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To map the public information about COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine trials in Europe, we have compiled an inventory of online communication materials from official sources (e.g., governments, public agencies, and NGOs) via directed online research. While information for the general public was abundant across Europe, we found a large variation in number, type and target audiences among countries. Little or no information was found for population groups that are typically underrepresented in vaccine clinical trials. Materials about clinical trials and trial participation were also limited. Interestingly, higher number of media materials was not reflected in higher national vaccination rates. publishedVersion

This essay suggests that the Library of Alexandria emerged from poetry. The poetry of the Alexandrian avant-garde influenced the reference tool of the library, known as the Pinakes . I argue by looking at the structure of the Pinakes as a new tool—a new muse—providing artistic inspiration. Furthermore, I contend that the entries in the Pinakes also possessed poetic qualities. I conclude that the Hellenistic library in Alexandria was in fact a poetry machine, both as being poetry itself and as the means to produce poetry.

Anmeldelse af:Christian Jacob: The Web of Athenaeus. Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies – Harvard University, 2013, 139 s. Ill. ISBN: 978-0-674-07328-9

For millennia the famous library in Hellenistic Alexandria has been praised as an epicenter of enlightenment and wisdom. And yet, a question still seems unanswered: how was its literature classified and retrieved? It is a subject that has been given surprisingly little attention by the field of library-and-information science―indeed, by scholarship in general. Furthermore, a certain way of thinking has influenced the few answers that have so far been attempted. It is as if the scholars of our era have tried to identify the modern, physical library in the Hellenistic library in Alexandria. But such an approach is biased in a basic way: It simply does not consider the impact of the cultural and intellectual context of the library. This article differs fundamentally, because I reject the notion that the library was like those of today. Accordingly, an entirely new way of understanding how the library actually worked, in terms of classification and retrieval processes is presented. The key element is to understand the library both as a physical structure and as a struc- ture in the memory of the Alexandrian scholars. In this article, these structures are put together so as to propose a new interpretation of the library.

Man ved ikke særlig meget om antikkens biblioteker. Skriftlige fragmenter, bygningsrester og andre arkæologiske kilder, som billeder og skriveudstyr, udgør summen man kan forske i og konkludere ud fra. Først i det 20. århundrede har man fået tilstrækkeligt med kildermateriale til at teoretisere om antikkens biblioteker, og to sådanne teorier diskuteres i denne artikel. Den ene teori, fremsat af Lionel Casson, omhandler bibliotekets indre rum, hvorimod den anden teori, fremsat af Gaëlle Coqueugniot, omhandler bibliotekets ydre fremtoning, som en arkitektonisk helhed. Efter at hver af teorierne er blevet præsenteret og diskuteret, betragtes de under ét, hvilket muliggør en diskussion af tilblivelsen af biblioteket som arkitektur. Biblioteksarkitekturen opstod ikke parallelt med udviklingen af biblioteket som samling af litteratur - snarere tværtimod.

The paper aims at investigating different methods, based on unidirectional charge and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), in order to evaluate and compare the potential economic revenue for an EV owner in providing frequency control in Denmark. User constraints are considered while evaluating the daily durationthe EV is plugged into the network ready to support the system frequency. Performing unidirectional frequency control with Electric Vehicles (EVs) requires little hardware implementation in the household but has the limit that the service only can be performed until the battery is fully charged. Bidirectional V2Gfrequency control requires an external charger but also enables the EV to perform services at higher powers, during the entire period the EV is parked. The yearly revenue is in both cases calculated using some assumptions that are then verified in 2 experiments. Both EVs are discharged with the same amount of energy, such that their initial State of Charge (SOC) is set to the same level.

The electric vehicle (EV) has certain properties that elevate its relevance to the smart grid. If EV integration is to meet its potential in supporting an economic and secure power system and at the same time lower the operating costs for the owner, it is necessary to thoroughly and systematically investigate the value-adding services that an EV may provide. The Danish Nikola project defines EV services as the act of influencing the timing, rate and direction of the power and energy exchanged between the EV battery and the grid to yield benefits for user, system, and society. This paper describes the services identified by Nikola and shows how the project aims to evaluate and demonstrate them in simulations and field tests. This paper is both meant to give the reader insights and inspiration from the project approach, but it is also meant as an encouragement for cooperation and feedback.

Models were developed for predicting the dry matter content of single Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stems from non-destructive field measurement data such as tree height, diameter and age. The material under study comprised 1612 stem discs originating from 235 trees grown at nine locations in Denmark and southern Sweden. In total, 153 trees (1054 discs) originating from a thinning experiment in southern Denmark were used for establishing the models, which were later validated on independent material. Results of the validation were that the 95% confidence interval for single stem density was ±9 to ±16% when based on average ring width at breast height, but within ±7% when based on wood samples taken at breast height. The density models were combined with standard volume models in order to predict dry matter content. Validation on independent material showed that in general the dry matter content of single stems can be estimated with less than 10% error (RMSE).

During laccase-catalyzed oxidation of beech wood fibers in an aqueous suspension, phenoxy radicals were detected in steady-state concentrations by electron-spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry of the suspension liquid, suggesting that colloidal lignin functions as a mediator between laccase and the fiber lignin matrix. Phenoxy radicals were observed directly, whereas ESR spin-trapping techniques gave no evidence for reduced oxygen species, such as the superoxide or hydroxyl radical. A reaction mechanism involving parallel direct oxidation of the lignin on fiber surfaces and a phenol/phenoxy cyclic mediator process in the suspension liquid could accordingly describe laccase-catalyzed oxidation of beech wood fibers. Cytochrome c assays for detection of superoxide in systems involving lignin oxidized by oxidoreductases should be used with caution, as cytochrome c may be reduced by species other than superoxide.

EUROPRACTICE is an European initiative on technology transfer to benefit European industry, which started in 1995. The focus was on the three technologies: Integrated Circuits (ICs), MultiChip Modules (MCMs) and Microsystems together with two supporting activities which were CAD software, and Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Training. EUROPRACTICE Training was established under the title “Training and Best Practice Service (TBPS)”. The TBPS goals are to identify the training needs of European industry and academia in ICs, MCMs and microsystems, and to identify related good calibre training programmes provided by reputable Course Providers (CPs) to match the identified training needs. TBPS has set up an extensive Course information base together with the marketing, handling and helpline infrastructure to reach those seeking training. The user friendly web site (http://cie.it.dtu.dk/tbps) has course data and the electronic Training Registration On-Line (TROL) system. Over four years, TBPS has penetrated through to many Course Providers in Europe and enabled training directly for over 900 attendees from industry, plus over 230 attendees at customised courses delivered at company premises. Where gaps in training have been identified, the TBPS has organised training at two levels: Awareness Training to raise awareness amongst novices to the field, followed by Advanced Training to help build up the skills of those who then seek in-depth knowledge. Further help is provided on a consultancy basis. This enables more rapid learning than following a conventional route (Figure 1) and has proved to be very popular.

This paper is based on the progress made over the past 10 years by some of Europe’s largest microelectronics training organisations. The paper commences with a short presentation on the background to and the need for an ongoing microelectronics training programme. It moves on to highlight new ideas and proposals for developing the technology transfer in the most effective way. The history of this paper is based on the NORCHIP, EUROCHIP, EUROPRACTICE and EuroTraining programmes — the key players being CMP and IMEC. Together these initiatives have formed the world’s most comprehensive microelectronics training action, described in the references [1] to [4].

In conventional production of wood-based boards and panels, synthetic adhesives such as urea- and phenol formaldehyde, are added during the production process. The adhesives ensure good mechanical properties and dimensional stability upon exposure to water. However, some of the applied adhesives may cause environmental or health hazards, and new less harmful adhesives are in high demand. A new approach for bonding of boards and panels is to use environmentally friendly enzymes for cross-linking and polymerization of wood-based materials.

This paper is a survey paper presenting the Nordic CONFRONT project and reporting some results from the group at CIE/DTU, Denmark. The objective of the project is to demonstrate the feasibility of sub-micron CMOS for the realisation of RF front-end circuits operating at frequencies in the 1.8–2.0GHz range.

The variation in the basic‐density level of 45 stems of Sitka spruce from two Danish sites has been examined. It is shown that the basic‐density level, i.e. the basic density as a function of ring width, within the juvenile wood decreases with (1) increasing distance from the pith and (2) increasing height in the stem (same ring number from pith provided). Furthermore, the basic‐density level seems to decrease with increasing stand quality, which may affect the pattern of variation in basic‐density level if the stand quality class varies with age. The basic density of the juvenile wood is markedly higher in Sitka spruce than in Norway spruce, whereby the risk of stem cracks probably is reduced.

The 5S RNAs from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were probed by nucleotide-specific reagents, with a view to compare and contrast their higher order structures. The progressive unfolding of the RNAs during heating, in the presence and absence of magnesium, was monitored. Evidence was provided for the double-helical segments which occur in the secondary structural models of both RNAs. The results also placed constraints on the possible structuring of the remainder of the RNA and yielded some insight into ways of folding up the molecule. Together with the data from our earlier studies, employing ribonucleases, these results provide a detailed picture of the structuring and topography of the 5S RNAs. The main structural differences between the eubacterial and eukaryotic RNAs occur throughout the loop D/helix IV/loop E/helix V arm; in particular strong evidence is provided for loop D of the eukaryotic RNA being involved in a tertiary interaction.

This chapter focuses on synthesis and verification of control units. One of the key issues in synthesis is the ability to explore the design space. One step toward design space exploration is the results presented here in control architecture synthesis that enables exploration of a range of control architectures. Another step is the use of a compiled cell approach to the technology mapping problem in control unit logic synthesis. The verification of the synthesized control unit is also an important issue. A new approach is presented that, using a combination of propositional temporal logic verifier and sequential logic extraction, has made it possible to verify formally the layout of a control unit against the specification.