all pollution issues, they improve soil health and may have added benefits such as the provision of ecosystem services.

Published
2020
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9. 'Varför är jag annorlunda?” : Barns upplevelser av att leva med Diabetes Mellitus typ 1

Author

Wallin, Christel, Gonzalez Olea, Felipe, Wallin, Christel, and Gonzalez Olea, Felipe

Abstract

Bakgrund: I Sverige drabbas cirka 900 barn per år av diabetes mellitus typ 1. Kunskapen om behandling och medicin tekniska framsteg har utvecklats under årens gång vilket har förenklat dessa patienters möjligheter till egenvård Tidigare forskning påvisar en brist på stöd i skolverksamheten och hos hälso - och sjukvårdspersonal för barn med diabetes typ 1. Barn och ungdomar med diabetes har ett krav på att kunna sköta och behandla sin sjukdom självständigt mer än de krav som ställs på deras “friska” skolkamrater och vänner. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva barns upplevelser av diabetes mellitus typ 1 i det dagliga livet. Metod: Litteraturstudie i form av en kvalitativ metaetnografi. Resultat: Tre huvudtema framkom och totalt åtta subtema. Huvudtema: Känslomässig reaktion av sjukdomen. Subtema: Att uppleva svåra känslor vid diagnostillfället, Oro för komplikationer och behandling och Känslan av att vara annorlunda, Huvudtema: Att vara kontrollerad av sjukdomen. Subtema: Känslan av att vara begränsad och Att förändras för att passa in. Huvudtema: Att behöva stöd. Subtema: Skolpersonalens betydelse, Betydelsen av familjens stöd och Sjukvårdspersonalens betydelse. Slutsats: Resultatet tyder på en önskan om förståelse och stöd från omgivningen, att bli sedd som en person och inte diagnos., Background: In Sweden, approximately 900 children are affected by diabetes mellitus type 1 per year. Knowledge of treatment and advances in medical technology have developed over the years, which has simplified these patients' opportunities for self-care Previous research shows a lack of support in school activities and among health care professionals for children with diabetes type 1. Children and young people with diabetes must be able to manage and treat their disease independently more than those placed on their "healthy" schoolmates and friends. This study describes children's experiences of diabetes mellitus type 1 in daily life. Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe children's experiences of diabetes mellitus type 1 in daily life. Method: A literature study in the form of a qualitative metasynthesis in line with the research process. Results: Main theme: Emotional reaction to the disease. Subtheme: Experiencing difficult feelings at diagnosis, Worry about complications and treatment and The feeling of being different, Main theme: Being controlled by the disease. Subtheme: The feeling of being limited and Changing to fit in. Main theme: Needing support. Subtheme: The importance of school staff, The importance of family support and The importance of healthcare staff Conclusion: The result indicates a desire for understanding and support from those around them, to be seen as a person and not their diagnosis.

Published
2024

11. Challenges and Possibilities of Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Membranes

Author

Cabezas, Rene, primary, Zurob, Elsie, additional, Gomez, Belén, additional, Merlet, Gaston, additional, Plaza, Andrea, additional, Araya-Lopez, Claudio, additional, Romero, Julio, additional, Olea, Felipe, additional, Quijada-Maldonado, Esteban, additional, Pino-Soto, Luis, additional, Gonzalez, Thais, additional, and Castro-Muñoz, Roberto, additional

Published
2022
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13. Rhenium ( VII ) extraction from sulfuric aqueous solutions using Ionic Liquids as diluent and extractant: insights on the extraction stoichiometry and process parameters

Author

Quijada‐Maldonado, Esteban, primary, Román, Rodrigo, additional, Merlet, Gastón, additional, Pérez, Bárbara, additional, Cabezas, René, additional, Tapia, Ricardo, additional, Olea, Felipe, additional, Villarroel, Eduardo, additional, Araya, Claudio, additional, and Romero, Julio, additional

Published
2021
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14. Rhenium(VII) extraction from sulfuric aqueous solutions using ionic liquids as diluent and extractant: insights on the extraction stoichiometry and process parameters.

Author

Quijada‐Maldonado, Esteban, Román, Rodrigo, Merlet, Gastón, Pérez, Bárbara, Cabezas, René, Tapia, Ricardo, Olea, Felipe, Villarroel, Eduardo, Araya‐López, Claudio, and Romero, Julio

Subjects
IONIC solutions, SOLVENT extraction, AQUEOUS solutions, IONIC liquids, STOICHIOMETRY, RHENIUM
Abstract

BACKGROUND Rhenium(Re) is a highly valuable metal recovered from molybdenite leach liquors by solvent extraction (SX) using toxic organic solvents. This work proposes an extracting phase free of volatile organics composed by the ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethylammonium benzoate [TOMA][BA] as the extractant, due to its ability to extract Re(VII), and the IL 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [omim][Tf2N] as the diluent, due to its high hydrophobicity where the extraction stoichiometry and process parameters such as the initial pH, the extractant concentration in the diluent and stripping using ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were assessed. RESULTS: This extracting phase yielded high extraction percentages: 95% with only 3% (v/v) of [TOMA][BA] in [omim][Tf2N]. A detailed study of the SX stoichiometry was carried out through slope analysis, showing that the SX occurs in two steps: first, the extraction of acid; then, the extraction of the metal ion via anion exchange with the transfer of IL‐diluent anion to the aqueous phase. Additionally, the extracting phase was tested in a synthetic molybdenite leached pregnant leach solution, showing selectivity towards Re(VII) over Cu(II) and Fe(III) at very low extractant concentration. The stripping of Re(VII) from the loaded phase was also studied achieving 60% stripping in only one equilibrium step when using NH4OH. CONCLUSION: This novel extracting phase, free of volatile organic, shows promising Re(VII) extraction for future industrial applications. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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16. Evaluación técnica, económica y ambiental de la reutilización de aceites oleohidráulicos como insumo en detonación mina

Author

Maldonado Olea, Felipe Matías, Arriagada Araya, Miguel Ángel, and Facultad de Ingeniería

Subjects
Aspectos Ambientales, Evaluación, Aspectos Económicos, Proyectos de Inversión, Aprovechamiento de Desechos
Abstract

Tesis (Ingeniero Civil en Minas) La presente investigación se originó como el análisis de una alternativa que permitiría reducir costos y cargas ambientales, mediante la reutilización de aceites residuales provenientes de equipos mineros, específicamente aceite de motor o uno que atienda al sistema de tratamiento con el que cuenten o deseen implementar. Este es un tema muy relevante en minería, donde no tienen poder sobre el precio de venta del producto y ese es fijado por bolsas de valores internacionales, ante esto, una de las opciones para maximizar los ingresos es la disminución de los costos o realizar las operaciones de mejor manera. Se identifica una oportunidad de mejora, reduciendo los volúmenes de petróleo que deben ser adquiridos para la fabricación de ANFO, en base a esto se realiza un de análisis preliminar de los principales asuntos pertinentes a un proyecto de este tipo. No se obtuvo un resultado satisfactorio debido a que las cargas ambientales generadas por la utilización de aceites residuales tratados en la mezcla para la fabricación de ANFO post-tronadura eran mayores, no encontrándose alineado con los compromisos como país respecto al tema de las emisiones. Esto se encuentra fuertemente relacionado a que no se han llevado a cabo proyectos de este tipo en los últimos 12 años. Pese a lo anterior, los balances de energía muestran que el calor de explosivo es un tanto mayor que en mezclas donde es utilizado aceites residuales. Desde un punto de vista energético, podría considerarse como un sustituto de petróleo en la mezcla. Palabras Clave: balance de masa, balance de energía, balance de oxígenos, institucionalidad ambiental, emisiones, gases, efecto invernadero, cálculos, entalpia, calor, explosivo, ANFO, aceite residual, petróleo diésel N°2, reutilización, nitrato de amonio, dióxido de carbono, óxidos nitrosos. The present investigation originated as the analysis of an alternative that would reduce costs and environmental burdens, through the reuse of residual oils from mining equipment, specifically motor oil or one that attends to the treatment system with which they have or wish to implement. This is a very important issue in mining, where they have no power over the sale price of the product and that is fixed by international stock exchanges, before this, one of the options to maximize revenue is the reduction of costs or make the operations in a better way. An opportunity for improvement is identified, reducing the volumes of oil that must be acquired for the manufacture of ANFO, based on this a preliminary analysis of the main issues pertinent to a project of this type is carried out. A satisfactory result was not obtained because the environmental loads generated by the use of residual oils treated in the mixture for the manufacture of after-blast ANFO were greater (Ch. 3, p. 3.2.4), not being aligned with the commitments as a country regarding the issue of emissions. This is strongly related to the fact that no projects of this kind have been carried out in the last 12 years. Despite the above, energy balances show that the heat of explosive is somewhat higher than in mixtures where waste oils are used. From an energy point of view, it could be considered as a substitute for oil in the mix. Keywords: mass balance, energy balance, oxygen balance, environmental institutions, emissions, gases, greenhouse effect, calculations, enthalpy, heat, explosive, ANFO, residual oil, diesel oil No. 2, reuse, ammonium nitrate, carbon dioxide , nitrous oxides.

Published
2018

17. Towards the development of a sustainable low-cost bio-active amendment for the in situ remediation of urban brownfield top soil contaminated with Lead (Pb) and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

Author

Sepúlveda Olea, Felipe Esteban and Sepúlveda Olea, Felipe Esteban

Abstract

Urban soils present distinctive characteristics resulting from high anthropogenic pressure. Contamination levels (e.g. heavy metals and organic compounds) tend to be higher even in the absence of heavy industry, and can pose a hazard to health. Brownfield land has been defined as any land which has been previously developed, which may or may not be contaminated. Sustainable development of brownfield land encompasses sustainable (e.g. nature-based) methods of restoration-rehabilitation. In the historically industrial city of Glasgow, there are significant areas with derelict land. This not only acts as a key detractor for investment but also denies usability for residents, posing a challenge for the city council. An example of this it the Old Glasgow Meat market site, in the east end of Glasgow, which in preliminary site investigations showed issues with lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. The aim of this PhD project is hence to develop a sustainable, bioactive, low-cost amendment that can both immobilize Pb and support biodegradation of PAHs in urban brownfield top soil, particularly applicable for sites with moderate contamination and no immediate development strategy. Different approaches have been studied for the in situ remediation of Pb contaminated soil, but the immobilization of Pb as pyromorphite (Pb5[PO4]3X; X= F, Cl, B or OH) with phosphate amendments has shown the most promise for the reduction of Pb bioavailability. There are limitations to this method in the urban environment, however, as acidic soil pH is required for Pb and P to react forming pyromorphite. Recent studies have shown that the fungus Paecilomyces javanicus, isolated from Pb contaminated soils in Scotland, is able to induce the biomineralization of Pb as pyromorphite in laboratory cultures. Biodegradation is one of the main processes responsible for the reduction of PAH concentrations in soil. For this reason, both bioaugmentation with allochthonous microorg

18. Towards the development of a sustainable low-cost bio-active amendment for the in situ remediation of urban brownfield top soil contaminated with Lead (Pb) and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

Author

Sepúlveda Olea, Felipe Esteban and Sepúlveda Olea, Felipe Esteban

Abstract

Urban soils present distinctive characteristics resulting from high anthropogenic pressure. Contamination levels (e.g. heavy metals and organic compounds) tend to be higher even in the absence of heavy industry, and can pose a hazard to health. Brownfield land has been defined as any land which has been previously developed, which may or may not be contaminated. Sustainable development of brownfield land encompasses sustainable (e.g. nature-based) methods of restoration-rehabilitation. In the historically industrial city of Glasgow, there are significant areas with derelict land. This not only acts as a key detractor for investment but also denies usability for residents, posing a challenge for the city council. An example of this it the Old Glasgow Meat market site, in the east end of Glasgow, which in preliminary site investigations showed issues with lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. The aim of this PhD project is hence to develop a sustainable, bioactive, low-cost amendment that can both immobilize Pb and support biodegradation of PAHs in urban brownfield top soil, particularly applicable for sites with moderate contamination and no immediate development strategy. Different approaches have been studied for the in situ remediation of Pb contaminated soil, but the immobilization of Pb as pyromorphite (Pb5[PO4]3X; X= F, Cl, B or OH) with phosphate amendments has shown the most promise for the reduction of Pb bioavailability. There are limitations to this method in the urban environment, however, as acidic soil pH is required for Pb and P to react forming pyromorphite. Recent studies have shown that the fungus Paecilomyces javanicus, isolated from Pb contaminated soils in Scotland, is able to induce the biomineralization of Pb as pyromorphite in laboratory cultures. Biodegradation is one of the main processes responsible for the reduction of PAH concentrations in soil. For this reason, both bioaugmentation with allochthonous microorg

19. Towards the development of a sustainable low-cost bio-active amendment for the in situ remediation of urban brownfield top soil contaminated with Lead (Pb) and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

Author

Sepúlveda Olea, Felipe Esteban and Sepúlveda Olea, Felipe Esteban

Abstract

Urban soils present distinctive characteristics resulting from high anthropogenic pressure. Contamination levels (e.g. heavy metals and organic compounds) tend to be higher even in the absence of heavy industry, and can pose a hazard to health. Brownfield land has been defined as any land which has been previously developed, which may or may not be contaminated. Sustainable development of brownfield land encompasses sustainable (e.g. nature-based) methods of restoration-rehabilitation. In the historically industrial city of Glasgow, there are significant areas with derelict land. This not only acts as a key detractor for investment but also denies usability for residents, posing a challenge for the city council. An example of this it the Old Glasgow Meat market site, in the east end of Glasgow, which in preliminary site investigations showed issues with lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. The aim of this PhD project is hence to develop a sustainable, bioactive, low-cost amendment that can both immobilize Pb and support biodegradation of PAHs in urban brownfield top soil, particularly applicable for sites with moderate contamination and no immediate development strategy. Different approaches have been studied for the in situ remediation of Pb contaminated soil, but the immobilization of Pb as pyromorphite (Pb5[PO4]3X; X= F, Cl, B or OH) with phosphate amendments has shown the most promise for the reduction of Pb bioavailability. There are limitations to this method in the urban environment, however, as acidic soil pH is required for Pb and P to react forming pyromorphite. Recent studies have shown that the fungus Paecilomyces javanicus, isolated from Pb contaminated soils in Scotland, is able to induce the biomineralization of Pb as pyromorphite in laboratory cultures. Biodegradation is one of the main processes responsible for the reduction of PAH concentrations in soil. For this reason, both bioaugmentation with allochthonous microorg

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